You've been explaining the recent happenings in the world of physics to me since I was a 12 year old boy. I'm now a 23 year old man with a bachelor's in physics and I feel even further from my dreams of contributing to experimental or theoretical physics in any significant capacity. I'll see you in a few years, hopefully with a PhD. :)
If is too difficult to make a contribution to experimental physics, why you do not try theoretical physics? The fact is that in the last 100 years there is no significant advance in the understanding of the fundamental elements as - What Energy is; What Electromagnetism is; What Time is; What Space is...Anyway, they are looking for a new physics, which can unify QM and TOR. Why you have not read my book - "Theory of Everything in Physics and The Universe"? It is possible that there you can find an idea for your great theoretical discovery, which will make you a great scientist. You will never succeed if you never try!
@@kumar-qb2pe Very good! Keep going questioning the proposed scenarios with facts and logic and one day inevitably you will succeed to produce something unique and valuable. I will suggest you tackle this problem - What is this force, which is bending Einstein's space? Where is its origin and where it is going after bending Space?
This is masterful science communication. I don't know who at the Fermilab office asked you to do the TH-cam channel, Dr. Don, but you have truly found your calling. You and everyone behind the scenes who's involved.
Earth's gravitational waves contribute positively to the spin and kinetic energy of fermions. For this reason, since the muon is heavier than the electron, the muon has more magnetic power than the electron. Different laboratories around the world produce different results due to the different 'gravitational acceleration'. If the experiment were carried out in space, it would probably give the same result as the theory.
This channel is a gem. I have been repeatedly impressed by the content. It seems as though it would be digestible by a wide audience, despite the complexity of the subject matter. This video was particularly well made.
The thing I love about Don's videos is how he stresses that in science, finding new questions can be as exciting as finding answers. A result which tells us "we don't know, we need to do more research" is actually a great result.
Dr. Lincoln is such a great teacher. His delivery is always enjoyable and very informative. The G-2 uncertainty has been cycling through my mind since first becoming aware of it.
It is amazing that there are human scientists that have the intelligence to understand stuff like this. Research like this is important, not because it has any immediate practical application, but because it furthers our understanding of our universe. Great work Femilab.
I'd been looking forward to this! Back in April, I watched the live seminar when the results were first announced. It was incredibly well put together, and was the most compelling and informative scientific presentation I'd ever seen. Truly an outstanding model for scientific communication that should be studied by others.
Beautifully explained. You can sense his love for physics each team he explains something as fascinating as this. Thanks for explaining so well that even someone like me can understand
Wow, thank you so much for such an in-depth quality explanation of the g-2 results!!! This is very exciting. Can't wait to find out what the different groups find over the next year or two!
Excellent presentation, Dr. Don. Lots more info than you usually provide which is appreciated, but as always, presented in ways that allow most anybody with an interest in physics to follow along.
You are such a good teacher! I am so happy to find it’s possible for me to understand what scientists say about subatomic particles, at least partially.
Dr. Lincoln, if I'm hearing you right, this research is going to help us go back in time and reach the speed of light. I'd settle for fewer ads on You tube.
Thank you all at Fermilab for the great work you do for us all. I desperately hope that option 2 is the case, I really don't want to give up the sci-fi fantasies that come with it :)
This was great, easily the best explanation I've heard. And I didn't know about the lattice computations! That's really important to the story, it should be reported with this topic more widely.
Love this. So many of the early attempts to communicate the results of the BH and Fermi Lab experiments focus on “new physics” and completely ignored the lattice QCD results. Either way, bravo to all the scientists involved in the new computer calculations and in gathering the new experimental data. I can’t wait to learn how the next sets of experimental results and confirmation calculations turn out!
I gotta say, I kind of like this new, more subdued Don Lincoln. I hate to sound critical at all, because he and this channel are absolutely great. But now it's Great+.
In the expanding graviton model, gravitons are always coming into existence, expanding from a point, and overlapping. When large numbers of expanding gravitons overlap, they inevitably create the geometries for particle-anti-particle creation. When gravitons overlap and create the geometries for particles/antiparticles, that's the same as creating virtual particles.
