5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics Spring 2008 Moungi Bawandi, Keith Nelson Lecture 1: State of a system, 0th law, equation of state Lecture 2: Work, heat, first law Lecture 3: Internal energy, expansion work Lecture 4: Enthalpy Lecture 5: Adiabatic changes Lecture 6: Thermochemistry Lecture 7: Calorimetry Lecture 8: Second law Lecture 9: Entropy and the Clausius inequality Lecture 10: Entropy and irreversibility Lecture 11: Fundamental equation, absolute S, third law Lecture 12: Criteria for spontaneous change Lecture 13: Gibbs free energy Lecture 14: Multicomponent systems, chemical potential Lecture 15: Chemical equilibrium Lecture 16: Temperature, pressure and Kp Lecture 17: Equilibrium: application to drug design Lecture 18: Phase equilibria - one component Lecture 19: Clausius-Clapeyron equation Lecture 20: Phase equilibria - two components Lecture 21: Ideal solutions Lecture 22: Non-ideal solutions Lecture 23: Colligative properties Lecture 24: Introduction to statistical mechanics Lecture 25: Partition function (q) - large N limit Lecture 26: Partition function (Q) - many particles Lecture 27: Statistical mechanics and discrete energy levels Lecture 28: Model systems Lecture 29: Applications: chemical and phase equilibria Lecture 30: Introduction to reaction kinetics Lecture 31: Complex reactions and mechanisms Lecture 32: Steady-state and equilibrium approximations Lecture 33: Chain reactions Lecture 34: Temperature dependence, Ea, catalysis Lecture 35: Enzyme catalysis Lecture 36: Autocatalysis and oscillators
This professor just simplified and made me understand everything my professor is teaching me for the past 2 months of thermo class. His global story in the beginning was actually to help students understand the difference between macro and microscopic properties of thermodynamics. If you follow exactly what he is saying, it should make sense since he actually defines everything-which ALMOST every thermo professor will not do. Count yourselves blessed MIT students. And thank you for sharing!
an incredibly gifted lecturer.... will never take a scrap of paper to make a lecture out of it ...Richard Feynman was a gifted lecturer ... moderation is required in your judgement especially if the number of gifted teachers that you have ever seen equals to zero /// his way of providing this lecture by reading from the paper plus his internal state of great anxiety looks like ////well just for polite correctness I won't go any further
@@RomanUrbanek first I didn't insult read carefully what I wrote second... He insulted himself by reading from a scrap of paper third about the content bad incomprehensible.. You can pick up more by reading Wikipedia.. Four you can't even imagine how far... Like English and Chinese language....I'm from thermodynamics... But I needed urgently to brush up on the topic ... And the lecture was catastrophic... Now five what the hell has to do that s 7 years old by the way I didn't look the date... It was bad. . Best regards over..
@@alexsheremett3097 I'm sure negative review of a teacher from the best engineering school in the world, comming from nobody on youtuve has value.. to someone :)
I saw his picture as Nobel winner and I quickly recognised that I had listened his lectures on Thermodynamics few years back. Today I came here to reconfirm. Heartiest Congratulations❤
Aploading these videos is GREAT not only for students but for general knowledge as well. I actually enjoy watching such videos as i enjoy watching scientific documentaries. I took thermodynamics in college a long time ago and I still come back to it from time to time through these videos. Thank you MIT and I hope to see more universities follow suit.
They just launched a new version of this course (by a different prof) on Edx. Check out: MITx: 5.601x Chemical Thermodynamics I: Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
I respect MIT, their Chemical Engineering Department. All the related open course presentations I've viewed are excellent, efficient to focus on the significant examples, theories, conclusions.
I must say, Its been a long time since I heard and saw a professor that describes a subject so well. Clear spoken, good comparisons and takes his time. Great lecture!!
This is soooo good. I can't put in words how much I appreciate these MIT courses. Altough I'm from Germany the course is pretty much the same and the lecturer is soooooo good, mine is so hard to understand that it made physical chemistry look boring, but now I seriously can't stop watching these lectures. This is the greatest thing TH-cam and the MIT offer, for free!
Amela Mesinovic almost all of the lecturers are very charismatic.. it might be a prerequisute to teach there! At our university (also in germany) we have environmental science lecturers that are so boring they actually lose significant parts of their audience after a few weeks in every semester. So yeah very good there are such courses offered online.
By breaking even he means energy is conserved in an isolated system. If you have 50 J of potential energy (U), that 50 J's of U can be converted into kinetic energy; problem is some energy will be lost due to friction. The energy that you do lose is forever lost to the universe. Hence, if you can reach absolute zero temperature (0K), you prevent the loss of energy due to friction. This is what he means by the 3rd law (you can never break even). Absolute zero can never be achieved.
@@lel3923 I went to Maryland and our course was very fast-paced, literally a problem set due every day. Even though I got an A in the class, I would only recommend a winter class as a last resort. I also didn't make it past the first video lol.
Hi Physics student here, just have to say I've gotten thorough enjoyment over your argument with Mr. Williams. I actually did a paper last semester on alternative fuel/ eliminating use of fossil fuels. I'm always fascinated by peoples' stands on oil and alternative/ renewable energy.
There is a lot of blather below regarding whether the lecturer, who is excellent, made a slight mis-statement of this point or that point. All of which is beside the point. What I learned from 5 years of work towards a PhD in physical chemistry is that once through the material is never enough. It takes a combination of live lectures, several textbooks, study guides, writing out mathematical derivations until you understand them, and endless problem solving.
