Yes the hills around the Latrobe Valley seem to have a lot of good sites for PHES. I used the ANU data to look at that area of Australia. Greenfield and Brownfield. re100.eng.anu.edu.au/pumped_hydro_atlas/ All the electricity cables from the coal burning power stations could be re-deployed to the PHES power stations. The trick is to find a site where quick and simple construction can be achieved. Construction of the Italian example at Presenzano started in 1979 and was completed in 1991. They reduced the complexity by having the water run across the top of tor then descends down on the outer surface of the escarpment. The cut and fill of the upper dam and the turkey nest of the lower dam would have relatively easy to build. The only underground work is in the generator house. With multiple generators they could have started generation of electricity as soon as the first generator was installed.
I have wondered for many years why tidal flows are not exploited for electricity generation. There may well be a good reason why this is not considered, but I have never heard any discussion about this concept.
Tidal Flow in parts of the world where there are gulfs - Bodies of water with land on either side. The tides in the * around Juneau in Alaska and * King Sound and Kimberley coast in Wetern Australia are extreme of extreme tides The problem is the harnessing of the flow will have environment problems. These are locations far from any market for the electricity.
Having known about this storing principle after having seen one in Germany back in the mid 1970's I have looked at it for private use at my farm. There are problems with closed systems in that unless they are totally closed up then they loose a lot of water to evaporation. Also they are not very efficient. They where fine in connection with the old style power stations that also where not very efficient and had to run full speed all the time to gain some efficiency. They could take the over production and give back in peak times. Doing that I was told that their efficiency was better than the actual generating power stations. They just had to be close to lots of water due to the evaporation.
Thanks for the feedback regarding you experience with this in Germany. The enclosure of treated drinking water is now standard with WaterSA. That is shown by the Nettle Hill Example. It is high up to get sufficient pressure for the people living as far away asVicotor Habor as well as Middleton and Goolwa amongst others. With PHES the water in the top dam is "money". If it evaporates the value disappears. Evaorartion will be a big problem with the strong winds in the Flinders Ranges and the highlands of the Fleurieu Peninsula
@@Highbury5089 I believe evaporation will be a big problem any where in Australia. I have a small farm north of Ballarat in Vic. with a couple of smaller farm dam's and I think about half the water evaporates ever year. They don't leak. The sun is darn strong. Good for solar power.
@@leonhardtkristensen4093 I found this report www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2019/23/e3sconf_form2018_05044.pdf It suggests that one of the solutions is the use of air bubbles from the floor of the dam to disrupt the stratification of the water body. The heating of the top 3m of the water is reduced as the heat is dispersed into the main body of the water. A cooler top layer reduces the amount of evaporation from the surface.
@@Highbury5089 Thanks for the information. I knew about some of them and have actually considered floats with solar panels but my dam location and my solar installation are not right next to each other. Long DC cables are energy wasteful too and expensive. Also I don't need the water so much any more - at least not now. I have got a bore for my stock watering. I am allowed to irrigate some from the dams (not from the bore) but have just never gotten around to it really to any great extent. I have used some water when I have planted trees. It is best to water them through the first summer. I also just saw a You Tube video about a closed system with a kind of "heavy water". It was water with some particles mixed in that made it about 2.5 times as heavy and there by reduced the height required. It might me an idea for me as I have no more than 10 meters difference from one end of my land to the other. Of cause you would have to buy a secret powder to mix in the water. Thinking about that I came to think about that one of my big problems I had before I got the bore was that my dam water is very muddy. No filtering appeared to be able to separate it. It is very fine mud/clay particles. I found that a handful of cement made it settle down. I don't know how many thousands of litres I separated. Later when I ran out of water I trailered in 50,000 litres in 1000 litre tanks from neighbour. I then got a bore. Back to the muddiness. I am now thinking about if my muddy water would do the job to make it heavier. It must some but I don't know how much. It might be worth an investigation. If yes I will need the evaporation to get it do the right slurry condition. It is just as they used to make salt from sea water. I have Lifepo4 battery storage for about 30kWh so I don't really need it at the moment but just the experiment could be fun. Add on: I just found some old calculations I made maybe 15 - 20 years ago about such a system at my farm. I made the calculations considering a 6 meter high difference, requiring 15kWh x 3 for 3 days storage and an efficiency of .751. That would require two tanks being 60 x 61 x2 meters. That would be a little much space taken. If the mass of water being 1kg/litre was replaced with 2.5kg/litre as they clamed it would only be tanks of 27x27x2 metre (1.5 mill litre tanks). That would be a bit better. Still no cheap though.