Great video Dr. Don! So, basically what you are saying is that we don't know what we think we know until we know it and even then the answer might be wrong or right depending on how you look at it. 😉😉😂😂
Good video. What I'm confused about still though is whether g is the value for all muons or all electrons all the time or whether it's averaged out over many tests or many particles. I couldn't imagine that the strength of g would be exactly the same all the time.
Really great video, especially to get context about the experiments in fermilab If I may, I just have small "advice" : (Idk your budget, and I really mean well, we need more educational videos, especially on quantum mechanics. If the green screen is not used, you can maybe used a set, with half the screen for the key points. A little bit of cuts in the editing, I'm amazed that you can get a lot of these script without cuts, but it can add a bit a rhythm in the video, less breathing noises. Microphone aren't cheap, but it peaks a little bit to much, I think the clip on mic doesn't help The lightning is bright, which maybe necessary because of the green screen, but it seems that the light is not diffused, or not enough. I don't know if you'll se this comment, but please keep posting, those small notes aren't that important. I'm just nitpicking about details. A lot of science channels use green screen with a space background. Some onsite set can boost the production, especially for fermilab, it would be so great ! Btw your generic is AWESOME ! Great production, seems legit.
11:49 - He launched into that sentence expecting it to be shorter than it turned out to be. It's like when you pick up speed on a bike before starting to climb a hill, and suddenly realise you're going to have to pedal if you want to actually reach the top.
1:17 and how much it is spinning ? It does spin ?? Is it variable or constant ??? 1:41 according to windows calculator which may be wrong 0.1% higher than 2 is exactly 2.002 - it is NOT 0.00238 that should be more than 0.1% something like 0.119% 2:15 and we know they are particles, not the waves in the moment of measurement ? 12:50 and what is with low mass high size case ?
If it did appear with a fixed period, that would define a universal rest-frame in spacetime (the frame that minimized this period): therefore it doesn't. It's natural that one would get relativity violating ideas from the "pop-in-and-out-of existence" model, since it implicitly chooses a reference frame. It's a semi-classical description anyway: both the quantum vacuum and the muon's cloud are constant, they do not change: it's always the same, observables do not evolve with time. All the "fluctuations" exist in a quantum superposition, unchanging and always the same for every muon in existence, no matter your inertial frame. (The frame thing is important: you have particles popping in and out of existence with zero average momentum, no matter how fast your are moving. Think about that for a bit).
@@alphagt62 I much prefer the version "The more we know, the more we know how little we know". Which incidentally is also related to good ol' Dunning-Kruger: when you know just a little, you have no idea how little you know, so you assume you know everything there is to know.
@@KaiHenningsen I've come to liken that effect to an expanding circle where the outside is the unknown and the inside already accrued knowledge. The larger the circle of knowledge, the longer the boundary to the unknown becomes.
May be the FSC is the key for the gap alpha=(1/g44*1/beta^2)*3/4*gama(1-ln3)^2 g44 Metric-number from GR beta=1/gama from SR -ln(3)=+ln(1/3) is from Thermodynamics Entropy W=1/3 is the probability to go in to x, y, z direction. So the space must be 3-Dimensional everywhere?
I would be most curious as to how the lattice calculations vary with "grid size". For example, if calculating on a slightly smaller grid moves the computed g-2 value away from the experimental measurements (toward zero, say), then one might reasonably surmise that calculating with a substantially larger grid would result in a g-2 value even closer to the experimental value(s). [The decades old dream of doing very accurate tau precession experiments may re-emerge, probably still remaining a dreamy dream.]
So the QCD predictions match observations with the recent lattice QCD computation. What about other models, such as string theory? Are there predictions there that match observations?
The fields that make up space in the time/space continuum are only superficially understood. While we have some knowledge from experiments, our understanding is limited to the results of those experiments. It's like never having seen 4 types of fruit grown on Rigel 4, being blindfolded, and asked to identify each by touch. You know they feel different but as to understanding what they are, well, you've only scratched the surface.
