Monoclonal Antibodies and its Production

A monoclonal antibody is an antibody made by cloning a unique white blood cell. All subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell.
Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, binding only to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). In contrast, polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different antibody secreting plasma cell lineages. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered, by increasing the therapeutic targets of one monoclonal antibody to two epitopes.
Much of the work behind production of monoclonal antibodies is rooted in the production of hybridomas, which involves identifying antigen-specific plasma/plasmablast cells (ASPC) that produce antibodies specific to an antigen of interest and fusing these cells with myeloma cells.[6] Rabbit B-cells can be used to form a rabbit hybridoma. Polyethylene glycol is used to fuse adjacent plasma membranes,[9] but the success rate is low, so a selective medium in which only fused cells can grow is used. This is possible because myeloma cells have lost the ability to synthesize hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT), an enzyme necessary for the salvage synthesis of nucleic acids. The absence of HGPRT is not a problem for these cells unless the de novo purine synthesis pathway is also disrupted. Exposing cells to aminopterin (a folic acid analogue, which inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, DHFR), makes them unable to use the de novo pathway and become fully auxotrophic for nucleic acids, thus requiring supplementation to survive.
The selective culture medium is called HAT medium because it contains hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine. This medium is selective for fused (hybridoma) cells. Unfused myeloma cells cannot grow because they lack HGPRT and thus cannot replicate their DNA. Unfused spleen cells cannot grow indefinitely because of their limited life span. Only fused hybrid cells referred to as hybridomas, are able to grow indefinitely in the medium because the spleen cell partner supplies HGPRT and the myeloma partner has traits that make it immortal (similar to a cancer cell).

[@loner8713]

I am a visual learner, I really appreciate sir.

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation

[@suplexcity1428]

Watched more than 20+ videos but u got me to understand this topic in just 4 minutes excellent sir hats off tp you ❤

[@gazalaar9466]

Thanks alot...... I was trying to get this topic into my mind since 3 days but was unable to understand it from my book.... But thankfully i got this 3 min video & my concept is damn so clear... ...May God bless you sir for your service inshallah... ✌❤

[@hussainbiology]

Thanks for appreciation...Glad it helps

[@bijayachettri8689]

I like to watch your videos only whenever I study ...please upload more videos about immunology ...your teaching and explaining is absolutely fantastic sir ...I'm feel very lucky and fortunate to get a mentor like you in this online platform ❤️❤️❤️ hats off to you 🙏🙏

[@hussainbiology]

thanks Bijaya for appreciation... Glad my stuff is helping out.... ✌️

[@bijayachettri8689]

@@hussainbiology wowww it's unbelievable you replied 🥺🥺 so glad ❤️❤️

[@hussainbiology]

@@bijayachettri8689 it is normal.... Keep sharing and supporting 😊

[@hussainbiology]

@@bijayachettri8689 .... So what are u studying??

[@bijayachettri8689]

@@hussainbiology now I'm studying monoclonal antibodies and about to start with chimeric antibodies but unfortunately chimeric antibodies is not in your lecture so wondering from where to study

[@chrisvielle6629]

Thank you so much for these videos. The way the content is delivered is well done. I actually learn a lot from your channel.

[@hussainbiology]

Thanks Chris for appreciation... Lil late reply

[@Prasanna-33-y4d]

Hy it's very nice atually

[@KoToKo90cHaN]

lovedd this!! so clear and easy to understand

[@Minnie31.]

I'm having biochemistry paper 1 exam tomorrow and this vid is very helpful

[@hussainbiology]

All the best..👍

[@anirbanpaul3817]

Thank you Sir for explaining the Concept in a very nice way ❤ 👌

[@saimarashid3518]

Awesome lecture 🌺🌺
May Allah bless uh.....

[@hussainbiology]

thanks Saima for appreciation..Keep sharing and supporting

[@saimarashid3518]

@@hussainbiology yeah sure.....✌️

[@hussainbiology]

@@saimarashid3518 Allah bless u tooo

[@shizafahim5589]

Very well explained it completely cleared my concept 😊

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation..Glad it helps....✌️

[@poeticvilla8139]

Thank you so much sir very easy explanation 😊

[@hussainbiology]

Most welcome

[@rohitgrover-nb8oz]

wonderful and easy explanation

[@himanshi5874]

It is helping me a lot
Thanks 👍🏻

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation..Glad it helps....✌️

[@zaidkhan-yc3fd]

Thanks sir very helpful lectures

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation..Glad it helps

[@jst6568]

It's really great explanation sir 👍

[@hussainbiology]

Keep watching

[@MDhandapaniUMB]

Nice explanation.... I learned about in ur video

[@user-iy1kk6ku1o]

Excellent thanks

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation..Glad it helps....✌️

[@tabark6202]

Thank you ❤

[@hussainbiology]

You're welcome 😊

[@hebaomar3001]

Great Video

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation.. Glad it helps ✌️

[@inshaamin7653]

Commendable

[@hussainbiology]

thanks Insha for appreciation....