The Ocean Conveyer and Evaporation/precipitation cycle are natures example The Sun heats the Tropical waters, Deep Space super cools the Polar waters, hot water rises,cold water falls the result is the Ocean Conveyer that uses the difference between hot water and cold water to create Kinetic motion(repeat) As heat from the Ocean rises it created moist thermals, hot air rises, cold air falls and the difference makes wind by kenetics, as heat disapates it makes Clouds that rain(repeat)
Yes. It's similar to first-semester Physical Chemistry in most universities. Requires 2 semsters of Physics w/ Calc, 2 Semesters of Gen Chem, Single & Multi-Var Calculus, Diff Eqns (ODE), and Organic 1 & 2 is strongly recommended.
Watching these videos is a great way to pass out when you're trying to sleep at night. Not that his lecture is particularly boring, just any lecture is boring.
Summary Laws of thermodynamics From i to f both are equilibrium Infinity of way to move from i to f P=f(V); isobar isothetmal ... 2 types of system: homologous. Heterogeneous 3 nature of system; open (mass and energy) close (no mass only energy) isolated (no mass no energy ) States described only in i and f despite work W and heat flux Q (W&Q describe way) Function of interpolation: linear .. quadratic
@Tanjiskas it means that you convert 100% of the heat you are inducing into the system into useful work. which means that the efficiency is 100%. actually the first never said that but it just didn't mind it. so the second law said that you cannot reach 100% efficiency because you are always generating entropy along the way and by increase in entropy you are wasting energy
This professor is amazing kept me engaged on viewing this and I usually get easily distracted and I loved he put in parts of the history of thermodynamics. I hope he is still making lecture videos and teaching.
They just launched a new version of this course (by a different prof) on Edx. Check out MITx: 5.601x Chemical Thermodynamics I: Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
Entropy Henry Poincare named the conception of "entropy " as a " surprising abstract " Lev Landau wrote: " A question about the physical basis of the entropy monotonous increasing law remains open " One physicist said : " The entropy is only a shadow of energy“ # History of Entropy 1 - Clausius : dS= dQ / T. 2 - Boltzmann : S= k log W 3 - Planck : h*f = kT logW # The formula of Entropy is : h*f = kT logW Israel Sadovnik Socratus
It's 3 a clock in the morning and i'm watching this. The teatcher explains this subject so good that the time doesn't matter. I had previously experiences with Thermodynamics and it not worked as good as i wanted to be, maybe because the professor didn't make the subject interresting, or maybe because i was unable to understand that in that time. All of this to say thank you, and express my profound hapiness of learning (reviewing) so many things with this video. Thank you so much :)
He means that the 2nd law defines the direction of spontaneous change. A process is spontaneous only if the total entropy of the system in which it occurs increases. For example, sugar dissolving in hot coffee occurs spontaneously -- sugar will only crystallize from hot coffee if energy is expended. i.e. the entropy of the universe must always increase--it follows the direction of natural change, a.k.a. the "arrow of time". The 2nd law is also about the reversibility of change No more room!
Summary Laws of thermodynamics Studying the way of states from i equilibrium to f equilibrium Despite work W and heat flux Q To describe one system just need to know : n nombre of moles and 2 variables Infinity of the way from i to f We need to justify if the system is Thermodynamiclly equilibrium or not Function of form : interpolation linear, quadratic... Measuring of temperature scales
They just launched a new version of this course (taught by a different prof) on Edx. Check out MITx: 5.601x Chemical Thermodynamics I: Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
pinned neutron superfluid provides an angular momentum reservoir as its rotation rate is determined by the areal vortex density, which is constant as long as it is pinned to the crust. At the same time, the crust continuously slows down due to loss of its angular momentum in the particle wind and electromagnetic radiation. At a critical lag in this differentially rotating two- component system, superfluid vortices get unpinned, dumping a large amount of angular momentum to the crust, which is observed as a spin-up in the crustal rotation rate, usually inferred by timing the radio pulse (Alpar et al. 1984a, 1985). This implies that the fractional spin-up provides a probe of the extent of angular momentum transfer and hence the MoI of the crustal pinned superfluid. The ratio of the MoI of the crustal pinned superfluid to that of the rest of the star, referred to as the fractional moment of inertia (FMI), can be related to the observed fractional spin-up
Equal volume ratio liquids do not imply equal molar ratio. (In case you have not learned, liquids are pretty damn far from ideal gasses; water is denser and has a lower molecular weight than ethanol, equal volume ratio means much higher molar ratio of water to ethanol) I recommend you reading your high school chemistry notes again.
You might notice that the common word "heat" is used as though we already know what it means. The lecturer does not define it. But if you look up "heat" in Wikipedia you might be surprised, as I was, to find that the definition is not obvious: "In thermodynamics, heat is energy in transfer [...] by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter." Note the word "energy." Reading further in that same Wikipedia article: "As a form of energy, heat has the unit joule (J) [...] The standard unit for the rate of heat transferred is the watt (W), defined as one joule per second." So, according to the content of the lecture plus the content of Wikipedia, energy moves from a hot body to a colder body. The rate (per second) of energy transfer can be measured in watts. The total energy transferred can be measured in joules, or (as we know from looking at our electricity bill) maybe even in watt hours. Heat is energy. I personally do not find that obvious.
@@RalphDratman My point being that this is a lecture for MIT students which happen to be publicised for public use. At least someone taking this should be familiar with the concept of heat as energy. Such trivial thing does not be reinstated in college, let alone at MIT.
because in order to get absolute zero, you would need to remove all the heat and since heat transfer in a preferred direction from high to low, theoretically you would need something less then absolute zero to remove the heat.
Why should the thermos can be an isolated system? Energy is leaving it, as the system comes (slowly, it's true) in equilibrium with it's surroundings (outside temperature). I posit it's a closed system, like the water with ice cubes in it.
Heating is the transfer of energy. It is not a substance therefore cannot "flow". If it could flow it would "flow" in any direction, but heat is only transferred from warmer to cooler and cannot be reversed.