The addition of Lattice QCD to the calculation seems to account for only roughly half of the discrepancy (and still doesn't make the error bars overlap), so something else must be also going on.
like charged objects repel eachother, we can determine the quantity of force, however HOW does it work?what is the mechanism? is it known by science? i gather streams of photons are the communicating units, is it perhaps the interaction of the coliding photons creating a hetrodyne effect with peaks and troughs and thus pressure differentials? HOW do charged objects repel eachother?im not seeking the 'quantity of force calculation, but rather the explanation of the mechanism.
Dr Lincoln - please can you tell us if the charge on the Quark has actually been measured? Are they really 1/3 and -2/3 exactly, or are there a few nanopercent of difference as in the Muon magnetic moment? Since we never see isolated Quarks how can we know this?
@@Richardincancale Harvey FLETCHER and Robert Millican first discovered the charge of an electron and set it to (minus?) one. But this is just from history, if we trippled this value it would change nothing except some constants. Regardless of all this I love your idea!
Are we confident we are taking into account and eliminating from the measurements the coupling between the Muons in measurement and the earths magnetic field? The Sun? The galaxy?
It reminds me to the GPS system inaccuracy. If we wouldn’t know about relativity, the GPS system clock would be off by 38 microseconds per day. It sounds to be just as small and insignificant, than the difference in this Muon experiment. But this little inaccuracy both leads to kilometers of inaccuracy in real world usage, and a whole new physics which changed how we understand the universe forever.
@@henrytjernlund Gravity is way weaker than that. But you can believe, since gravity is the 4th fundamental force, and on the top of the lost of the biggest challenges in physics, it is always on the top of the list of ideas for explaining anything mysterious.
Engineers would have fixed the problem anyway empirically and have it work nevertheless. The truth is that we will never be able to know everything or know everything as our lifespans are limited and at some point the learning process as optimized as it could possibly be will reach its generational best. Problems will have to be fixed empirically and be at peace with that.
@@davidespano8674 Yeah, they would add some magical x multiplier, because that’s what they measure. Just like we add cosmological constant, and call it “dark energy”. But understanding WHY we need that correction is a whole different story.
I haven't seen anything yet that covers the possibility that there might be something hinky with the equipment: the new experiment used a bunch of the same kit from the old experiment, what did they do to make sure that there wasn't something inherent in the hardware that might produce this discrepancy? Thanks for keeping us updated on progress: I would not be surprised if you've already talked about this but I missed it!
The only thing from the old experiment was the magnet. Everything else is new. And the new measurements of the magnetic field are more precise than the old one, plus the field is more uniform.
well that is a problem. I didn't work in it, but I think the uniformity of the magnetic field in which the muons both orbit and precess is the biggest (known) source of systematic error, and it's better known this time around....or something like that.
Question: What do the Lattice QCD calculations predict for the alpha of electrons? I mean, AFAIK there doesn't exist a discrepancy between measured and theoretical values for electrons. If Lattice QCD predicts a different alpha for muons, wouldn't it also predict a different one for electrons and thereby move electrons out of the measured area?
Is the speed of light in all directions exactly the same. Ever since Einstein stated that as an assumption we assume the same. We only know the roundtrip speed? The one way I could think of proving the speed of light is the same in any direction was using the Muon (Momentum) but there is a difference in g that could be a 10x10^-9 difference in C in relative movement direction e.g. in comparison to the galactic plane in Newtonian physics or in relation to a n-dimensional Brane in String theory?
Hi Mr. Don, Is it possible to observe an object when it is completely motionless with respect to space? The Earth rotates with the galaxy, which moves in space in the same way, so it is not possible to calculate where the Earth is moving compared to a completely dormant state?
Great explanation. I wonder... in this experiment muons need to go fast so they have enough livetime due to relativistic effects. How fast? Are other relativistic effects to consider? For example in their interactions with virtual particles... thanks!
he said the space by electrons is matter and anti-matter separating and recombining? like little antimatter explosions? is that where force and physical matter comes from? the force of these tiny micro explosions happening everywhere? is that why a seemingly empty atom has the illusion of spatial dimension? because of the force of these explosions?
