@@charlietallman9583 You would have been doing the god's work in ancient Egypt! Sharpening those stone cutting tools 24/7. I like these lectures, I just can't afford the higher Greep has the good Dr. pronounces the American work Groop. lol
Just discovered these lectures after listening to you on the 'Ancients' podcast. Really enjoyed them. It's great that you just speak in your normal voice and avoid that forced enthusiasm that many podcasters and modern broadcasters resort to in a misguided effort to be 'entertaining'. I also like it that in these lectures you assume the audience already has some knowledge of Ancient Egypt. It's surprising how difficult it is to get this. TV documentaries simply dont take this approach and nor does much of whats on the internet. Anyway, thanks, and keep up the good work.
Naunton is a guarantee of perfection in study and communication. I have a beautiful and huge book about Montet in Tanis, but here the information is complete. By Chris Nauton - the best
I'll make a suggestion for a video! Pharaonic aesthetics changed a lot throughout Egyptian history. The Baroque of Amarna, the tackiness of the many Ramses and the Art Deco of Tanis, plus Saite Minimalism, are such contrasting and interesting aesthetic dimensions. An Egypt that changes its aesthetic foundations over time. I especially like the Saita period.@@ChristopherNaunton
Oh my gosh, I am so excited to see a new upload from you! Your work is absolutely stellar; I thank you from the bottom of my heart for making these incredible works available for free on TH-cam.
I keep checking Chris's channel in the hopes that I'll find something new. Today was the day! Another fascinating lecture. I had the privilege of accompanying Chris on his Missing Tombs tour in February of 2019 and it was an experience I will never forget.
Excellent stuff. So much more to this subject than we normally hear. You’ve certainly given Count Arthur Strong a run for his money - though perhaps not as many laughs.
Thank you for your most excellent lecture, in connecting all the dots in this tangled part of ancient Egyptian history. Yes I do also believe there was some overlap of these reigns of territorial rulers, with only a few ruling over all of the Two Lands at one period of time. Nice to see you in the little inset box, lecturing.
Thank you for posting this. I have been binge watching all your videos and find that you explain everything in just the right amount of detail. Funnily enough, a couple of weeks ago I re-watched your TV documentary on Flinders Peitre and then I stumbled on your TH-cam videos. Strange how that sort of thing happens .I do have a couple of questions from this video: did previous dynasties use any silver at all or was this a completely new material to them? Does silver occur naturally close by? Also, were there many grave goods apart from the coffins and jars? No chariots , thrones etc? Does this mean they were less equipped for the afterlife? Thanks again for the video, I had no idea these amazing artifacts had been found.
Thanks for watching! To answer your questions: 1) Yes, silver was known to and used by the Egyptians prior to the time of the kinds discussed in this talk, see e.g. this vessel found in the 'tomb of the three foreign wives of Thutmose III' (18th Dynasty): www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/547550 2) As far as I know silver does not occur in significant quantities nearby, but I'm not aware of anyone having tried to establish where the silver from Tanis came from. 3) These kings were buried with plenty of items but nothing like the quantity and variety found in Tutankhamun's tomb (one of only two I can immediately think of in which chariots were found, the other being that of Thutmose IV). King Tut might have felt better about his preparations for the afterlife than the Silver Pharaohs, but I imagine the goods in the Tanis tombs were probably felt to be sufficient. The difference can probably partly be explained by a relative lack of resources, but the Tanis kings may also have had different ideas - their tombs were very different, and by the 22nd Dynasty at the latest we know the kings were Libyan in origin, and their beliefs may have been quite different. Thanks again!
Always interesting lectures from this gentleman, for people who love things ancient Egyptian, already know a substantial amount of the history and culture from reading a pile of books, but are in no way professionals: Just the right amount of detail. Speaking about finding exhibition books cheap, just last Saturday I found and bought a beautiful, sturdy, tight and bright hardcover edition of the book published in conjunction with the Met's (NYC) 1978-79 King Tut exhibit (and with it inside the original visitors guide). Cost: $5.95 in a used-book store. The original price in 1978: $35, which by my cumulative inflation table would be $175. Wow! I.E.S. Edwards was the author, a scholar perhaps long forgotten, but one who wrote a number of popular books in his time, including the Penguin book on the Pyramids. Some 35 years ago I discovered an important mathematical fact about the Great Pyramid but after I consulted Edwards's book, I found out that it had been known for a century. Oh, well.
Thank you for your kind comments and for sharing your story of discovery! I have come to think that looking for second hand books when I was still at school - out-of-print science fiction books at that time - provided me with my first taste of a kind of archaeological investigation!
I can’t wait to watch this. I catch all the archaeology documentaries on the Smithsonian channel but I can’t remember any of them talking about the Silver Pharoahs!
Hello, congratulations and many thanks for the excellent presentation. Along with the silver sarcophagai and many gold objects, many bronze shabtis were found on the tomb complex of Psousennes I. As long as I know, it was the only period of Egyptian history when shabits were made of bronze. I'd like to suggest to you to include some information about these fantastic and magic objects in a future video. I am a collector of Egyptian antiquities, and owner of one of these shabtis (bought from Christie's in 2014), of General Wendjebanenojed. If you want, I can also contribute with the topic. Once again, thank you very much!
Thank you for watching and thanks for this suggestion! The bronze shabtis are certainly very interesting and unusual. I will keep your offer in mind for any future presentation on this topic. Thanks again!
So happy to see this new lecture, just days after discovering your channel, thank you very much for sharing this vast body of knowledge, as a Jungian psychoanalyst in training, I like to tap into ancient egyptian history to explore the ancient pysche, I really appreciate these lectures.
Fascinating lecture! I've read a lot about the Tanis tombs, but for whatever reason(s), photos are scarce (for me at least). Thanks for sharing so many recent & vintage photos, as well as the diagrams of the tombs and the temple complex. It helps to actually see what's been described in many books and articles, instead of having to imagine / visualize it.
Do you know Joann Fletcher? I have enjoyed viewing her historical overviews of ancient Egypt, touring the mystical land of Khem in her solar parasol. I met Dr. Kent Weeks in 1996 when he came to the Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum in San Jose, California to give a lecture on the "Hotel Tombs of the sons of Ramoses II". Very interesting. I met John Anthony West, Robert Bauval, and Dr. Robert Schoch, in 1993 when they made their fascinating TV documentary "Mystery of the Sphinx" with Charlton Heston. I was an associate of Joseph Davidovits and Margie Morris at that time, and met John Romer when he did his fine series of public television documentaries and published books also, in the 1990s.
