How Two Physicists Unlocked the Secrets of Two Dimensions
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 15 ส.ค. 2022
- Condensed matter physics is the most active field of contemporary physics and has yielded some of the biggest breakthroughs of the past century. But as rapidly as technology has advanced, scientists have only scratched the surface. Now for the first time, Jie Shan and Fai Mak, a married couple of physicists at Cornell University, have figured out a way to create artificial atoms in the lab, opening the door to a new era in research.
Read the full article at Quanta Magazine: www.quantamagazine.org/husban...
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Read more about 2D materials in Charlie Wood's extended profile of Jie Shan and Kin Fai Mak for Quanta Magazine: www.quantamagazine.org/physics-duo-finds-magic-in-two-dimensions-20220816/
If you flush gasses with the appropriate temperature ,pressure with these systems on artificial will become real atoms because of free level cohesion at atomic scale
Jie Shan and Kin Fai Mak need to look deeper, these emergent properties are just a hint at an underlying structure. ;D
My question is, if they can simulate a series of oxygen atoms, can they actually produce oxygen from these structures?
Semiconductors are not alternative 2D materials, but they can be 2D materials.
@@nrgj.t669 NEVER ! the gluons are the same
This channel is so high quality and criminally under-watched. Another A+ video
A lot of budget
True, this Channel is gold
It appears to suffer from an “old media” style that is going out of fashion.
Loads and loads of b and c roll shots that don’t allow the viewer to get a good visualisation of what’s being spoken about for 80% of the video.
Unfortunate because they do a decent job of reporting.
Wtf that’s at least one SSS too less. I feel confident this video is something to be proud of.
@@JMHynzie well u should consider if the inability to "get a good visualisation of what's being spoken about" is coming from you. I personally found the visualisation sufficient
I saw a video by Veritasium where he showed the Moiré lattice pattern, he held two transparent sheets of a honeycomb-ish pattern overlapping, and I remember seeing the different shapes and structures emerging, being completely fascinated! I got way too excited about it and felt silly. I'm a 30 year old woman, and I wanted to have these sheets myself to explore these patterns, they're beautiful. I knew there was something to it, and this video makes me very, very happy! Can't wait to see more from this research and channel, I'm a new subscriber.
It is exciting, nothing silly about recognizing that!
Moiré patterns have been used in art forever, but in my physics lectures, I show moiré patterns as a visual version of beat oscillation, and also as examples of a simple kind of interference pattern. (Think: holograms.) They are an excellent example of how there are larger patterns of patterns, and larger patterns still. This application is exciting, but also a natural next step in this direction of innovation. If we extended the hologram analogy, building a "holographic" graphene (or other material) pattern for a customized purpose would be exciting. (Think: super computer on a postage stamp.)
These ideas aren't new, but bringing them into reality IS new, and very, very exciting.
@@ezfzx Yes! I saw another video here on TH-cam a couple of hours ago, where this pattern was shown in a gradual simulation, showing all different patterns as it was turning. My first thought was; this looks like an oscillation/cymatics pattern! I also love the idea of showing things in a holographic way. Maybe a stupid question, but what if you layered three sheets of the pattern, would they show structures in 3D?
@@lis7742 It just gets more complicated, like adding more electron harmonics, and without precision control, there comes a chance that some of the sought after patterns would suffer from some slight destructive interference. Maybe an A.I. could manage it.
@@ezfzx I'm thinking the same, I can't wait to see how much an AI will immensely augment advancements in science (and many other areas). It's giving me hope for the future.
Almost like they're making their own "fields" and then creating particles by putting different levels of energy into those "fields." Amazing.
Sounds hella scary when you say it like that
yes but the strenght of the chemical bonding of one of those artificial atoms its significantly weaker than that of an natural atom
Those energy levels are DIFFERENT than the natural ones
Pretty much making their own sandbox.. hmmm
@@kukulroukul4698 Also the frequency of electron orbit are slower to they can applied by voltage.
@@kukulroukul4698 To be a top down and truly great physicist, you need to be a top down and truly great mathematician. Here's the CLEAR proof ON BALANCE.
