The sad fact is physics has us locked in an unhelpful light cone. Due to the time delay for light to cross the abyss between star systems, we're only ever able to see things as they were several thousand or million years ago. Think about how Earth was in that time frame; we'd look like an empty planet to any other extra-solar civilization, and they'd look much the same to us, presumably.
We have so much yet to discover in our own Solar System, and there is more physics (quantum gravity?) still yet to discover. We don't even fully grasp what Time and Space ARE, so I think it is a bit too soon to say we will never figure ways how to travel through them to explore as much of the universe as we have energy to explore.
A million years ago we'd look like an empty planet with a suspiciously high oxygen content and other strong biosignatures, so any alien having a good look at Earth would infer life existed here. As we would if we found an earth-like planet elsewhere. So far we haven't even found that.
@@Mark_Bridgesdinosaurs went extinct 65 Million years ago. So a Million years ago Earth would not be empty at all. This means that a hypothetical alien civilisation on a Planet 65 million light years away looking at Earth would see it as it was back when the Asteroid hit. For context, 65 Million light years is pretty damn far away. The milky way is roughly 100000 ly across, Andromeda (the closest galaxy to ours) is around 2.5 Million light years away.
@Amadeus451 you are right about the delay caused by the incredible distances in the universe, however you forget the unimaginable age of it. 13.7 Billion years to our current knowledge. A lot of theories suggest that we might be kind of late to the party, and lots of life and even civilisations that probably once existed are already extinct again. The theories are based on when after the big bang conditions in the universe were ideal for Star and Planet formation, as well as availability of heavy Element and so on. This time seems to be a few billion years in the past. If this is the case, even when looking at planets far far away with life that has perished long ago, we could still observe it. Just like in the future, Aliens might discover Earth and humanity even though we destroyed ourselves long before they even appeared.
I forget which recent video I watched (edit: it was Mark Rober's video about his Octopus Maze), but it discussed octopuses (octopi?) being the closest thing to aliens on our planet. The premise is that they broke off from the evolutionary path so long ago, that their level of intelligence and physical abilities are unique compared to all other members of the animal kingdom. To be clear, no one is saying that they are actually aliens, just that they are so incredibly different in every way.
@@kingofflames738 mushrooms are neither plants or animals but are fungi. Mushrooms are neither plants nor animals. They constitute their own kingdom: the Fungi. These include the familiar mushroom-forming species, as well as yeasts, molds, smuts, and rusts. Few of us see the entire life cycle of mushrooms, since most of it takes place underground or beneath the bark of dead or living trees.
When people tell me the universe was literally DESIGNED for life... I often remind them how hard it is to even get to our own moon. EVERYTHING wants us dead.
True. My impression after years of reading about it is that life of the Earth-like kind is very rare, maybe exceedingly rare in the universe. And that even if intelligence exists out there the bare distance will probably forever prevent any contact between us. 🤔
I would counter that by saying just on our one planet there are millions of different lifeforms . If that much life can form on just one planet surely the universe is full of life . We just aren't smart enough to find it
When i first learned that Terra used to (likely) be purple, i laughed so hard. I think it was some years ago and for some reason i couldn't help but associate it with Grimace (way before the shake craze).
Okay but why not yellow planets? Neat video but I didn't see anything that would prevent or invalidate looking for a yellow planet. I don't think you even said yellow once, man.
At the 3:30 mark he illustrates that yellow planets means high toxic gasses permeate a planet while once oxygen was introduced to earth, it went from toxic yellow to friendly environmental blue :)
We dont often talk about the effects of gravity on life. I wonder how life would have evolved here under different gravity conditions. Since we are looking for life on other planets with potentially very different gravity we should take into account how gravity affects life and evolution. Life on alien worlds could look so different that we may hardly recognise them as lifeforms.
I've wondered the same thing... For example, how strong would gravity need to be to completely rule out species that could fly? Would higher gravity make it more difficult to leave the ocean and come on land? Could deep sea creatures that live under enormous pressure here on earth give us a glimpse of what high gravity life may be like? I hope that one day we can find out.
While we don't know what organisms that evolved under different strengths of gravity would look like, we have estimations for some of the parameters. On a high gravity superearth, plants and animals would be shorter than those on Earth, and six limbs may be the common body plan rather than the four limb body plan that's standard on Earth, and those limbs might be thicker than most on Earth (think the thickness of an elephant's legs). High gravity doesn't necessarily rule out flight, in fact, a superearth atmosphere could be denser than that on Earth, thus affording extra buoyancy, there could even be creatures the size of elephants and whales capable of flight. On a planet with lower gravity than Earth, extra height may be the norm for plants and animals. The tallest trees on Earth are 116 to 120 meters tall, but lower gravity could push trees to heights of 360 m, 500 m, possibly up to a full kilometer! This extra height and slenderness would also apply to the animals on the planet. The classic Hollywood depiction of extraterrestrials as tall thin humanoids if they existed would come from a low gravity planet. It isn't known if and how a planet with much lower gravity than Earth could hold on to its magnetic field and thick atmosphere for billions of years, judging by Mars.
No. He illustrated that planets with yellow haze is a sign of a methane rich atmosphere, which is a gas that traps heat just like carbon dioxide. Earth used to have a yellow-colored atmosphere, photosynthesis replaced methane with more oxygen, removing it's yellow look
@@theriddled214 Shouldn't we still investigate planets that are methane and CO2 dense atmospheres that lie in the outer regions of the habital zone around stars that might possibly host exotic life? He didn't seem to really give a good reason.
7:55 to me that is something akin to actual magic! I've always wondered and pondered on the fact we make VitD from sunlight and thought that THAT could be straight out of a SciFi novella!
Once i learned about Bacteriophages, I couldn't help but be curious about them. Phages are the most abundant thing on earth. They are viruses that transfer info into bacteria. They look like nanotechnology. Something straight out of a sci-fi movie. It makes me wonder, what if certain things are capable of being in different places around space? If not, if they started here, could they transfer to other areas in space? Do they & other viruses play a role in life evolving and adapting?
more accurately they replicate via injection of their genome into bacterial hosts, oftentimes leading to the explosive lysis of the bacterium due to the sheer number and mass of progenies! (kind of like how some insects lay their eggs inside of other insects) the more we uncover secrets of the microbiological world (hidden in plain sight!), the more astounded we become from the seemingly invisible alien world that has been among us since before the birth of civilization! as you mentioned, with their sheer biomass you could even say we live among THEM!! 😅
also it is very reasonable to expect earth's long-standing extremophile organisms to survive on other planets, if not thrive even. we've seen how tardigrades survive exposure to vacuum and outerspace radiation! i have no doubt they'd be able to survive at the very least on a few planets
How would something from here 'transfer' to elsewhere, ie. get out of Earth's deep gravity well? I know rocks can do that after a large meteor strike, but it seems impossible for living things to survive the meteor impact from a close enough distance to be thrown into space. Maybe it is possible in some way, but it seems improbable.