@@leonhardtkristensen4093 Thanks for the information. Your farm sounds like a very interesting place. This heavy water idea probably adds a complexity and the potential for contamination of the environment.
Pumped hydro energy store is typically around 80% efficient, meaning that it recovers about 80% of the energy used for pumping when it generates. Its carbon footprint is minimal if turkey nests are used on the plains and in the dry gullies high above the plains. Pumped hydro energy store has a productive life of 50 years or more.. That would be around 18,000 cycles. Lithium batteries have a 99% for the first of their cycles. This decrease to around 80% between 500 and 2,000 cycles. 18 months to 5 years. In 50 year life of PHES there would be 10 to 33 cycles of replacement of the lithium batteries.
Edward It depends what you are trying to do. If you only want to make lots of money you will switch on all the turbines and allow all the water to run through the generators. in any given day you would only need 7 or so hours when you will be generation electricity. If the idea is to have reserves of potential energy to last more than one day you will only let release some of the water from the top dam on any given day.
Thanks, interesting I don’t think you would call that area of Italy dry, certainly compared to where you are. I am in Scotland, we should have started building 20x the hydro we have 40 years ago. Like Norway we would have more than enough. Now, I do wonder if batteries are cheaper. That said hydro and pumped hydro are a more solid long term option.
Mark. Adelaide has a Climate similar to the Italian example I used. Hot and dry in summer and intermittent rain in winter. Down near Victor Harbor they get 1m of rain per year on Nettle Hill Around Pr Augusta it is a hot dry environment. We a problem of droughts. No rain for 2 or 3 years. The River Murray running dry. You can walk across the river. We know that the PV does not work at night. We are worried about extremes . What to do when the wind stops blowing for a week or more? We know that the PV does not work at night. What to do if the HVDC Interconnector goes down. Need belts and braces. Gravity V Chemical store of energy? A large dam of water with protection against evaporation can sit there waiting for years to be released as the emergency power supply. Chemical batteries do not like sitting on the self for long periods. The do not like getting hot. They can easily lose their store of energy.
Pumped hydro is a waste of energy as the losses in getting the energy from the solar or wind farm are at least 30 per cent plus what is lost in the pumped hydro conversion
A very sweeping statement Rob. The nature of "Closed Loop PHES" means you are not tied to Snowy Fields and areas of High Rainfall. It can be anywhere you can find a 100m to 300m difference in height for the top and bottom bodies of water. In South Australia in the 1950's we opened up Brown Coal mines 540 km away from Adelaide. The alternative was Black Coal from Newcastle 1,500 km away from the Power Stations at Osborne. They next changed the system by building Coal Fired Power Station at Pt Augusta. 309 km from Adelaide There was an already existing rail line running from Port Augusta to Leigh Creek to transport the coal down to the new Power Station. They then stung power lines between these 3 locations. Coal fire power stations have the problem of what to do with all this hot water when the rush period is over. The other problem is it takes around 24 hours to startup a coal fired power station from scratch Having steam powered generators needs to keep running regardless of fluctuating demand in a diurnal world. They cannot be switched on and off at a whim. The stability of AC electricity network is a complex issue of quick adjustments of supply to changes in demand. Hydro generators are more nimble than systems that boil water to drive their generators.
Interesting. Would you like to share this information? What is the ROI over 30 years for Chemical Batteries compared to PHES. The important question how long the power can be supplied during a grid outage.
The literature suggest 80% of the energy used to pump the water up the hill is recovered when the water runs down the hill. Not all the water is released in any one done day. The 7 day reserve means only one 7th of the water will be released. If the dam does not leak and evaporation is low the energy does not disappear over time. Chemical batteries are a bit more problematic If a fully charged lithium battery is left alone it will slowly go flat. They are normally fully discharged every month. So lithium batteries might not be a good choice for storage in periods of long-term fluctuations in energy supply.