ULTIMATE, CLEAR, BALANCED, INTEGRATED, IRREFUTABLE, AND MATHEMATICAL PROOF THAT ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity:
Consider what is TIME. E=MC2 is taken directly from F=ma, AS gravity/acceleration involves BALANCED inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE; AS the rotation of WHAT IS THE MOON matches it's revolution; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is CLEARLY (AND NECESSARILY) proven to be gravity (ON/IN BALANCE); AS the stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky ON BALANCE; AS TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual ON/IN BALANCE. Great. Consider WHAT IS THE EYE ON BALANCE !!! Great. c squared CLEARLY represents a dimension of SPACE ON BALANCE. GREAT. Consider TIME AND time dilation ON BALANCE. Consider what is THE SUN ON BALANCE. GREAT. Indeed, notice what is the orange AND setting Sun ON BALANCE !! ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is CLEARLY (AND NECESSARILY) proven to be gravity (ON/IN BALANCE). Consider WHAT IS THE EYE ON BALANCE !!!! GREAT ❤️❤️❤️❤️. Finally, what is lava IS orange; AND it is even blood red. Excellent.
By Frank DiMeglio
Consider what is the man (AND THE EYE ON BALANCE) who IS standing on what is THE EARTH/ground. Touch AND feeling BLEND, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is CLEARLY (AND NECESSARILY) proven to be gravity (ON/IN BALANCE). Indeed, in identifying or considering what is THE EYE/EARTH balance, what is THE EARTH is ALSO BLUE. Great. NOTICE: Gravity cannot be shielded (or blocked) ON BALANCE. Magnificent !! Water flows downhill. Great.
By Frank
I love the realism of his attitude. He acknowledged that this work may not have much real world scaling, but the concepts themselves are what is important.
Whoa. I love this type of minimalist approach to problems in general. It's so elegant here. Very inspiring!
Bad bot
@@WsciekleMleko I might be bad or stupid, but not a bot 👌🏻
@@WsciekleMleko 🤡
@@juastw2285 I choose dialog option 2.
So many developments like this seem hypey. But this one, dropping to 2D is such a beautiful simplification, lends itself to sane-time computer simulation. The moiré bit, again, beautiful. Reminds me a lot of X-ray crystallography, maybe similar potential for discovering how stuff works.
Couldn't have put it better
Never thought I would see Moire patterns being mentioned here. Absolutely amazing video!
Great video, thank you. Well scripted and visualized. You did a great job in explaining this concept clearly and concisely. Many video production creators don't get it right by doing what you did. Keeping it simple.
May I just say I am delighted how quickly this video followed the last!! I can’t get enough of this channel!!
This seems genuinely revolutionary
You can tell by how big they are smiling.
NOPE, its genuinely a bunch of nonsense, that's why they are smiling. No one has even seen a single Atom with any clarity, everything we think we know about atoms is pure speculation, No one has ever detected an Electron, a Proton or a Neutron, they are ASSSUMED to exist because or MODEL of the Atom says they ought to exist. Well, some don't agree with the current Model. Science is not about consensus.
So, they haven't created an atom from Electrons at all, they have not ever actually studied an electron, because they cant capture one or even if they did, nothing they could do could examine such an object.
Creating a sheet of graphene or similar only a couple of atoms thick, it would necessarily be practically invisible to an optical system. Remember an electron scanning microscope can only see a fuzzy blob that they think is an individual atom, so a material made from only two stacked is going to be too flimsy to hold together. Look at gold foil, it gets so thin that it cant be handled mechanically. it wafts away on the air currents if if gets too thin. And even then it no where near a few atoms thick.
So they are claiming to be able to make any element by just adding electrons one by one...
but Hydrogen has one electron and one Proton, but he said he added a single electron to make Helium, but Helium needs 2 Protons, so where did they second Proton come from?
There is no way to just "add" a single electron by "dialling up the voltage".
This is just like the quantum fake science they all rave about. All BS.
@@everythingisalllies2141 Let's assume everything you say is true. The device you are using to type all of this is based on storing billions of on/off states in matter using electrons. So even if we have never seen an atom or electron that doesn't really matter in any practical sense. We can build things in the real world with our models and they work in a consistent manner.
@@lucidvizion No, you ASSUME that the IC in my computer is working by storing little chinks of matter you called Electrons, because that is part of your imaginery MODEL of how electricity works. But SOMETHING is happening, but to claim its electrons is just your assumption. Truth is there is no way for you to prove that these electrons actually exist, you have never isolated one and presented it for inspection.
Artificial atoms based on Josephson junctions have been around for more than a decade now lol
Props to the teams including postdoc and phd students in the research, because we know they are the unsung contributing heroes
Wow. This feels like game changing research. New technology here we come. Material sciences are fascinating.
This was fascinating - great work!
My physics are 30 years old, but/and thanks for keeping me updated. What a great channel, I agree with the man who said it was underwatched. And what wonderful people these 2 are.
I'd love to see a more in-depth video about the mechanics of how the stacked sheets create virtual atoms!