@@Mark_Bridges a full answer to that question involves maybe a bit too much imagination, but there are scenarios where it is definitely possible. an easy example involves the significant amount of junk we have left in space, and while most of it is in earth's orbit, it's not unrealistic to think some mass could travel elsewhere whether through human error or natural events
@@Mark_Bridgesyou were right, and then derailed yourself by thinking too big. We're talking the micro scale here. There's no way anything bigger would be able to survive an impact capable of ripping a semisolid chunk of earth, let alone surviving interstellar space. Microbes have proven resilient enough to be ferried around the universe on pebbles. A cockroach? Definitely not. A cute lil water bear? Absolutely.
the oxygen has caught fire several times in earths history when CO2 levels were low. CO2 stops the oxygene from ignighting. low CO2 lelvs cause the planet to heat up as it blocks ouyt the harmfull radiotion from the sun while water vapour and oxygen keeps the heat in. So CO2 helps cool the planet down by countering the Oxygene and water vapour. During ice ages Oxygen levels have been low and CO2 was higher. Total opposite to what they tell us is causing global warming. early in the industrial revolution there was high levels of CO2 being pumped out and we had a mini ice age. adding in Krakatoa erupting it put the earth into a nuclear winter that lasted 5 years. That was cause of the ash cloud and CO2 being pumped out being added to what factories were pumping out. Science tends to ignore history if it doesnt fit with their money making scams like putting tax on carbon emissions and bvlame it for global warming. but tsincve they started cutting O2 emmisions the planet is gettig n hotter not cooler.
The problem with halophilic archaea is that independent of their astonishing ability to survive under extreme conditions like space, they need a warm liquid brine pool (~35°C), usually on the 4°C cold seafloor, to thrive on chemosynthesis (hydrogen sulfide, methane). Higher eukaryotes like deep sea molluscs live in symbiosis with the halophilic archaea exclusively on the border of the brine pool whose alkaline water is deadly for any aerobic lifeform.
I think about stuff like that on a regular basis. Also it would be great if we were able to transfer our consciousness in my lifetime lol live on as robots
If you're not, you'll get the same effect for free! I asked my dad on his death bed what he'll do when he dies, and he replied he'll be _"skipping through the stars forever"_ ... I've since absolutely loved the idea 🌟
Do you have other favorites or need/want any suggestions? There's lots of great stuff like this with proper information and all! I always try to watch a bunch of different viewpoints and/or just ways of describing the particular phenomena just because I may love one and yet another says it a different way and then it'll go "click"! Oh, now it makes sense!! Have a great evening!
@@dl200010 Anton Petrov, Dr. Becky, Fermilab, Launchpad Astronomy, Event Horizon, John Michael Godier, Smarter Everyday (and the 2nd channel for longer versions), and others I'll try to add in a bit when I double check all of them or I should have my subscriptions public if you want to just scroll through those. Have a wonderful evening!
Oh I can't believe I overlooked this video! I know it'll be interesting and properly informative. I'm glad this channel hasn't gone through the crazy changes like some other channels I USED to love watching.
If I was an intergalactic alien tasked with looking for signs of life? I'd go right to the heart: Sag A* is visible from most points in the Milky Way Galaxy in some way or another, so it seems like a natural rallying point or hub, at least a few light years out.
No way. I agree that SagA is the LEAST likely place to look for life - even the most extreme of the extremophiles. Not only the insane radiation, but consider the orbital velocities, the crazy spin of so many massive stars, the gravitational effects of all this, the magnetic mash-up that’s got to be going on, add a super-massive black hole - and I am positive SO much more…utter CHAOS. I’m going to continue to leave these decisions to the absolutely brilliant minds who are thinking about this stuff probably pretty much constantly. I trust their work - the “process”, and I am truly grateful for them.
Really interesting topic and beautiful ilustrations Astrum, thank you Alex! Our life here on planet Earth probably originated somewhere else in space. Today we know that the fundamental building blocks of life arrived in the inner circle of the solar system about four billion years ago via comets and asteroids. Then they settled on Mars, Venus and Ceres - conditions on Earth weren't exactly the best due to the geological activity and toxic environment. Mars in particular was a paradise for emerging life and even today we can still find a few mysterious traces on the surface of our red neighboring planet...
We know no such things, your post was all conjecture. Except your compliments to Alex on the video, I agreed with those, the rest was just misinformation.
One (possibly critical) question that always bothers me, but I've never heard answered: "did the extremophile life forms we find on Earth evolve in those extreme environments - or did they evolve in a much more benign environment and then adapt to survive in more difficult situations?" The answer to this question has a massive impact on where we look for signs of life, because, if these life forms evolved in a benign environment and then mutated, it reduces the places we need to look greatly - to just one, rather narrow, range of possibles. Personally, I think the uniqueness of Earth (especially having such a large satellite) so unlikely to have occurred more than once, that, even given the almost infinite scale of the universe, it seems likely that life has probably only evolved a very few times, possibly only once. If you factor in the huge distances between us and the observable stars, with 'distance' = 'time', and reduce the visible universe down to the tiny part that is actually close enough to us to be considered 'real' (ie that it has a reasonable chance to still exist, and be roughly in the state that we observe), this seriously increases the likelihood of Earth's uniqueness, and therefore the chance of life evolving elsewhere, to practically zero.
Life elsewhere, one of 'our' greatest unanswered questions. I tend to think the uniqueness of Earth, as you put it, is offset by the likely trillions of planets in the habitable zone of their star. With that many planets there has to be some that are similar to Earth, therefore surely some of them evolved life of some kind. In reality, even if we discover strong biosignatures, we're unlikely to encounter intelligent scientific life advanced enough to talk to us. If it existed we likely would have seen its radio emissions already (yes, there are a lot of assumptions in that sentence). I think we have to reluctantly accept the universe is a fairly lonely place.
