And I do like that he talked about the Q factor. People often gets the notion that Alpha radiation is next to harmless as even paper can stop that type of radiation. But the reality is that this type of radiation is the one you should be the most careful about. Radon is so scary because it is a Alpha emitting gas. (Beyond the fact that the decay chain can also produce some nasty elements)
Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. (More spatial curvature). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are actually a part of the quarks. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" make sense based on this concept. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons. Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons. Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves.
They use the same radiation poreoof materisl they used when they landed mens on th emoons. Cotton with a light coatings o flkean and irons-copper malloys. Thanslkm Yous!
I' ve looked into lots of videos about radiation but this video is the most informative and easiest to understand so far. Thank you so much for your great efforts.
I LOVE this man. His sense of humour and mannerisms crack me up every.single.time. Great videos with superb to-the-point presentation. You have become my favourite Physics channel!
In the Nuclear Navy we had a saying, "You have 4 cookies. One cookie is made of alpha particles. A second is made of beta particles. A third is made of gamma rays. And the forth is made of neutrons. Which cookie do you eat? Which cookie do you hold in your hand? Which cookie do you put in your pocket? And which cookie do you throw away?" This was test knowledge of dangers of the various types of ionizing radiation. The answer is, "You hold the alpha cookie in your hand, the dead skin cells will stop the radiation. You put the beta cookie in your pocket, your clothes will stop the radiation. You eat the gamma cookie, the extreme majority of it will fly away before it can interact with the cells of your body. And finally, you throw away the neutron cookie, they have enough energy to penetrate into your body and cause harm simply by slamming the atoms in your cells."
Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. (More spatial curvature). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are actually a part of the quarks. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" make sense based on this concept. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons. Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons. Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves.
Excellent presentation, thank you to Dr. Lincoln and the Fermi Labs for producing these videos - these are great refreshers for older engineers like me. Peace be with you, Ciao, L (FoMoCo Engineering)
Thank you, doctor. I’m taking a hazmat class right now and we’re on radiation. I found your explanation of the different types of radiation to be the easiest to understand so far.
@Strelok Not trying to fuck up the joke but the dead protective layer of your skin stops a vast majority of them so only extremely high alpha emitters in prolonged close contact can pose serious but localized harm, same thing if you inhale except you need less material because everything the Alpha particle will hit is living thus exposing you to constant damage to living tissue.
Thanks greatly for this video. I got to work with Milt Finger and Don Kennedy at the old Lawrence Livermore Labs on various ballistics and dirty bomb threats. We came up with new types of shielding for gamma and neutron radiation,at lower cost,weight, and less toxicity than lead.
I've worked in a nuclear power plant. I had to learn all of what was mentioned in this video, and more, before starting. Craziest job I've ever had by far. I have seen nuclear fuel rods get moved from the reactor to the spent fuel pool, and the new ones added. One of the coolest things was to see what happens when a particle moves faster than the speed of light (in the medium of water). They used a steel tube to remove the rods from the reactor, and you could see how far in the tube the rod was by the blue glow on the outside of the steel tube. It was relatively safe to work there. Per my dosimeter I only received an extra 100 mrem. For those who don't know the average person receives about 550-650 mrem a year from background radiation. On the final day of work before you could leave the facility you had to stand in a machine that checks for internal contamination. If one ate a banana during lunch that day there would be enough radiation in the potassium to set off the machine. The bad thing about that is they wont let you leave with, what has to be assumed as, their radioactive particle. Anyway, I love your videos! Keep them coming.
Could you talk about electromagnetics ?- some of us are amateur radio operators (Hams) and would love to hear some discussion . Perhaps some talk about antenna theory ?
I'm guessing the sources used in order are: Americium-241, Strontium-90, Cesium-137, and Californium-252 (stored in that big polyethylene moderator). The 1st is a Ludlum model 43-92 alpha scintillation detector (Zinc Sulfide: Silver-activated). The 2nd is a gas-filled Eberline HP-210 Geiger-Muller tube. I'm not sure what the next two detectors are, but probably a beta/gamma gas-filled G-M tube and a proton recoil neutron scintillation counter.