What are the limitations? Are there any conceivable functional/commercial uses (beyond research).
What an exciting development in physics research! I'm surprised this is the first I'm hearing of this technique/technology.
Funny enough, this is actually my field of research. I'm a PhD student in condensed matter experiment. The great part about these 2D materials is that we really don't know what their full capabilities are. We haven't yet realized all practical materials in 2D with proper study, so nobody knows what's still out there. Commercial uses range from solar panels that are factors more efficient than current panels, to faster computers, larger quantum computers, and many more. Realistically, this is one of the most fruitful fields of physics that still has a lot to be picked.
@@theflufffactor6060 Can the virtual atoms move around in their 2D matrix? Can they be combined into molecules?
@@GregConquest i think that as long as the moire pattern doesn't move, the Artificials Atoms (AA) won't move, AA are localized here. but creating an AA with an STM tip over a 2D materials (graphene), and moving the STM tip should give you mobile AA.
if 2 AA are close enough, their state shall interact giving you Artificial Molecule.
in the futur if we can control lot's of AA, we can simulate complex molecules and study their behaviour without doing very taxing computation, that's what we call quantu simulation i think (not sure)
@@GregConquest There is something called a semiconductor nanocrystal which people call an artificial atom, which can be assembled into artificial molecules. At least in my subsubfield, we don't care too much about moving them around in space. We focus on the electromagnetic properties of these low dimensional systems, not necessarily where they are.
In theory, you can control where these virtual atoms "are" by carefully configuring the real material stacks. In practice, these material systems are hard to make in the first place. Typically, if your project is on material AB, you would be over the moon if you can synthesize it and measure it. We are very much in the baby stages of this field. The Nobel Prize for the study of graphene was in 2010, just to put things in perspective.
Wait wait, I’m more thinking about combining those atoms in molecules and creating realistic matter? As in a form of very crude replicators from Star Trek is that possible? Would be awesome to be able to create actual matter from virtual Atoms! Imagine the possibilities if this becomes a reality!
Thank you. Having recently read an article that corresponds to the subjectd of this video, I find this presentation is a lot more approachable and, really, very much more exciting than was the article.
Great audio in this video, guys. Keep the sound guys you've got..they're rare to find on TH-cam! So big shout.
astonishing! who wouldve guessed moire patterns could unlock this new world! bravo to Jie Shan, Fai Mak and their students
As another person commented..."WHOA!"
This sounds every bit as much a potential for experimental discoveries as the introduction of the microscope, electron microscope, telescope, oscilloscope, etc.
It may offer even more fundamental utility in linking geometry (2D planes, Moire patterns, alignments between planes, etc.) to the physics of materials
I don't think that has previously even been considered as an avenue for exploration
It has been considered, but, until recently, just hypothetical, waiting for the technology to catch up ... like so much innovation. When physicists get frustrated waiting for the future to arrive, they sometimes go write "hard" science fiction, a largely untapped resource for scientific inspiration. :)
@@ezfzx Did I hear 'Mars Trilogy' or 'Ender's Game' ?
@@gregparrott Perhaps! Some of the best "hard science" fiction, isn't always great fiction, since the authors are so excited by the science. But the science fans who understand it will eat it up. Some of the best ideas we've had for little under-grad research projects were inspired by works no one (outside of the science community) had ever heard of.
@@gregparrott Ender's Game is just god-tier
Imagine the capacity of a self-modifying microchip, real programmable electronics, not fake one like in FPGAs.
No one saw that potential, forget about superconductors. That would boost computers to another scale of power and give another spin to the wheel of Moore's law. (it is getting a bit slower , Moore's law is not dead and never will die, but the wheel can get slower and slower until a paradigm shift like this)
That if made into a working product would be a trillion dollar industry.
We could even call it metaelectronics, imagine the potential !
Beautifully animated, great job Quanta
fascinating stuff! love this channel! hear about all the things that I would never know about otherwise, and with such crisp animations. Thanks team and all!
Wow…breath-taking research… How exciting to learn of it. I feel very privileged to have you share this information!
Always something new and high quality, isn't it? Amazing!
So glad I found your channel 😊❤️
Excellent video.
as a phd working on something similar, I really enjoyed watching this really well done video with great researchers. thanks Quanta for sharing and creating high quality content
Interesting video. Your 3d graphics department is making excellent work
I like this scientifically productive marriage!
This channel deserves more credit, hands down has the best science in a nutshell consumer content on TH-cam.