@@robtheelectric that would be true for the most of the things in South Australia. The biggest user of electricity in SA is the BHP Roxby Downs mine. They have duplicated long sections of power lines in an effort to ensure continuity of supply. This duplication would involve loss of energy compared to a single set of cables
@@steveallen1340 Yes P = Q x g x Hnet x η P is power, measured in Watts (W). Q is mass flow rate in kg/s (numerically the same as the flow rate in litres/second because 1 litre of water weighs 1 kg) g is the gravitational constant, which is 9.81m/s2 Hnet is the effective height difference between the top dam or water source and the turbines. η is the product of all of the component efficiencies, which are normally the turbine, drive system and generator. Usually around 80%
due to batterys dropping to 51$ a KWH its cheaper to put in batterys than anything else these days due to our stock market style pricing they can charge for free in middle of day here at the moment so next year their going to be like 7000% more batterys in australia than last yr. dozens of projects in pipe due to the profit margins
for ten years. then you can spend it all again, along with figuring out how to dispose of the things... though with a fair proportion having gone up in flames, thats not so big an issue, i guess...
@@paradiselost9946 The going up in flames shouldn't be such a big problem any more . The Lithium-Ion batteries where a problem. LiFePo4 are not really and if we go to Na type batteries then they can't burn. The 10 year problem we don't know. Most of them have not yet been used long enough to know if they really last 10 years or much longer. Even if only 10 years if there is a buck in re-using them it will be done. If not we may have to learn to use them for some thing else like building houses.
So many announcements of intension to build! Most followed by announcements of scaling back or cancellation. So many private citizens flooding the market with electricity from their roof-top PV during sunny days wanting top dollar for their electricity. Electricity Retailers have reduced sales during the day light as the households use the electricity from their roofs Very small market for electricity in the evenings.
@@Highbury5089 Many people get what they think is a good idea. It may be a good idea but a god idea demands money to put it out in life. Also I has to be profitable. The roof top panels I consider a good idea provided the Private Citizen uses the generated power him self and there by reduces the load on the net. It would be best if he had a battery too and then only use it at peak times but due to the high cost of getting a battery installed (the installation and performance regulation costs - not the actual battery it self) then that is I believe currently uneconomical. If the Electricity retailers had access to control solar panel input to the net and batteries connected to them they could use the batteries as a load during day time low use and high solar production and let people use it during peak hours. This way they could even out the demand on the net and also main producers. I personally have batteries that uses the surplus to be loaded up but unfortunately not enough so I have some going to the net in the afternoon on most days. To upgrade the battery to keep it all is easily possible but not economically viable. I would waste too much expensive battery capacity. The government assistance isn't enough as most goes to installation and installer profit. The electricity retailer and the line owner would benefit from it but for those it is probably more profitable to build bigger battery power stations than helping the individual consumer.
not that i dont think 1 day we will run off tidal and hydro power, we are a water world after all the majority of energy on planet is in our tides and for a number of yrs ive been pushing for decentralized hydro power generation probably decades now but they boondoggled all that cash into snowy 2.0 rather than something useful like electrifying our water resivours
The Snowy Hydro is a quasi autonomous government authority created as un-listed public company. The Australian Government bought the shares owned by Victoria and NSW. It trades under a number of other names in most States of the country. It made a profit of $441 m in 2022. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowy_Hydro They have published the estimated cost of Snowy 2 The directors have not released the estimated income for the project. The next AGM should be interesting. Snowy Hydro trades under names of Lumo Energy, Red Energy, Hunter Power Pty Ltd, Lumo Generation SA Pty Ltd, Contact Peak NZ Ltd, Contact Peak Pty Ltd, Latrobe Valley BV and Valley Power Pty Ltd Some of these entities trade in retail gas and electricity sales in various markets. It owns the Angaston Power Station in S.A. with 30 diesel reciprocation generators along with the Lonsdale and Port Stanvac Power Stations in the same market. The bought the diesel generators from the previous SA Marshall Government that are currently located at the Bolivar Sewerage Works
Latrobe valley open cut has massive potential. Power producers don't want these projects because they reduce the value of peak electricity.
Yes the hills around the Latrobe Valley seem to have a lot of good sites for PHES. I used the ANU data to look at that area of Australia. Greenfield and Brownfield.
re100.eng.anu.edu.au/pumped_hydro_atlas/
All the electricity cables from the coal burning power stations could be re-deployed to the PHES power stations.