Dr. Don...So glad you showed Zilla...and gave a nod to the Sci-Fi comics...many of us grew up in the 1950's when we had real Science Fairs in Jr. High. Many of us read Sci-Fi comics..especially "Journey Into Space" with Adam Strange. Inside, there was always the "Scien-ti-fact" strip which explained something cool, like the aberration of Starlight. Thanks to those comics and "Mr. Wizard" we learned lot. Some of us are so daft, we're still waiting for "Gamera Rays" to be charted from our favorite Rocket Turtle. Love your presentations.. wish you had been our physics teacher in High School. Peace from TX.
"How does it happen so that only two protons + two neutrons get emitted?" - two protons + two neutrons are alpha particle. connections between nucleons IN alpha particle are more strongly than connections between alpha particles IN atom core.
there are situations where protons can be emitted, but this is much rarer because free protons actually have a lot of free energy, alpha particles are more stable.
They feel more comfortable that way, so when a nucleus wants to shed mass, it tends to do that in whole alpha particles rather than in separate protons and neutrons. By "more comfortable" meaning "there's a greater increase in entropy because less energy is left condensed in nuclei".
Alpha particles are quite massive and positively charged (+2). It's a much more stable mode of decay for heavier elements. Heavy elements consist of many more neutrons than protons, and alpha decay becomes the more dominant mode of decay for heavy elements.
I think I understand your question. Since with other types of decay energy is also released, so why not this time. Well, I believe energy is released, but it's minor. . . . electromagnetic energy in the range of heat, light or radio waves, but nothing with more energy like x-rays or gamma rays.
Very well explained sir, thank you... 1. what is the example of neutron decay ?.. how is it used by humans? 2. when it is said slow or fast neutrons, what is the demarkation for slow and fast ?
I would have liked to see what types of shielding DON'T work against different types of radiation. For example, paper stops alpha rays, but see how it doesn't stop beta rays. A thin metal plate stops beta rays, but...
Aluminum or beryllium foil will stop an alpha particle but will kick off neutrons, also alpha particles can induce fission which releases neutron and gamma
The AdS/CFT wants to have a word with you Ninja and Locutus. To quote wikipedia: "[The AdS/CFT correspondence] represents a major advance in our understanding of string theory and quantum gravity... and is the most successful realization of the holographic principle, ..." Basically, the entire formulation of the correspondence depends on the holographic principle.
Please do a video on Medical Physics and the use of various radiations used for medical purposes (Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiations), little bit of the role of medical physicist, and the diseases which are cured by radiation. What are radiopharmaceuticals ? What measures should one take if we have a spill of radioactive material in a hospital. Etc.
I love to study radioactivity! I have loads of sources. Uranium, Thorium, Radium-226, Strontium-90, Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, Krypton-85, Lead-210, Americium-241, Americium-241/Beryllium neutron sources, X-ray tubes, etc. It's a great subject to study! Always have a Geiger Counter and/or a scintillation counter!
KarbineKyle. You do have proper licenses. I pray. You must or the feds would be knocking. We were only able to get Promethium from Russia back 25 years. Any new sources? Been retired for a while.
Excellent video. Can you make another video explains what happens to the mass and energy in nuclear radiation? For example what happens tot he He nuclei when it hits the piece of paper or your skin. Does the paper weigh more as in the weight of a He nucleus? Do the paper now have a He atom embedded in the paper of does it bounce off after losing all of it’s energy? Does it just float away into space because it is so light>. As the He nucleus travels through the air toward the target won’t is try and grab 2 electrons and become change neutral? Or when it hits the paper target does it grab 2 electrons from the paper thus ionizing the paper? Please we need more videos like these. They are wonderful.
It is done by absorption of neutrons, called neutron activation. While uranium atoms absorb neutrons and the fission, other smaller nuclei also absorb neutrons and change to isotopes of their original elements. Sometimes those isotopes are radioactive, sometimes not.
Question about Gamma radiation properties: From my understanding, gamma radiation = high energy photon = EM wave. So why is it so difficult to stop? I'm thinking back to your video "why does light bend when it enters glass" and i'm thinking simply use a material with a high permittivity to stop? the EM wave
Question: If a neutron gets stopped by hydrogen nuclei (in any kind of matrix (concrete, plastic etc). and that nuclei "knocks them out". First, what do you mean by "knock them out". Out of what? (since the hydrogen nuclei is just a proton. or a deuterium nuclei.)Next question: why wouldn't the neutron hit any other kind of nucleus ?? .. Doc: Thanks for a great video! this was cool !