Okay a muon is a heavier cousin to the electron. It has greater mass than the electron, but is a lepton like the electron and has the same charge as the electron. Being a lepton, it is a fundamental particle that is not composed of other particles, as opposed to the proton and the neutron, which are composed of quarks. But if muons always decay into electrons in a microsecond or less, why don't we just call them mass-excited-state electrons? Looking at it this way, it's not surprising that the magnetic moment should differ a little bit considering the large change in mass. Plus, what good is a muon? What have muons ever done for anybody? Are they teaching us the fine art of quantum spin, moment, and angular momentum?
could you derive the relative size difference of muons and electrons using the g factor? if the muon is larger its maximum electromagnetic field strength should be smaller than that of an electron thus less matter/antimatter creation and less of a "cloud" adding to the g factor and vice versa
Dr. Donald Lincoln elucidates things so that they are palatable for all! He re-emphasizes the Einsteinian statement, which goes something like---- "The propensity for exploring the unknown, the quest for delving out reality, is far important than any 'assured possession' in science"
3 years later, and the Fermilab experiment has gotten much better, and still shows the same results. Has anyone analyzed, and re-done the lattice QCD calculation?
You've been explaining the recent happenings in the world of physics to me since I was a 12 year old boy. I'm now a 23 year old man with a bachelor's in physics and I feel even further from my dreams of contributing to experimental or theoretical physics in any significant capacity. I'll see you in a few years, hopefully with a PhD. :)
@@jeffallen3382 Yeah, I'm not very active in the comments section 😅
If is too difficult to make a contribution to experimental physics, why you do not try theoretical physics? The fact is that in the last 100 years there is no significant advance in the understanding of the fundamental elements as - What Energy is; What Electromagnetism is; What Time is; What Space is...Anyway, they are looking for a new physics, which can unify QM and TOR. Why you have not read my book - "Theory of Everything in Physics and The Universe"? It is possible that there you can find an idea for your great theoretical discovery, which will make you a great scientist. You will never succeed if you never try!
@@valentinmalinov8424 yeah I'm also fascinated to think about these fundamentals from childhood and now I'm working in that way
Learn controls engineering. There's no money in physics.
@@kumar-qb2pe Very good! Keep going questioning the proposed scenarios with facts and logic and one day inevitably you will succeed to produce something unique and valuable. I will suggest you tackle this problem - What is this force, which is bending Einstein's space? Where is its origin and where it is going after bending Space?
This is masterful science communication. I don't know who at the Fermilab office asked you to do the TH-cam channel, Dr. Don, but you have truly found your calling. You and everyone behind the scenes who's involved.
I agree! I’ve tried for years to learn about subatomic particles with no success until I found this teacher!
Earth's gravitational waves contribute positively to the spin and kinetic energy of fermions. For this reason, since the muon is heavier than the electron, the muon has more magnetic power than the electron. Different laboratories around the world produce different results due to the different 'gravitational acceleration'.
If the experiment were carried out in space, it would probably give the same result as the theory.
After all the hype I was waiting for Don's take on it. I'm not disappointed. Clearly explained with a pinch of charm.
He is the best!
Charismaaa
Yeah, I really can't understand why there is not millions of subscribers to this channel, this is so good, fun and easy to understand content :)
@@franksavage1499 Tell all your friends to subscribe!
@@drdon5205 I will, I have shared a few videos and know that some of my friends have watched them :)
Finally, Don has spoken.
This channel is a gem. I have been repeatedly impressed by the content. It seems as though it would be digestible by a wide audience, despite the complexity of the subject matter. This video was particularly well made.
The thing I love about Don's videos is how he stresses that in science, finding new questions can be as exciting as finding answers. A result which tells us "we don't know, we need to do more research" is actually a great result.
In some ways science is about finding better questions.
Former BNL employee worked on that magnet on Long island NY .
Proud 🤗
Best explanation I've heard/watched on the Muon g-2 experiment. As usual, Dr. Limon knows how to cut to the chase.
Dr. Lincoln is such a great teacher. His delivery is always enjoyable and very informative. The G-2 uncertainty has been cycling through my mind since first becoming aware of it.
