I'm 100% embarrassed to say I knew very little about this experiment until starting researching it 😅 I'd always assumed something like the double slit experiment was our big break. Awesome experiment - let me know what you think! Also - go to www.piavpn.com/drbenmiles to get 83% off Private Internet Access with 4 months free!
Learned about the Stern-Gerlach-Experiment more than 40 years ago in school and in little later in the only university with a walkable Hilbert Space (Hilbert Raum). I cannot believe this is called an forgotten experiment at all. Even Sean Caroll is using it to motivate the quantum nature of spin these days. BTW: Breslau was not located in Poland in these days in between 1900 and 1945.
I thought the same for many years but have since realised that the Stern-Gerlach experiment (and all its variants) is the most valuable experiment ever designed. It is a gift that just keeps giving. It goes way beyond what you covered in this video too. The really fascinating part is how is shines a light on the concept of superposition. MIT has an excellent QM lecture series that begins with an abstract description of the experimental results in terms of made up electron properties which really highlights just how weird and counterintuitive this behaviour is.
The double slit experiment was more of a mystery than a break. The quantum mechanical interpretation is largely incorrect and many people have misconceptions behind it. Namely there's no "collapse of the wave function". Light waves are partially absorbed by the target particles in what's called a phase kick and sometimes it emits light, that's it. There's no need for "observers" in quantum mechanics either. There's actually a whole list debunked theories. So yea, if you like confusing yourself for no reason, study the double slit experiment on the internet. If you have questions lmk. I can readily debunk the nonsense.
QM was a big break in the sense of seeing the world more clearly, but it also told us that it’s actually a lot weirder than we’d like to believe. I personally think this was pushed heavily in spite of religion, but somewhere along the lines we grouped philosophy in there too and science just doesn’t work without philosophy as the foundation lol
I remember the Stern-Gerlach experiment being presented in my undergrad QM and Atomic Physics courses as the experiment that verified electron spin. Thanks for the real “back story”. Interesting how when one sets out to prove or disprove something, the results turn out to verify something different.
Yes, I remember reading about those experiments but only as they pertained to Electronics Engineering and semiconductor design along with other theories & experiments by Bohr, Dirac, Schrödinger, Heisenberg, etc.
Thanks for the "new" presentation of this scenario. I learned about the second-hand cigar smoke being a KEY to the success of this experiment but did not realize that it wasn't originally designed to identify spin.
Didn't hear a word of Dr. Miles for the first two minutes because I was waiting for the two pictures on the wall behind him to move on their own again!
I didn't know this experiment other than the later double slit experiment. The interpretation is however stil wrong. Einstein, Schrdinger and Lewis Carroll were all correct in dismissing the spooky actions at a distance. Elementary as most fundamental in the everything of the cosmos not matter with gravity but classicle mechanicle inert mass described in classicle geometric terms is correct because only that is consistent with the absolute proof of Descartes something not nothing. Yes the quantum world is a reality given certain axiomatic assumptions. It should however be an infinite topology truths as in one law of everything as one law of nature from which one law of hjman nature as the instruction manual of the collective instrument brain of homo sapiens is derived. Only people who pass the improved elementary scientist exam are reliable sources on elementary meaning most fundamental in the cosmos issues. A PhD only proves a basic scientist. I passed that exam. The something of the cosmos is on the elementary level split in part someting as the physics of one infinite ether of absolute nothing continiously invaded by infinite elements of small inert mass that builds the curved space of moving mass as the Higvsfield dynamic matrix. These elements are most probably 1-neutrinos that act like snowflakes that can build temlorary snowballs and Icy hexagon pressure vessels as a beehive of a multiverse of such hives. Simple reverse engineering on a testable artistic guess by a DNA talented composer. CM string law. Everything that is faster than c or slower than 824,000 km/h or too big or to small can't be directly but only indirectly observed. Everything we observe exists as a possible scenario that repeats itself an infinite amount of times as it always has done an infinite amount of times in the unsplittable continious timelines in the infinite past. As it will do in the future. Every 1-neutrino is probably formed out of 500 identical rings that can move like a chain mail in 4 connetions. The Lego Velcro concept. Akin to solving a murder case any scenario must be evidence based taking all data into evidence. The reliability becomes less the more the model is worked out more. Yet absolute proof that Mother Natures fingerprint shows on the elementary mass murder weapon. John Bells theorem proves QM unsolvable. Thus the anti thesis is disproven in overkill because of cheating not having written down all used instrument brains 15:09
Stern-Gerlach experiment is hardly forgotten; it’s covered in every QM class. Also, it was nowhere near first experiment to show quantum effects: blackbody radiation, hydrogen spectrum, etc. came first.
@davidwright5719 absolutely correct. i'm repeating and looking over the stuff for my masters right now. As you said, from blackbody radiation came planck spectrum and the ultraviolett catastrophy with planck introducing the helping parameter h, which is now known as plancks constant. Einstein used this constant in Lenards experiment with the photoelectric effect, basically connecting everything together. Stern Gerlach was important for understanding properties like the spin which happened way later.
This explanation on Bohr’s model missed a key part. Bohr used Planck’s constant h, that was used to explain Black Body radiation, in his model of the Hydrogen spectrum. This constant h divided by 2pi is the quantum unit of angular momentum that the electron can have when it orbits the nucleus. This was a revolutionary step in modern physics.
@@johnclawed well pi is 3.14 because historically it was used with diameter rather than radius, so the reason we use 2pi so much is because we use radius more often
What's the *CORRECT* formula for the angular momentum of a harmonic oscillator ? Is the factor before h_bar really √l(l+1) or for the case of the lone ground-state electron in a hydrogen atom √(1/2)(1/2 + 1) = √3 ÷ 2 or √(-1/2)(-1/2 + 1) = √-1 ÷ 2 ? Can angular momentum really be imaginary ? Maybe *ALL* imaginary numbers can be purged from Quantum Theory.
2×2 Pauli's spin matrices can be replaced by 3×3 matrices with all real numbers in them. Then there's no more imaginary number where spin appears. The spin of the ground-state line electron in a hydrogen atom should have magnitude of 1/2 or √3/2 or √-1/2 computed from the √s(s+1) formula modeled after the √l(l+1) one.