I have a conceptual question. In space, alpha particles are so high energy they can go straight through thick shielding. Theoretically, if we are eventually able to achieve light-speed, we would then become the fast moving thing colliding with stationary particles. If we traveled through a helium cloud at light speed, our DNA and other cell structures would be shredded. A stationary helium cloud would become alpha particles relative to the fast moving human--how much shielding would be required to survive? How many other molecules then become ionizing and penetrate shielding at light speed?
Well, think about it like a bullet. A bullet thrown at you by someone might give you a bruise, but you are unlikely to die. A bullet fired by a rifle can blow a hole through you and the person behind you. It depends on the kinetic energy of the bullet and the alpha particle.
What was your neutron source just out of curiosity? Was it an assembly utilizing the Alpha N reaction, using a sufficient alpha emitter and Beryllium? I know you need at least something like 5.4 mCi, (I think) to have enough energy to overcome Beryllium's nuclear bond energies to knock off a Neutron. No?
Thanks for the Very nice and informative video. Q : In our daily life how much Alpha radiation we receive from common objects around us? is it dangerous in long term?
Where I live, the vast majority of houses have a basement which tends to accumulate Radon 222. Radon decays through a series of metallic radio-isotopes (Polonium 218 and Po 214). Those isotopes are Alpha emitters and fixate on dust and contaminate the lungs and can cause lung cancer on long term. I had such a problem in my home and had to mitigate.
Radon is the biggie because its a gas and you can inhale it. Alpha radiation is stopped by just about everything, including a few inches of air. So long as you keep it outside of your body, alphas aren't of much concern.
I restore vintage wrist watches and given its half life of 12.5 years, most have dead tritium paint that no longer visibly glows unless in pitch dark and after your eyes adjust you can still see a faint glow in most 90's tritium paint watches. As a separate interest from Horology, I have become fascinated with the study of radio luminescence. In trying to legally (tritium salts can no longer be obtained) duplicate zinc sulfide tritium luminescent paint I am wondering if one can still create a mixture similar to old tritium paint (not current gas tubes) with zinc Sulfide and some low level radioactive emitter salts in fine powder form that has glow like old tritium paint did when new.
![CAMPปลิ้น | รวม Highlight 2024! PART [1/2]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/6hnvNnvYloU/mqdefault.jpg)
Clear... concise... well presented and informative. Great video as usual.
And I do like that he talked about the Q factor. People often gets the notion that Alpha radiation is next to harmless as even paper can stop that type of radiation. But the reality is that this type of radiation is the one you should be the most careful about. Radon is so scary because it is a Alpha emitting gas. (Beyond the fact that the decay chain can also produce some nasty elements)
Yep
Only thing missing was Imagine Dragons' "Radioactive" at the credits. :)
Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules:
When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. (More spatial curvature). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are actually a part of the quarks. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" make sense based on this concept. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons.
Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons.
Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron.
Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves.
Fermilab: "The technician doing the demos was not in an danger."
Technician: "I'm 23 years old and had a full head of hair last week!"
Fermilab: "The technician doing the demos was not in an danger." Technician: (wags friendly his tail)
Technician : "we did everything right"
Also he didn't mention that the technician is actually a Japanese woman.
Its only 3.6 roentgen. Not great, not terrible.
They use the same radiation poreoof materisl they used when they landed mens on th emoons. Cotton with a light coatings o flkean and irons-copper malloys. Thanslkm Yous!
Radiation gives you superpowers in comics and cancer in real life :)
Unless you get radiation therapy 😜
Or both if ur deadpool
Superpowers in death, perhaps...
yep... kinda depressing
That's what they want you to believe
HBOs Chernobyl series just gave radiation videos on TH-cam a spike in their views 😅
Lmao
V86 i just came from Chernobyl
Too bad it was so full of BAD science.
Rich any examples?