@@Mark_Bridges If what you say is true then Humanity is extremely strange... I like to believe there is a lot of life out there both intelligent and not, I also believe we can't find any because we're looking in all the wrong places. Saw a video about an astronomer answering questions, she said we just started looking it's to early to jump to conclusions to say we're really alone.
Great video!! I can't help but giggle about the idea of purple planets though, my silly side just had to ask me: "So are there purple people eaters?" These are really fascinating possibilities. The Nautilus and HabEx are both super exciting too, and I also hope they get approval. We've been wanting - NEEDING - to get some kind of array in place that lets us have an effective "mirror" bigger than the Earth itself, for decades. I'm interested to hear more about Nautilus in particular, I'd imagine that they're going to need some very clever ideas to handle energy needs - an array like that probably wants adjustment to maintain position FAR more frequently than Hubble or Webb. Ion engines might get them into place, but I don't think those are so good for fine adjustment, correct? So there would need to be rocket thrusters of some sort? Which then implies the need for a mass of fuel, and the further problem of running OUT of fuel at some future point. But I wonder if we finally have something other than rockets for that task (that is also cost effective and sturdy). So much to be excited about!
Good to know I'm not the only one who took one look at that last proposed satellite CG image, and thought "That one is called the 'Sunflower' for sure." I love the look of that one, and aside from Nautilus (which looks too demanding on energy reserves for their needed coordination precision without some sort of posable magnetic frame) I really would love to see these all approved, too.
I’ve honestly wondered if life on planets is rare enough that we are hundreds of millions of years after the last sentient species or even just complex life evolved on a distant planet and hundreds of millions of years still until the next.
Yes exactly that... Is actually going on. But there may be 10 000 stars between us and the next life form that walks around and runs its own space program. Life existed on this planet for some 3 billion years before life on this planet started to talk and buy phones. The entire universe is "only" 4 times older than that.
I'm convinced sentient life exists out there, it's just rare enough that the scale of the universe makes it practically impossible for us to ever encounter it. Along with the fact that humanity as we know it has only been around for a couple hundred thousand years and there seems to be some kind of mass extinction event every couple hundred million years. It's possible that we've barely missed contact because they've just been wiped out, or we will barely miss them because we'll be wiped just before they make contact.
@@shifusensei6442 Yes humanity as we know it, has only been around for a very, very short time. And there may be 10 000 stars between us and the next life that walks, talks, and runs its own space program. Or 100 000 stars.
@@shifusensei6442 and even if we detect signs of other complex life or a civilization roughly as advanced as us, because of the distance and time it takes light or anything to be detected by us they could already be wiped out by something.
We are lifeforms interested in finding other lifeforms on other planets, but at the present rate of environmental destruction soon there will not be any lifeforms on earth able to study if there are any other lifeforms on other planets in the universe. - Pierrot Armanno, writer.
Does anyone have any other science channels to recommend? I love this channel and would love to watch videos of a similar quality and validity. I've been trying to find some more but there are so many AI channels in the science genre. Thank you in advance
Kurzgesagt: In a Nutshell, VSauce, Kyle Hill, CGP Grey, Minute Physics, and Minute Earth are all really good science channels that I would absolutely recommend.
There are so many variables..but also life is so adaptable. Look at Tardigrades. We just don't know enough. We can't even define where the parameters are for the possibility of life. Can Silicone lifeforms exist and what bio sign would such a thing create if any?
I have dreamed for years that someone would find life on another planet or celestial body, even if it is primitive, that would be enough to open up the whole universe.
The time delay from us viewing a star is something to consider. 4.2 ly for the star Proxima Centauri, we are viewing the star as it was 4.2 years ago. The further out we see the greater the time difference. If we could detect a planet with possible life it could already be long gone by the time we are able to receive the light. It's not a question of if life existed, but when life stopped existing on a world. There are possibly many planets out there with life on them, but by the time we are able to detect them the life could have perished long ago.
I wonder if some day we could see what is floating around distance planets. We humans have put a lot of space junk into space and it now orbits the Earth, that should reflect/block some star light, I would think? And we also need to find a way to clean up that space junk as well.....
Probably not unless they had extreme Kessler syndrome or deliberately built a space signal mirror to get our attention. We barely get atmosphere info and that is from a solid ring around the planet.
Earth has had multicellular life for millions of years. We can't investigate planets millions of light years away, so realistically we're seeing planets as they were only a very short time ago compared to the age of the universe. Having said that, Earth's history indicates a planet spends much more time with primitive life than with advanced life, so that makes you right anyway.
And let's not forget about a chloroform precursor called retinol. It's also purple. It's organically a very simple chemical, and thus might be very common in extraterrestrial life.
I remember over 50 years ago the scientists used all say we need a planet with oxygen, water and a similar climate to Earth. Not anymore, I’m sure many scientists realise that life will exist in some very extraordinary environments.
Well, it probably needs conditions similar to early Earth in certain ways to evolve in the very beginning (namely that primordial soup stuff), but once it gets a foothold things on its planet can probably change quite a bit for the worse and it will be able to adapt and survive. As for non carbon based life... well, it's unlikely to evolve to a level of advancement as carbon based life if it is even possible to begin with due to the complex chemistry business, which can be boiled down to "silicon is just not very good for chemical reactions". That said, would be very cool to find.
My personal theory is that you have one life bearing planet per spiral galaxy. Everything from a supermassive black hole to sufficient phosphorus is required. There is a reason for our existence. We are not the result of random chance. Probability analysis of the necessary chemical reactions is shocking. One in 4.5 x 10^300 or once every 13 billion years chance of a ribosome occuring. To the 4100 power if you want a cell spontaneously forming. This assumes all amino acids, chemicals, and necessary conditions are evenly distributed throughout the universe. Theres no cheating and no getting around these facts.
@@neznamtija8081 have a degree in Electronics, another in Electronics, and almost a dozen certificates in Radiation Safety, Nursing, etc. Ive worked in IT, acoustics, manufacturing, engineering, customer service, satellite TV, aerospace, and medical. Currently I build laser spectroscopy instruments. I'm old. I know things.
@@neznamtija8081 2nd attempt to respond damned 😶moderation😬 My father was an aerospace engineer and my mother was a professor of Geology. I have a degree in Electronics, another in Computers, and various certificates. I've worked in manufacturing, engineering, acoustics, aerospace, satellite, nuclear, and medical. I currently build laser spectroscopy instruments.