Yes, I've been lucky enough to get to know several of the people you mention - I had a ball when I was first working in the field meeting lots of people I knew from whatI'd read or from TV etc. Great fun!
Watched this lecture before when it was pay to view but it’s great to see it again, especially as I finally made it to Tanis on Christmas Day last year, which involved eight hours in a taxi to and from Cairo! I was lucky enough once there to be allowed entry to the royal tombs. Meanwhile, the Egyptian Museum in Tahrir Square has elevated the display of the treasures of Tanis in anticipation of Tut’s treasures being transferred to the GEM, which unfortunately means you are no longer allowed to photograph them 😢
Excellent presentation Chris on a largely neglected era in ancient Egyptian history. I've been studying ancient Egypt for over 40 years now and, of course, I still have a lot to learn. Very well done.
Many thanks Peter, glad you enjoyed it! Still so much for me to learn too - the day I feel like there's nothing left w2ill be the day I stop! Will never happen of course, happily!
In 40yrs. of personal study....what have you found out? What were you looking for in that time? Make it make sense....same goes for naunton, who is just ANOTHER FACE in the crowd. Iceberg, ahead...
Thank you for a wonderul lecture. This is the most precise presentation of this time period I've ever heard. You've explained things which have only been presented with a name and a mask.
Master Class! Highly detailed and extensively documented. A real pleasure; another one. I will watch it several times while I wait for the, hopefully soon, next video. Thanks a lot!
Hey that was a very good lecture..I'm glad you mentioned the Pharaoh's from that time period whose mummies haven't been found..I would like to also know about where do you think the tombs of Shoshenq the first and Osorkon the firsts tombs are????
Thanks! There's really very little to go on when it comes to the tombs of Sheshonq I and Osorkon I but Memphis or bubastis would seem to be possibilities - based on the evidence I mention during the talk, and also in chapter 5 of my book ('scuse the plug!): chrisnaunton.com/searching-for-the-lost-tombs-of-egypt/
I'd like to give you my thanks for another in a series of excellent videos in a subject which continues to hold my attention over the span of decades. I'd also like to add that I appreciate the many different avenues of investigation and understanding you have been raising. I was already fascinated with the apparent transfer of power away from the dynastic noble families to the cult priests; the hypothesis that monumental architecture in Per-Ramesses was most probably moved to Tanis later is also quite satisfying to me. Surely, if the robbing out of dressed stone is less work for any given individual, moving stone which had been quarried and dressed to be re-assembled without any major reworking of the individual stones themselves is even less work. Thumbs Up!
Do appreciate this sort of academic content. So fascinating to know that they were pillaging their own gave sites at that time. Easy to assume when you hear the term 'graverobbing' thrown around you imagine it was done more recently.
Thank you for this and all of your other videos. I watch from outback Queensland, Australia and find them so informative. I appreciate all the efforts.
Dr. Naunton there is a channel i wonder if you are aware of. History for granite is the name. Actually the gentleman running it has some really interesting takes on the casing stones on the great pyramid. He surmised the pattern from existing casing stones and followed some patterns in the limestone going down the face. Basically mapping out the casing stones all the way down each face except the west, i believe. I find his videos really exciting. To me he has some ideas based in pretty sound observations. They may not proove a construction method but the def eliminate some. Id love to hear your take. Ps the story of how the casing stones were robbed has always been hard for me to believe. Would it of not been easier to quarrt new stone?
It is great and very detailed lecture. Thank you very much for taking us in this incredible journey back to Pharaonic Egypt. I am generally interested in this periods which are not well known. I was reading the other day about the last two dynasties 29 and 30 and I think there is so many fascinating stories there too. Do you plan at some point in the future to make videos for this period? Also do know where I can find additional information about this last dynasties before Alexander? Thank you again for your work and time!
Many thanks, I'm very glad to know that you enjoyed the lecture so much! You'll find a little bit of information about the period from the end of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty to the time of Alexander is my talk on his burial in Egypt, here: th-cam.com/video/AllWZ5UlQT8/w-d-xo.html (starting at 04:14 approximately). I will also soon be making another talk on the first millennium BCE available: 'th-cam.com/video/AllWZ5UlQT8/w-d-xo.html' - it should appear here in the next few days! Thanks again for watching!
@ChristopherNaunton I appreciate the response!! ThankYou for all the great content. Had I had a history teacher like You in school, I would have paid much more attention~
I wish I'd known about this talk. I have to blame John Romer for my interest in this period. The thing that interests me is what did the native Egyptians think of the the "Libyan Anarchy"? Is there any record of what the Egyptians themselves thought of what was going on? This, of course, foreshadows the question of what the Egyptians thought of the Nubians that came later; were they possibly seen as "liberators"?
I think Psusennes silver coffin rivals Tutankhamun's gold one. Same goes for the gold mask, same quality, amazing. Amenemope's mask on the other hand is not good compared to the previous two examples. Shoshenq II's silver falcon headed coffin is very fine on the other hand.
Is it possible that power decentralised from the Pharaoh in the 20th dynasty (3rd Int period) because Rameses II had too many heirs which destabilised the country?
Interesting thought, thanks! I don't think the fact that Ramesses II had so many sons was so much the problem as various other factors including the influx of migrating 'Libyans' the worsening economic situation etc.
Watched it twice - Very interesting review; for me what is missing is a surface context, what was immediately above the tombs, before & after construction. PS. Jerusalem is probably a geographical anachronism in this period.
Thanks! On the situation directly above NRT I at the time of the tombs' initial discovery see the description in Montet's report (on 'Osorkon'), here (p. 35 ff.): archive.org/details/Montet1947/page/n33/mode/1up There's also a chapter (ch 3) on the construction of NRT III in Montet's 'Psusennes' volume here: archive.org/details/Montet1951/page/n24/mode/1up The situation as regards Jerusalem at this point is not my strongest suit but I hope to work on this at some point!
The temple at Zoan was the Het Ka Ptah The temple at Zion was the Heykal Yahweh Ptah was the god of architects, like Hiram Abif who had built the temple (of Solomon) in the first place. Hiram Abif is, of course, the hero of Freemasonry. See: Solomon, Pharaoh of Egypt. R
i am enjoying your talk very much, i would say one thing if possible you need to inprove your audio output as you sound qite low and i have to crank up the volume.