I'll give this guy credit he smoothly introduced his sponsor into the discussion. I'm a physics professor, I appreciate skillfulness even when it involves advertising. Better than the getting hit in the puss with a pie approach. Blueberry is my favorite.
@@MrKotBonifacy - Yes, we need more study on the positive effects of nicotine, I know my brother had a mental schizophrenic condition that nicotine solved better than any other medication he took and still let him excel as a musician and creator. Unfortunately smoking eventually took its toll on his lungs and heart so he died long before he should have. It's too bad he could not have found a safer substitute medication. Nicotine patches didn't work, don't know why but I think the skin absorption is unlike the lung absorption in significant ways to the effects of nicotine on brain function.
@@WJV9 _"Unfortunately smoking eventually took its toll on his lungs and heart"_ - I guess it was before the "vaping" and "heet" things... As one physician said when responding to journalist's question _"so, nicotine is bad drug?"_ (after the said physician listed all bad effects of smoking) - _"No, it's a very good drug - but this is a very lousy system of delivery"_ And while at, smoking also saved countless numbers of lives - few puffs and a shell-shocked piece of trembling jelly (aka GI Joe under heavy fire) would gather himself back, calmed down and started to think clearly. Which, during the "action", may be the difference between life and death - and that's why smoking was so common among them and why there were so many smokers in post war years.
@MrKotBonifacy Yeah, that was probably why the Native Americans (i.e. the Original Columbians) smoked their *peace* pipes. Creating peace via concessions and negotiations requires some fast thinking and calm minds working together. Smoking may not have been the revenge of the Original Columbians upon the European colonists but an age-old chemotherapy ritual to assist the making of peace.
@@solconcordia4315 "Peace pipe" - yeah, might be. But then AFAIK (and I AM NOT an expert on the matter), it looks more to me like a "deal seal" thing (or a final handshake) - from what I know they used to smoke the peace pipe at the end of the talks, AFTER the talks, so to me it appears as something akin to our "so now that we have reached the agreement let us open the bottle and celebrate it!".
they were also lucky that a 19th C mathematician named Sophus Lie worked an useless abstract realm that turned out to be not so useless, otherwise this two component spin thing would have never made any sense.
This happens over and over again. Mathematicians exploring useless concepts that are only later understood to perfectly describe some aspect or our universe. Knot theory is the example I always give.
Meaningless to say some thing X is "useless" or "useful" unless you specify what X is useless or useful for. Lie algebras was a joy unto themselves, just like any other form of mental enjoyment. I think chess is absolutely useless. Worthless. Never liked its stupid arbitrary rules. But some people enjoy it for some reason. And Sophus Lie's work was poor choice anyway. It was originally created for figuring out how to solve certain classes of differential equations. So, it absolutely WAS useful TO OTHER areas of mathematics.
@@clifsportland Meaningless to say some thing X is "useless" or "useful" unless you specify what X is useless or useful for. Lie algebras was a joy unto themselves, just like any other form of mental enjoyment. I think chess is absolutely useless. Worthless. Never liked its stupid arbitrary rules. But some people enjoy it for some reason. And Sophus Lie's work was poor choice anyway. It was originally created for figuring out how to solve certain classes of differential equations. So, it absolutely WAS useful TO OTHER areas of mathematics.
Sorry for being that guy, but you've some errors in the introduction. First, Stern was German and Breslau a German city back then. That changed in 1945. Secondly, the 19th century refers to 1801 till 1900. 1901 till 2000 is 20th century.
@@DrBenMiles _Verily I say unto ye, the universe is full of knockers laying in wait behind their keyboards and waiting for the opportune moment to strike - watch therefore, for ye know neither the day nor the hour wherein their wrath cometh upon ye_ , says the Scripture... ;-)
To be even more precise, people living today count the 21st century as starting at the start of 2000, the 20th in 1900 and so on,. But people living in 1900 regarded their year as part of the 19th century, and in 1800 people considered themselves to be in the 18th. I don't know what covnentions if any were popular before that.
Lol right. I thought he was gonna talk about Aharonov-Bohm or something... Stern Gerlach is like, day one hour one of every QM curriculum I've ever seen
I've heard abou this experiment for years and I am so glad to hear the story of the hurdles and insights that we needed to attain the result. Great video!
I'm seeing this every now and then. Where is it coming from? The first time was about 10 years ago on a BBC series called Global Trekker. Someone interviewed in Gdansk (Danzig) described the Germans in Silesia in 1939 as "occupiers." Well, yes, since 1740, when Prussia took it from Austria before the Duke of Saxony could. Before WW2, people in cities and towns in Upper Silesia spoke German, but in the countryside they mainly spoke Polish.
So how *did* other scientists discover that they were wrong, and that what the two had discovered was actually electron spin? Maybe make a video on/explaining that?!! That'd be cool!
I recall being lectured about the Stern-Gerlach Exp during 1st year, in the late 60's. Thanks, from a stern geezer. This was well presented but definitely not a "forgotten experiment."
Stern-Gerlach experiment is not forgotten, if mere amatures like myself, born long after that era, have some (small) understanding of it. Gotta say the last point you made about what they thought they were measuring vs what they actually measured, was something i hadn't really appreciated. Thanks for telling the tale in a fun and engaging way!
The earliest evidence for quantised electron energy levels in atoms were the narrow bands in the visible (and later IR and UV) emission spectra. The names given to the lines were "strong", "principal", "diffuse" and "fundamental" as scientists like Rydberg and Balmer tried to understand their significance. Those names live on as s, p, d and f sub-quantum levels for the orbitals. Bohr used the spectrum of hydrogen as the basis for his atomic model and realised the electrons could only have certain specified energy levels. Quantum physics was built up on a variety of observations from spectroscopy and mathematical models of radiation, etc., not just the work of one person or one particular experiment.
Gerlach hit mercury with hvdc and found gold flecks, advertised for funding for his "neiu alchemie" ca.1927. The last small town on the way to the Black Rock desert (Burning Man, land speed racing) is named Gerlach. Great video.