@@musiccellarmillerton How about electronic disruption caused by radiation?
I' ve looked into lots of videos about radiation but this video is the most informative and easiest to understand so far. Thank you so much for your great efforts.
I LOVE this man. His sense of humour and mannerisms crack me up every.single.time.
Great videos with superb to-the-point presentation.
You have become my favourite Physics channel!
Nerd
He is a man of culture too 😅
Oh my goodness, thank you for including neutron radiation! No one ever talks about it! This has been so informative
In the Nuclear Navy we had a saying, "You have 4 cookies. One cookie is made of alpha particles. A second is made of beta particles. A third is made of gamma rays. And the forth is made of neutrons. Which cookie do you eat? Which cookie do you hold in your hand? Which cookie do you put in your pocket? And which cookie do you throw away?" This was test knowledge of dangers of the various types of ionizing radiation. The answer is, "You hold the alpha cookie in your hand, the dead skin cells will stop the radiation. You put the beta cookie in your pocket, your clothes will stop the radiation. You eat the gamma cookie, the extreme majority of it will fly away before it can interact with the cells of your body. And finally, you throw away the neutron cookie, they have enough energy to penetrate into your body and cause harm simply by slamming the atoms in your cells."
But its just 3.6 roentgn
Not great, not terrible
@Strelok COMRADE MY HAIR AND SKIN IS FALLING OFF!!
You don't see it because its not there!!!!!!!
This man is delusional.
It's not 3.6, it's 15000
Don, I love your videos. Don't ever stop making them!
Dr Lincoln never fails to keep me hooked on his lectures. great educator
I adore your dorky humour. Keep up the fantabulous work!
This was such a great video for a non-physicists who wanted to know the summary of types of radiation.
Clear and to the point.
The Most underrated channel on youtube!
Dr.Don Lincoln is great and should be appreciated by everyone~
Would have like to have seen positron (beta+) mentioned as well, since this is medically relevant (such as for positron emission tomography).
Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules:
When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. (More spatial curvature). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are actually a part of the quarks. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" make sense based on this concept. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons.
Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons.
Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron.
Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves.
Excellent presentation, thank you to Dr. Lincoln and the Fermi Labs for producing these videos - these are great refreshers for older engineers like me. Peace be with you, Ciao, L (FoMoCo Engineering)
Fantastic vídeo. Thanks for the comprehensive insight on this subject.
Thank you, doctor. I’m taking a hazmat class right now and we’re on radiation. I found your explanation of the different types of radiation to be the easiest to understand so far.
when you are the alpha radiation and have to be 20 times more dangerous to keep your status
@Strelok Not trying to fuck up the joke but the dead protective layer of your skin stops a vast majority of them so only extremely high alpha emitters in prolonged close contact can pose serious but localized harm, same thing if you inhale except you need less material because everything the Alpha particle will hit is living thus exposing you to constant damage to living tissue.
@@volka2199 In what situation or scenario we will inhale alpha particles ?
@@user-mfsc-2024 as was said in the video, radioactive dust, for example.
We want more videos Sir. You are awesome.
You have a very calm and clear voice and you explain things really nicely. Thank you.
God bless people like Doctor Lincoln.
Thanks greatly for this video.
I got to work with Milt Finger and Don Kennedy at the old Lawrence Livermore Labs on various ballistics and dirty bomb threats.
We came up with new types of shielding for gamma and neutron radiation,at lower cost,weight, and less toxicity than lead.
That was one of the best summaries about Radiation I have ever read or seen. Very well done!
GREAT!
Make a part 2 of this, please.
Good science communicator. keep it up
Thank you for this well thought out video. I really enjoy how everything is put together and presented.
This has been my favorite video on this channel so far....
Totaly love the Fermilab does and answers a very nice question
4:18 am and you learn something new every day 😂
I've worked in a nuclear power plant. I had to learn all of what was mentioned in this video, and more, before starting. Craziest job I've ever had by far. I have seen nuclear fuel rods get moved from the reactor to the spent fuel pool, and the new ones added. One of the coolest things was to see what happens when a particle moves faster than the speed of light (in the medium of water). They used a steel tube to remove the rods from the reactor, and you could see how far in the tube the rod was by the blue glow on the outside of the steel tube. It was relatively safe to work there. Per my dosimeter I only received an extra 100 mrem. For those who don't know the average person receives about 550-650 mrem a year from background radiation. On the final day of work before you could leave the facility you had to stand in a machine that checks for internal contamination. If one ate a banana during lunch that day there would be enough radiation in the potassium to set off the machine. The bad thing about that is they wont let you leave with, what has to be assumed as, their radioactive particle. Anyway, I love your videos! Keep them coming.