No. The larger figure at left is the Chief Priest who is being rewarded before a statue of the king. The two smaller figures are not children but fellow priests, shown at smaller size to indicate their lesser importance.
@@bradmason4706 No, I think the statue's hand is outstretched in a gesture of greeting or perhaps the offering of the rewards. Such things usually came from the king.
@@bradmason4706 This is how Egyptian art works: take a look at a scene of pharaoh in battle - e.g. here: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seev%C3%B6lker.jpg - those aren't children he's with, pharaoh (at far right) is simply more important than everyone else. The significance of the scene in my talk is that the priest is shown at equivalent size to the statue of the king illustrating a rise in importance of the priesthood vis a vis the king.
The robbing in the Valley of the Kings was to fund the tribute that the Tanis pharaohs were demanding. The treasures ended up in the Tanite tombs. Within biblical history, the tombs in the Valley of the Kings became known as King Solomon’s mines. That is where his wealth came from. R
Are these from after the era of stripping and repurposing the 18th dynasty tombs and grave goods? If so, it’s interesting to think that these gold masks may be made of gold melted down from the old pharaoh’s tombs, or traded for the silver. I’m glad they still exist.
We speak of 'silver pharaohs' because of the - unusual - prevalence of silver in the Tanis tombs which does lend this period a particular character but there's no clearly defined 'silver age' as such. And even if you were to think of it as being the period of the 21st and 22nd Dynasties the number of kings involved would depend on whose chronology you follow! But the lists of kings' names at 1:28:25 approx will give you an idea!
Good question and not one I know the answer to - it may be that some of the effects of tarnishing were present prior to conservation and cleaning. If not, I imagine it could be down to the precise composition of the metal and/or the atmospheric conditions. For more on the coffin and its discovery see Montet's final report, here: archive.org/details/Montet1951/page/n221/mode/thumb
@@ChristopherNaunton I wondered if some of the other silvery precious metals are alloyed in there. Platinum, rhodium, ruthenium etc. They are only quite recently separated and named. I wonder if a spectral analysis was done.
The exodus shook the golden age of egypt at its peak from which it never regained its former power and glory, part of Gods plan to reveal Himself and His Law as the preeminent power in the earth
The workmen in the Valley of the Kings who went on strike, sat in the rear, of the Divine area -- inside the Sanctuary, or at the public chapel at the outside rear -- associated with AMUN...the chief local deity of the West Bank, in the Wa' at (Karnak) disctrict. Very cultural act. Very historic occurrence.
This image of Horus at the opening, is Biogeometry in the original statuary of ancient Egypt. Here is the Horus head. I measured with the BG16 pendulum that was designed by Ibrahim Karim and I get the BG3 energies over the lines on the left and over the eye. Nowhere else. Note the Seven zig-zag pattern assumed to be “feathers” leading from the left. This is what we call a carrier wave leading or drawing the energies from the back of the head to the eye. This is a Biogeometry principle. Hard to tell what the number of lines in the back of the head would have actually been. The number 7 shows up twice with the carrier wave and with its final peak rolling over and culminating by looping into seven circles instead; showing that each of these points were in fact based upon the same circular arc as well. Every arc is in fact a circle. Very cool. It would have been a very strong emitter of the BG3 energies or the center frequency that transcends the planes of nature from the physical to the spiritual. It is also made from pure silver. Clearly not meant to be decorative so much as functional having magical properties for the sending out of these energies into its environment. Not a decoration or a toy in other words. These can both be tested and measured with the tools used in Biogeometry and the same in ancient Egypt that we think of as mere pendulums or magical implements that were “superstitious” in our modern ignorance of these methods.
The 21st Dynasty was the Israelite United Monarchy. Egyptian Monarchy. Biblical Monarchy. King. Duat or Seba. Duad Daughter Makarah MuTamhat. Makhah Tamar General. Joab-endjed. Joab Architect. Herum-atif. Hiram Abif See: Solomon, Pharaoh of Egypt. Note: Pa-Seba-Khienuit can be read as Pa-Duat-Khaeniut. R
Sheshonq is Solomon. He just came and took his gold/treasure back from his two children who were co-regent. All of Israel never left the hands of the Egyptians. The family bloodlines with the longest in-house story wins the narrative. That and the Libyans. Lots of influences but the bible kings is Egypt-Ralph Ellis
You should find out more about DNA analysis of mummies. We have entire sequences of Neanderthal DNA and even sequenced Denisovan DNA from a little finger bone that's lain in a cave for 40,000 years. I don't think DNA quality of a well-preserved, mummified body would pose a problem. Contamination, maybe. {:o:O:}
As there exists a hypothesis that "Solomon" was Amenhotep III, it's intriguing to speculate that the biblical tale of "Shishak" carrying off the gold of king Solomon actually referred to Shoshenq going down to Thebes and walking away with such things as the sarcophagus of Merneptah as well as precious objects connected with earlier periods. (This would have been the period when the last coffins were being put into TT320) Oral history (bearing in mind that the Old Testament wasn't written until around 500BCE) has a way of producing such distortions in narrative.
Amenhotep III was too early to be “Solomon”. About right for the pharaoh of the exodus (assuming it wasn’t his son Akhenaten who is documented as using forced labor for construction of his new capitol at Amarna). BTW - Rameses III built a new city Pi-Rameses on top of the old Semitic Hyksos capitol of Avaris (hence the reference to the City of Rameses in the Old Testament). There is an indication that the Egyptians lost control of the Canaan area in the 20th dynasty after the Bronze Age collapse and after they settled the Peleset (Philistines) in Gaza.
@@ashiinsane90 Solomon was at least four hundred years after Amehotep III. The Philistines (Peleset) presence in Canaan places it after the Bronze Age Collapse of 1150BC and 957BC is the usual date for Solomons temple so this is well into the Rameses era. The 18th Dynasty ended in 1323 with the death of Tutankhamen without an heir.
@@allangibson8494 There was no Solomon. He is a fictional character from the "Old Testament". However, many of his deeds (and certainly his empire) have clearly been lifted from those of ancient Egyptian kings. The "biblical" figures such as Moses, Joseph, David etc are most likely made up of amalgams of various figures from different periods. Solomon may well be based on more than one king but the accounts of his supposed wealth and empire point us towards a new kingdom Egyptian king and there are one or two similarities with Amenhotep III that make him a likely candidate.