The trick is to find a site where quick and simple construction can be achieved.
Construction of the Italian example at Presenzano started in 1979 and was completed in 1991.
They reduced the complexity by having the water run across the top of tor then descends down on the outer surface of the escarpment. The cut and fill of the upper dam and the turkey nest of the lower dam would have relatively easy to build.
The only underground work is in the generator house.
With multiple generators they could have started generation of electricity as soon as the first generator was installed.
I have wondered for many years why tidal flows are not exploited for electricity generation. There may well be a good reason why this is not considered, but I have never heard any discussion about this concept.
Tidal Flow in parts of the world where there are gulfs - Bodies of water with land on either side.
The tides in the
* around Juneau in Alaska and
* King Sound and Kimberley coast in Wetern Australia
are extreme of extreme tides
The problem is the harnessing of the flow will have environment problems.
These are locations far from any market for the electricity.
Having known about this storing principle after having seen one in Germany back in the mid 1970's I have looked at it for private use at my farm. There are problems with closed systems in that unless they are totally closed up then they loose a lot of water to evaporation. Also they are not very efficient. They where fine in connection with the old style power stations that also where not very efficient and had to run full speed all the time to gain some efficiency. They could take the over production and give back in peak times. Doing that I was told that their efficiency was better than the actual generating power stations. They just had to be close to lots of water due to the evaporation.
Thanks for the feedback regarding you experience with this in Germany. The enclosure of treated drinking water is now standard with WaterSA. That is shown by the Nettle Hill Example. It is high up to get sufficient pressure for the people living as far away asVicotor Habor as well as Middleton and Goolwa amongst others.
With PHES the water in the top dam is "money". If it evaporates the value disappears. Evaorartion will be a big problem with the strong winds in the Flinders Ranges and the highlands of the Fleurieu Peninsula
@@Highbury5089 I believe evaporation will be a big problem any where in Australia. I have a small farm north of Ballarat in Vic. with a couple of smaller farm dam's and I think about half the water evaporates ever year. They don't leak. The sun is darn strong. Good for solar power.
@@leonhardtkristensen4093 I found this report
www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2019/23/e3sconf_form2018_05044.pdf
It suggests that one of the solutions is the use of air bubbles from the floor of the dam to disrupt the stratification of the water body.
The heating of the top 3m of the water is reduced as the heat is dispersed into the main body of the water.
A cooler top layer reduces the amount of evaporation from the surface.
@@Highbury5089 Thanks for the information. I knew about some of them and have actually considered floats with solar panels but my dam location and my solar installation are not right next to each other. Long DC cables are energy wasteful too and expensive. Also I don't need the water so much any more - at least not now. I have got a bore for my stock watering. I am allowed to irrigate some from the dams (not from the bore) but have just never gotten around to it really to any great extent. I have used some water when I have planted trees. It is best to water them through the first summer.
I also just saw a You Tube video about a closed system with a kind of "heavy water". It was water with some particles mixed in that made it about 2.5 times as heavy and there by reduced the height required. It might me an idea for me as I have no more than 10 meters difference from one end of my land to the other. Of cause you would have to buy a secret powder to mix in the water.
Thinking about that I came to think about that one of my big problems I had before I got the bore was that my dam water is very muddy. No filtering appeared to be able to separate it. It is very fine mud/clay particles. I found that a handful of cement made it settle down. I don't know how many thousands of litres I separated. Later when I ran out of water I trailered in 50,000 litres in 1000 litre tanks from neighbour. I then got a bore.
Back to the muddiness. I am now thinking about if my muddy water would do the job to make it heavier. It must some but I don't know how much. It might be worth an investigation. If yes I will need the evaporation to get it do the right slurry condition. It is just as they used to make salt from sea water.
I have Lifepo4 battery storage for about 30kWh so I don't really need it at the moment but just the experiment could be fun.
Add on: I just found some old calculations I made maybe 15 - 20 years ago about such a system at my farm. I made the calculations considering a 6 meter high difference, requiring 15kWh x 3 for 3 days storage and an efficiency of .751. That would require two tanks being 60 x 61 x2 meters. That would be a little much space taken.
If the mass of water being 1kg/litre was replaced with 2.5kg/litre as they clamed it would only be tanks of 27x27x2 metre (1.5 mill litre tanks). That would be a bit better. Still no cheap though.