Didnt knew you could work in a NPP at the age of 14
Could you talk about electromagnetics ?- some of us are amateur radio operators (Hams) and would love to hear some discussion . Perhaps some talk about antenna theory ?
And how 5G is going to fry our brains!
73
I'm guessing the sources used in order are: Americium-241, Strontium-90, Cesium-137, and Californium-252 (stored in that big polyethylene moderator). The 1st is a Ludlum model 43-92 alpha scintillation detector (Zinc Sulfide: Silver-activated). The 2nd is a gas-filled Eberline HP-210 Geiger-Muller tube. I'm not sure what the next two detectors are, but probably a beta/gamma gas-filled G-M tube and a proton recoil neutron scintillation counter.
Dr. Don...So glad you showed Zilla...and gave a nod to the Sci-Fi comics...many of us grew up in the 1950's when we had real Science Fairs in Jr. High. Many of us read Sci-Fi comics..especially "Journey Into Space" with Adam Strange. Inside, there was always the "Scien-ti-fact" strip which explained something cool, like the aberration of Starlight. Thanks to those comics and "Mr. Wizard" we learned lot. Some of us are so daft, we're still waiting for "Gamera Rays" to be charted from our favorite Rocket Turtle. Love your presentations.. wish you had been our physics teacher in High School. Peace from TX.
Dear Professor >>>>>>>> from middle east I send to you sincerely thanks and appreciation
Very well explained. Easy to grasp the understanding of the different types of radiation.
Another great video. Thank you Dr. Lincoln.
I'm not in any classes that talk about this sort of stuff but I just wanna watch videos like these for the fun of it and learning a thing or two
"YOU are radioactive!"
Dang, how did he find out about me vaping Americium
I've been looking for this explanation for some time. Thanks.
Why are alpha particles emitted, but not single protons? How does it happen so that only two protons + two neutrons get emitted?
"How does it happen so that only two protons + two neutrons get emitted?" -
two protons + two neutrons are alpha particle. connections between nucleons IN alpha particle are more strongly than connections between alpha particles IN atom core.
there are situations where protons can be emitted, but this is much rarer because free protons actually have a lot of free energy, alpha particles are more stable.
They feel more comfortable that way, so when a nucleus wants to shed mass, it tends to do that in whole alpha particles rather than in separate protons and neutrons. By "more comfortable" meaning "there's a greater increase in entropy because less energy is left condensed in nuclei".
Alpha particles are quite massive and positively charged (+2). It's a much more stable mode of decay for heavier elements. Heavy elements consist of many more neutrons than protons, and alpha decay becomes the more dominant mode of decay for heavy elements.
I think I understand your question. Since with other types of decay energy is also released, so why not this time. Well, I believe energy is released, but it's minor. . . . electromagnetic energy in the range of heat, light or radio waves, but nothing with more energy like x-rays or gamma rays.
You are doing well .... please maintain it😇😇😇...
Watching in 2020... Corona time. And free at home. And get the best knowledge from you sir. Thank you. 😊🙏🏻🇮🇳
Thanks so much for this clear, concise explanation!
These videos are great! Informative and entertaining. And the theme song is catchy :)
The greatest explanation about radiation ever!!!
That is some scary stuff for sure. Thanks for explaining that in such details.
Greetings from portugal Dr. Don ! you are the coolness incarnated :) great videos and great humor!
this is my comfort video
Should be required viewing in high school science classes.
X-rays= Gamma's "Younger and less successful sibling". I love that analogy 👍
Professor Lincoln, I guess I am addicted to your videos
i was shocked by the fact that alpha radioation is more dangerous than gamma and beta ! , thanks for explaining ❤️
Very well explained sir, thank you...