The universe has only given us humans one planet to survive on and when we destroy it that’s it! Yes I do believe and agree that there is other planets that exist for life but it’s not our planets it belongs to other life forms!
If we start finding purple worlds with basic forms of life, I think we should call them Noble Worlds. Borrowing a bit from our old symbolism of exepsive purple dyes.
I would like to know how the Earth had water oceans on it with no oxygen in the atmosphere, back then? As the water evaporates it would break down into its individual components, right? So, the atmosphere would have some oxygen in it?
I think it's smart to use our planet as a way to find CARBON based life, where as finding any life would be kind of challenging since life could form in almost any planet with an atmosphere and a magnetic field.
Are extremophiles really the things we should be studying as an example for what life could be like on exoplanets? I feel like extremophiles exist on earth because earth is otherwise an extremely welcome place for life. This allows for extremophiles to slowly encroach and evolve to fit their extreme environments. But for all the reasons that extreme environments are extreme, so are the reasons that those environments probably wouldn't give rise to life.
Considering how quickly life on Earth formed, how hardy said life was and how many worlds there are out there with conditions roughly in the range that the most resilient extremeness on Earth can handle, it would be REALLY strange for us to NOT find microbial life everywhere in the galaxy. Complex, or even intelligent life though might be a lot less common because of the series of events that need to occur and the amount of time with stable conditions required. Earth had simple microbial life pretty much since the frist solidified, but as far as we can tell multicellular life only came about around 600 million years ago (out of over 4 billion years), and intelligent life (humans) only came on the scene a few tens of thousands of years ago. We've only been blasting radio transmissions into space for about a hundred years. So if I had to put money on it, I'd say we have a good chance of finding microbial alien life within the next twenty years, maybe sooner. Finding technologically advanced life is probably going to take a loooot longer.
What puzzles me is this. Earth life evolved to fit in with the conditions here on earth. Those conditions were not designed for us to live in, but evolved, and life was a part of that process. Why then do we continually look for life that is fundamentally like ours, in an ‘off earth’ environment that is totally alien to us. Shouldn’t we be thinking in terms of ‘off earth’ life having evolved to exist in off earth conditions. But we continually look for planets that have the ‘building blocks’ of life. Our life! Which can’t exist off earth. If aliens do exist, won’t they have evolved to fit in with the reality of space, and so be TOTALLY different from our earth form of life? So different that we wouldn’t recognise it as life even if we saw it?
The comment section taught me just as much as the video did, yall are smart af
The sad fact is physics has us locked in an unhelpful light cone. Due to the time delay for light to cross the abyss between star systems, we're only ever able to see things as they were several thousand or million years ago. Think about how Earth was in that time frame; we'd look like an empty planet to any other extra-solar civilization, and they'd look much the same to us, presumably.
We have so much yet to discover in our own Solar System, and there is more physics (quantum gravity?) still yet to discover. We don't even fully grasp what Time and Space ARE, so I think it is a bit too soon to say we will never figure ways how to travel through them to explore as much of the universe as we have energy to explore.
A million years ago we'd look like an empty planet with a suspiciously high oxygen content and other strong biosignatures, so any alien having a good look at Earth would infer life existed here. As we would if we found an earth-like planet elsewhere. So far we haven't even found that.
Earth has been teeming with life for hundreds of millions of years…
@@Mark_Bridgesdinosaurs went extinct 65 Million years ago. So a Million years ago Earth would not be empty at all.
This means that a hypothetical alien civilisation on a Planet 65 million light years away looking at Earth would see it as it was back when the Asteroid hit. For context, 65 Million light years is pretty damn far away. The milky way is roughly 100000 ly across, Andromeda (the closest galaxy to ours) is around 2.5 Million light years away.
@Amadeus451 you are right about the delay caused by the incredible distances in the universe, however you forget the unimaginable age of it. 13.7 Billion years to our current knowledge. A lot of theories suggest that we might be kind of late to the party, and lots of life and even civilisations that probably once existed are already extinct again. The theories are based on when after the big bang conditions in the universe were ideal for Star and Planet formation, as well as availability of heavy Element and so on. This time seems to be a few billion years in the past.
If this is the case, even when looking at planets far far away with life that has perished long ago, we could still observe it. Just like in the future, Aliens might discover Earth and humanity even though we destroyed ourselves long before they even appeared.
I forget which recent video I watched (edit: it was Mark Rober's video about his Octopus Maze), but it discussed octopuses (octopi?) being the closest thing to aliens on our planet. The premise is that they broke off from the evolutionary path so long ago, that their level of intelligence and physical abilities are unique compared to all other members of the animal kingdom. To be clear, no one is saying that they are actually aliens, just that they are so incredibly different in every way.
octopussy
@@christoslumiere2558most intellectual youtube comment
Similar with mushrooms compared to plants since mushrooms have also split extremely early in the tree of life.
It’s octopuses , even though it sounds weird lol
@@kingofflames738 mushrooms are neither plants or animals but are fungi.
Mushrooms are neither plants nor animals. They constitute their own kingdom: the Fungi. These include the familiar mushroom-forming species, as well as yeasts, molds, smuts, and rusts. Few of us see the entire life cycle of mushrooms, since most of it takes place underground or beneath the bark of dead or living trees.
When people tell me the universe was literally DESIGNED for life... I often remind them how hard it is to even get to our own moon. EVERYTHING wants us dead.
True. My impression after years of reading about it is that life of the Earth-like kind is very rare, maybe exceedingly rare in the universe. And that even if intelligence exists out there the bare distance will probably forever prevent any contact between us. 🤔
I would counter that by saying just on our one planet there are millions of different lifeforms . If that much life can form on just one planet surely the universe is full of life . We just aren't smart enough to find it
Humans ≠ Life
Yeah, it's more that the universe is perceived because of life.
I mean duh, my car is designed for the roads, but everything could kill me when I'm driving. Everything has a cause and effect.
When i first learned that Terra used to (likely) be purple, i laughed so hard. I think it was some years ago and for some reason i couldn't help but associate it with Grimace (way before the shake craze).
Okay but why not yellow planets? Neat video but I didn't see anything that would prevent or invalidate looking for a yellow planet. I don't think you even said yellow once, man.
I also missed the mentioning of yellow planets.
At the 3:30 mark he illustrates that yellow planets means high toxic gasses permeate a planet while once oxygen was introduced to earth, it went from toxic yellow to friendly environmental blue :)
Too much methane gas
gets clik baity over time , happens to all posters as content gets sparce .