@@leonhardtkristensen4093 Thanks for the information.
Your farm sounds like a very interesting place.
This heavy water idea probably adds a complexity and the potential for contamination of the environment.
Pumping and flow losses have to be accounted for properly tho
Pumped hydro energy store is typically around 80% efficient, meaning that it recovers about 80% of the energy used for pumping when it generates.
Its carbon footprint is minimal if turkey nests are used on the plains and in the dry gullies high above the plains.
Pumped hydro energy store has a productive life of 50 years or more.. That would be around 18,000 cycles.
Lithium batteries have a 99% for the first of their cycles. This decrease to around 80% between 500 and 2,000 cycles. 18 months to 5 years.
In 50 year life of PHES there would be 10 to 33 cycles of replacement of the lithium batteries.
So they can only last a couple of days?
Edward It depends what you are trying to do. If you only want to make lots of money you will switch on all the turbines and allow all the water to run through the generators. in any given day you would only need 7 or so hours when you will be generation electricity.
If the idea is to have reserves of potential energy to last more than one day you will only let release some of the water from the top dam on any given day.
Thanks, interesting
I don’t think you would call that area of Italy dry, certainly compared to where you are.
I am in Scotland, we should have started building 20x the hydro we have 40 years ago. Like Norway we would have more than enough. Now, I do wonder if batteries are cheaper. That said hydro and pumped hydro are a more solid long term option.
Mark. Adelaide has a Climate similar to the Italian example I used. Hot and dry in summer and intermittent rain in winter. Down near Victor Harbor they get 1m of rain per year on Nettle Hill Around Pr Augusta it is a hot dry environment.
We a problem of droughts. No rain for 2 or 3 years. The River Murray running dry. You can walk across the river.
We know that the PV does not work at night.
We are worried about extremes . What to do when the wind stops blowing for a week or more?
We know that the PV does not work at night.
What to do if the HVDC Interconnector goes down.
Need belts and braces.
Gravity V Chemical store of energy?
A large dam of water with protection against evaporation can sit there waiting for years to be released as the emergency power supply.
Chemical batteries do not like sitting on the self for long periods. The do not like getting hot. They can easily lose their store of energy.
Pumped hydro is a waste of energy as the losses in getting the energy from the solar or wind farm are at least 30 per cent plus what is lost in the pumped hydro conversion
A very sweeping statement Rob.
The nature of "Closed Loop PHES" means you are not tied to Snowy Fields and areas of High Rainfall. It can be anywhere you can find a 100m to 300m difference in height for the top and bottom bodies of water.
In South Australia in the 1950's we opened up Brown Coal mines 540 km away from Adelaide. The alternative was Black Coal from Newcastle 1,500 km away from the Power Stations at Osborne.
They next changed the system by building Coal Fired Power Station at Pt Augusta. 309 km from Adelaide
There was an already existing rail line running from Port Augusta to Leigh Creek to transport the coal down to the new Power Station.
They then stung power lines between these 3 locations.
Coal fire power stations have the problem of what to do with all this hot water when the rush period is over.
The other problem is it takes around 24 hours to startup a coal fired power station from scratch Having steam powered generators needs to keep running regardless of fluctuating demand in a diurnal world.
They cannot be switched on and off at a whim.
The stability of AC electricity network is a complex issue of quick adjustments of supply to changes in demand.
Hydro generators are more nimble than systems that boil water to drive their generators.
Pumped hydro has no economic feasibility with the onslaught of cheap batteries. There is no ROI for pumped storage.
Interesting. Would you like to share this information?
What is the ROI over 30 years for Chemical Batteries compared to PHES.
The important question how long the power can be supplied during a grid outage.
40 percent electrical energy lost with pumped hydro.
The literature suggest 80% of the energy used to pump the water up the hill is recovered when the water runs down the hill.
Not all the water is released in any one done day. The 7 day reserve means only one 7th of the water will be released.
If the dam does not leak and evaporation is low the energy does not disappear over time.
Chemical batteries are a bit more problematic
If a fully charged lithium battery is left alone it will slowly go flat. They are normally fully discharged every month. So lithium batteries might not be a good choice for storage in periods of long-term fluctuations in energy supply.
you must include all of the energy transmission losses in and out of the pumped hydro. Losses. Don't stand alone.
