I hate it. Really, all these videos try to be cute and funny by doing the most basic comedy tropes of the past 20 years. You're not comedians. You are at best the funny guy in the office, but that doesn't mean I want to watch my coworkers youtube channel. Just get to the point Abed.
Computers are also used, where they look for those unique features and compare with a database, but yes the final check is always made by people. So not just by eye, but eyes and human brains are still better at understanding images than computers, hence that always being the final confirmation.
Karl Frederik Færch Fischer I am an AI engineer. AI has beaten humans in detecting these things with less errors. Plus there's pressure over humans sometimes which can make them go wrong.
Sanjog Wayne Nice to know, is that because fingerprints is a nice simple subset of images or does that also go for recognizing elements in astronomical images? Might be longer ago than I remember it to be, but a year or two ago I did see something about citizen science where you could look at images of star clusters and identify elements that computers were less accurate at.
In a forensics class i took the prof showed us a bunch of cases where false fingerprint matches basically sent people to prison. Sometimes they were matched w/ as few as a dozen or so minutiae, and little attention paid to the inconsistencies. Crazy. When the stakes are so high you'd think people would be a bit more scrupulous
The Touch id sensor will send the fingerprint information into the Secure Enclave, and the Secure Enclave will declare whether or not the fingerprint is valid with a cryptographically signed pass-fail message so basically its a middle man and apple cant read it. Thats why they didn't give the FBI a master key because of potential manipulation. Also if you're going through airport Secuirty turn off Touch ID, they can ask for your fingerprint but you dont have to issue a passcode ;)
Hi, just wanted to share something here. In the video they say that there is computer software that can compare prints. In school, we actually learned how this software works: By hand, people mark the special points of a fingerprint (like the center of a swirl, the point where a line divides in two, etc.). The computer software processes this unique pattern into a unique code. When comparing fignerprints, the computer compares the codes of the different fingerprints and thats how it finds a match. I dont know if i said it 100% correct, but it is something like this.
You missed out the 'E' of ACE-V. That said, this is one of the only cases were a fingerprint has been misinterpreted due to human error. Luckily due to databases such as AFIS in the US and IDENT1 in the UK these mistakes are almost non existant now but we have to remember that despite the systems in place there is no evidence to suggest that two people do not have the same fingerprint. In the UK (as of 2019) the IDENT1 database had 9 million prints on record with no two prints being identical but we have almost 8 billion people on the planet. As we do not have a record of all people it's impossible to verify whether or not two people do in fact have an identical fingerprint.
i learned all this in my forensic science class in high school. it was fun seeing fingerprints on bottles using the hot glue method but i was pretty upset when i learned how unreliable it was because of how often unreadable smudges and half prints are made
Law enforcement using a things call AFIS which links into III. AFIS is Automated Fingerprint Identification System while III is Interstate Identification Index. And to be in the III database you have to be charged with a crime prior. So finding people can be interesting if they'd had no previous contact with law enforcement.
I love you guys soo much, do u guys think than you could do a video on foster care/ the care system. Im a ward of the state and am constantly stereotyped, I've been denied jobs, school application and living arrangements because I live in care
D'Arci R , no my case worker is amazing and has helped me Sooo much. I just get so many stereotypes from people. Some people assume because Ive lived in foster care I must be a liar. I'm lucky because I work hard in school but so many kids don't get my oppertuneties. I feel like it would be a good topic for vox to explore and start a conversation around
I'm sorry to hear that :/ I had no idea that was the case. Is there anyway you can think of that we could help change the stigma? My grandparents used to Foster and I want to, too, after I'm financially secure enough to care for children, so it's something I care about a lot
Me! All of my fingers have loops, except the indices, which are whorls. They seem to be mirrored, too, leaning to the left on my right hand and vice versa on my left. I can't look close enough to tell if they're exactly mirrored or not, but it's interesting. My toe prints are the same way, big toes are whorls, the rest have loops. Really interesting.