All of this talk and pictures of Tanis and nothing about the Well of the Souls and the Ark of the Covenant??? Come on Man! I've seen movies, I know it's there.
Sorry to disappoint you but no lecture presentation could ever hope to include *everything* and at over 1.5 hours this is on the long side for such things. In this case I don't have a lot to add myself and having checked a couple of sources I can't find much more to say. There may well be more interpretation out there but I'm not aware of it thus far and as far as I can recall you're the first person who has ever asked!
The only reason Nubians would have the instinctive urge to reset Lower Egypt is because Lower and upper Egypt / Nubia were kith and kin since ancient Egypt is an African civilization. People came from the east as invaders,......not to reset Egypt.
You people are always trying to relate nubians with Egyptians. particularly in the mentioned dynasties, where it is firmly stablished that Egyptians (DNA sampling) were not subsaharian black and definitely did not mix with nubians
Thank you for your interesting lecture. I both read and write, and speak, ancient Egyptian, along with Coptic, Greek, Roman Latin, and know the Hebrew aleph-bet and a few other ancient languages of the Middle East. I always wince when I hear people speaking ancient Egyptian names for they invariably mispronounce the names because they haven't studied the etymology as I have. I have a humourous saying that when I hear people using Greek names of Egyptian places and people, I suddenly break out in hieroglyphs.
I don't know why no one seems to use the real names of the silver pharaohs, Pasibkhanu I and II, in favor of their epithets attributed by Manetho, the Greek name Psusennes. Pasibkhanu means "the star appearing over the city". These were the lesser known pharaohs of the 21st Dynasty, native Egyptians ruling from Djann (Biblical Zoan, Greek name Tanis). They ruled from Tanis from circa 1100 B.C. to 930 B.C. Smendes was actually named Nesubanebded, and he was the first pharaoh of the 21st Dynasty. He was followed by Pasibkhanu I, then Amenemopet, and Pasibkhanu II, and Si-Amen, last of the dynasty. The Libyan General Shashank I then conquered Egypt, and his 22nd Dynasty were all Libyans. Shashank I was the Shishak of the Bible. He conquered Jerusalem, Israel in 925 B.C. He was followed by Osorkon I, then Shashank II, and then Osorkon II.
It's not correct to say that no-one uses the original Egyptian names e.g. Nesbanebdjed and Pasebakhaenniut - I use them here myself and others e.g. Prof Aidan Dodson in his book Afterglow of Empire, do too. I think the reason 'Psusennes' is more commonly used is that that is the name that has become established in the literature and is now much better known - use the Egyptian forms and your audience is much less likely to know who you are talking about.
cara vcs estao acreditando msm que nefertiti foi uma farao, comecou com uma bricadeira feminista hj 5 anos depois do documentario ta ai uma mentira muitas vezes repetida vira verdade
The controls on this film are very different. They're the weirdest I've ever seen! Even nonexistent for most of the time. That's why I can't watch a show that I can't pause.
Menkaure was blatantly Olmek, taken to the region by Enki as described in the Sumerian Epics. The Egyptians are a copy cat "cuckoo" culture that did nothing but deface (quite literally taking the noses off) and obfuscate true history. There are so many inconsistencies, like the fact Kufu's name only appears as crude graffiti an a pyramid supposedly dedicated to him. The Sarcophagus is one of the most precise objects on the planet, the surface tolerance is the same as glass. The tri lobed bowl is an impeller to melt granite in crucibles. You guys are such parrots...HAMMER & CHIZEL puh-leeeeeese
I’m a fitter/machinist, I love that academics are posting Lectures. Thank you
tool and die repair here. double thumbs up
@@charlietallman9583 You would have been doing the god's work in ancient Egypt! Sharpening those stone cutting tools 24/7. I like these lectures, I just can't afford the higher Greep has the good Dr. pronounces the American work Groop. lol
I am seeing Tanis and singing the old British Hippopotamus song, Mud, Mud Glorious Mud!
Just discovered these lectures after listening to you on the 'Ancients' podcast. Really enjoyed them. It's great that you just speak in your normal voice and avoid that forced enthusiasm that many podcasters and modern broadcasters resort to in a misguided effort to be 'entertaining'. I also like it that in these lectures you assume the audience already has some knowledge of Ancient Egypt. It's surprising how difficult it is to get this. TV documentaries simply dont take this approach and nor does much of whats on the internet. Anyway, thanks, and keep up the good work.
Many thanks, for watching and for your kind comments! I'm delighted to know you've enjoyed these lectures - there are more on the way!
Naunton is a guarantee of perfection in study and communication. I have a beautiful and huge book about Montet in Tanis, but here the information is complete. By Chris Nauton - the best
Thank you so much!
I'll make a suggestion for a video! Pharaonic aesthetics changed a lot throughout Egyptian history. The Baroque of Amarna, the tackiness of the many Ramses and the Art Deco of Tanis, plus Saite Minimalism, are such contrasting and interesting aesthetic dimensions. An Egypt that changes its aesthetic foundations over time. I especially like the Saita period.@@ChristopherNaunton
@@shayvajasjeet6804 Thanks for the suggestion!
Oh my gosh, I am so excited to see a new upload from you! Your work is absolutely stellar; I thank you from the bottom of my heart for making these incredible works available for free on TH-cam.
My pleasure, thanks for your kind words!
I keep checking Chris's channel in the hopes that I'll find something new. Today was the day! Another fascinating lecture. I had the privilege of accompanying Chris on his Missing Tombs tour in February of 2019 and it was an experience I will never forget.
Thanks for watching Howard, nice to see you here!
Always a real treat to watch/listen to Dr. Naunton's archeological finds. Great job and thank you for giving others the knowledge.
Thank you!
Excellent stuff. So much more to this subject than we normally hear. You’ve certainly given Count Arthur Strong a run for his money - though perhaps not as many laughs.
Ha ha, thanks!
Astonishingly detailed, as always. It is one of the few TH-cam channels that make you feel like an archeology student. Thank you very very much!
This is lovely to read, many thanks! 🙏
@ChristopherNaunton You're welcome, Sir! Thanks once again for sharing all of these astonishing details! All best!
Welcome back! So happy to see something new, making a comment before I've watched it, looking forward to it, thanks!
Thanks! Hope you enjoy this one!