I noticed it too. Sure he said it for like ten seconds but was really hoping for the topic to be the main focus of the video.
So, I’ve always loved your videos but last month or so your videos have stepped up a new level of awesome. I’m enjoying the more detailed science! 🤗🤗
We dont often talk about the effects of gravity on life. I wonder how life would have evolved here under different gravity conditions. Since we are looking for life on other planets with potentially very different gravity we should take into account how gravity affects life and evolution. Life on alien worlds could look so different that we may hardly recognise them as lifeforms.
I've wondered the same thing... For example, how strong would gravity need to be to completely rule out species that could fly? Would higher gravity make it more difficult to leave the ocean and come on land? Could deep sea creatures that live under enormous pressure here on earth give us a glimpse of what high gravity life may be like? I hope that one day we can find out.
@@MorphSenior I think only option would be to help speed up that planet's own ecosystem, letting the creatures figure out how to deal with gravity.
never underestimate the full suit cover for the first time. and once its check out
@@MorphSenior After a certain point, animals will have to fly not using wings but using buoyancy.
While we don't know what organisms that evolved under different strengths of gravity would look like, we have estimations for some of the parameters. On a high gravity superearth, plants and animals would be shorter than those on Earth, and six limbs may be the common body plan rather than the four limb body plan that's standard on Earth, and those limbs might be thicker than most on Earth (think the thickness of an elephant's legs). High gravity doesn't necessarily rule out flight, in fact, a superearth atmosphere could be denser than that on Earth, thus affording extra buoyancy, there could even be creatures the size of elephants and whales capable of flight.
On a planet with lower gravity than Earth, extra height may be the norm for plants and animals. The tallest trees on Earth are 116 to 120 meters tall, but lower gravity could push trees to heights of 360 m, 500 m, possibly up to a full kilometer! This extra height and slenderness would also apply to the animals on the planet. The classic Hollywood depiction of extraterrestrials as tall thin humanoids if they existed would come from a low gravity planet. It isn't known if and how a planet with much lower gravity than Earth could hold on to its magnetic field and thick atmosphere for billions of years, judging by Mars.
Really enjoying the new videos, been watching since covid but there’s a clear step up with y’all’s recent uploads, well done lol
Did i miss the part where he states why scientist are not looking for yellow planets?
No. He illustrated that planets with yellow haze is a sign of a methane rich atmosphere, which is a gas that traps heat just like carbon dioxide. Earth used to have a yellow-colored atmosphere, photosynthesis replaced methane with more oxygen, removing it's yellow look
@@theriddled214 Shouldn't we still investigate planets that are methane and CO2 dense atmospheres that lie in the outer regions of the habital zone around stars that might possibly host exotic life?
He didn't seem to really give a good reason.
@@-MeatsOfEvil- was wondering the same!
That's racist!
7:55 to me that is something akin to actual magic! I've always wondered and pondered on the fact we make VitD from sunlight and thought that THAT could be straight out of a SciFi novella!
You know what else could be straight out of a sci-fi movie ⁉️ deez nutz 🗣️ cuz they're so huge (I have a tumor)
Once i learned about Bacteriophages, I couldn't help but be curious about them. Phages are the most abundant thing on earth. They are viruses that transfer info into bacteria. They look like nanotechnology. Something straight out of a sci-fi movie. It makes me wonder, what if certain things are capable of being in different places around space? If not, if they started here, could they transfer to other areas in space? Do they & other viruses play a role in life evolving and adapting?
more accurately they replicate via injection of their genome into bacterial hosts, oftentimes leading to the explosive lysis of the bacterium due to the sheer number and mass of progenies! (kind of like how some insects lay their eggs inside of other insects) the more we uncover secrets of the microbiological world (hidden in plain sight!), the more astounded we become from the seemingly invisible alien world that has been among us since before the birth of civilization! as you mentioned, with their sheer biomass you could even say we live among THEM!! 😅
also it is very reasonable to expect earth's long-standing extremophile organisms to survive on other planets, if not thrive even. we've seen how tardigrades survive exposure to vacuum and outerspace radiation! i have no doubt they'd be able to survive at the very least on a few planets
How would something from here 'transfer' to elsewhere, ie. get out of Earth's deep gravity well? I know rocks can do that after a large meteor strike, but it seems impossible for living things to survive the meteor impact from a close enough distance to be thrown into space. Maybe it is possible in some way, but it seems improbable.
@@Mark_Bridges a full answer to that question involves maybe a bit too much imagination, but there are scenarios where it is definitely possible. an easy example involves the significant amount of junk we have left in space, and while most of it is in earth's orbit, it's not unrealistic to think some mass could travel elsewhere whether through human error or natural events
@@Mark_Bridgesyou were right, and then derailed yourself by thinking too big. We're talking the micro scale here. There's no way anything bigger would be able to survive an impact capable of ripping a semisolid chunk of earth, let alone surviving interstellar space. Microbes have proven resilient enough to be ferried around the universe on pebbles. A cockroach? Definitely not. A cute lil water bear? Absolutely.
Thanks so much for creating and sharing this informative video. Great job. Keep it up.
Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the Universe or we are not. Both are equally terrifying.” - Arthur C Clerk.
"Clarke" with an 'e'.....
@@k.scheer5to1 it has been fixed
I wonder at what point the balance of methane and oxygen in the earths atmosphere was just right to light the entire atmosphere on fire
The most exciting part about space travel is having the ability to turn whole worlds into giant fireworks.
Idk if it would’ve ever been THAT much, just enough to make any spark cause huge explosions
the oxygen has caught fire several times in earths history when CO2 levels were low.
CO2 stops the oxygene from ignighting.
low CO2 lelvs cause the planet to heat up as it blocks ouyt the harmfull radiotion from the sun while water vapour and oxygen keeps the heat in. So CO2 helps cool the planet down by countering the Oxygene and water vapour.
During ice ages Oxygen levels have been low and CO2 was higher.
Total opposite to what they tell us is causing global warming.
early in the industrial revolution there was high levels of CO2 being pumped out and we had a mini ice age. adding in Krakatoa erupting it put the earth into a nuclear winter that lasted 5 years. That was cause of the ash cloud and CO2 being pumped out being added to what factories were pumping out.
Science tends to ignore history if it doesnt fit with their money making scams like putting tax on carbon emissions and bvlame it for global warming. but tsincve they started cutting O2 emmisions the planet is gettig n hotter not cooler.
