What is Binding Energy in X-rays Photoelectron Spectroscopy

What is Binding Energy (BE) in X-rays Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)?
BE generally refers to "how tightly the electron is attached to the nucleus". Let's take oxygen atom and lead (Pb) atom, the 1s electrons of Pb are MORE tightly bound to the nucleus as compared to the 1selectrons of oxygen atom. This means that the BE for 1s electrons in the case Pb is very high as compared to oxygen 1 s electrons.
Another way to explain it is to consider oxygen atom, which has electronic configuration 1s²2s²2p⁴. The 1s² electrons have very high BE as compared to the 2s² & 2p⁴ electrons because 1s² electrons are closely bound to the nucleus and more energy is required to remove these electrons as compared to the 2s² & 2p⁴ electrons
In XPS, BE is a crucial concept used to identify the elemental composition & their chemical environment.
What is elemental composition?
It means what types of elements exist in the sample, like Cu, Zn, O, C, Ti, Pb,........
What is the chemical environment?
It means that how the atoms are making bonds with neighboring atoms, whether the atom loses or gains electrons, the change in the oxidation state .... all these effects refer to the chemical environment.
BE in the context of XPS is the energy required to remove an electron from the atom and move it to the Fermi level (in the case of metals) or to the vacuum level (in the case of insulators or semiconductors).
BE may be regarded as the difference in energy between the initial state of an atom and the final states of ion after the photoionization (when photoelectron has left the atom).
I hope the BE concept is generally clear and also for XPS analysis.
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[@vishalekal7286]

Nice explanation

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