Thank you for your most excellent lecture, in connecting all the dots in this tangled part of ancient Egyptian history. Yes I do also believe there was some overlap of these reigns of territorial rulers, with only a few ruling over all of the Two Lands at one period of time. Nice to see you in the little inset box, lecturing.
Good to see a new episode.
I have been lying in standing water for a while!
Thank you for posting this. I have been binge watching all your videos and find that you explain everything in just the right amount of detail. Funnily enough, a couple of weeks ago I re-watched your TV documentary on Flinders Peitre and then I stumbled on your TH-cam videos. Strange how that sort of thing happens .I do have a couple of questions from this video: did previous dynasties use any silver at all or was this a completely new material to them? Does silver occur naturally close by? Also, were there many grave goods apart from the coffins and jars? No chariots , thrones etc? Does this mean they were less equipped for the afterlife?
Thanks again for the video, I had no idea these amazing artifacts had been found.
Thanks for watching! To answer your questions: 1) Yes, silver was known to and used by the Egyptians prior to the time of the kinds discussed in this talk, see e.g. this vessel found in the 'tomb of the three foreign wives of Thutmose III' (18th Dynasty): www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/547550 2) As far as I know silver does not occur in significant quantities nearby, but I'm not aware of anyone having tried to establish where the silver from Tanis came from. 3) These kings were buried with plenty of items but nothing like the quantity and variety found in Tutankhamun's tomb (one of only two I can immediately think of in which chariots were found, the other being that of Thutmose IV). King Tut might have felt better about his preparations for the afterlife than the Silver Pharaohs, but I imagine the goods in the Tanis tombs were probably felt to be sufficient. The difference can probably partly be explained by a relative lack of resources, but the Tanis kings may also have had different ideas - their tombs were very different, and by the 22nd Dynasty at the latest we know the kings were Libyan in origin, and their beliefs may have been quite different. Thanks again!
Always interesting lectures from this gentleman, for people who love things ancient Egyptian, already know a substantial amount of the history and culture from reading a pile of books, but are in no way professionals: Just the right amount of detail. Speaking about finding exhibition books cheap, just last Saturday I found and bought a beautiful, sturdy, tight and bright hardcover edition of the book published in conjunction with the Met's (NYC) 1978-79 King Tut exhibit (and with it inside the original visitors guide). Cost: $5.95 in a used-book store. The original price in 1978: $35, which by my cumulative inflation table would be $175. Wow! I.E.S. Edwards was the author, a scholar perhaps long forgotten, but one who wrote a number of popular books in his time, including the Penguin book on the Pyramids. Some 35 years ago I discovered an important mathematical fact about the Great Pyramid but after I consulted Edwards's book, I found out that it had been known for a century. Oh, well.
Thank you for your kind comments and for sharing your story of discovery! I have come to think that looking for second hand books when I was still at school - out-of-print science fiction books at that time - provided me with my first taste of a kind of archaeological investigation!
I can’t wait to watch this. I catch all the archaeology documentaries on the Smithsonian channel but I can’t remember any of them talking about the Silver Pharoahs!
I hope you enjoy it!
I really loved the detail of the lecture! I learned so much I didn’t know.
Great! Thank you for watching 🙏
Hello, congratulations and many thanks for the excellent presentation. Along with the silver sarcophagai and many gold objects, many bronze shabtis were found on the tomb complex of Psousennes I. As long as I know, it was the only period of Egyptian history when shabits were made of bronze. I'd like to suggest to you to include some information about these fantastic and magic objects in a future video. I am a collector of Egyptian antiquities, and owner of one of these shabtis (bought from Christie's in 2014), of General Wendjebanenojed. If you want, I can also contribute with the topic. Once again, thank you very much!
Thank you for watching and thanks for this suggestion! The bronze shabtis are certainly very interesting and unusual. I will keep your offer in mind for any future presentation on this topic. Thanks again!
So happy to see this new lecture, just days after discovering your channel, thank you very much for sharing this vast body of knowledge, as a Jungian psychoanalyst in training, I like to tap into ancient egyptian history to explore the ancient pysche, I really appreciate these lectures.
What a remarkable lecture. Thank you very much ! Waiting for the promised follow up ...
Thanks for watching! The follow-up is available now: th-cam.com/video/W_4DdzZZ6uM/w-d-xo.html Enjoy!
Fascinating lecture! I've read a lot about the Tanis tombs, but for whatever reason(s), photos are scarce (for me at least). Thanks for sharing so many recent & vintage photos, as well as the diagrams of the tombs and the temple complex. It helps to actually see what's been described in many books and articles, instead of having to imagine / visualize it.
Many thanks!
Another great talk.
Thank you Erika!
Great presentation. Thank you for making available.
Love this thank you so very much.
Do you know Joann Fletcher? I have enjoyed viewing her historical overviews of ancient Egypt, touring the mystical land of Khem in her solar parasol.
I met Dr. Kent Weeks in 1996 when he came to the Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum in San Jose, California to give a lecture on the "Hotel Tombs of the sons of Ramoses II". Very interesting.
I met John Anthony West, Robert Bauval, and Dr. Robert Schoch, in 1993 when they made their fascinating TV documentary "Mystery of the Sphinx" with Charlton Heston. I was an associate of Joseph Davidovits and Margie Morris at that time, and met John Romer when he did his fine series of public television documentaries and published books also, in the 1990s.
Yes, I've been lucky enough to get to know several of the people you mention - I had a ball when I was first working in the field meeting lots of people I knew from whatI'd read or from TV etc. Great fun!
Thanks for the lesson. Great to hear you teaching us. You help me to keep update my ancient Egypt knowledge.
Thanks for watching!
Awesome lecture. Thank you!
Thanks for watching!
Watched this lecture before when it was pay to view but it’s great to see it again, especially as I finally made it to Tanis on Christmas Day last year, which involved eight hours in a taxi to and from Cairo! I was lucky enough once there to be allowed entry to the royal tombs. Meanwhile, the Egyptian Museum in Tahrir Square has elevated the display of the treasures of Tanis in anticipation of Tut’s treasures being transferred to the GEM, which unfortunately means you are no longer allowed to photograph them 😢
Always a great adventure getting to Tanis, thanks for sharing your story!
Excellent presentation Chris on a largely neglected era in ancient Egyptian history. I've been studying ancient Egypt for over 40 years now and, of course, I still have a lot to learn. Very well done.
Many thanks Peter, glad you enjoyed it! Still so much for me to learn too - the day I feel like there's nothing left w2ill be the day I stop! Will never happen of course, happily!