@jeffbrinkerhoff5121 Shooting neutrons at Mercury did turn a tiny amount of it into gold, though, after beta decay. Modern day alchemists shoot neutrons at highly purified silicon wafers to turn silicon atoms into phosphorus atoms, after beta decay. This achieves p-type doping in the silicon semiconductor. Silicon chips made from the doped wafers can be worth far more than an equivalent mass of gold. Alchemy still lives as the U.S.A. is trying to bring this chip-making industry back home via the CHIPS Act.
California's Silicon Valley semiconductor and tech. industry has been practicing Alchemy since the 1950s when former Bell Labs scientists and engineers moved there for its cheap farmland and orchards.
14:00: As a relativist, I'm kinda agreeing with Stern. Each time I am told that the QFT is a _beautiful_ theory, I involuntarily recall the 2-page-long SM Lagrangian formula (I've got PTSD the first time I saw it), and either throw up in my mouth a little or focus all my willpower on holding it down, and can only nod in response, showing as much enthusiasm as I can only fake. But yeah, the shucker works...
This is a really good video. My first degree is in physics and maths, and I remember learning about the Stern-Gerlach experiment 60 years ago. Nevertheless you really held my attention and I learned about the personalities involved in determining the physics, Although it is almost 4 am, you kept me interested. 🙂
Thank you! All of the additional personal details around this familiar physics device and history made it come alive in a whole new way. I totally enjoyed this video.
I love this foundational, historical stuff! Next, please: the Uncertainty Principle. Also Einstein's mental journey, including Mach's Principle etc. Thank you.
Dalton also relied on Charles & Gay-Lussac, I believe (Stern-Gerlach is not forgotten by we older students…. In fact it was an experiment I duplicated in results in graduate school). Lyman series of Hydrogen also exists but isn’t in the visible spectrum. Otherwise, good history research
The quantum understanding is that the particles entering the apparatus aren't 50% spinning one way, and 50% the other, but in a superposition of both states. The measurement collapses the superposition in a statistical 50-50 manner. Stern and Gerlach assumed that they were separating atoms on the basis of their pre-existing magnetic moment vectors.
I am always amused when the popular media describes a new discovery using the phrase "Scientists Baffled!" in the title. Can you imagine if every scientist only found what they already expected to find? Imagine an article saying "Theists Baffled!"
They often come in pairs: Lummer - Pringsheim, Franck - Hertz, Stern - Gerlach, Stark - Zeeman, Heitler - London, Dicke - Wittke etc. (if I remember correctly 50 years back...)
The scientist credited with the discovery is rarely the one who made it originally but the one who could measure the effect or describe it mathematically. Examples are James Croll who first came up with what are now called Milenkovich Cycles decades before Milankovich and in the context of this video Democritus 430 - 370 BBC who was the first we know of who came up with the atomic theory of the Universe. There are multiple other examples.
I don't get how orientation can even be quantized don't we have a rotational symmetry of space, that says that no direction in space is any more special than the other?
The more I think about it and understand it, quantization and uncertainty really seem like the hallmarks of simulation. Look thrthe eyes of these guys; they could hardly believe the universe could possibly be quantized, seemed so surprising.
Pease can we have more videos about key experiments? We always hear how quantum physics is weird and how relativity works, but we never get told HOW those results were found.
Very interesting. It makes me wonder how many ground breaking discoveries were down to serendipitious events. Like here, looking for one thing finding another, that still gave the result to take a field forward. What if they had smoked pipes instead.... the CRB discovery, a overheard conversation linking an annoying spurious signal in telescope to the theory looking for a way to detect it . Kip Thorn reviewing Carl Sagan Contact manuscript and coming up with a theorical foundation for worm holes. Just a few that spring to mind.
I love the element of 'chance' playing into important discoveries in science. I recall Curie's radiation being discovered by a chance exposure of photographic film in a desk drawer or Fermi wondering why the neutron production was increased by a wooden tabletop over the marble tabletop. That led Fermi to put some paraffin wax in the neutron path which greatly increased the neutron collisions with atoms and that led to the production of nuclear fission using thermal neutrons.
Great video, way over my head, but interesting. Now this might be slightly off topic, but if anyone remembers Aram in Blacklist.... you're a dead ringer for him.
I know I dropped physics at 14 (didnt like chemistry teacher we had to do both or neither) but find this stuff fascinating. I actually think I understood most of this. But it's hot work. Only 25°c here but my head is hot. 😮
I disagree that Sterns goal was to disprove QM. There is no way to disprove a result that looks the same as bad data. It seems that the only two results would be confirmation of QM by seeing a slit... or confirmation of nothing when the data doesn't reveal whether there is no slit at all or whether the equipment isn't precise enough to show it.
Here's one for you. Say time reversal symmetry. How could we know whether the arrow of time was forward or backward without the inner observer having the property of time sameness, frozen time or time symmetry, as an Archimedean point of contrast?
"He who fights with monsters might take care lest he thereby become a monster. And if you gaze for long into an abyss, the abyss gazes also into you." Nietzsche
Forgotten? 100 years of Stern-Gerlach has been celebrated in Germany in February 2022 in Frankfurt, and Otto Stern's microscope with which he observed the splitting, was also present.
_"...a cafe attached to a brothel, bringing together three of the most powerful forces in the universe"_ - OK, got it - "eat, drink, and be messy", right?
The "s" in Einstein and Stern's (German) names are both pronounced like a "sh" instead of an "s". And the "er" in "Stern" is pronounced like "air" or "to stare".
Sir, all this is guess work. I can tell you electricity is already loaded on metals. But it's in a cloud formation. Max entropy. Rotating magnetic field orients this cloud you have electricity. Induction is not correct. Maxwell equations don't generate electricity.
I’ve heard/read about this experiment for over 30 years, I just cannot find anything that justifies the conclusions arrived at. The conclusion should be that there is *some binary magnet property* of the silver atom that is inhomogenes and This inhomogenes nature that the Silver atom has causes it to align in one of two different ways when subjected to an inhomogenes field in its travels. Later that same conclusion should be: *the magnetic properties of spin are inhomogenes.* There is no reason to assume the “torque” experienced by neutral Ag atoms would not cause it to rotate to optimum alignment.