They just launched a new version of this course (taught by a different prof) on Edx. Check out MITx: 5.601x Chemical Thermodynamics I: Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics (course 1 of 2)
@Polyfusia Yes, I guess I misunderstood you. In that case, I would re-study all of the material on my own time. In most math classes I would not understand the lectures, and so studied all of the material again in the textbook when I got home. Look, I'm not saying that it's your fault or whatever, but if you want the education, you find a way to get it. It's not as if having excuses about why you can't do it will help you in any way.
I love all the videos that MIT offers like this. thank you guys for putting this stuff out there for other people to have the chance to open up their minds to newer, bigger and better ideas.
I know many of you don't care about this, but the translation of the captions is pretty fucking good, at least for spanish. I'm actually impressed about it, a great applause to the google developers.
There technically is no such thing as an isolated system. It's just a useful basic "fudge." I'm sure the genius MIT professor knows this, he's just making things simple for introductory students. Given sufficient time, the contents of even the most robustly insulated container will reach equilibrium with the surroundings.
Something's bothering me now. At 15:13. Isn't a thermos of coffee an example of a closed system rather than an isolated system? Some thermal energy will be lost over time - it's not as if your coffee remains at the same temperature indefinitely lol Feel free to reply to this comment with any helpful insights.
I wish we had him as our prof. I was amazed that this was physical chemistry course. And here, we don't have even 10% quality lecture in engineering thermo class..
Thermodynamics inside a expanding multiverses. We are inside a blackhole, when event horizon get open, how it's looks than with the thermodynamics in a multiversians model. Thematic, Magnetic Pepeetum Mobile, Blackholebomb Pepeetum Mobile and so on.
Honestly I think the implications of not doing something about climate change is far more serious. Hurricanes like Katrina and Sandy have already caused billions in damage, and are only set to become more frequent. Add to that the billions in health care from air pollution, the cost of destroyed tourism revenue (reefs, forests, etc), increased drought/flooding, which affects crop yields & cause food prices to increase, the increase in fuel prices, people might be okay with a bit less luxury.
@@luisbreva6122 attributes? a pathological liar and thief with egomaniac tendencies not to mention a treasonous hart? seems you have your priorities in qualities just a little jostled,, Ann Frank could see and hear better than that, and she had to feel her way through life. it's to bad so many people think with there emotions instead of there brains. they wouldn't be so easily deceived. then we wouldn't have to go around and correct the mistakes they make like so many messy children with unkept rooms. so juvenile and lazy. why people form opinions before becoming informed will always be beyond me.
What pre-requisites are needed for PChem? I took it a long time ago but I recently heard this guy won a Nobel Prize, so he must be awesome! I think I remember the bare minimum requirements are Calculus and Physics.
Course prerequisites listed in the course catalog are: multivariable calculus (18.02 or equivalent) and basic chemistry (5.111 , 5.112 , or 3.091 ). For more info, see the course on MIT OpenCourseWare at: ocw.mit.edu/5-60S08. Best wishes on your studies!
Thermal is related to photons therefore our focus should be on photons. Changes in the saturation of dynamic photons within a system would lead to changes in temperatures either due to the presence of a heat source or heat absorber. Precisely temperature should be defined as the availability of dynamic photons per volume per time within a system.If there is a heat source, it would be flooded the system with abundant of dynamic photons and the effect would be to raise the temperatures within a system. On the other hand, if there is a heat absorber where heat (dynamic photons) would be sucked away would cause drop in temperatures. Atoms are constantly exchanging photons with the surroundings in which both nucleus and stationary electrons of an atom would stockpile dynamic photons from the surroundings before transforming them to stationary photons in which at the same time some stationary photons from the nucleus and stationary electrons of an atom would be released as dynamic photons to the surroundings. If the atom only gained more and more stationary photons than the ones that it dissipating to the surroundings due to high availability of dynamic photons within the system, the atom would increase its kinetic energy per time in which it would increase its vibration rates, or increase its transverse velocities, or both. Therefore changes in temperatures would lead to changes to the kinetic energy of atoms within a system.Total energy of a "system" (the entire universe) would always be the same. It is wrong to say the energy tends to move from high energy to low energy while entropy, S, moves from order to disorder. The total energy of the entire universe is always be the same. The universe is always there as per the law of conservation of matter. Einstein's famous equation, E=mc^2 is wrong otherwise garbage also can be used to make atomic bombs as long as it is matter or it has mass. We know this is not true. Energy and matter cannot interchange one another according to Einstein's famous equation. One must have photons before one can emit out photons. Photons are particles and they have mass. Dynamic photons possess momentum.The universe would expand to its maximum size before implosion and the final stage of implosion would be Big Bang where all celestial bodies would be flung outwardly to facilitate for expansion. NASA claimed that we can see the formative state of the young universe which clearly attests that all celestial bodies were travelling much faster than the speed of light in the past but somehow they have slowed down for quite sometime already slow enough now to allow the light of the past to catch up with us now to allow us to see the young universe. Imagine the celestial bodies would accelerate towards the center of the universe for billions of years where their speeds should be several times faster than the speed of light before they reaching the center of the universe; therefore the impacts of Big Bang is beyond our imagination. When celestial bodies been flung out from the center of the universe, their speed would also be several times faster than the speed of light. Therefore it is wrong to say that entropy moves from order to disorder. Thermodynamic should be the studies of photons. In God I trust.
First course looks promising. 2 questions: a) at 17:20 is there any reason why he does not add "S" to the variables that describe the state ? b) Will there be some problem sets that go along with the lecture ?