The problem with halophilic archaea is that independent of their astonishing ability to survive under extreme conditions like space, they need a warm liquid brine pool (~35°C), usually on the 4°C cold seafloor, to thrive on chemosynthesis (hydrogen sulfide, methane). Higher eukaryotes like deep sea molluscs live in symbiosis with the halophilic archaea exclusively on the border of the brine pool whose alkaline water is deadly for any aerobic lifeform.
I wonder if I would still be alive when space tourism is as accessible as owning a car.
I think about stuff like that on a regular basis. Also it would be great if we were able to transfer our consciousness in my lifetime lol live on as robots
@spencerwiltse2855 how about growing a new vessel and transferring consciousness to that
If you're not, you'll get the same effect for free! I asked my dad on his death bed what he'll do when he dies, and he replied he'll be _"skipping through the stars forever"_ ... I've since absolutely loved the idea 🌟
Maybe it is? Just not for us.
No. Not unless aliens land and give us secrets.
Astrum has quickly become one of my favorite channels! I love science!
Do you have other favorites or need/want any suggestions? There's lots of great stuff like this with proper information and all! I always try to watch a bunch of different viewpoints and/or just ways of describing the particular phenomena just because I may love one and yet another says it a different way and then it'll go "click"! Oh, now it makes sense!! Have a great evening!
@@dancingwiththedogsdj If you wish to suggest, then I will listen. I follow many science and engineering channels.
@@dl200010 Anton Petrov, Dr. Becky, Fermilab, Launchpad Astronomy, Event Horizon, John Michael Godier, Smarter Everyday (and the 2nd channel for longer versions), and others I'll try to add in a bit when I double check all of them or I should have my subscriptions public if you want to just scroll through those. Have a wonderful evening!
Oh I can't believe I overlooked this video! I know it'll be interesting and properly informative. I'm glad this channel hasn't gone through the crazy changes like some other channels I USED to love watching.
I hope HabEx gets approved. Would be cool to have a giant sunflower in the sky.
If I was an intergalactic alien tasked with looking for signs of life? I'd go right to the heart: Sag A* is visible from most points in the Milky Way Galaxy in some way or another, so it seems like a natural rallying point or hub, at least a few light years out.
I've been to sag a. Incredibly barren just a bunch of very dangerous blackholes.
@@josephmatthews7698Yeah but the food was alright, and the music not to terrible.
The galactic core is an irradiated wasteland. It’s the least likely place for life in the galaxy.
@@TheJeremyKentBGrossAnd don't get me started on travel prices.😅
No way. I agree that SagA is the LEAST likely place to look for life - even the most extreme of the extremophiles. Not only the insane radiation, but consider the orbital velocities, the crazy spin of so many massive stars, the gravitational effects of all this, the magnetic mash-up that’s got to be going on, add a super-massive black hole - and I am positive SO much more…utter CHAOS.
I’m going to continue to leave these decisions to the absolutely brilliant minds who are thinking about this stuff probably pretty much constantly. I trust their work - the “process”, and I am truly grateful for them.
I couldn't resist . At 01:20 "Is There Anybody Out There". Pink, maybe? ;-)
Maybe, just maybe, Floyd wasn't well, he stayed back at the hotel... :-)
Really interesting topic and beautiful ilustrations Astrum, thank you Alex!
Our life here on planet Earth probably originated somewhere else in space.
Today we know that the fundamental building blocks of life arrived in the inner circle of the solar system about four billion years ago via comets and asteroids.
Then they settled on Mars, Venus and Ceres - conditions on Earth weren't exactly the best due to the geological activity and toxic environment.
Mars in particular was a paradise for emerging life and even today we can still find a few mysterious traces on the surface of our red neighboring planet...
We know no such things, your post was all conjecture. Except your compliments to Alex on the video, I agreed with those, the rest was just misinformation.
Astrum you should do a video on abiogensis, like the RNA world hypothese or the panspermia hypothesis
❤❤❤ thanks for your wonderful insights and soothing voice
That sponsor eight sleep sounds amazing, I'm always too hot or too cold at night. Wishing you all a cool pillow tonight 😊
My daughter is six and when she overheard me starting this video she told me she loved this channel ☺️ what's not to love?
One (possibly critical) question that always bothers me, but I've never heard answered: "did the extremophile life forms we find on Earth evolve in those extreme environments - or did they evolve in a much more benign environment and then adapt to survive in more difficult situations?" The answer to this question has a massive impact on where we look for signs of life, because, if these life forms evolved in a benign environment and then mutated, it reduces the places we need to look greatly - to just one, rather narrow, range of possibles.
Personally, I think the uniqueness of Earth (especially having such a large satellite) so unlikely to have occurred more than once, that, even given the almost infinite scale of the universe, it seems likely that life has probably only evolved a very few times, possibly only once. If you factor in the huge distances between us and the observable stars, with 'distance' = 'time', and reduce the visible universe down to the tiny part that is actually close enough to us to be considered 'real' (ie that it has a reasonable chance to still exist, and be roughly in the state that we observe), this seriously increases the likelihood of Earth's uniqueness, and therefore the chance of life evolving elsewhere, to practically zero.
Life elsewhere, one of 'our' greatest unanswered questions. I tend to think the uniqueness of Earth, as you put it, is offset by the likely trillions of planets in the habitable zone of their star. With that many planets there has to be some that are similar to Earth, therefore surely some of them evolved life of some kind.
In reality, even if we discover strong biosignatures, we're unlikely to encounter intelligent scientific life advanced enough to talk to us. If it existed we likely would have seen its radio emissions already (yes, there are a lot of assumptions in that sentence). I think we have to reluctantly accept the universe is a fairly lonely place.
@@Mark_Bridges If what you say is true then Humanity is extremely strange...
I like to believe there is a lot of life out there both intelligent and not, I also believe we can't find any because we're looking in all the wrong places. Saw a video about an astronomer answering questions, she said we just started looking it's to early to jump to conclusions to say we're really alone.
Right in time for my bed time
Great video!!
I can't help but giggle about the idea of purple planets though, my silly side just had to ask me: "So are there purple people eaters?"