Hate the term "broke physics." No one in history has ever broken physics. It has been whole and there all along.They just extend our understanding of it.
Absolutely. Using this term is just one way how we avoid to admit in front of ourselves that we were wrong and do not really know a certain thing about how the frogg all of us, this and that did get here and now at all... and not even what existence actually is or how it works before and after all. It's a shame. But also kinda funny, us human folks...
Not yet and also already not in Poland (since 1336), with several changes in between. Vratislav/Wrocław/Breslau was Czech, then Polish, hen again Czech, then Austrian and from 1741 to 1945 - German (though people of all those nations lived there throughout all those years).
First 30 seconds of ben’s talk and all I can think of the concept of “Maya” in Hinduism. maybe with quantum theory science and philosophy can be much closer🤯
I know that I‘ll bite on granite…but that experiment only shows, that moving elektrons align themselves in the direction of their motion, and as they produce an magnetic field while moving, their path is split randomly in that inhomogenis field up and down as if little aligned magnets were thrown through that apparatus. Please prove, that I am wrong….
Had a thought today. There very well may be a 4th spatial dimension that we fo not see. If the universe is not infinite but is indeed finite without a border....wraps back around on itself well that is analogous to the surface of a 3 dimensional sphere that gas no border... wraps back around on itself. It can only do so due to a 3rd dimension that curves the 2 dimensional surface. Accordingly a 3 dimensional universe can only curve back on itselfwithout border if indeed there is a 4th dimension. If so a 4th dimension would help explanation electrons only existing at specific energy states and never in between.... it is quantified in our 3 dimensional world but maybe the jump between states goes through this unseen 4th dimension.
Quite a fitting introduction to uncertainty. Breslau in Poland? There was no Poland at the time and even the greatest Polish patriots didn't think of Breslau as Polish. Since it's become Polish it's called Wroclav. Will the author get the rest correctly? I'll never know.
Unfortunately, Netflix no longer allows us to connect via a VPN server. We get error messages and are disconnected from Netflix until I disconnect the 😒VPN.
2:02 - strictly speaking, the town of Breslau in 1912 was thoroughly a German city, through and through, as (firstly) Poland hasn't reappeared on Europe maps until 1918 (after 123 years of non-existence as a state), and (secondly) even then (i.e. AFTER 1918) Breslau was still a German city, well within German borders, and (thirdly), unlike Poznań (or other "eastern" towns in pre-WWI Germany) it was never a Polish city before - that is, before 1945, when that commotion commonly referred to as WWII finally ended and Germans were made, by Allied states, to pay for it with portions of their land, and it was only THEN when Breslau - and Stettin, and other places - became Polish towns - and changed their names to Wrocław and Szczecin respectively. And yes, I know this is not a history video, but still... ;-) PS: Others have pointed it out already, which I noticed AFTER posting this comment, and yes, I have this habit of commenting "on my feet" so to speak...
![เปิด อาณาจักร หมื่นล้าน "สาระตั้ม" l [Nickynachat]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/3XE0nPF4YkQ/mqdefault.jpg)
I'm 100% embarrassed to say I knew very little about this experiment until starting researching it 😅 I'd always assumed something like the double slit experiment was our big break. Awesome experiment - let me know what you think! Also - go to www.piavpn.com/drbenmiles to get 83% off Private Internet Access with 4 months free!
What if I you that reality around you was not quite expect?
Learned about the Stern-Gerlach-Experiment more than 40 years ago in school and in little later in the only university with a walkable Hilbert Space (Hilbert Raum). I cannot believe this is called an forgotten experiment at all. Even Sean Caroll is using it to motivate the quantum nature of spin these days.
BTW: Breslau was not located in Poland in these days in between 1900 and 1945.
I thought the same for many years but have since realised that the Stern-Gerlach experiment (and all its variants) is the most valuable experiment ever designed. It is a gift that just keeps giving. It goes way beyond what you covered in this video too. The really fascinating part is how is shines a light on the concept of superposition. MIT has an excellent QM lecture series that begins with an abstract description of the experimental results in terms of made up electron properties which really highlights just how weird and counterintuitive this behaviour is.
The double slit experiment was more of a mystery than a break. The quantum mechanical interpretation is largely incorrect and many people have misconceptions behind it. Namely there's no "collapse of the wave function". Light waves are partially absorbed by the target particles in what's called a phase kick and sometimes it emits light, that's it. There's no need for "observers" in quantum mechanics either. There's actually a whole list debunked theories. So yea, if you like confusing yourself for no reason, study the double slit experiment on the internet. If you have questions lmk. I can readily debunk the nonsense.
QM was a big break in the sense of seeing the world more clearly, but it also told us that it’s actually a lot weirder than we’d like to believe. I personally think this was pushed heavily in spite of religion, but somewhere along the lines we grouped philosophy in there too and science just doesn’t work without philosophy as the foundation lol
I remember the Stern-Gerlach experiment being presented in my undergrad QM and Atomic Physics courses as the experiment that verified electron spin. Thanks for the real “back story”. Interesting how when one sets out to prove or disprove something, the results turn out to verify something different.
Yes, I remember reading about those experiments but only as they pertained to Electronics Engineering and semiconductor design along with other theories & experiments by Bohr, Dirac, Schrödinger, Heisenberg, etc.
Thanks for the "new" presentation of this scenario. I learned about the second-hand cigar smoke being a KEY to the success of this experiment but did not realize that it wasn't originally designed to identify spin.
Didn't hear a word of Dr. Miles for the first two minutes because I was waiting for the two pictures on the wall behind him to move on their own again!
Same here, I had to rewatch it just to see it moved on it’s own. Ghost?
And watching for more pillows to change color. 😉
@@PQcoyote67Schrödinger 's cat?
@jonathonjubb6626 A floating cat?
Edit: I also noticed the cracks. So it look like he is using a green screen background or some kind of cgi.
I didn't know this experiment other than the later double slit experiment.
The interpretation is however stil wrong.
Einstein, Schrdinger and Lewis Carroll were all correct in dismissing the spooky actions at a distance.