What is impressive is this professor has a slim smart figure. I pray g maintains hs lifestyle and stats slim fit adrole model to his students. Now about global warming.... The main reason is the capitalists comes out with ever increasing new products to get the consumer trained population and they get hooked to those products which consume fossil fuels. And this trend keeps growing because capitalist wants increasing returns and growth in his business. He wants ever increasing g demand which comes from ever increasing human population. . So who is to be blamed for global warming?
I have a query. At 23:23 ,for a one component ,homogeneous system is it necessary to specify the no. of moles apart from the two intensive variables. According to gibbs phase rule, i think only two intensive variables are enough to define the state of the system. and there is no requirement to specify the no. of moles.
You are in fact misunderstanding. The professor is not saying that there exists a machine that "makes more energy than it creates", but, instead, he is saying that people continually try to build machines that can circumvent the second law of thermodynamics--without succeeding, of course.
"K" used to be called "degrees Kelvin." With the adoption of SI, they dropped the "degrees" part, so you simply say, or write "K," not "degrees K." But they are still degrees--of the same "size" as C degrees, but starting out at absolute zero.
@sephirothsoul999 There is no 'true' isolated system unless you define the universe as a whole as your system. Instead you must decide if the energy loss to surroundings is significant. If your goal was to understand the heat lost from the coffee to the surroundings outside the thermos, then it wouldn't make sense to call the thermos isolated. If you wanted to understand something going on inside the thermos, say the coffee is melting ice, then the heat lost through thermos might be irrelevant
Fair enough! I agree that its for a pretty narrow audience and knowing the pre-reqs for the course may help those who might not enjoy the course as much as I did. Any other suggestions ?
i caught that he spends a good deal of time looking down when he's thinking you can tell its habitual. he fails to mention that the American standard has historically changed over time by small increments if he was going to bring up the Dr. in lecture it a small cite to mention that better explains why we see what we do today.
Means that at 0K you can have a system with 100% efficiency that means that you can have a system with no energy/heat loss i.e energy provided = energy gained
@@benYaakov Oh no i meant in the context of a system e.g the work done by a system is equal to the energy provided to it meaning that the heat loss is 0
@kayanathera I think he has on that paper the lesson plan NOT the basic concepts! Because if he hadn't known the basic concepts he wouldn't have been able to explain them so good!
@Polyfusia Re-read your initial comment, and now this one, and think about what you are conveying. I was offering advice on how to learn material regardless of impediments, and it now appears this was not what you were after in the first place. You were instead looking for an excuse for failure, and I made a mistake in offering advice. No matter how insignificant the excuse, failure will always be easily achieved if failing is the intent.
I have a doubt, about closed system, in a closed system energy can be exchange; however, mass can not. But we know that E = mc2, so can we say that mass is also exchnging in a closed system?
This professor today has became a Nobel laureate in chemistry
And a climate change wacko.
@@YesYou-zy7kp you surely understand better climate change than a professor of thermodynamics and chemistry nobel prize winner..
@@asdfafafdasfasdfs You mean a Nobel Prize winner AND a leftist stooge? They are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
@iamgoodperson484I'm in 8th
@Mathematics01632well they're channel was made 11 years ago.
Congratulations Prof. Bawendi! I've been watching your videos here since 2009. I can't believe you're a Nobel Prize Laureate now! 👏
5.60
Thermodynamics & Kinetics
Spring 2008
Moungi Bawandi, Keith Nelson
Lecture 1: State of a system, 0th law, equation of state
Lecture 2: Work, heat, first law
Lecture 3: Internal energy, expansion work
Lecture 4: Enthalpy
Lecture 5: Adiabatic changes
Lecture 6: Thermochemistry
Lecture 7: Calorimetry
Lecture 8: Second law
Lecture 9: Entropy and the Clausius inequality
Lecture 10: Entropy and irreversibility
Lecture 11: Fundamental equation, absolute S, third law
Lecture 12: Criteria for spontaneous change
Lecture 13: Gibbs free energy
Lecture 14: Multicomponent systems, chemical potential
Lecture 15: Chemical equilibrium
Lecture 16: Temperature, pressure and Kp
Lecture 17: Equilibrium: application to drug design
Lecture 18: Phase equilibria - one component
Lecture 19: Clausius-Clapeyron equation
Lecture 20: Phase equilibria - two components
Lecture 21: Ideal solutions
Lecture 22: Non-ideal solutions
Lecture 23: Colligative properties
Lecture 24: Introduction to statistical mechanics
Lecture 25: Partition function (q) - large N limit
Lecture 26: Partition function (Q) - many particles
Lecture 27: Statistical mechanics and discrete energy levels
Lecture 28: Model systems
Lecture 29: Applications: chemical and phase equilibria
Lecture 30: Introduction to reaction kinetics
Lecture 31: Complex reactions and mechanisms
Lecture 32: Steady-state and equilibrium approximations
Lecture 33: Chain reactions
Lecture 34: Temperature dependence, Ea, catalysis
Lecture 35: Enzyme catalysis
Lecture 36: Autocatalysis and oscillators
This professor just simplified and made me understand everything my professor is teaching me for the past 2 months of thermo class. His global story in the beginning was actually to help students understand the difference between macro and microscopic properties of thermodynamics. If you follow exactly what he is saying, it should make sense since he actually defines everything-which ALMOST every thermo professor will not do. Count yourselves blessed MIT students. And thank you for sharing!