1. what is the example of neutron decay ?.. how is it used by humans?
2. when it is said slow or fast neutrons, what is the demarkation for slow and fast ?
Simple and easy to understand. Great video.
HONORS TO YOU SIR, DR DON LINCOLN AND FERMILAB.
I would have liked to see what types of shielding DON'T work against different types of radiation.
For example, paper stops alpha rays, but see how it doesn't stop beta rays. A thin metal plate stops beta rays, but...
Aluminum or beryllium foil will stop an alpha particle but will kick off neutrons, also alpha particles can induce fission which releases neutron and gamma
Sir, Your explnations are very clear and highly appreciated. Thank you sir.
One of few videos, that I understood 100% But great as always :)
Please make a video on the observable universe and also one on the holographic universe would be great.
Why is it a dead idea? I thought it had gained popularity a few years ago.
It was a hypothesis believed by naive millennials based on The Matix movies.
The AdS/CFT wants to have a word with you Ninja and Locutus. To quote wikipedia:
"[The AdS/CFT correspondence] represents a major advance in our understanding of string theory and quantum gravity... and is the most successful realization of the holographic principle, ..."
Basically, the entire formulation of the correspondence depends on the holographic principle.
knew the information, still watched and also learned a few new things
Awesome explanation sir! Hats off to you!
As always: clear and concise with a cute ending. (I agree with Alex D. below)
3.6 Roentgen, not great but not terrible.
No worse than a chest x-ray
What about an x-ray to the knee?
Stay cheekie breekie
Very interesting keep up the good work
Please do a video on Medical Physics and the use of various radiations used for medical purposes (Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiations), little bit of the role of medical physicist, and the diseases which are cured by radiation.
What are radiopharmaceuticals ?
What measures should one take if we have a spill of radioactive material in a hospital. Etc.
As always, well done.
THANK YOU! I was unaware of the Q factor. I will add that to my own 'splainers"!
Thanks for an informative video.
As always great work!
I love the way you are explaing things.
I am feeling like new love for physics and science.
0:42 Radiation is the emission of energy by a substance. But somebody using the toilet ... isn't nuclear radiation, right?
East43359
All horses have four legs, but that doesn't mean that all four legged animals are horses. Duh. 😂😂😂
@@acmefixer1 I refute your assertion. Sea horses don't have 4 legs.
No it’s not nuclear radiation but it is radiation. “Radiate” means exactly what he said. Energy from one place to the next. It’s entropy at work.
Another great video, Doc!
THANK YOU PROFESSOR LINCOLN...!!!
I love to study radioactivity! I have loads of sources. Uranium, Thorium, Radium-226, Strontium-90, Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, Krypton-85, Lead-210, Americium-241, Americium-241/Beryllium neutron sources, X-ray tubes, etc. It's a great subject to study! Always have a Geiger Counter and/or a scintillation counter!
Of course!
ScienceNinjaDude, are you telling me I should stop wearing this Cesium-137 eye shadow? But it glows so pretty!
You must also like being on Govt. watch lists
KarbineKyle. You do have proper licenses. I pray. You must or the feds would be knocking. We were only able to get Promethium from Russia back 25 years. Any new sources? Been retired for a while.
Dealing
I had no idea alpha particles were more dangerous than Gamma. Thanks for the knowledge
very comprehensive and intersting. Thanks
Excellent video. Can you make another video explains what happens to the mass and energy in nuclear radiation? For example what happens tot he He nuclei when it hits the piece of paper or your skin. Does the paper weigh more as in the weight of a He nucleus? Do the paper now have a He atom embedded in the paper of does it bounce off after losing all of it’s energy? Does it just float away into space because it is so light>. As the He nucleus travels through the air toward the target won’t is try and grab 2 electrons and become change neutral? Or when it hits the paper target does it grab 2 electrons from the paper thus ionizing the paper?
Please we need more videos like these. They are wonderful.
"this isn't a radiation safety video."
Thanks for the heads up.
what radioactive source did they use for the neutron emitter at 6:08 i cant think of any isotopes that emit neutrons
this man is goals; i love these videos, congrats to the team!