Solar and wind loss
@@robtheelectric that would be true for the most of the things in South Australia. The biggest user of electricity in SA is the BHP Roxby Downs mine. They have duplicated long sections of power lines in an effort to ensure continuity of supply. This duplication would involve loss of energy compared to a single set of cables
Is there a chart or table showing how much water storage is required per MWH of electricity output at various elevation deltas?
@@steveallen1340 Yes
P = Q x g x Hnet x η
P is power, measured in Watts (W).
Q is mass flow rate in kg/s (numerically the same as the flow rate in litres/second because 1 litre of water weighs 1 kg)
g is the gravitational constant, which is 9.81m/s2
Hnet is the effective height difference between the top dam or water source and the turbines.
η is the product of all of the component efficiencies, which are normally the turbine, drive system and generator. Usually around 80%
due to batterys dropping to 51$ a KWH its cheaper to put in batterys than anything else these days
due to our stock market style pricing they can charge for free in middle of day here at the moment so next year their going to be like 7000% more batterys in australia than last yr. dozens of projects in pipe due to the profit margins
50k a MWH 50mil a GWH 50 bill a TWH nothing compares price wise
for ten years. then you can spend it all again, along with figuring out how to dispose of the things... though with a fair proportion having gone up in flames, thats not so big an issue, i guess...
@@paradiselost9946 The going up in flames shouldn't be such a big problem any more . The Lithium-Ion batteries where a problem. LiFePo4 are not really and if we go to Na type batteries then they can't burn.
The 10 year problem we don't know. Most of them have not yet been used long enough to know if they really last 10 years or much longer. Even if only 10 years if there is a buck in re-using them it will be done. If not we may have to learn to use them for some thing else like building houses.
So many announcements of intension to build! Most followed by announcements of scaling back or cancellation.
So many private citizens flooding the market with electricity from their roof-top PV during sunny days wanting top dollar for their electricity.
Electricity Retailers have reduced sales during the day light as the households use the electricity from their roofs Very small market for electricity in the evenings.
@@Highbury5089 Many people get what they think is a good idea. It may be a good idea but a god idea demands money to put it out in life. Also I has to be profitable.
The roof top panels I consider a good idea provided the Private Citizen uses the generated power him self and there by reduces the load on the net. It would be best if he had a battery too and then only use it at peak times but due to the high cost of getting a battery installed (the installation and performance regulation costs - not the actual battery it self) then that is I believe currently uneconomical.
If the Electricity retailers had access to control solar panel input to the net and batteries connected to them they could use the batteries as a load during day time low use and high solar production and let people use it during peak hours. This way they could even out the demand on the net and also main producers.
I personally have batteries that uses the surplus to be loaded up but unfortunately not enough so I have some going to the net in the afternoon on most days. To upgrade the battery to keep it all is easily possible but not economically viable. I would waste too much expensive battery capacity.
The government assistance isn't enough as most goes to installation and installer profit. The electricity retailer and the line owner would benefit from it but for those it is probably more profitable to build bigger battery power stations than helping the individual consumer.
not that i dont think 1 day we will run off tidal and hydro power, we are a water world after all the majority of energy on planet is in our tides
and for a number of yrs ive been pushing for decentralized hydro power generation probably decades now but they boondoggled all that cash into snowy 2.0 rather than something useful like electrifying our water resivours
The Snowy Hydro is a quasi autonomous government authority created as un-listed public company.
The Australian Government bought the shares owned by Victoria and NSW.
It trades under a number of other names in most States of the country.
It made a profit of $441 m in 2022.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowy_Hydro
They have published the estimated cost of Snowy 2
The directors have not released the estimated income for the project.
The next AGM should be interesting.
Snowy Hydro trades under names of Lumo Energy, Red Energy, Hunter Power Pty Ltd, Lumo Generation SA Pty Ltd, Contact Peak NZ Ltd, Contact Peak Pty Ltd, Latrobe Valley BV and Valley Power Pty Ltd
Some of these entities trade in retail gas and electricity sales in various markets.
It owns the Angaston Power Station in S.A. with 30 diesel reciprocation generators along with the Lonsdale and Port Stanvac Power Stations in the same market.
The bought the diesel generators from the previous SA Marshall Government that are currently located at the Bolivar Sewerage Works