In 40yrs. of personal study....what have you found out? What were you looking for in that time? Make it make sense....same goes for naunton, who is just ANOTHER FACE in the crowd.
Iceberg, ahead...
Very interesting lecture thank you.
My pleasure, thanks for watching!
Thank you for a wonderul lecture. This is the most precise presentation of this time period I've ever heard. You've explained things which have only been presented with a name and a mask.
Aww, thank you, that's very nice to know!
unbelievable that he found so many intact tombs of kings
Master Class! Highly detailed and extensively documented. A real pleasure; another one. I will watch it several times while I wait for the, hopefully soon, next video. Thanks a lot!
Glad you enjoyed it, thanks so much!
Kings to you, sir. How exciting!
I saw the silver coffin from Tanis in the current Rameses exhibition in Paris (La Villette). I'm glad I got to see such a unique piece.
Oh, I hadn't realised this coffin was in the Ramesses exhibition! Great that you got to see it, thanks for letting me know!
Excelent Talk. Thankyou !
Thank you!
Brilliant video.....thank you Dr Naunton!
Thanks for watching!
Hey that was a very good lecture..I'm glad you mentioned the Pharaoh's from that time period whose mummies haven't been found..I would like to also know about where do you think the tombs of Shoshenq the first and Osorkon the firsts tombs are????
Thanks! There's really very little to go on when it comes to the tombs of Sheshonq I and Osorkon I but Memphis or bubastis would seem to be possibilities - based on the evidence I mention during the talk, and also in chapter 5 of my book ('scuse the plug!): chrisnaunton.com/searching-for-the-lost-tombs-of-egypt/
I'd like to give you my thanks for another in a series of excellent videos in a subject which continues to hold my attention over the span of decades. I'd also like to add that I appreciate the many different avenues of investigation and understanding you have been raising. I was already fascinated with the apparent transfer of power away from the dynastic noble families to the cult priests; the hypothesis that monumental architecture in Per-Ramesses was most probably moved to Tanis later is also quite satisfying to me.
Surely, if the robbing out of dressed stone is less work for any given individual, moving stone which had been quarried and dressed to be re-assembled without any major reworking of the individual stones themselves is even less work. Thumbs Up!
Many thanks for your comments, great to know that you've got so much out of this!
Amazing. I was just telling someone about this earlier this month!! Can’t wait to dive in.
Hope you enjoy it!
Do appreciate this sort of academic content. So fascinating to know that they were pillaging their own gave sites at that time. Easy to assume when you hear the term 'graverobbing' thrown around you imagine it was done more recently.
Many thanks for your kind comments!
I cannot wait to visit Egypt in Nov!!
Have a great time!
This is absolutely brilliant and inspiring thank you for sharing this knowledge with us all!
My pleasure, thanks for watching!
Hatshepsut is my favorite Pharaoh
Great treat for the July 4th holiday
Happy 4th of July!
Only in the USA 😅
Thank you for this and all of your other videos. I watch from outback Queensland, Australia and find them so informative. I appreciate all the efforts.
Great to be able to reach you all the way in the outback! Thanks for watching!
Dr. Naunton there is a channel i wonder if you are aware of. History for granite is the name. Actually the gentleman running it has some really interesting takes on the casing stones on the great pyramid. He surmised the pattern from existing casing stones and followed some patterns in the limestone going down the face. Basically mapping out the casing stones all the way down each face except the west, i believe. I find his videos really exciting. To me he has some ideas based in pretty sound observations. They may not proove a construction method but the def eliminate some. Id love to hear your take. Ps the story of how the casing stones were robbed has always been hard for me to believe. Would it of not been easier to quarrt new stone?
Many thanks for the suggestion, I'll take a look!
It is great and very detailed lecture. Thank you very much for taking us in this incredible journey back to Pharaonic Egypt. I am generally interested in this periods which are not well known. I was reading the other day about the last two dynasties 29 and 30 and I think there is so many fascinating stories there too. Do you plan at some point in the future to make videos for this period? Also do know where I can find additional information about this last dynasties before Alexander? Thank you again for your work and time!
Many thanks, I'm very glad to know that you enjoyed the lecture so much! You'll find a little bit of information about the period from the end of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty to the time of Alexander is my talk on his burial in Egypt, here: th-cam.com/video/AllWZ5UlQT8/w-d-xo.html (starting at 04:14 approximately). I will also soon be making another talk on the first millennium BCE available: 'th-cam.com/video/AllWZ5UlQT8/w-d-xo.html' - it should appear here in the next few days! Thanks again for watching!
@@ChristopherNaunton Thank you for your response
A new lecture!! 🎉
Call this lecture, "Tanis, anyone?"
Fantastic Chris , so informative
Many thanks!
Thanks there isn't much info on this period. Thanks again
Really great video! Beautiful. ThankYou.
Have You ever heard anything on "The Star of Thebes"?
Thank you! I'm sorry I don't know anything about the star of Thebes...
@ChristopherNaunton I appreciate the response!! ThankYou for all the great content. Had I had a history teacher like You in school, I would have paid much more attention~
@@valethewolf49 Ha ha, thanks again!
THANK YOU
Another great presentation Dr. Naunton, thank you! Would love to know your thoughts on how/why this site remained unlooted until discovered by Montet
Thanks because I couldn't take part online .
Good morning everyone blessings 🙌 🙏 ✨️ ❤
I wish I'd known about this talk. I have to blame John Romer for my interest in this period. The thing that interests me is what did the native Egyptians think of the the "Libyan Anarchy"? Is there any record of what the Egyptians themselves thought of what was going on? This, of course, foreshadows the question of what the Egyptians thought of the Nubians that came later; were they possibly seen as "liberators"?
I think Psusennes silver coffin rivals Tutankhamun's gold one. Same goes for the gold mask, same quality, amazing.
Amenemope's mask on the other hand is not good compared to the previous two examples.
Shoshenq II's silver falcon headed coffin is very fine on the other hand.
Not sure I believe who they say made the maps, not only these but all the amazing ancient maps of all the continents. ;)
I dig me some tannis!
Amazing
I have Aidan Dodson's book about the Amarna age. Interesting!
Is it possible that power decentralised from the Pharaoh in the 20th dynasty (3rd Int period) because Rameses II had too many heirs which destabilised the country?