Elementary as most fundamental in the everything of the cosmos not matter with gravity but classicle mechanicle inert mass described in classicle geometric terms is correct because only that is consistent with the absolute proof of Descartes something not nothing.
Yes the quantum world is a reality given certain axiomatic assumptions. It should however be an infinite topology truths as in one law of everything as one law of nature from which one law of hjman nature as the instruction manual of the collective instrument brain of homo sapiens is derived.
Only people who pass the improved elementary scientist exam are reliable sources on elementary meaning most fundamental in the cosmos issues.
A PhD only proves a basic scientist. I passed that exam.
The something of the cosmos is on the elementary level split in part someting as the physics of one infinite ether of absolute nothing continiously invaded by infinite elements of small inert mass that builds the curved space of moving mass as the Higvsfield dynamic matrix.
These elements are most probably 1-neutrinos that act like snowflakes that can build temlorary snowballs and Icy hexagon pressure vessels as a beehive of a multiverse of such hives.
Simple reverse engineering on a testable artistic guess by a DNA talented composer.
CM string law. Everything that is faster than c or slower than 824,000 km/h or too big or to small can't be directly but only indirectly observed.
Everything we observe exists as a possible scenario that repeats itself an infinite amount of times as it always has done an infinite amount of times in the unsplittable continious timelines in the infinite past. As it will do in the future.
Every 1-neutrino is probably formed out of 500 identical rings that can move like a chain mail in 4 connetions. The Lego Velcro concept. Akin to solving a murder case any scenario must be evidence based taking all data into evidence. The reliability becomes less the more the model is worked out more.
Yet absolute proof that Mother Natures fingerprint shows on the elementary mass murder weapon.
John Bells theorem proves QM unsolvable. Thus the anti thesis is disproven in overkill because of cheating not having written down all used instrument brains 15:09
Stern-Gerlach experiment is hardly forgotten; it’s covered in every QM class. Also, it was nowhere near first experiment to show quantum effects: blackbody radiation, hydrogen spectrum, etc. came first.
see the Bohmian explanation of Stern-Gerlach also. thanks
Einstein's explanation in 1995 of the observed quantized photoelectric effect won him his first Nobel Prize in 1922.
@davidwright5719 absolutely correct. i'm repeating and looking over the stuff for my masters right now.
As you said, from blackbody radiation came planck spectrum and the ultraviolett catastrophy with planck introducing the helping parameter h, which is now known as plancks constant.
Einstein used this constant in Lenards experiment with the photoelectric effect, basically connecting everything together. Stern Gerlach was important for understanding properties like the spin which happened way later.
@@mickwilson99 1905, he was 40 years dead by 1995
Typo - 1905, as ought have been apparent, but thanks for spotting this minor error.
This explanation on Bohr’s model missed a key part. Bohr used Planck’s constant h, that was used to explain Black Body radiation, in his model of the Hydrogen spectrum. This constant h divided by 2pi is the quantum unit of angular momentum that the electron can have when it orbits the nucleus. This was a revolutionary step in modern physics.
Yet ANOTHER reason why pi should be 6.28.
@@johnclawed well pi is 3.14 because historically it was used with diameter rather than radius, so the reason we use 2pi so much is because we use radius more often
@@johnclawed ppl use tau for 2pi
What's the *CORRECT* formula for the angular momentum of a harmonic oscillator ?
Is the factor before h_bar really √l(l+1) or for the case of the lone ground-state electron in a hydrogen atom √(1/2)(1/2 + 1) = √3 ÷ 2 or √(-1/2)(-1/2 + 1) = √-1 ÷ 2 ?
Can angular momentum really be imaginary ?
Maybe *ALL* imaginary numbers can be purged from Quantum Theory.
2×2 Pauli's spin matrices can be replaced by 3×3 matrices with all real numbers in them. Then there's no more imaginary number where spin appears.
The spin of the ground-state line electron in a hydrogen atom should have magnitude of 1/2 or √3/2 or √-1/2 computed from the √s(s+1) formula modeled after the √l(l+1) one.
I'll give this guy credit he smoothly introduced his sponsor into the discussion. I'm a physics professor, I appreciate skillfulness even when it involves advertising. Better than the getting hit in the puss with a pie approach. Blueberry is my favorite.
OMG, seeing people smoke cigars while doing lab work is so crazy.
Nicotine is the only drug that both stimulates your mind into fast thinking AND calming it at the same time.
@@MrKotBonifacy - Yes, we need more study on the positive effects of nicotine, I know my brother had a mental schizophrenic condition that nicotine solved better than any other medication he took and still let him excel as a musician and creator. Unfortunately smoking eventually took its toll on his lungs and heart so he died long before he should have. It's too bad he could not have found a safer substitute medication. Nicotine patches didn't work, don't know why but I think the skin absorption is unlike the lung absorption in significant ways to the effects of nicotine on brain function.
@@WJV9 _"Unfortunately smoking eventually took its toll on his lungs and heart"_ - I guess it was before the "vaping" and "heet" things... As one physician said when responding to journalist's question _"so, nicotine is bad drug?"_ (after the said physician listed all bad effects of smoking) - _"No, it's a very good drug - but this is a very lousy system of delivery"_
And while at, smoking also saved countless numbers of lives - few puffs and a shell-shocked piece of trembling jelly (aka GI Joe under heavy fire) would gather himself back, calmed down and started to think clearly. Which, during the "action", may be the difference between life and death - and that's why smoking was so common among them and why there were so many smokers in post war years.
@MrKotBonifacy
Yeah, that was probably why the Native Americans (i.e. the Original Columbians) smoked their *peace* pipes. Creating peace via concessions and negotiations requires some fast thinking and calm minds working together.
Smoking may not have been the revenge of the Original Columbians upon the European colonists but an age-old chemotherapy ritual to assist the making of peace.
@@solconcordia4315 "Peace pipe" - yeah, might be. But then AFAIK (and I AM NOT an expert on the matter), it looks more to me like a "deal seal" thing (or a final handshake) - from what I know they used to smoke the peace pipe at the end of the talks, AFTER the talks, so to me it appears as something akin to our "so now that we have reached the agreement let us open the bottle and celebrate it!".