A while ago I read an article also about a similar moire experiments and where by accident was discovered that under a particular angle at room temperature electrons move without loss through the material. In the topology of materials and their setup there is still quite some exploration of new physics possible
could you plz link it in here?
You just pointed out a real world application. High temp superconducting.
Wow this is really exotic. Thanks for this amazing video. So exciting.
This channel covers such premiere topics.. with beautiful animation and natural narration.. it's a future 10M+ channel.
what a genius idea. you can tell theyre passionate about their field too by the smiles on their faces when they talk about it
Please add captions! Automated captions are good but I feel like with your way of words, seeing the captions makes it even better imo! Very great video too!
Stuff like this blows my mind. Extremely interesting.
Mind blowing, elegant, creativity.
Very exciting stuff. The development of a room temp superconductor would be game changing :O
A wonderfully inspirational video, especially for young aspiring physicists.
Amazing. Great video, thanks.
Quanta Magazine has such fascinating content, bleeding-edge content. I love it!
another damn good video. I always waited for new videos from "Quanta Magazine"
Absolutely amazing!
Brilliant innovation. So much new work to be done
This is a phenomenal video
Amazing work
Controlling artificial electron shells with voltage, using moire patterns of superimposed lattices?! That's insanely cool
Holy mother of god… virtual-atoms… I’ve seen it all now.
When they discussed the Moire Super-lattice and artificial atoms, I was amazed. Never thought we could ever get so close to atomic transmutation!
Good jobs guys, we need more research on this, it could be huge, the equivalent to A.I singularity but for physics and chemistry!
agreed!
Wow, wow, wow thats amazing. How useful that will be to understand chemistry even more
She was my physics 1 professor at Case Western! Good to see she's doing big things
All this depth from an in-flight magazine, I’m impressed.
These are good videos
in one dimension i have some general understanding of their descriptions ...in the other dimension, I have no idea what they are talking about...
This is the only time when science truly take a step forward : when people do it with Love
This is Awesome. In the traditional sense of the word.
Simply amazing!
i missed the secrets and physics part, but i got all of the hype so thanks for that
Modern alchemy! Love it!
Absolutely wicked. Thank you for sharing.
Im so glad the guy looks so happy talking about what he did
6:46 Just wondering whether the different central potential from a Coulomb one would play spoilsport in modeling physical systems. But it's a fantastic idea even otherwise, with possible long-term ramifications. Godspeed.
A new everything I like that !
Lets Go !When will we Realize
This
Can someone help me clear up my confusion?:
As I understand it, atoms are kinda defined by their number of protons, 1 for H, 2 for He, 3 for Li, etc. So why does changing the metric associated with electrons change the atom, and not just change it to a type of ion instead?
Also, as I understand it, an atom usually has the same amount of protons as neutrons, so are these created atoms special isotopes of the usual atoms?
What they have is a region in the 2D structure that behaves like an individual atom, but it's actually way bigger, so it's easier to measure. Atoms are defined by the number of protons, but their real behaviour and most characteristics are defined by how the electron cloud is distributed. That's why atoms in the same column of the periodic table have similar properties. When they change the voltage it changes how the simulated atom behaves.
@@tiagodasilva1124 appreciate the clear explanation!
@@ToriKo_ Yeah, I don't think there are actually any protons or neutrons in there. When they say "atom", it sounds like they've reproduced an electron cloud environment similar to what you'd find around an actual atom. Which is why it's "larger", because an actual atomic nucleus would pull those electrons in a LOT tighter.
According to Wikipedia. The amount of electrons in atom mirror the number of protons.
@@JasonB808 That is typically true. But these structures they are making are, near as I can tell, not complete atoms. They are clouds of electrons resonating the way they would if they were attached to an atom. It's very clever, but also a very VERY loose application of the phrase "artificial atom", which is no doubt causing the confusion.
Another great video
Incredible content ❤❤
That’s like Alchemy!!! Bravo
So they've created artificial Atoms (artificially simulated atoms) within the stack of semiconductor material and when applying voltage an atom changes its properties from one atom element to another.
Marvelous!!!
This is awesome 👏
Can someone explain something to me (not a trained scientist): how many of these "virtual atoms" can they manipulate at once? Are they able to scale the quantity up enough to make, for instance, clouds of virtual hydrogen, helium, etc?
Yeah and does this artificial atom go away when no more voltage is applied.
@@errgo2713 I don't think they are stable without the specific pressure, temperature, and energy conditions, as the quasiparticles are formed from those. I think you can see it as an electron liquid, where depending on those conditions it exhibits different, more bizarre quantum states of matter that are emergent from the interaction of many particles.