It's not. It's purely psychological. They trick you into confessing by saying that they know you're lying. I'm pretty sure I would fail because I have anxiety and and mild autism and would be nervous as hell
one day i was messing around with the school biometrics and told my friend to try it even tho he didn't show up the day our prints were taken, his print had a match in the system and we were all laughing about it
J Girl not crime, our school tried to use biometrics for attendance and he didn't show up the day the fingerprints were taken, so someone in the school has one finger with similar enough fingerprints
I am surprised that this video is not even mentioning the fact that fingerprints are the easiest thing to reproduce. Seriously, you can copy anybody's fingerprint and paste it anywhere for les than $30 of material!
I'm quite curious about fingerprint analysis using ai. Seems like an ideal field and probably more reliable than two people looking at them as going: ah yes,a match.
Great vid, would like to see something about the possibility of putting someone else's fingerprint somewhere, due to the fact that fingerprints can be gathered easily with infra-red cameras as the german chaos computer club showed.
Or maybe he infiltrated a terrorist network in order to preform a false flag attack, his representation of the terrorist, Islam conversions all part of a plot a deep cover plot to build support in the eu for war with Iran / genocide If the FBI really wanted to put him in jail they probably could’ve done so in the context of the court case The fact that both are plausible scary
TGDS is wrong, there is no genetic linkage of fingerprints, however there have been a small handful of cases where very similar finger prints have been drawn, to the point that multiple experts were fooled. This can be the result of a bad pull, where the print lifted was done less than perfectly leaving the larger print obscured by error or method (cyanoacrylite, or super glue, was the standard for years, a super heated glass alternative is slowly gaining traction), or dumb luck. However, in these cases, like the one mentioned in the video, the other techniques of forensics and forensic science come into play. Hard to pin a man with a perfect alabi like the man in the video. It is exceedingly rare for anyone to have the same fingerprint, why, as the video says, prints can match to a .1% level of error, it's even more rare that these matching individuals would be anywhere geographicly close to each other. Fingerprints are only one part of the process.
I think you have it backwards. They started using them in the USA because two half brothers were in prison together (and looked similar) and they weirdly both had the same name. So they started looking into other ways of identifying people and came up with fingerprints (which France was already using)
The video is not clear regarding the definition of a false positive. By false positive, do we mean a situation in which the fingerprint from the crime scene and the master image taken from the subject are mistakenly said to be a match even though they do not actually display the same features, or, that two or more people may exist with similar enough features that make them indistinguishable? Both are of course errors but of a very different nature.
So how do they have a database of fingerprints, if you have never committed a crime where you were fingerprinted? Does apple really give our fingerprints over? serious question.
Prints are lifted from suspects usually some time after the crime is committed and then put into a larger database. So ex-cons, old suspects from other crimes, people already in the system can be pulled by software after a print is lifted. However, forensic science uses way more than just finger prints to determine who may have been at a crime scene, so the good old fashioned gumshoe detective work is what is normally used to find who should have their prints drawn for comparison.
Sincerelyy Eccentric there are tons of finger print databases. Military keeps enlistees are on file in the event you go to war and are killed and lose your tags. I believe police, fireman, emergency workers, and other law enforcement types get printed for similar reasons. All people charges with a crime get printed so that they can't get into and shananogans in prison with identity swapping. All in all I'd guess 4-5 percent of Americans prints are on file somewhere.
Sincerelyy Eccentric when I want to come in The Usa they scan all 5 fingers on a scanner so they have every fingerprint from people who came from germany on plane
Sincerelyy Eccentric Just take a good fingerprint samples of a person, make huge pile of copies, put it in an AI algorithm and you're done. You honestly don't need to have a record. But for previous convicts, it's better to have a record.
Sebring got pretty good gas mileage. If that helps. A guy on TH-cam said that his mother must have the same fingerprints as he has because she was able to get into his cell phone that had the fingerprint lockout. How the heck could that be true?
Fingerprint scanners on phones aren't that accurate. There may have been some genetic component that made them just accurate enough to fool the scanner
That does make sense. But every single fingerprint being unique? Are we sure of that? Does AFIS ever come up with multiple hits? Yes. A technician needs to pars out the most likely match. Uniqueness is true to 1 in 64 million people. But with over 300 million people in the US alone, that doesn't go very far. Also, 2 prints may look identical, but some maniac might spot a very minute difference. Granny used to say: "The closer you look, the more you see." Good one granny. So getting back to your answer, you are absolutely correct. Cell phones are not that sophisticated. Thank you for chiming in.