It is amazing that there are human scientists that have the intelligence to understand stuff like this. Research like this is important, not because it has any immediate practical application, but because it furthers our understanding of our universe. Great work Femilab.
This is the video I have been waiting for, best PR from Fermilab
Thank you for a digestible explanation of cutting edge science, love your videos Dr. Don!
I'd been looking forward to this! Back in April, I watched the live seminar when the results were first announced. It was incredibly well put together, and was the most compelling and informative scientific presentation I'd ever seen. Truly an outstanding model for scientific communication that should be studied by others.
Finally, a video we've all been waiting for.
I could listen to him lecturing for hours. ☺️
and I do!
until my small brain overload..😥
In all, I would assume Feynman would be pleased if not jealous lol. I am thankful in your approach and inspiring a new generation of brilliance.
Professor Frink: "g is exactly 2!"
Audience: *gasps*
Frink: "Very sorry that it had to come to that."
Beautifully explained. You can sense his love for physics each team he explains something as fascinating as this. Thanks for explaining so well that even someone like me can understand
Wow, thank you so much for such an in-depth quality explanation of the g-2 results!!! This is very exciting. Can't wait to find out what the different groups find over the next year or two!
Excellent presentation, Dr. Don. Lots more info than you usually provide which is appreciated, but as always, presented in ways that allow most anybody with an interest in physics to follow along.
Thank you for explaining this
Congrats to Fermi Lab on achievement
Wow, this level of precision is mind boggling !! This is remarkably amazing !!
Ok, lets go back to ignore friction...
Thanks Dr. Don, this was great - and long expected!
You are such a good teacher! I am so happy to find it’s possible for me to understand what scientists say about subatomic particles, at least partially.
I love that being wrong is the best and most exciting thing for a physicist
Dr. Lincoln, if I'm hearing you right, this research
is going to help us go back in time
and reach the speed of light. I'd settle for fewer ads on You tube.
Thank you all at Fermilab for the great work you do for us all. I desperately hope that option 2 is the case, I really don't want to give up the sci-fi fantasies that come with it :)
I am a big fan of the videos presented on this channel. Very cool stuff.
Excellent video, it's nice to have the long format again :)
Thanks for the video! A very exciting experiment!
I’m so grateful for these videos. Thank you for the work you put in for us that are of the Dummy Tribe.
Can we have an updated video with the new results please!!
Incredibly clear, you have a gift
Thank you for teaching us complex concepts in such a down to earth way.
Your best post ever Dr. Lincoln.
Thank you for making this video. Great explanation!
This was great, easily the best explanation I've heard. And I didn't know about the lattice computations! That's really important to the story, it should be reported with this topic more widely.
You're so fascinating. I don't always understand what you're saying but I'm fascinated all the same.
The best at explaining complex ideas.
Hello Sir. Hope you are well. Take care!
Great to see you back Don
Love this. So many of the early attempts to communicate the results of the BH and Fermi Lab experiments focus on “new physics” and completely ignored the lattice QCD results. Either way, bravo to all the scientists involved in the new computer calculations and in gathering the new experimental data. I can’t wait to learn how the next sets of experimental results and confirmation calculations turn out!
How important were the 1948 measurements of g to the formulation of QED?
Very. Crucial. That and the Lamb effect.
@@donlincoln1961 baaah
Loved this deep dive! What better place to get this dive than right from the Fermilab's (horse's) mouth.
I've got my fingers crossed for new physics!!
I joined the online seminar a few weeks ago -- even at 2am here in Britain, the excitement of breaking new ground was thrilling.
Thank you so much.
For a clear explanation of the facts so far.
Best explanation so far
What an excellent video. Thank you Dr Don
Congrats to Don and the Fermilab team. An fresh alternative to CERN
I gotta say, I kind of like this new, more subdued Don Lincoln. I hate to sound critical at all, because he and this channel are absolutely great. But now it's Great+.
Amazing, just learned about your channel from pbs space time. Excited to deep dive!