He just won nobel prize
I love how intuitively he explains thermodynamics. this man is an incredibly gifted lecturer
an incredibly gifted lecturer.... will never take a scrap of paper to make a lecture out of it ...Richard Feynman was a gifted lecturer ... moderation is required in your judgement especially if the number of gifted teachers that you have ever seen equals to zero /// his way of providing this lecture by reading from the paper plus his internal state of great anxiety looks like ////well just for polite correctness I won't go any further
@@alexsheremett3097 Did you just reply on 7 years old comment praising the teacher, just to insult him? wow, thats something else
@@RomanUrbanek first I didn't insult read carefully what I wrote second... He insulted himself by reading from a scrap of paper third about the content bad incomprehensible.. You can pick up more by reading Wikipedia.. Four you can't even imagine how far... Like English and Chinese language....I'm from thermodynamics... But I needed urgently to brush up on the topic ... And the lecture was catastrophic... Now five what the hell has to do that s 7 years old by the way I didn't look the date... It was bad. . Best regards over..
@@alexsheremett3097
I'm sure negative review of a teacher from the best engineering school in the world, comming from nobody on youtuve has value.. to someone :)
@@alexsheremett3097 who cares if he's orienting from notes? I didn't even pay attention to that until I read your comment.
I saw his picture as Nobel winner and I quickly recognised that I had listened his lectures on Thermodynamics few years back. Today I came here to reconfirm. Heartiest Congratulations❤
Watch it one time and you keep everything in your mind forever. Thats how good it is!
Aploading these videos is GREAT not only for students but for general knowledge as well. I actually enjoy watching such videos as i enjoy watching scientific documentaries. I took thermodynamics in college a long time ago and I still come back to it from time to time through these videos. Thank you MIT and I hope to see more universities follow suit.
They just launched a new version of this course (by a different prof) on Edx. Check out: MITx: 5.601x Chemical Thermodynamics I: Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
I respect MIT, their Chemical Engineering Department. All the related open course presentations I've viewed are excellent, efficient to focus on the significant examples, theories, conclusions.
I must say, Its been a long time since I heard and saw a professor that describes a subject so well. Clear spoken, good comparisons and takes his time. Great lecture!!
This is soooo good. I can't put in words how much I appreciate these MIT courses. Altough I'm from Germany the course is pretty much the same and the lecturer is soooooo good, mine is so hard to understand that it made physical chemistry look boring, but now I seriously can't stop watching these lectures. This is the greatest thing TH-cam and the MIT offer, for free!
Amela Mesinovic almost all of the lecturers are very charismatic.. it might be a prerequisute to teach there! At our university (also in germany) we have environmental science lecturers that are so boring they actually lose significant parts of their audience after a few weeks in every semester. So yeah very good there are such courses offered online.
You should check out their chemistry course too.! The professor there is outstanding.
By breaking even he means energy is conserved in an isolated system. If you have 50 J of potential energy (U), that 50 J's of U can be converted into kinetic energy; problem is some energy will be lost due to friction. The energy that you do lose is forever lost to the universe. Hence, if you can reach absolute zero temperature (0K), you prevent the loss of energy due to friction. This is what he means by the 3rd law (you can never break even). Absolute zero can never be achieved.
Surprising how much this is helpful to Philosophical topics in one lecture than a whole week or semester of philosophy lectures.
I'm going to watch all of these before my winter course starts. The professor in this video is excellent at explaining the material. Thank you MIT.
im doing the same, how was your experience?
Me too I'm a greek mechanical engineer
Guys, I found these lectures very helpful. Can anyone of you tell me that which book is Sir following?
@@yasirkhan1396 weber is a good one
@@lel3923 I went to Maryland and our course was very fast-paced, literally a problem set due every day. Even though I got an A in the class, I would only recommend a winter class as a last resort. I also didn't make it past the first video lol.
Thanks MIT for upload all these excellent classes. I'd like to make a donation but I'm just a poor engineering student...
I was just wondering. Is this calculus-based?
German Pedro
there is the heat equation. I actually have no idea how to use such a differential equation.
welcome to the broke club !
@@srpenguinbr read Atkins or puri sharma.... Your concepts will be cleared
Hi Physics student here, just have to say I've gotten thorough enjoyment over your argument with Mr. Williams. I actually did a paper last semester on alternative fuel/ eliminating use of fossil fuels. I'm always fascinated by peoples' stands on oil and alternative/ renewable energy.
Nobel laureate in chemistry 2023
A very brief introduction to PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics are 2 branches of Physical Chemistry.
There is a lot of blather below regarding whether the lecturer, who is excellent, made a slight mis-statement of this point or that point. All of which is beside the point. What I learned from 5 years of work towards a PhD in physical chemistry is that once through the material is never enough. It takes a combination of live lectures, several textbooks, study guides, writing out mathematical derivations until you understand them, and endless problem solving.
The Ocean Conveyer and Evaporation/precipitation cycle are natures example
The Sun heats the Tropical waters, Deep Space super cools the Polar waters, hot water rises,cold water falls the result is the Ocean Conveyer that uses the difference between hot water and cold water to create Kinetic motion(repeat)
As heat from the Ocean rises it created moist thermals, hot air rises, cold air falls and the difference makes wind by kenetics, as heat disapates it makes Clouds that rain(repeat)
Yes. It's similar to first-semester Physical Chemistry in most universities. Requires 2 semsters of Physics w/ Calc, 2 Semesters of Gen Chem, Single & Multi-Var Calculus, Diff Eqns (ODE), and Organic 1 & 2 is strongly recommended.
Is this usually in the 2nd or 3rd year ?
Watching these videos is a great way to pass out when you're trying to sleep at night. Not that his lecture is particularly boring, just any lecture is boring.
Summary
Laws of thermodynamics
From i to f both are equilibrium
Infinity of way to move from i to f
P=f(V); isobar isothetmal ...
2 types of system: homologous. Heterogeneous
3 nature of system; open (mass and energy) close (no mass only energy) isolated (no mass no energy )
States described only in i and f despite work W and heat flux Q (W&Q describe way)
Function of interpolation: linear .. quadratic
Congratulations on your Nobel prize in chemistry
Such a charismatic lecturer. He makes it 100% easy to UNDERSTAND!