A great video, and sensibly humorous loved the " not a brothel" sign behind him when drinking his coffee. Master stroke
they were also lucky that a 19th C mathematician named Sophus Lie worked an useless abstract realm that turned out to be not so useless, otherwise this two component spin thing would have never made any sense.
Élie Cartan.
This happens over and over again. Mathematicians exploring useless concepts that are only later understood to perfectly describe some aspect or our universe. Knot theory is the example I always give.
@@clifsportland What did Knot theory end up being useful in experimental physics for?
Meaningless to say some thing X is "useless" or "useful" unless you specify what X is useless or useful for.
Lie algebras was a joy unto themselves, just like any other form of mental enjoyment.
I think chess is absolutely useless. Worthless. Never liked its stupid arbitrary rules. But some people enjoy it for some reason.
And Sophus Lie's work was poor choice anyway. It was originally created for figuring out how to solve certain classes of differential equations. So, it absolutely WAS useful TO OTHER areas of mathematics.
@@clifsportland Meaningless to say some thing X is "useless" or "useful" unless you specify what X is useless or useful for.
Lie algebras was a joy unto themselves, just like any other form of mental enjoyment.
I think chess is absolutely useless. Worthless. Never liked its stupid arbitrary rules. But some people enjoy it for some reason.
And Sophus Lie's work was poor choice anyway. It was originally created for figuring out how to solve certain classes of differential equations. So, it absolutely WAS useful TO OTHER areas of mathematics.
Sorry for being that guy, but you've some errors in the introduction. First, Stern was German and Breslau a German city back then. That changed in 1945.
Secondly, the 19th century refers to 1801 till 1900. 1901 till 2000 is 20th century.
@@christophas uhhhh there's always that guy... 😅 thanks for the catches. Much appreciated 👏
@@DrBenMiles _Verily I say unto ye, the universe is full of knockers laying in wait behind their keyboards and waiting for the opportune moment to strike - watch therefore, for ye know neither the day nor the hour wherein their wrath cometh upon ye_ , says the Scripture... ;-)
To be even more precise, people living today count the 21st century as starting at the start of 2000, the 20th in 1900 and so on,. But people living in 1900 regarded their year as part of the 19th century, and in 1800 people considered themselves to be in the 18th. I don't know what covnentions if any were popular before that.
@@MrKotBonifacy - LOL
Consider the fact that 1AD has the day before as 1 BCE. Do the math, yesterday was two days ago!
"Man with watch always know exact time. Man with two watches never sure."
Literally all quantum textbooks start with explaining the significance of these experiments
Lol right. I thought he was gonna talk about Aharonov-Bohm or something... Stern Gerlach is like, day one hour one of every QM curriculum I've ever seen
Literally not quite literally all.
Nicely done
Once again a triumph of the saying: “I was right but for the wrong reason”
I've heard abou this experiment for years and I am so glad to hear the story of the hurdles and insights that we needed to attain the result. Great video!
2:02: Breslau in 1912 was in the German (previously Prussian) province of Upper Silesia. It became part of Poland in 1945 (as Wrocław).
I'm seeing this every now and then. Where is it coming from? The first time was about 10 years ago on a BBC series called Global Trekker. Someone interviewed in Gdansk (Danzig) described the Germans in Silesia in 1939 as "occupiers." Well, yes, since 1740, when Prussia took it from Austria before the Duke of Saxony could. Before WW2, people in cities and towns in Upper Silesia spoke German, but in the countryside they mainly spoke Polish.
So how *did* other scientists discover that they were wrong, and that what the two had discovered was actually electron spin?
Maybe make a video on/explaining that?!! That'd be cool!
I got married. After that, I knew the reality around me was fundamentally different from what I thought I understood.
You fell into a black hole?
I recall being lectured about the Stern-Gerlach Exp during 1st year, in the late 60's. Thanks, from a stern geezer. This was well presented but definitely not a "forgotten experiment."
Stern-Gerlach experiment is not forgotten, if mere amatures like myself, born long after that era, have some (small) understanding of it. Gotta say the last point you made about what they thought they were measuring vs what they actually measured, was something i hadn't really appreciated. Thanks for telling the tale in a fun and engaging way!
Looks like that moment of clarity passed me by. Never understood a thing.
I try. And fail.
how smart do i have to be to realize how stupid i am?
The earliest evidence for quantised electron energy levels in atoms were the narrow bands in the visible (and later IR and UV) emission spectra. The names given to the lines were "strong", "principal", "diffuse" and "fundamental" as scientists like Rydberg and Balmer tried to understand their significance. Those names live on as s, p, d and f sub-quantum levels for the orbitals. Bohr used the spectrum of hydrogen as the basis for his atomic model and realised the electrons could only have certain specified energy levels. Quantum physics was built up on a variety of observations from spectroscopy and mathematical models of radiation, etc., not just the work of one person or one particular experiment.
Sharp, principal, diffuse, fundamental.
@@rtoralga Sharp, that's it!
Gerlach hit mercury with hvdc and found gold flecks, advertised for funding for his "neiu alchemie" ca.1927. The last small town on the way to the Black Rock desert (Burning Man, land speed racing) is named Gerlach. Great video.
@jeffbrinkerhoff5121
Shooting neutrons at Mercury did turn a tiny amount of it into gold, though, after beta decay.
Modern day alchemists shoot neutrons at highly purified silicon wafers to turn silicon atoms into phosphorus atoms, after beta decay. This achieves p-type doping in the silicon semiconductor. Silicon chips made from the doped wafers can be worth far more than an equivalent mass of gold.
Alchemy still lives as the U.S.A. is trying to bring this chip-making industry back home via the CHIPS Act.
California's Silicon Valley semiconductor and tech. industry has been practicing Alchemy since the 1950s when former Bell Labs scientists and engineers moved there for its cheap farmland and orchards.
14:00: As a relativist, I'm kinda agreeing with Stern. Each time I am told that the QFT is a _beautiful_ theory, I involuntarily recall the 2-page-long SM Lagrangian formula (I've got PTSD the first time I saw it), and either throw up in my mouth a little or focus all my willpower on holding it down, and can only nod in response, showing as much enthusiasm as I can only fake. But yeah, the shucker works...