In the expanding graviton model, gravitons are always coming into existence, expanding from a point, and overlapping. When large numbers of expanding gravitons overlap, they inevitably create the geometries for particle-anti-particle creation. When gravitons overlap and create the geometries for particles/antiparticles, that's the same as creating virtual particles.
Interesting, do the gravitons lose energy when the overlap produces the particle anti particle pair?
This guy always explains things that I can't understand when someone else is saying it
I've been waiting for this video for a few years😍
I waited so long all my muons decayed.
@@PMA65537 How fast were they going???
@@lorenzobarbano You should have seen the Lorenzo transform!
Great video Dr. Don! So, basically what you are saying is that we don't know what we think we know until we know it and even then the answer might be wrong or right depending on how you look at it. 😉😉😂😂
Welcome to my world.
This is my favorite series. Love it so much
Good video. What I'm confused about still though is whether g is the value for all muons or all electrons all the time or whether it's averaged out over many tests or many particles. I couldn't imagine that the strength of g would be exactly the same all the time.
g is the same for muons and a different g is true for all electrons. However, the two particles have different g's.
Really great video, especially to get context about the experiments in fermilab
If I may, I just have small "advice" : (Idk your budget, and I really mean well, we need more educational videos, especially on quantum mechanics.
If the green screen is not used, you can maybe used a set, with half the screen for the key points.
A little bit of cuts in the editing, I'm amazed that you can get a lot of these script without cuts, but it can add a bit a rhythm in the video, less breathing noises.
Microphone aren't cheap, but it peaks a little bit to much, I think the clip on mic doesn't help
The lightning is bright, which maybe necessary because of the green screen, but it seems that the light is not diffused, or not enough.
I don't know if you'll se this comment, but please keep posting, those small notes aren't that important. I'm just nitpicking about details.
A lot of science channels use green screen with a space background. Some onsite set can boost the production, especially for fermilab, it would be so great !
Btw your generic is AWESOME ! Great production, seems legit.
11:49 - He launched into that sentence expecting it to be shorter than it turned out to be. It's like when you pick up speed on a bike before starting to climb a hill, and suddenly realise you're going to have to pedal if you want to actually reach the top.
THANK YOU PROFESSOR LINCOLN...!!!
1:17 and how much it is spinning ? It does spin ?? Is it variable or constant ???
1:41 according to windows calculator which may be wrong 0.1% higher than 2 is exactly 2.002 - it is NOT 0.00238 that should be more than 0.1% something like 0.119%
2:15 and we know they are particles, not the waves in the moment of measurement ?
12:50 and what is with low mass high size case ?
Particles who form the "quantum foam" have a pattern of appearance and disappearance in a period of time or they occur purely random?
Its hard to "detect" appreciable amount of data to conclude this.
If it did appear with a fixed period, that would define a universal rest-frame in spacetime (the frame that minimized this period): therefore it doesn't. It's natural that one would get relativity violating ideas from the "pop-in-and-out-of existence" model, since it implicitly chooses a reference frame.
It's a semi-classical description anyway: both the quantum vacuum and the muon's cloud are constant, they do not change: it's always the same, observables do not evolve with time. All the "fluctuations" exist in a quantum superposition, unchanging and always the same for every muon in existence, no matter your inertial frame.
(The frame thing is important: you have particles popping in and out of existence with zero average momentum, no matter how fast your are moving. Think about that for a bit).
@@DrDeuteron okay i did thank you🤯 nNow help putt my thoughts back in my head...0 nothing special
@@DrDeuteron and looks like aup playing measurement games🙄
Wait for it...
Best explanation yet.
The more we know, the less we know :-)
Anyway, thank you very much for this clear explanation of where science stands in this particular problem.
That’s a good version of the old Einstein quote, “The more I learn, the less I know”.
@@alphagt62 I much prefer the version "The more we know, the more we know how little we know". Which incidentally is also related to good ol' Dunning-Kruger: when you know just a little, you have no idea how little you know, so you assume you know everything there is to know.
No, not quite. The more we know, the more we know about how little we know, and the more we know about where to look next.
That's basically how real science works: You discover new questions.
@@KaiHenningsen I've come to liken that effect to an expanding circle where the outside is the unknown and the inside already accrued knowledge. The larger the circle of knowledge, the longer the boundary to the unknown becomes.