@Tanjiskas it means that you convert 100% of the heat you are inducing into the system into useful work. which means that the efficiency is 100%. actually the first never said that but it just didn't mind it. so the second law said that you cannot reach 100% efficiency because you are always generating entropy along the way and by increase in entropy you are wasting energy
This instructor teaches in a very easy to understand coherent way. His eyebrows are the focal point of his face.
this is the best ever thermometer explanation
I was born when this lecture was uploaded and now im preparing for my test through this 👍🏻
This professor is amazing kept me engaged on viewing this and I usually get easily distracted and I loved he put in parts of the history of thermodynamics. I hope he is still making lecture videos and teaching.
They just launched a new version of this course (by a different prof) on Edx. Check out MITx: 5.601x Chemical Thermodynamics I: Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
@@enisten Thqnk you so much I'll definitely check it out :)
Entropy
Henry Poincare named the conception of "entropy "
as a " surprising abstract "
Lev Landau wrote:
" A question about the physical basis of the
entropy monotonous increasing law remains open "
One physicist said :
" The entropy is only a shadow of energy“
#
History of Entropy
1 - Clausius : dS= dQ / T.
2 - Boltzmann : S= k log W
3 - Planck : h*f = kT logW
#
The formula of Entropy is : h*f = kT logW
Israel Sadovnik Socratus
What a great time to be alive. A full course from MIT on thermodynamics; complete and free.
It's 3 a clock in the morning and i'm watching this. The teatcher explains this subject so good that the time doesn't matter. I had previously experiences with Thermodynamics and it not worked as good as i wanted to be, maybe because the professor didn't make the subject interresting, or maybe because i was unable to understand that in that time.
All of this to say thank you, and express my profound hapiness of learning (reviewing) so many things with this video. Thank you so much :)
Best teacher in my experience so far.
In India, coaching institutions are charging thousands to offer such lectures . Thank you, MIT
so lucky to be taught by a Nobel prize winner
I loved thermodynamics from these lectures, you made it simple, congratulations prof on your noble prize
The macroscopic view is ruled by conservation and microscopic view was initiation or seeding rain or seeding wind for example
He means that the 2nd law defines the direction of spontaneous change. A process is spontaneous only if the total entropy of the system in which it occurs increases. For example, sugar dissolving in hot coffee occurs spontaneously -- sugar will only crystallize from hot coffee if energy is expended. i.e. the entropy of the universe must always increase--it follows the direction of natural change, a.k.a. the "arrow of time". The 2nd law is also about the reversibility of change No more room!
Summary
Laws of thermodynamics
Studying the way of states from i equilibrium to f equilibrium
Despite work W and heat flux Q
To describe one system just need to know : n nombre of moles and 2 variables
Infinity of the way from i to f
We need to justify if the system is Thermodynamiclly equilibrium or not
Function of form : interpolation linear, quadratic...
Measuring of temperature scales
I really like the way he teaches
There's an error in the subtitles:
In 4:48 it's «the pillars» and not «depillars»
They just launched a new version of this course (taught by a different prof) on Edx. Check out MITx: 5.601x Chemical Thermodynamics I: Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
@@enisten thanks! That's interesting…
Could you give me a link to that course please? I can't seem to find it :(
Thanks
I love the way he teaches. After teaching for some time he asks whether students have any question or queries in their mind.
pinned neutron superfluid provides an angular momentum reservoir as its rotation rate is determined by the areal vortex density, which is constant as long as it is pinned to the crust. At the same time, the crust continuously slows down due to loss of its angular momentum in the particle wind and electromagnetic radiation. At a critical lag in this differentially rotating two- component system, superfluid vortices get unpinned, dumping a large amount of angular momentum to the crust, which is observed as a spin-up in the crustal rotation rate, usually inferred by timing the radio pulse (Alpar et al. 1984a, 1985). This implies that the fractional spin-up provides a probe of the extent of angular momentum transfer and hence the MoI of the crustal pinned superfluid. The ratio of the MoI of the crustal pinned superfluid to that of the rest of the star, referred to as the fractional moment of inertia (FMI), can be related to the observed fractional spin-up
Equal volume ratio liquids do not imply equal molar ratio. (In case you have not learned, liquids are pretty damn far from ideal gasses; water is denser and has a lower molecular weight than ethanol, equal volume ratio means much higher molar ratio of water to ethanol)
I recommend you reading your high school chemistry notes again.
You might notice that the common word "heat" is used as though we already know what it means. The lecturer does not define it. But if you look up "heat" in Wikipedia you might be surprised, as I was, to find that the definition is not obvious:
"In thermodynamics, heat is energy in transfer [...] by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter."
Note the word "energy." Reading further in that same Wikipedia article:
"As a form of energy, heat has the unit joule (J) [...] The standard unit for the rate of heat transferred is the watt (W), defined as one joule per second."
So, according to the content of the lecture plus the content of Wikipedia, energy moves from a hot body to a colder body. The rate (per second) of energy transfer can be measured in watts. The total energy transferred can be measured in joules, or (as we know from looking at our electricity bill) maybe even in watt hours.
Heat is energy. I personally do not find that obvious.
These are MIT students.
@@iridiumdx6682 Your point?
@@RalphDratman My point being that this is a lecture for MIT students which happen to be publicised for public use. At least someone taking this should be familiar with the concept of heat as energy. Such trivial thing does not be reinstated in college, let alone at MIT.
because in order to get absolute zero, you would need to remove all the heat and since heat transfer in a preferred direction from high to low, theoretically you would need something less then absolute zero to remove the heat.
Why should the thermos can be an isolated system? Energy is leaving it, as the system comes (slowly, it's true) in equilibrium with it's surroundings (outside temperature). I posit it's a closed system, like the water with ice cubes in it.