This is a really good video.
My first degree is in physics and maths, and I remember learning about the Stern-Gerlach experiment 60 years ago.
Nevertheless you really held my attention and I learned about the personalities involved in determining the physics,
Although it is almost 4 am, you kept me interested. 🙂
Newtonian Physics is like watching a sunrise, Quantum physics is like watching a madman's Fireworks display...
Thank you! All of the additional personal details around this familiar physics device and history made it come alive in a whole new way. I totally enjoyed this video.
Forgotten? All physics majors know the Stern-Gerlach experiment. What they don't know is that Stern didn't expect to see quantized angular momentum.
FCOL, the Stern-Gerlach experiment is standard fare in second-year physics curricula.
I love this foundational, historical stuff!
Next, please: the Uncertainty Principle. Also Einstein's mental journey, including Mach's Principle etc. Thank you.
At 1:18, it's actually a lunatic penguin working hard on ambient-pressure near-22C superconductivity.
Dalton also relied on Charles & Gay-Lussac, I believe (Stern-Gerlach is not forgotten by we older students…. In fact it was an experiment I duplicated in results in graduate school). Lyman series of Hydrogen also exists but isn’t in the visible spectrum. Otherwise, good history research
The quantum understanding is that the particles entering the apparatus aren't 50% spinning one way, and 50% the other, but in a superposition of both states. The measurement collapses the superposition in a statistical 50-50 manner. Stern and Gerlach assumed that they were separating atoms on the basis of their pre-existing magnetic moment vectors.
Always a pleasure to learn something I wasn't even asking myself about. Then find myself captivated for the answer.
I am always amused when the popular media describes a new discovery using the phrase "Scientists Baffled!" in the title. Can you imagine if every scientist only found what they already expected to find? Imagine an article saying "Theists Baffled!"
You are a master communicator. Even though I’m aware of SG and quantum spin (as a lay person) it still felt like I was listening to a suspense novel.
lol nice touch in the intro with the "breaks in causality" 😆
Nothing like putting a good word for cheap cigars... or brothels, for that concern...
I'll admit I am embarrassed I just now realized that Stern-Gerlach was two names instead of a single person
They often come in pairs: Lummer - Pringsheim, Franck - Hertz, Stern - Gerlach, Stark - Zeeman, Heitler - London, Dicke - Wittke etc. (if I remember correctly 50 years back...)
The scientist credited with the discovery is rarely the one who made it originally but the one who could measure the effect or describe it mathematically. Examples are James Croll who first came up with what are now called Milenkovich Cycles decades before Milankovich and in the context of this video Democritus 430 - 370 BBC who was the first we know of who came up with the atomic theory of the Universe. There are multiple other examples.
You sound like a patent lawyer...
Good. Nicely explained. this is more intuitive and you hsve explained it with history, so we get more understanding.
I believe the best way to teach is with a historical approach. Understanding all the steps taken to get from point A to B is key.
You've got quite some next-level humor in your videos...my son and I really love it.
Excellent. My 1960s physics text left out all these fascinating details.
I don't get how orientation can even be quantized
don't we have a rotational symmetry of space, that says that no direction in space is any more special than the other?
I also knew little about this experiment and all its whereabouts, a wonderful reminder on this decisive epoch !
My eyes usually glaze over at this kind of stuff, but you made it funny and biographical, so I'm still here.
Thanks for posting. I had never heard of this experiment. Most enlightening.
I like your first crack with the cushion thing there
I do not think that "neutral particles" in the nucleus 2:40 was known in 1904, just a feeling that something might be missing.
The more I think about it and understand it, quantization and uncertainty really seem like the hallmarks of simulation. Look thrthe eyes of these guys; they could hardly believe the universe could possibly be quantized, seemed so surprising.
Please tell us which book you get all knowledge about story and quantum mechanics.
Pease can we have more videos about key experiments? We always hear how quantum physics is weird and how relativity works, but we never get told HOW those results were found.
Beautifully done! Interesting and entertaining, thanks guys!!
I loved it but it was rough on my crossing. A few rows in front had fuzzy cans of soda... going up and down and landing ... hahaha
Very interesting. It makes me wonder how many ground breaking discoveries were down to serendipitious events. Like here, looking for one thing finding another, that still gave the result to take a field forward. What if they had smoked pipes instead.... the CRB discovery, a overheard conversation linking an annoying spurious signal in telescope to the theory looking for a way to detect it . Kip Thorn reviewing Carl Sagan Contact manuscript and coming up with a theorical foundation for worm holes. Just a few that spring to mind.
great episode. i really liked the history part.
The discovery is based on the fact that Stern s cigars were cheap and hence emitted hydrogen sulfide, which turns silver brown.
I love the element of 'chance' playing into important discoveries in science. I recall Curie's radiation being discovered by a chance exposure of photographic film in a desk drawer or Fermi wondering why the neutron production was increased by a wooden tabletop over the marble tabletop. That led Fermi to put some paraffin wax in the neutron path which greatly increased the neutron collisions with atoms and that led to the production of nuclear fission using thermal neutrons.
@@WJV9 Thanks
Those self moving pictures at the beginning of the video behind you are sick!
Great video, way over my head, but interesting. Now this might be slightly off topic, but if anyone remembers Aram in Blacklist.... you're a dead ringer for him.
I know I dropped physics at 14 (didnt like chemistry teacher we had to do both or neither) but find this stuff fascinating. I actually think I understood most of this.
But it's hot work. Only 25°c here but my head is hot. 😮
The experiment was conducted in inhomogeneous magnet field. How would the results had turned out if the magnet filed was homogeneous?
I like your comment about the importance of rereading
The reason we seem to have so long between periods of growth is because the existing intellectuals call everyone else’s ideas rubbish.
9:50 Goldman decided to get into the silver business too.
Wonderful discussion!
I disagree that Sterns goal was to disprove QM. There is no way to disprove a result that looks the same as bad data. It seems that the only two results would be confirmation of QM by seeing a slit... or confirmation of nothing when the data doesn't reveal whether there is no slit at all or whether the equipment isn't precise enough to show it.