[@hussainbiology]

thanks Insha for appreciation....

[@tinotendachingono8370]

thank you

[@SHAKIR_Ali.1]

Good one bro.

[@abelincolnparth]

We want to know if the myeloma cell line is of human origin. The Merck Manual also leaves this fact up in the air. Is it a secret, like the human genome or they do not say whose DNA is being mapped.

[@AlexEckelberry]

Great video and thank you, just a suggestion please get a better microphone or don't talk so close. We want to hear everything you're saying! :-)

[@hussainbiology]

thanks Alex for appreciation.... And yes i am way too close to microphone that is why so much of distortion..... ( otherwise i have blue Yeti Microphone which is good I think)

[@anushamalik8371]

Amazing

[@strivingforexcellency]

Absolutely gem

[@rosemaryphiri8176]

Nice explanation 💯💫

[@mohamadhasanansarizadeh7420]

perfect

[@misbahhussain1021]

Much part of this lecture is missing
HAT medium /HGPRT

[@ashwini16k]

Hi sir can you please tell me why myeloma cells lack HGPRT enzymes

[@astro104]

Is this for ALL monoclonal antibodies? Which medication is this for? There are different types.

[@KingLewis46]

No, it is not... this is the traditional way to produce them. i.e Therapeutics antibodies (like rituximab) are also monoclonals but they are produced in other mammals modified cell lines.

[@will532]

@@KingLewis46 can you explain how therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are made (like atezolizumab) or link somewhere that could? I can’t figure it out

[@crisg.5766]

Isn't the treatment of monoclonal antibody essentially the same as getting the vaccination?

[@Sepillots]

no

[@d__iyaaaaaa]

sir one doubt myeloma cells cannot produce antibody no ? so how hybrid of antibodies are produced from it ?

[@michaeleisenberg7867]

Good Morning ☕🌄 Shabir!!
Thank you for your diligence!!
Excellent content.
Very interesting!
😊😍💪👍👏👏👏👏
I am assuming that if Corona mutates enough the current mRNA vaccines will no longer be effective against the current spike protein epitopes & then Moderna & Pfizer will to have to start over with all new volunteers & 6 months of testing.

[@hussainbiology]

Good morning Dr. Mike.... Yes Corona is evolving in a smart way...

[@chrissteiger4199]

So how exactly is this mob diffenet from MRNA?

[@biology_mcqs3037]

Hybridoma technology 😄 👏👏👏

[@umerfarooqbiology7083]

yea

[@francescoschettino5726]

hello boss, do you have a lab contact to India perhaps where we can order mAbs?

[@Alex-ii8zg]

Great video explaining this THEORY.
Evidently these antibodies are also great at treating parasites.
“The presence of anti-parasitic IgE has been linked to the development of immunity against various helminth infections (aka worms).
It is widely believed that the evolution of IgE and its receptors occurred as a means to combat metazoan parasites.”
What a coincidence!

[@tinabegum5073]

SPEAK A LITTLE CELARLY SIR. SOME OF THE POINTS ARE A LITTLE DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTANDS

[@hussainbiology]

okay dear

[@shekhrizwan5268]

Mashallah

[@NcScbeach1]

The biggest question though is, are there also fetal tissue used in monoclonal antibody infusions?

[@dabooser1048]

That's what I was hear to find out.

[@KingLewis46]

Bigest answer to your question is, NO!!!! The biggest question actually is Where did you get such a question?

[@KingLewis46]

@@dabooser1048 No, antibodies does not come from fetal tissue...monoclonals come from hybridoma cells..as it is explained in this video.

[@NcScbeach1]

@@KingLewis46 , science that found out about this. Why are you not able to admit a known fact?!

[@KingLewis46]

​@@NcScbeach1 whatever, I admit it ..you are right and the earth is flat. go get some rest!

[@derangulagovardhan27]

03:25 me right now preparing for my genetics exam be like

[@omkarmali8783]

❤❤

[@madaalechannel7476]

do you have telegram teacher

[@biology_mcqs3037]

No

[@musikaaffection8570]

❤️

[@AmruMagdy]

HBB gene 🧬 biological treatment honey 147

[@safiya7211]

show us ur face

[@hussainbiology]

Face is a distraction ,.....
Moreover People judge by the face

[@safiya7211]

@@hussainbiology so by distraction you mean you are handsome?
Or by judging you mean you are ordinary?

[@hussainbiology]

@@safiya7211Na na.. something different...

[@hussainbiology]

@ωγυγος Αρχων no dear..... had this been a vlogging channel i would have shown.

[@elgodric]

you can use your phones mic for god sake

[@hussainbiology]

Apologies sir.. I will surely be using that

[@sultanasunaina5333]

Tq so much sir it helped me a lot 🫡😊😊

[@hussainbiology]

Happy to help

[@annsherine5210]

Thank you