Just came to say that on the thumbnail the teacher is PERFECTLY camouflaged. Nice.
Congrats professor for the Nobel and thank you for your contribution in science.
Heating is the transfer of energy. It is not a substance therefore cannot "flow". If it could flow it would "flow" in any direction, but heat is only transferred from warmer to cooler and cannot be reversed.
35:02 very good question. Boundary between reversible or irreversible.
What a gifted lecturer. I just realised I misunderstood and overcomplicated thermodynamics in my undergrad.
They just launched a new version of this course (taught by a different prof) on Edx. Check out MITx: 5.601x Chemical Thermodynamics I: Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics (course 1 of 2)
How does these full lectures compared to the Edx ones?
@Polyfusia Yes, I guess I misunderstood you. In that case, I would re-study all of the material on my own time.
In most math classes I would not understand the lectures, and so studied all of the material again in the textbook when I got home.
Look, I'm not saying that it's your fault or whatever, but if you want the education, you find a way to get it. It's not as if having excuses about why you can't do it will help you in any way.
This is how engineering should be tought. Reading off slides like it's done today is just pointless. I can do that myself.
I love all the videos that MIT offers like this. thank you guys for putting this stuff out there for other people to have the chance to open up their minds to newer, bigger and better ideas.
Congratulations Sir..👍🌹🙏
Love it when he starts talking about Fahrenheit scale
I just love this professor. Can I know his name please?
His name is Moungi Bawendi. See the course on MIT OpenCourseWare for more info at: ocw.mit.edu/5-60S08. Best wishes on your studies!
I know many of you don't care about this, but the translation of the captions is pretty fucking good, at least for spanish. I'm actually impressed about it, a great applause to the google developers.
There technically is no such thing as an isolated system. It's just a useful basic "fudge." I'm sure the genius MIT professor knows this, he's just making things simple for introductory students. Given sufficient time, the contents of even the most robustly insulated container will reach equilibrium with the surroundings.
thermo in greek does mean heat but here it is mainly considered as energy since thermodynamics deals with work and heat interactions
this video might help too
Thermodynamics 1st Law (Thermal Decomposition)
Something's bothering me now. At 15:13. Isn't a thermos of coffee an example of a closed system rather than an isolated system? Some thermal energy will be lost over time - it's not as if your coffee remains at the same temperature indefinitely lol Feel free to reply to this comment with any helpful insights.
I wish we had him as our prof.
I was amazed that this was physical chemistry course. And here, we don't have even 10% quality lecture in engineering thermo class..
Thermodynamics inside a expanding multiverses. We are inside a blackhole, when event horizon get open, how it's looks than with the thermodynamics in a multiversians model. Thematic, Magnetic Pepeetum Mobile, Blackholebomb Pepeetum Mobile and so on.
what a relief..what a real relief..i always feared thermodynamics confused like a shitt..but man this lecture series helps a lot!!!
I love how he starts explaining the thermodynamics of 100-proof vodka with a complete straight face as though it's no different from CO2 or H2SO4
Honestly I think the implications of not doing something about climate change is far more serious. Hurricanes like Katrina and Sandy have already caused billions in damage, and are only set to become more frequent. Add to that the billions in health care from air pollution, the cost of destroyed tourism revenue (reefs, forests, etc), increased drought/flooding, which affects crop yields & cause food prices to increase, the increase in fuel prices, people might be okay with a bit less luxury.
why is antonio banderas teaching physics?
More like Antonio Banderas mixed with Obama
@@luisbreva6122 attributes? a pathological liar and thief with egomaniac tendencies not to mention a treasonous hart? seems you have your priorities in qualities just a little jostled,, Ann Frank could see and hear better than that, and she had to feel her way through life. it's to bad so many people think with there emotions instead of there brains. they wouldn't be so easily deceived. then we wouldn't have to go around and correct the mistakes they make like so many messy children with unkept rooms. so juvenile and lazy. why people form opinions before becoming informed will always be beyond me.
What pre-requisites are needed for PChem? I took it a long time ago but I recently heard this guy won a Nobel Prize, so he must be awesome! I think I remember the bare minimum requirements are Calculus and Physics.
Course prerequisites listed in the course catalog are: multivariable calculus (18.02 or equivalent) and basic chemistry (5.111 , 5.112 , or 3.091 ). For more info, see the course on MIT OpenCourseWare at: ocw.mit.edu/5-60S08. Best wishes on your studies!
i'm glad that this has subtitles... my native language isn't english but i love to listen to it :) Great explanations but... what a quiet class .-.
That is a college class. You are not supposed to talk
sameee
@@crazychimp1039 biggest lie. I think Barb meant like no one is asking questions.