I wrote Stern and his famous stoogies (cigars) into a lyric for my song King Quantum Node.
Here's one for you. Say time reversal symmetry. How could we know whether the arrow of time was forward or backward without the inner observer having the property of time sameness, frozen time or time symmetry, as an Archimedean point of contrast?
"He who fights with monsters might take care lest he thereby become a monster. And if you gaze for long into an abyss, the abyss gazes also into you."
Nietzsche
You should make a video about the Mandela Effect and how it proves both the fluidity of reality and also the existence of parallel realities
"Not a brothel", sure.
Forgotten? 100 years of Stern-Gerlach has been celebrated in Germany in February 2022 in Frankfurt, and Otto Stern's microscope with which he observed the splitting, was also present.
_"...a cafe attached to a brothel, bringing together three of the most powerful forces in the universe"_ - OK, got it - "eat, drink, and be messy", right?
The "s" in Einstein and Stern's (German) names are both pronounced like a "sh" instead of an "s". And the "er" in "Stern" is pronounced like "air" or "to stare".
Wow great vid.
Maybe the quantum properties of the universe is shielding us from the effects of gravitational relative madness.
Something I never noticed before: Niels Bohr looked quite a bit like Adam Carolla.
Sir, all this is guess work.
I can tell you electricity is already loaded on metals.
But it's in a cloud formation.
Max entropy.
Rotating magnetic field orients this cloud you have electricity.
Induction is not correct.
Maxwell equations don't generate electricity.
I’ve heard/read about this experiment for over 30 years, I just cannot find anything that justifies the conclusions arrived at.
The conclusion should be that there is *some binary magnet property* of the silver atom that is inhomogenes and
This inhomogenes nature that the Silver atom has causes it to align in one of two different ways when subjected to an inhomogenes field in its travels.
Later that same conclusion should be: *the magnetic properties of spin are inhomogenes.*
There is no reason to assume the “torque” experienced by neutral Ag atoms would not cause it to rotate to optimum alignment.
Hate the term "broke physics." No one in history has ever broken physics. It has been whole and there all along.They just extend our understanding of it.
Exactly!! Clickbate..
Absolutely. Using this term is just one way how we avoid to admit in front of ourselves that we were wrong and do not really know a certain thing about how the frogg all of us, this and that did get here and now at all... and not even what existence actually is or how it works before and after all. It's a shame. But also kinda funny, us human folks...
Where does it say Broke physics? Did he change his title? I never click on titles like X has broken physics.😅
Ah. On the photo. Glad I missed it.
If I start acting and break into Hollywood do you think I'm literally going to break Hollywood???
😂😂😂😂😂
Just wondering 😂😂😂😂😂
Greetings from the BIG SKY of Montana. Bismuth to you!
Great telling of this story.
At 2:00: Breslau was a very German city at the time Stern was studying there, not (yet) "in Poland" as stated.
Not yet and also already not in Poland (since 1336), with several changes in between.
Vratislav/Wrocław/Breslau was Czech, then Polish, hen again Czech, then Austrian and from 1741 to 1945 - German (though people of all those nations lived there throughout all those years).
quantum physics was born from a discussion at a cafe attached to a brothel regarding a crack shape picture
Good job 🙂
First 30 seconds of ben’s talk and all I can think of the concept of “Maya” in Hinduism.
maybe with quantum theory science and philosophy can be much closer🤯
Have there been any repeats of that experiment? If there were, what were they and what were the results?
When I saw the title, I thought this was about the Michelson-Morley experiment.
New insight to me this experiment.
I know that I‘ll bite on granite…but that experiment only shows, that moving elektrons align themselves in the direction of their motion, and as they produce an magnetic field while moving, their path is split randomly in that inhomogenis field up and down as if little aligned magnets were thrown through that apparatus. Please prove, that I am wrong….
Had a thought today. There very well may be a 4th spatial dimension that we fo not see. If the universe is not infinite but is indeed finite without a border....wraps back around on itself well that is analogous to the surface of a 3 dimensional sphere that gas no border... wraps back around on itself. It can only do so due to a 3rd dimension that curves the 2 dimensional surface. Accordingly a 3 dimensional universe can only curve back on itselfwithout border if indeed there is a 4th dimension. If so a 4th dimension would help explanation electrons only existing at specific energy states and never in between.... it is quantified in our 3 dimensional world but maybe the jump between states goes through this unseen 4th dimension.
I've read about this experiment in my textbook but it was embarrassingly undetailed and unexplanatory; as always doc, great work!
Not forgotten, this experiment is on every QM textbook.
Quite a fitting introduction to uncertainty. Breslau in Poland? There was no Poland at the time and even the greatest Polish patriots didn't think of Breslau as Polish. Since it's become Polish it's called Wroclav. Will the author get the rest correctly? I'll never know.
I'm interested in how this affects my golf game.
The two guys in the thumbnail are shaking their heads really fast
So very well done and interesting.
9:35 - _"causing it to IMPLODE"_ , perhaps...?
Unfortunately, Netflix no longer allows us to connect via a VPN server. We get error messages and are disconnected from Netflix until I disconnect the 😒VPN.
2:02 - strictly speaking, the town of Breslau in 1912 was thoroughly a German city, through and through, as (firstly) Poland hasn't reappeared on Europe maps until 1918 (after 123 years of non-existence as a state), and (secondly) even then (i.e. AFTER 1918) Breslau was still a German city, well within German borders, and (thirdly), unlike Poznań (or other "eastern" towns in pre-WWI Germany) it was never a Polish city before - that is, before 1945, when that commotion commonly referred to as WWII finally ended and Germans were made, by Allied states, to pay for it with portions of their land, and it was only THEN when Breslau - and Stettin, and other places - became Polish towns - and changed their names to Wrocław and Szczecin respectively.
And yes, I know this is not a history video, but still... ;-)
PS: Others have pointed it out already, which I noticed AFTER posting this comment, and yes, I have this habit of commenting "on my feet" so to speak...
I guessed it was going to be the Stern-Gerlach Experiment! score!!