Also as I understand it, atoms are kinda defined by their number of protons, 1 for H, 2 for He, 3 for Li, etc. So why does changing the metric associated with electrons change the atom, and not just change it to a type of ion instead?
Also, as I understand it, an atom usually has the same amount of protons as neutrons, so are these created atoms special isotopes of the usual atoms?
this is what I wanted to ask
@@asdli6402 Because they aren't really atoms. It's a really common thing in condensed physics to do "simulations" of the real thing by using an absolutely different physical object, that on some level behaves similar to the thing you are studying. In this case, having read the article, it's not electrons that are orbiting "artificial atoms", it's "excitons" - a "particle" consisting of an electron+hole pair in different layers of the material. It is not really a particle in a physical sense, but it *behaves* like one, and if you are willing to accept it as a particle, it follows the regular Schrodinger's equation (except in 2D).
This isn't the first time condensed physics has done this - there are also so called "phonons", for example, that are quantum particles of sound waves - basically a particle representation of deformation waves travelling through a material, and they also behave like regular quantum particles if you look at them right.
What that Moiré lattice does is create potential wells for those "excitons", similar to how nucleus creates a potential well for an electron in the atom. This way, these excitons follow the Schrodinger's equation really similar to that of a real atom, so the effects you find with them can be applied to real atoms too. That's why they're called "virtual atoms" - they're not atoms in any real sense, there's no nucleus and there are excitons instead of electrons, but it's similar enough to be interesting. And yes, you can create lots of them - they're automatically "placed" at the nodes of the Moiré lattice, so as long as your sheet of material is big enough, you can get as many of them as you want.
Your explanation is so good!
Pete's sakes!!!!!! This is mind-blowing. This is astonishing!
This is amazing
This is incredible
Quanta , please don't let us alone with this long period of waiting :(
Thnak you Qunata
Reminds me, rather surprisingly, of L. Ron Hubbard's "Battlefield Earth" (the book, not the movie). I loved it as a 'teen in the '80s, and still do - it's a fun soft sci-fi pulp romp. One of the things that caught me about it was something very odd, wherein the chemical elements' nature was fundamentally based upon the electron shells (not in the obvious sense of valence shells, but rather in the more fundamental way that one associates normally with nuclides).
OMG! Mind-blown!
I had heard of their work but not read it yet, so I watched this video. I've watched Quanta videos in the past, and I think this one went a bit thin on the content. Based on the level of detail of the other videos on this channel, I think you could have had more details on their spintronic lab and the physics of the so-called "virtual atoms". Still, good video, now I need to go download those papers.
That is amazing research
Commenting for the algorithm - Amazing content always.
How does this not get more views, the greater public needs this information
I’ve been hoping for something like this. Hope it actually pans out.
Quanta Magazine graces youtube again with beautiful science reporting.
I'm wondeirng if this is what it was like for the square having the revelations about Flatland's existence
so exciting !
An interesting study, indeed. If they can control atoms more effectively, it could make huge improvements perhaps one day. My other point is that by adding electrons you are creating ions of hydrogen. To create heavier elements you need protons and neutrons. Still, it's a good method, IMO.
That's actually mental how people figured this out! I've currently (haha current lol) just started A-level Physics in 6th form and apparently we are going to learn about quantum phenomenon (do doo do do do, sorry) which I find really cool and videos like this is how I've been learning beforehand 👍
Nice! I just finished A level physics (AQA). It’s a shame we don’t get taught QM in more detail
@@calebp6114 Nice how was it, I'm doing AQA I think too (well I was for GCSE at least) but I've just been researching stuff online about quarks and gluons and stuff
I laughed at current.🤣
Wow! Amazing
Nobody here to say 'what an enloyable article?' I enjoyed it and found it illuminating.
This video is really smart.
I can’t wait until they start using this tech to start simulating instead of just single elements, compounds and complex molecules. We could actually start seeing how bonds form between different atoms and see how Adams move through space or stuff like that since I’m not too good at chemistry
This makes intuitive sense, and is one of those “I should have seen this solution!” moments. Clearly, I’m delusional.
I hope this couple is blessed with many children.
Propagating their genius code could be a force of good for civilization.
This channel is super dope
Yeeees i love moire patterns, thats dope
That’s a breakthrough in chemistry and technology, wow 😮😮😮😮😮
Using 2D things to predict 3d seems to be a recurring theme in life
Fascinating. Do they see orbitals like real atoms ?
Cornell! Andy would be proud
That's amazing
Living the dream. Imagine being happily married and working together on something like this.
Spending quality time with the wife, while changing the world doing physics.