These are really fascinating possibilities. The Nautilus and HabEx are both super exciting too, and I also hope they get approval. We've been wanting - NEEDING - to get some kind of array in place that lets us have an effective "mirror" bigger than the Earth itself, for decades. I'm interested to hear more about Nautilus in particular, I'd imagine that they're going to need some very clever ideas to handle energy needs - an array like that probably wants adjustment to maintain position FAR more frequently than Hubble or Webb. Ion engines might get them into place, but I don't think those are so good for fine adjustment, correct? So there would need to be rocket thrusters of some sort? Which then implies the need for a mass of fuel, and the further problem of running OUT of fuel at some future point. But I wonder if we finally have something other than rockets for that task (that is also cost effective and sturdy). So much to be excited about!
Absolutely brilliant stuff. There is so much to learn.
Good to know I'm not the only one who took one look at that last proposed satellite CG image, and thought "That one is called the 'Sunflower' for sure." I love the look of that one, and aside from Nautilus (which looks too demanding on energy reserves for their needed coordination precision without some sort of posable magnetic frame) I really would love to see these all approved, too.
When you said "home" at 3:27, the hairs on the back of my neck stood on end. 😨 (👽?)
remember the earth wasn't green before, it was purple
Yet another superb video
I’ve honestly wondered if life on planets is rare enough that we are hundreds of millions of years after the last sentient species or even just complex life evolved on a distant planet and hundreds of millions of years still until the next.
Yes exactly that... Is actually going on. But there may be 10 000 stars between us and the next life form that walks around and runs its own space program.
Life existed on this planet for some 3 billion years before life on this planet started to talk and buy phones. The entire universe is "only" 4 times older than that.
I'm convinced sentient life exists out there, it's just rare enough that the scale of the universe makes it practically impossible for us to ever encounter it.
Along with the fact that humanity as we know it has only been around for a couple hundred thousand years and there seems to be some kind of mass extinction event every couple hundred million years.
It's possible that we've barely missed contact because they've just been wiped out, or we will barely miss them because we'll be wiped just before they make contact.
@@shifusensei6442
Yes humanity as we know it, has only been around for a very, very short time. And there may be 10 000 stars between us and the next life that walks, talks, and runs its own space program. Or 100 000 stars.
@@shifusensei6442 and even if we detect signs of other complex life or a civilization roughly as advanced as us, because of the distance and time it takes light or anything to be detected by us they could already be wiped out by something.
Prince would have loved this Purple Rain 🌂 🌧 💜 ☂️ ☔️ of Purple exo-Planets! 🎉 🎤 🎸
"Because they are prettier! 🌎💜✨"
Should be enough of a reason.
We are lifeforms interested in finding other lifeforms on other planets, but at the present rate of environmental destruction soon there will not be any lifeforms on earth able to study if there are any other lifeforms on other planets in the universe. - Pierrot Armanno, writer.
Best space channel on youtube!
Ah, young Padawan...
@@F_L_U_Xwhat is padawan
Does anyone have any other science channels to recommend? I love this channel and would love to watch videos of a similar quality and validity. I've been trying to find some more but there are so many AI channels in the science genre.
Thank you in advance
Look up Anton, he does plenty of interesting space vids, same with Sabine
@@seek.l2215 Thank you very much. I'll check them out
Kurzgesagt: In a Nutshell, VSauce, Kyle Hill, CGP Grey, Minute Physics, and Minute Earth are all really good science channels that I would absolutely recommend.
@@Ceres_5 Thank you for the recommendations.
Sci show, PBS
Please could you do a video on radiosynthesis and the possibility of life utilising this outside of earth.
Your video's are amazing, thank you.
Life is everywhere, in extreme environments too.
7:30 - 9:30 This puts Purple Rain into a whole new perspective O.o
I LOVE LEAN!!!!!!!! 💜💜💜💜💜💜💜💜💜
Purple Earth is a great band name...
There are so many variables..but also life is so adaptable. Look at Tardigrades. We just don't know enough. We can't even define where the parameters are for the possibility of life. Can Silicone lifeforms exist and what bio sign would such a thing create if any?
You cannot form long chains from silicon, so no.
5:29 great addition lol
i am intrigued by what a company selling heated mattress toppers can offer to a video about exoplanets? do you suspect these planets may use them?
I have dreamed for years that someone would find life on another planet or celestial body, even if it is primitive, that would be enough to open up the whole universe.
The time delay from us viewing a star is something to consider. 4.2 ly for the star Proxima Centauri, we are viewing the star as it was 4.2 years ago. The further out we see the greater the time difference. If we could detect a planet with possible life it could already be long gone by the time we are able to receive the light. It's not a question of if life existed, but when life stopped existing on a world. There are possibly many planets out there with life on them, but by the time we are able to detect them the life could have perished long ago.
Purple happens to be my favorite color
This video came after my birthday. January 15 2001.
_“How rare and beautiful it truly is that we exist.”_
_- Sleeping at Last (Saturn)_
Amazing video, as always, complete and clear. Great channel!
Curioius about the "industrial" complex-compounds supposedly found.
Have they been verified and what are your thoughts. Thanks!
“The entire fleet was swallowed by a small dog”
Thank you, Alex! 🦠
I wonder if some day we could see what is floating around distance planets. We humans have put a lot of space junk into space and it now orbits the Earth, that should reflect/block some star light, I would think? And we also need to find a way to clean up that space junk as well.....
Probably not unless they had extreme Kessler syndrome or deliberately built a space signal mirror to get our attention. We barely get atmosphere info and that is from a solid ring around the planet.
Because they have touristic value; I'd totally go live on one.
Amazing content 👌
Whoa! I have 8 sleep pod. Highly recommend!!!!!!!!
Surely being many light years away from these planets you look for a planet with more primitive like atmosphere?
Earth has had multicellular life for millions of years. We can't investigate planets millions of light years away, so realistically we're seeing planets as they were only a very short time ago compared to the age of the universe. Having said that, Earth's history indicates a planet spends much more time with primitive life than with advanced life, so that makes you right anyway.
And let's not forget about a chloroform precursor called retinol.
It's also purple. It's organically a very simple chemical, and thus might be very common in extraterrestrial life.
With hundreds of billions of galaxies, common sense would say other life does exist.
Somewhere Out There 🌌
Way Too Far Away‼️‼️‼️
It’s extremely unlikely
@@cptrelentless80085 Extremely unlikely per planet. But as OP says, there are plenty of planets so I'm more optimistic. Sadly we'll never really know.
I remember over 50 years ago the scientists used all say we need a planet with oxygen, water and a similar climate to Earth. Not anymore, I’m sure many scientists realise that life will exist in some very extraordinary environments.