Thermal is related to photons therefore our focus should be on photons. Changes in the saturation of dynamic photons within a system would lead to changes in temperatures either due to the presence of a heat source or heat absorber. Precisely temperature should be defined as the availability of dynamic photons per volume per time within a system.If there is a heat source, it would be flooded the system with abundant of dynamic photons and the effect would be to raise the temperatures within a system. On the other hand, if there is a heat absorber where heat (dynamic photons) would be sucked away would cause drop in temperatures. Atoms are constantly exchanging photons with the surroundings in which both nucleus and stationary electrons of an atom would stockpile dynamic photons from the surroundings before transforming them to stationary photons in which at the same time some stationary photons from the nucleus and stationary electrons of an atom would be released as dynamic photons to the surroundings. If the atom only gained more and more stationary photons than the ones that it dissipating to the surroundings due to high availability of dynamic photons within the system, the atom would increase its kinetic energy per time in which it would increase its vibration rates, or increase its transverse velocities, or both. Therefore changes in temperatures would lead to changes to the kinetic energy of atoms within a system.Total energy of a "system" (the entire universe) would always be the same. It is wrong to say the energy tends to move from high energy to low energy while entropy, S, moves from order to disorder. The total energy of the entire universe is always be the same. The universe is always there as per the law of conservation of matter. Einstein's famous equation, E=mc^2 is wrong otherwise garbage also can be used to make atomic bombs as long as it is matter or it has mass. We know this is not true. Energy and matter cannot interchange one another according to Einstein's famous equation. One must have photons before one can emit out photons. Photons are particles and they have mass. Dynamic photons possess momentum.The universe would expand to its maximum size before implosion and the final stage of implosion would be Big Bang where all celestial bodies would be flung outwardly to facilitate for expansion. NASA claimed that we can see the formative state of the young universe which clearly attests that all celestial bodies were travelling much faster than the speed of light in the past but somehow they have slowed down for quite sometime already slow enough now to allow the light of the past to catch up with us now to allow us to see the young universe. Imagine the celestial bodies would accelerate towards the center of the universe for billions of years where their speeds should be several times faster than the speed of light before they reaching the center of the universe; therefore the impacts of Big Bang is beyond our imagination. When celestial bodies been flung out from the center of the universe, their speed would also be several times faster than the speed of light. Therefore it is wrong to say that entropy moves from order to disorder. Thermodynamic should be the studies of photons. In God I trust.
First course looks promising. 2 questions: a) at 17:20 is there any reason why he does not add "S" to the variables that describe the state ? b) Will there be some problem sets that go along with the lecture ?
I hope you found your answer by now lol
@sephirothsoul999
unless there was something generating energy to maintain the temperature, but that's outside the natural perspective.
What is impressive is this professor has a slim smart figure. I pray g maintains hs lifestyle and stats slim fit adrole model to his students. Now about global warming.... The main reason is the capitalists comes out with ever increasing new products to get the consumer trained population and they get hooked to those products which consume fossil fuels. And this trend keeps growing because capitalist wants increasing returns and growth in his business. He wants ever increasing g demand which comes from ever increasing human population. . So who is to be blamed for global warming?
I have a query. At 23:23 ,for a one component ,homogeneous system is it necessary to specify the no. of moles apart from the two intensive variables. According to gibbs phase rule, i think only two intensive variables are enough to define the state of the system. and there is no requirement to specify the no. of moles.
You are in fact misunderstanding. The professor is not saying that there exists a machine that "makes more energy than it creates", but, instead, he is saying that people continually try to build machines that can circumvent the second law of thermodynamics--without succeeding, of course.
the universe and with some limits to how large u want your system to be within that universe is technically a isolated system
"K" used to be called "degrees Kelvin." With the adoption of SI, they dropped the "degrees" part, so you simply say, or write "K," not "degrees K." But they are still degrees--of the same "size" as C degrees, but starting out at absolute zero.
@sephirothsoul999 There is no 'true' isolated system unless you define the universe as a whole as your system. Instead you must decide if the energy loss to surroundings is significant.
If your goal was to understand the heat lost from the coffee to the surroundings outside the thermos, then it wouldn't make sense to call the thermos isolated.
If you wanted to understand something going on inside the thermos, say the coffee is melting ice, then the heat lost through thermos might be irrelevant
This is a very valuable resource...
Fair enough! I agree that its for a pretty narrow audience and knowing the pre-reqs for the course may help those who might not enjoy the course as much as I did. Any other suggestions ?
He finally earned himself the Nobel prize in chemistry🎉
Fantastic professor and his way of teaching is easy to grasp for a beginner!
Thanks MIT for upload this video
Congrats to my online professor..Well deserved
42:07 this thing happened to me a lot, so i stopped asking questions in the class. Don't be like me.
i caught that he spends a good deal of time looking down when he's thinking you can tell its habitual. he fails to mention that the American standard has historically changed over time by small increments if he was going to bring up the Dr. in lecture it a small cite to mention that better explains why we see what we do today.
Sir I am still in high school ,can I see these videos?
Is this relevant for IIT JEE preparation?
this guy can explain better than our teacher.
Good thing about learning from fine professors is that you realize something that most of the time can't be provided by reading from resources.
12:00
Where there's a thermodynamics.... There's a hot 🔥 coffee ☕😃😃😄😄😄😄
Amazing relationship
What's meaning of you can break even at zero Kelvin?
Means that at 0K you can have a system with 100% efficiency that means that you can have a system with no energy/heat loss i.e energy provided = energy gained
@@zahraj9289 energy gained = energy lost ? It's a general rule that's applicable for all Temperatures according to 1st law .
@@benYaakov Oh no i meant in the context of a system e.g the work done by a system is equal to the energy provided to it meaning that the heat loss is 0
@@benYaakov so this meant that at 0K we can minimize the energy loss or make a system 100% efficient
@@zahraj9289 okay .
God bless this channel!
oh my god I'm taking 5.60 next semester I'm so glad this is here now I never have to go to lecture
Thanks MIT,all the way from South Africa...:)
@kayanathera I think he has on that paper the lesson plan NOT the basic concepts!
Because if he hadn't known the basic concepts he wouldn't have been able to explain them so good!
@Polyfusia Re-read your initial comment, and now this one, and think about what you are conveying.
I was offering advice on how to learn material regardless of impediments, and it now appears this was not what you were after in the first place. You were instead looking for an excuse for failure, and I made a mistake in offering advice.
No matter how insignificant the excuse, failure will always be easily achieved if failing is the intent.
That's a nice cook, as expected from MIT.
I have a doubt, about closed system, in a closed system energy can be exchange; however, mass can not. But we know that E = mc2, so can we say that mass is also exchnging in a closed system?