Interesting thought, thanks! I don't think the fact that Ramesses II had so many sons was so much the problem as various other factors including the influx of migrating 'Libyans' the worsening economic situation etc.
This is really cool
Thanks!
Watched it twice - Very interesting review; for me what is missing is a surface context, what was immediately above the tombs, before & after construction.
PS. Jerusalem is probably a geographical anachronism in this period.
Thanks! On the situation directly above NRT I at the time of the tombs' initial discovery see the description in Montet's report (on 'Osorkon'), here (p. 35 ff.): archive.org/details/Montet1947/page/n33/mode/1up There's also a chapter (ch 3) on the construction of NRT III in Montet's 'Psusennes' volume here: archive.org/details/Montet1951/page/n24/mode/1up The situation as regards Jerusalem at this point is not my strongest suit but I hope to work on this at some point!
@@ChristopherNaunton Thanks, - pushing my School boy French, might take a while to work through
The temple at Zoan was the Het Ka Ptah
The temple at Zion was the Heykal Yahweh
Ptah was the god of architects, like Hiram Abif who had built the temple (of Solomon) in the first place. Hiram Abif is, of course, the hero of Freemasonry.
See: Solomon, Pharaoh of Egypt.
R
"hero" lol there are no heroes in Freemasonry
it has being said silver was worth more than gold in ancient egypt
i am enjoying your talk very much, i would say one thing if possible you need to inprove your audio output as you sound qite low and i have to crank up the volume.
At 9:59 is the relief of a priest surrendering [ both hands above his head] with 2 children coddling his groin. Am I seeing this correct ?
No. The larger figure at left is the Chief Priest who is being rewarded before a statue of the king. The two smaller figures are not children but fellow priests, shown at smaller size to indicate their lesser importance.
@@ChristopherNaunton If you say so. Is the statue in admonishing pose?
@@bradmason4706 No, I think the statue's hand is outstretched in a gesture of greeting or perhaps the offering of the rewards. Such things usually came from the king.
@@ChristopherNaunton Half size,. those must be some very insignificant lesser priest
@@bradmason4706 This is how Egyptian art works: take a look at a scene of pharaoh in battle - e.g. here: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seev%C3%B6lker.jpg - those aren't children he's with, pharaoh (at far right) is simply more important than everyone else. The significance of the scene in my talk is that the priest is shown at equivalent size to the statue of the king illustrating a rise in importance of the priesthood vis a vis the king.
The robbing in the Valley of the Kings was to fund the tribute that the Tanis pharaohs were demanding.
The treasures ended up in the Tanite tombs.
Within biblical history, the tombs in the Valley of the Kings became known as King Solomon’s mines.
That is where his wealth came from.
R
Wow ty, i was just wondering that!
Are these from after the era of stripping and repurposing the 18th dynasty tombs and grave goods? If so, it’s interesting to think that these gold masks may be made of gold melted down from the old pharaoh’s tombs, or traded for the silver. I’m glad they still exist.
I suppose its possible that the carcophoguses were being moved from locations to locations for people to venerate them???????
❤Thank you!😊
How many pharaoh in silver age king lits plz
We speak of 'silver pharaohs' because of the - unusual - prevalence of silver in the Tanis tombs which does lend this period a particular character but there's no clearly defined 'silver age' as such. And even if you were to think of it as being the period of the 21st and 22nd Dynasties the number of kings involved would depend on whose chronology you follow! But the lists of kings' names at 1:28:25 approx will give you an idea!
If its silver, why no tarnish?
Good question and not one I know the answer to - it may be that some of the effects of tarnishing were present prior to conservation and cleaning. If not, I imagine it could be down to the precise composition of the metal and/or the atmospheric conditions. For more on the coffin and its discovery see Montet's final report, here: archive.org/details/Montet1951/page/n221/mode/thumb
@@ChristopherNaunton I wondered if some of the other silvery precious metals are alloyed in there. Platinum, rhodium, ruthenium etc. They are only quite recently separated and named. I wonder if a spectral analysis was done.
@@SuperSquark Good question, I wish I knew the answer!
LOVE YOU
The exodus shook the golden age of egypt at its peak from which it never regained its former power and glory, part of Gods plan to reveal Himself and His Law as the preeminent power in the earth
The workmen in the Valley of the Kings who went on strike, sat in the rear, of the Divine area -- inside the Sanctuary, or at the public chapel at the outside rear -- associated with AMUN...the chief local deity of the West Bank, in the Wa' at (Karnak) disctrict. Very cultural act. Very historic occurrence.
This image of Horus at the opening, is Biogeometry in the original statuary of ancient Egypt. Here is the Horus head. I measured with the BG16 pendulum that was designed by Ibrahim Karim and I get the BG3 energies over the lines on the left and over the eye. Nowhere else. Note the Seven zig-zag pattern assumed to be “feathers” leading from the left. This is what we call a carrier wave leading or drawing the energies from the back of the head to the eye. This is a Biogeometry principle. Hard to tell what the number of lines in the back of the head would have actually been. The number 7 shows up twice with the carrier wave and with its final peak rolling over and culminating by looping into seven circles instead; showing that each of these points were in fact based upon the same circular arc as well. Every arc is in fact a circle. Very cool. It would have been a very strong emitter of the BG3 energies or the center frequency that transcends the planes of nature from the physical to the spiritual. It is also made from pure silver. Clearly not meant to be decorative so much as functional having magical properties for the sending out of these energies into its environment. Not a decoration or a toy in other words. These can both be tested and measured with the tools used in Biogeometry and the same in ancient Egypt that we think of as mere pendulums or magical implements that were “superstitious” in our modern ignorance of these methods.
As the priests gain power the power seeps away from the country. It's always the same.
How does that apply to the Pontifex Maximus?
"A great abundance of material wealth"... in the hands of a few 😒
The 21st Dynasty was the Israelite United Monarchy.
Egyptian Monarchy. Biblical Monarchy.
King. Duat or Seba. Duad
Daughter Makarah MuTamhat. Makhah Tamar
General. Joab-endjed. Joab
Architect. Herum-atif. Hiram Abif
See: Solomon, Pharaoh of Egypt.
Note: Pa-Seba-Khienuit can be read as Pa-Duat-Khaeniut.