May be the FSC is the key for the gap
alpha=(1/g44*1/beta^2)*3/4*gama(1-ln3)^2
g44 Metric-number from GR
beta=1/gama from SR
-ln(3)=+ln(1/3) is from Thermodynamics Entropy W=1/3 is the probability to go in to x, y, z direction. So the space must be 3-Dimensional everywhere?
Nice video. Thanks.
I would be most curious as to how the lattice calculations vary with "grid size". For example, if calculating on a slightly smaller grid moves the computed g-2 value away from the experimental measurements (toward zero, say), then one might reasonably surmise that calculating with a substantially larger grid would result in a g-2 value even closer to the experimental value(s). [The decades old dream of doing very accurate tau precession experiments may re-emerge, probably still remaining a dreamy dream.]
Excellent! Are new results in? Because it is middle of 2022? Hope a new video on this soon
So the QCD predictions match observations with the recent lattice QCD computation.
What about other models, such as string theory? Are there predictions there that match observations?
The fields that make up space in the time/space continuum are only superficially understood. While we have some knowledge from experiments, our understanding is limited to the results of those experiments. It's like never having seen 4 types of fruit grown on Rigel 4, being blindfolded, and asked to identify each by touch. You know they feel different but as to understanding what they are, well, you've only scratched the surface.
Was the muon g-2 experiment about quantum cognitions interference with particle spin?
The addition of Lattice QCD to the calculation seems to account for only roughly half of the discrepancy (and still doesn't make the error bars overlap), so something else must be also going on.
like charged objects repel eachother, we can determine the quantity of force, however HOW does it work?what is the mechanism? is it known by science? i gather streams of photons are the communicating units, is it perhaps the interaction of the coliding photons creating a hetrodyne effect with peaks and troughs and thus pressure differentials? HOW do charged objects repel eachother?im not seeking the 'quantity of force calculation, but rather the explanation of the mechanism.
Do you think that quantum computers will eventually help calculate the lattice QCD?
I'm a simple man, I see a Fermilab video, I hit like.
Dr Lincoln - please can you tell us if the charge on the Quark has actually been measured? Are they really 1/3 and -2/3 exactly, or are there a few nanopercent of difference as in the Muon magnetic moment? Since we never see isolated Quarks how can we know this?
Example: a baryon with charge 2+ (e.g. uuc), it should get obvious - if you accept that electric charge can only have an integer value.
@@chriszachtian Well yes and a proton with charge +1…. But 1/3 (or 2/3)is not an integer or even a nicely behaved fraction…
Within measurement uncertainty, they are -1/3 and 2/3. But small differences can never be completely excluded.
And Chris has a powerful point. At small energy scale, the values are exact.
@@Richardincancale Harvey FLETCHER and Robert Millican first discovered the charge of an electron and set it to (minus?) one. But this is just from history, if we trippled this value it would change nothing except some constants.
Regardless of all this I love your idea!
Are we confident we are taking into account and eliminating from the measurements the coupling between the Muons in measurement and the earths magnetic field? The Sun? The galaxy?
Waiting for you sir!
You make advance science easily digestible for the common man.
It reminds me to the GPS system inaccuracy. If we wouldn’t know about relativity, the GPS system clock would be off by 38 microseconds per day. It sounds to be just as small and insignificant, than the difference in this Muon experiment.
But this little inaccuracy both leads to kilometers of inaccuracy in real world usage, and a whole new physics which changed how we understand the universe forever.
Speaking of which, what if this tiny difference is an effect of gravity?
@@henrytjernlund it is
@@henrytjernlund Gravity is way weaker than that.
But you can believe, since gravity is the 4th fundamental force, and on the top of the lost of the biggest challenges in physics, it is always on the top of the list of ideas for explaining anything mysterious.
Engineers would have fixed the problem anyway empirically and have it work nevertheless. The truth is that we will never be able to know everything or know everything as our lifespans are limited and at some point the learning process as optimized as it could possibly be will reach its generational best. Problems will have to be fixed empirically and be at peace with that.