Great video and leaves me wanting to learn more!
ending made me crack up haha, also well put together informative video
5:42 what material are you using here that shoots out gamma rays like that?
Probably Ba-133 or Cs-137, but there are lots of other sources including a piece of pitchblende mineral.
Wow, Good timing.
I was wondering if it would be worth making a video on how things can be made radio active. Like the walls of a reactor.
It is done by absorption of neutrons, called neutron activation. While uranium atoms absorb neutrons and the fission, other smaller nuclei also absorb neutrons and change to isotopes of their original elements. Sometimes those isotopes are radioactive, sometimes not.
Question about Gamma radiation properties: From my understanding, gamma radiation = high energy photon = EM wave. So why is it so difficult to stop? I'm thinking back to your video "why does light bend when it enters glass" and i'm thinking simply use a material with a high permittivity to stop? the EM wave
@Fermilab, do you have any idea about chiral radiation?
Thank You 🙏
HBO's Chernobyl brought me here... 😏
Me too
awesome and simple as always, for us slow folk!
Wow!!!! Well done 👍
The chart at 6:33 suggests that Neutrons are the most dangerous. But what if water was at the front of the line?
Dear Fermilab, dooo youuu remember.... ACCELERATING SCIENCE!
SCIENCE!!!!!!!!!!
PEOPLE!!!!!!!!!!!
TECHNOLOGY
dO yOu eVeR wOnDeR hOw iT aLL bEgAn
Time
Space
Energy
&
THE BIG BANG!
Question: If a neutron gets stopped by hydrogen nuclei (in any kind of matrix (concrete, plastic etc). and that nuclei "knocks them out".
First, what do you mean by "knock them out". Out of what? (since the hydrogen nuclei is just a proton. or a deuterium nuclei.)Next question: why wouldn't the neutron hit any other kind of nucleus ??
..
Doc: Thanks for a great video! this was cool !
Man How I love these videos!
I have a conceptual question. In space, alpha particles are so high energy they can go straight through thick shielding. Theoretically, if we are eventually able to achieve light-speed, we would then become the fast moving thing colliding with stationary particles. If we traveled through a helium cloud at light speed, our DNA and other cell structures would be shredded. A stationary helium cloud would become alpha particles relative to the fast moving human--how much shielding would be required to survive? How many other molecules then become ionizing and penetrate shielding at light speed?
So I assume that a high level exposure of Alpha radiation would damage the skin and a little under the skin. Correct???
Well, think about it like a bullet. A bullet thrown at you by someone might give you a bruise, but you are unlikely to die. A bullet fired by a rifle can blow a hole through you and the person behind you. It depends on the kinetic energy of the bullet and the alpha particle.
depends on energy and time.
What was your neutron source just out of curiosity? Was it an assembly utilizing the Alpha N reaction, using a sufficient alpha emitter and Beryllium? I know you need at least something like 5.4 mCi, (I think) to have enough energy to overcome Beryllium's nuclear bond energies to knock off a Neutron. No?
this was very helpful, I have recently been doing research on radiation.
Thanks for the Very nice and informative video.
Q : In our daily life how much Alpha radiation we receive from common objects around us? is it dangerous in long term?
Where I live, the vast majority of houses have a basement which tends to accumulate Radon 222. Radon decays through a series of metallic radio-isotopes (Polonium 218 and Po 214). Those isotopes are Alpha emitters and fixate on dust and contaminate the lungs and can cause lung cancer on long term. I had such a problem in my home and had to mitigate.
Radon is the biggie because its a gas and you can inhale it. Alpha radiation is stopped by just about everything, including a few inches of air. So long as you keep it outside of your body, alphas aren't of much concern.
I restore vintage wrist watches and given its half life of 12.5 years, most have dead tritium paint that no longer visibly glows unless in pitch dark and after your eyes adjust you can still see a faint glow in most 90's tritium paint watches. As a separate interest from Horology, I have become fascinated with the study of radio luminescence. In trying to legally (tritium salts can no longer be obtained) duplicate zinc sulfide tritium luminescent paint I am wondering if one can still create a mixture similar to old tritium paint (not current gas tubes) with zinc Sulfide and some low level radioactive emitter salts in fine powder form that has glow like old tritium paint did when new.