R
Sheshonq is Solomon. He just came and took his gold/treasure back from his two children who were co-regent. All of Israel never left the hands of the Egyptians. The family bloodlines with the longest in-house story wins the narrative. That and the Libyans. Lots of influences but the bible kings is Egypt-Ralph Ellis
You should find out more about DNA analysis of mummies. We have entire sequences of Neanderthal DNA and even sequenced Denisovan DNA from a little finger bone that's lain in a cave for 40,000 years. I don't think DNA quality of a well-preserved, mummified body would pose a problem. Contamination, maybe.
{:o:O:}
As there exists a hypothesis that "Solomon" was Amenhotep III, it's intriguing to speculate that the biblical tale of "Shishak" carrying off the gold of king Solomon actually referred to Shoshenq going down to Thebes and walking away with such things as the sarcophagus of Merneptah as well as precious objects connected with earlier periods. (This would have been the period when the last coffins were being put into TT320) Oral history (bearing in mind that the Old Testament wasn't written until around 500BCE) has a way of producing such distortions in narrative.
Interesting thoughts, thanks!
Amenhotep III was too early to be “Solomon”. About right for the pharaoh of the exodus (assuming it wasn’t his son Akhenaten who is documented as using forced labor for construction of his new capitol at Amarna).
BTW - Rameses III built a new city Pi-Rameses on top of the old Semitic Hyksos capitol of Avaris (hence the reference to the City of Rameses in the Old Testament). There is an indication that the Egyptians lost control of the Canaan area in the 20th dynasty after the Bronze Age collapse and after they settled the Peleset (Philistines) in Gaza.
Solomon was Thutmose III. There are so many similarities that i find it weird because its ignored by every one..
@@ashiinsane90 Solomon was at least four hundred years after Amehotep III.
The Philistines (Peleset) presence in Canaan places it after the Bronze Age Collapse of 1150BC and 957BC is the usual date for Solomons temple so this is well into the Rameses era.
The 18th Dynasty ended in 1323 with the death of Tutankhamen without an heir.
@@allangibson8494 There was no Solomon. He is a fictional character from the "Old Testament". However, many of his deeds (and certainly his empire) have clearly been lifted from those of ancient Egyptian kings. The "biblical" figures such as Moses, Joseph, David etc are most likely made up of amalgams of various figures from different periods. Solomon may well be based on more than one king but the accounts of his supposed wealth and empire point us towards a new kingdom Egyptian king and there are one or two similarities with Amenhotep III that make him a likely candidate.
There is only one SKY
All of this talk and pictures of Tanis and nothing about the Well of the Souls and the Ark of the Covenant??? Come on Man! I've seen movies, I know it's there.
1:18:00 no interpretation? Swimmers and fish? Come on.
Sorry to disappoint you but no lecture presentation could ever hope to include *everything* and at over 1.5 hours this is on the long side for such things. In this case I don't have a lot to add myself and having checked a couple of sources I can't find much more to say. There may well be more interpretation out there but I'm not aware of it thus far and as far as I can recall you're the first person who has ever asked!
Perhaps maidens disporting themselves in a lotus-filled pool for the pleasure of Pharaoh
I would wager a lot of Egyptian treasure was looted by the nazis when they were in Egypt, was hidden or lost shipping it back to der fuhrer
The only reason Nubians would have the instinctive urge to reset Lower Egypt is because Lower and upper Egypt / Nubia were kith and kin since ancient Egypt is an African civilization.
People came from the east as invaders,......not to reset Egypt.
You people are always trying to relate nubians with Egyptians. particularly in the mentioned dynasties, where it is firmly stablished that Egyptians (DNA sampling) were not subsaharian black and definitely did not mix with nubians
Thank you for your interesting lecture. I both read and write, and speak, ancient Egyptian, along with Coptic, Greek, Roman Latin, and know the Hebrew aleph-bet and a few other ancient languages of the Middle East. I always wince when I hear people speaking ancient Egyptian names for they invariably mispronounce the names because they haven't studied the etymology as I have.
I have a humourous saying that when I hear people using Greek names of Egyptian places and people, I suddenly break out in hieroglyphs.
mfer just uploaded an university lecture for free
I don't know why no one seems to use the real names of the silver pharaohs, Pasibkhanu I and II, in favor of their epithets attributed by Manetho, the Greek name Psusennes. Pasibkhanu means "the star appearing over the city". These were the lesser known pharaohs of the 21st Dynasty, native Egyptians ruling from Djann (Biblical Zoan, Greek name Tanis). They ruled from Tanis from circa 1100 B.C. to 930 B.C.
Smendes was actually named Nesubanebded, and he was the first pharaoh of the 21st Dynasty. He was followed by Pasibkhanu I, then Amenemopet, and Pasibkhanu II, and Si-Amen, last of the dynasty. The Libyan General Shashank I then conquered Egypt, and his 22nd Dynasty were all Libyans. Shashank I was the Shishak of the Bible. He conquered Jerusalem, Israel in 925 B.C. He was followed by Osorkon I, then Shashank II, and then Osorkon II.
It's not correct to say that no-one uses the original Egyptian names e.g. Nesbanebdjed and Pasebakhaenniut - I use them here myself and others e.g. Prof Aidan Dodson in his book Afterglow of Empire, do too. I think the reason 'Psusennes' is more commonly used is that that is the name that has become established in the literature and is now much better known - use the Egyptian forms and your audience is much less likely to know who you are talking about.
@@ChristopherNaunton Thank you for your reply. It seems strange to me, having studied, but there are so many who only know the Greek forms.
the interpretation would be better without mouth smaking its annoying😢
Berbers
Post
cara vcs estao acreditando msm que nefertiti foi uma farao, comecou com uma bricadeira feminista hj 5 anos depois do documentario ta ai uma mentira muitas vezes repetida vira verdade
The controls on this film are very different. They're the weirdest I've ever seen! Even nonexistent for most of the time. That's why I can't watch a show that I can't pause.
Menkaure was blatantly Olmek, taken to the region by Enki as described in the Sumerian Epics. The Egyptians are a copy cat "cuckoo" culture that did nothing but deface (quite literally taking the noses off) and obfuscate true history. There are so many inconsistencies, like the fact Kufu's name only appears as crude graffiti an a pyramid supposedly dedicated to him. The Sarcophagus is one of the most precise objects on the planet, the surface tolerance is the same as glass. The tri lobed bowl is an impeller to melt granite in crucibles. You guys are such parrots...HAMMER & CHIZEL puh-leeeeeese
It's...'HerwHerw!' A 2bL dose, of the Divine Son.
'Her-y-hor' does NOT do the correct verbage, justice.!