@@davidespano8674 Yeah, they would add some magical x multiplier, because that’s what they measure. Just like we add cosmological constant, and call it “dark energy”.
But understanding WHY we need that correction is a whole different story.
I haven't seen anything yet that covers the possibility that there might be something hinky with the equipment: the new experiment used a bunch of the same kit from the old experiment, what did they do to make sure that there wasn't something inherent in the hardware that might produce this discrepancy?
Thanks for keeping us updated on progress: I would not be surprised if you've already talked about this but I missed it!
The only thing from the old experiment was the magnet. Everything else is new. And the new measurements of the magnetic field are more precise than the old one, plus the field is more uniform.
well that is a problem. I didn't work in it, but I think the uniformity of the magnetic field in which the muons both orbit and precess is the biggest (known) source of systematic error, and it's better known this time around....or something like that.
summed up, "we could be wrong, we don't know why, but we are oddly happy because of it".
Question: What do the Lattice QCD calculations predict for the alpha of electrons?
I mean, AFAIK there doesn't exist a discrepancy between measured and theoretical values for electrons. If Lattice QCD predicts a different alpha for muons, wouldn't it also predict a different one for electrons and thereby move electrons out of the measured area?
Could the small discrepancy on the measurement of muon magnetic moment be caused by dark matter particles?
Thank you very mich dr. Lincoln
Is the speed of light in all directions exactly the same. Ever since Einstein stated that as an assumption we assume the same. We only know the roundtrip speed? The one way I could think of proving the speed of light is the same in any direction was using the Muon (Momentum) but there is a difference in g that could be a 10x10^-9 difference in C in relative movement direction e.g. in comparison to the galactic plane in Newtonian physics or in relation to a n-dimensional Brane in String theory?
Excellent explanation!
Hi Mr. Don,
Is it possible to observe an object when it is completely motionless with respect to space? The Earth rotates with the galaxy, which moves in space in the same way, so it is not possible to calculate where the Earth is moving compared to a completely dormant state?
Thanks for covering this topic.
Could the subatomic energy cloud with the supposed mater antimatter energy conversion taking place simply vary in density...
@DrDon How do we know 0K or -273degC is the lowest possible temperature or this statement is not right? @fermilab
Great explanation. I wonder... in this experiment muons need to go fast so they have enough livetime due to relativistic effects. How fast? Are other relativistic effects to consider? For example in their interactions with virtual particles... thanks!
he said the space by electrons is matter and anti-matter separating and recombining? like little antimatter explosions? is that where force and physical matter comes from? the force of these tiny micro explosions happening everywhere? is that why a seemingly empty atom has the illusion of spatial dimension? because of the force of these explosions?
Okay a muon is a heavier cousin to the electron. It has greater mass than the electron, but is a lepton like the electron and has the same charge as the electron. Being a lepton, it is a fundamental particle that is not composed of other particles, as opposed to the proton and the neutron, which are composed of quarks. But if muons always decay into electrons in a microsecond or less, why don't we just call them mass-excited-state electrons? Looking at it this way, it's not surprising that the magnetic moment should differ a little bit considering the large change in mass. Plus, what good is a muon? What have muons ever done for anybody? Are they teaching us the fine art of quantum spin, moment, and angular momentum?
could you derive the relative size difference of muons and electrons using the g factor?
if the muon is larger its maximum electromagnetic field strength should be smaller than that of an electron thus less matter/antimatter creation and less of a "cloud" adding to the g factor
and vice versa
Dr. Donald Lincoln elucidates things so that they are palatable for all! He re-emphasizes the Einsteinian statement, which goes something like---- "The propensity for exploring the unknown, the quest for delving out reality, is far important than any 'assured possession' in science"
3 years later, and the Fermilab experiment has gotten much better, and still shows the same results. Has anyone analyzed, and re-done the lattice QCD calculation?
Does a photon experience time dilation? If it does not how are we certain of its speed?
Does the presence of magnetic field affect the virtual particles responsible for g-2 deviation?
Not enough to detect.
It is wistful to see that this alluring experiment was left behind by the Nobel Committee