Well, it probably needs conditions similar to early Earth in certain ways to evolve in the very beginning (namely that primordial soup stuff), but once it gets a foothold things on its planet can probably change quite a bit for the worse and it will be able to adapt and survive. As for non carbon based life... well, it's unlikely to evolve to a level of advancement as carbon based life if it is even possible to begin with due to the complex chemistry business, which can be boiled down to "silicon is just not very good for chemical reactions". That said, would be very cool to find.
Super explanation.
One word of caution - extremophiles on earth have *adapted* to those conditions. It doesn’t follow that life could *arise* in those conditions.
My personal theory is that you have one life bearing planet per spiral galaxy. Everything from a supermassive black hole to sufficient phosphorus is required. There is a reason for our existence. We are not the result of random chance. Probability analysis of the necessary chemical reactions is shocking. One in 4.5 x 10^300 or once every 13 billion years chance of a ribosome occuring. To the 4100 power if you want a cell spontaneously forming. This assumes all amino acids, chemicals, and necessary conditions are evenly distributed throughout the universe. Theres no cheating and no getting around these facts.
R u a scientist or what?! I mean u have ur own personal theory…
@@neznamtija8081 have a degree in Electronics, another in Electronics, and almost a dozen certificates in Radiation Safety, Nursing, etc. Ive worked in IT, acoustics, manufacturing, engineering, customer service, satellite TV, aerospace, and medical. Currently I build laser spectroscopy instruments. I'm old. I know things.
@@neznamtija8081 2nd attempt to respond damned 😶moderation😬
My father was an aerospace engineer and my mother was a professor of Geology. I have a degree in Electronics, another in Computers, and various certificates. I've worked in manufacturing, engineering, acoustics, aerospace, satellite, nuclear, and medical. I currently build laser spectroscopy instruments.
Could you please make longer videos. It's just not enough time for me to fall asleep. I'm just watching the damn thing.
EXPOSE-R is kind of a funny name for an experiment apparatus. I hope the bacteria gave consent 😂
Space pioneering is the future!
That cover for your sponsor seemed really nice until I saw that it cost more than most cars I've bought in my life.
The universe has only given us humans one planet to survive on and when we destroy it that’s it! Yes I do believe and agree that there is other planets that exist for life but it’s not our planets it belongs to other life forms!
If we start finding purple worlds with basic forms of life, I think we should call them Noble Worlds. Borrowing a bit from our old symbolism of exepsive purple dyes.
In NMS we call those planets "Dissonant" 😏
Hope to see you out in the black commander o7 lol
Prince would be thrilled.
Shoutout David Talbot
Is “seeding” Mars with life viable in the far future?
I would be excited too if I got to try a 3.5k mattress cover. I'd love to know how it does in summer and does it have °C or just imperial units?
should look into the Purple Dawn of creation theory
Same reason why you don't want to jump into a yellow pool or jacuzzi ...
I read the title as "Astrologists..." the first pass and though this channel had taken a very weird turn.
I would like to know how the Earth had water oceans on it with no oxygen in the atmosphere, back then? As the water evaporates it would break down into its individual components, right? So, the atmosphere would have some oxygen in it?
When water evaporates it’s still water but in a vapor form aka steam
And as that rises in the atmosphere it will encounter cosmic particles that will breck them down, yes?@@peeperleviathan2839
I don’t have a light in my bathroom to avoid all that hydrogen catching fire
Guess you will need to get some bio-luminant Alge for light@@cptrelentless80085
Water in gas form is still h2O. I'm sure there was always SOME oxygen before the great oxidation, just not nearly as much.
I think it's smart to use our planet as a way to find CARBON based life, where as finding any life would be kind of challenging since life could form in almost any planet with an atmosphere and a magnetic field.
Yeah, we can only look for what we know. Carbon based life could be less than 1% of all life for all we know
If KSP has taught me anything, purple planets are the scariest
eve moment
MAKE LONGER VIDEOS!!!
At the point where I’m excited for new uploads - Probably watched the last 3 hour video 2 dozen times+ now (always dozing off, perfect sleep vid)
Are extremophiles really the things we should be studying as an example for what life could be like on exoplanets? I feel like extremophiles exist on earth because earth is otherwise an extremely welcome place for life. This allows for extremophiles to slowly encroach and evolve to fit their extreme environments.
But for all the reasons that extreme environments are extreme, so are the reasons that those environments probably wouldn't give rise to life.
“Pale Purple Dot” doesn’t have the same ring to it
Are there extremophiles on earth, that could survive venus? And if not, could we engineer them l?
I clicked cos I was honestly curious what it is about yellow planets... did I just miss the part where the video answers the question in its own title
Wait, why did you show tardigrades when talking about extremophiles? I don’t think that they are…
Considering how quickly life on Earth formed, how hardy said life was and how many worlds there are out there with conditions roughly in the range that the most resilient extremeness on Earth can handle, it would be REALLY strange for us to NOT find microbial life everywhere in the galaxy. Complex, or even intelligent life though might be a lot less common because of the series of events that need to occur and the amount of time with stable conditions required. Earth had simple microbial life pretty much since the frist solidified, but as far as we can tell multicellular life only came about around 600 million years ago (out of over 4 billion years), and intelligent life (humans) only came on the scene a few tens of thousands of years ago. We've only been blasting radio transmissions into space for about a hundred years.
So if I had to put money on it, I'd say we have a good chance of finding microbial alien life within the next twenty years, maybe sooner. Finding technologically advanced life is probably going to take a loooot longer.
Why did this title change 3 times?
Did it?!?! Chasing the algorithm probably.
Algorithm chase. It is what it is.
Planets with unicorns ! Yes please ! ❤️
What puzzles me is this. Earth life evolved to fit in with the conditions here on earth. Those conditions were not designed for us to live in, but evolved, and life was a part of that process.
Why then do we continually look for life that is fundamentally like ours, in an ‘off earth’ environment that is totally alien to us.
Shouldn’t we be thinking in terms of ‘off earth’ life having evolved to exist in off earth conditions. But we continually look for planets that have the ‘building blocks’ of life. Our life! Which can’t exist off earth.
If aliens do exist, won’t they have evolved to fit in with the reality of space, and so be TOTALLY different from our earth form of life? So different that we wouldn’t recognise it as life even if we saw it?
"Look at how much more water Mars, Encelidus, Triton, etc, etc has than Earth."
Poor Earth. Always getting water shamed. 😢
I love how you say purple
EVE HAS LIFE WE WANT TO BELIEVE