The justice system doesn’t have true justice until we can ensure that innocent people will never be convicted of crimes that they didn’t commit. This makes me think of Anthony Ray Hinton who spent 30 years on death row for crimes he didn’t commit. His story is horrible, but it happens more than we realize. Most of the innocent people on death row, don’t make it out like Anthony.
Every fingerprint needs to be enlarged, divided into sections on a grid and printed so each grid square covers a whole piece of paper. Number the pages, staple together and then compare each grid page with the same numbered grid page of another fingerprint. Each print now looks like a maze book, easily comparable to any other print's grid book. Think giant graph paper in a giant flip book of sorts. This should reduce errors in comparison analysis.
I love the lightheartedness in this video
It sure is.
No! The world is dark, and full of terrors.
No wait, that was my life.
Hello Spock, welcome back to life
I hate it. Really, all these videos try to be cute and funny by doing the most basic comedy tropes of the past 20 years. You're not comedians. You are at best the funny guy in the office, but that doesn't mean I want to watch my coworkers youtube channel. Just get to the point Abed.
Plot twist, it was actually the Forensic science expert who drank the coffee all along
**GASP!**
Dammet dexter!
They didnt show the suspect at the end!
Just like a true cliffhanger. We'll have to wait next time, for the next episode of Dragon Ball Vox!
It's already shown that it's Mac. The probability was 99% and it was on a regular clean mug. shouldn't be hard to verify.
99%
aaaaaAAaaaAaaaaaAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA- (to be continued)
*NEXT TIME, ON DRAGON BALL V*
Kyle Li we will be demanding for it!
Wait so fingerprints are just compared side by side with the naked eye? I thought it was more complicated than that
Computers are also used, where they look for those unique features and compare with a database, but yes the final check is always made by people. So not just by eye, but eyes and human brains are still better at understanding images than computers, hence that always being the final confirmation.
A human can do it, but using some thin picks and a magnifying lens to follow the ridges looking for similarities and differences
Karl Frederik Færch Fischer I am an AI engineer. AI has beaten humans in detecting these things with less errors. Plus there's pressure over humans sometimes which can make them go wrong.
Sanjog Wayne
Nice to know, is that because fingerprints is a nice simple subset of images or does that also go for recognizing elements in astronomical images?
Might be longer ago than I remember it to be, but a year or two ago I did see something about citizen science where you could look at images of star clusters and identify elements that computers were less accurate at.
Sanjog Wayne maybe more than one person need to make a confirmation
In a forensics class i took the prof showed us a bunch of cases where false fingerprint matches basically sent people to prison. Sometimes they were matched w/ as few as a dozen or so minutiae, and little attention paid to the inconsistencies. Crazy. When the stakes are so high you'd think people would be a bit more scrupulous
I'm really curious about the data Apple has from all of our finger prints lol
As far as I know the fingerprint data is encrypted and stored locally on the specific device, which would mean that Apple doesn't have that data.
Harshil Patel, apple claim the fingerprint data is store in a chipset in the phone. So no one can have that data, not even apple.
The Touch id sensor will send the fingerprint information into the Secure Enclave, and the Secure Enclave will declare whether or not the fingerprint is valid with a cryptographically signed pass-fail message so basically its a middle man and apple cant read it.
Thats why they didn't give the FBI a master key because of potential manipulation.
Also if you're going through airport Secuirty turn off Touch ID, they can ask for your fingerprint but you dont have to issue a passcode ;)
Karl Frederik Færch Fischer
You're too dumb to believed Apple protected your data and privacy
Jay frawn that would be against their TOC and privacy policy, destroying their business immediately.
It's good enough for Apple!
ok bro
If its part of a two step verification its totally fine.
Michael Jay - Value Investing I can’t figure out your point. Lol.
now you are here too
a lot of other products also use bio metric scanning like fingerprints and things more complex.
Hi, just wanted to share something here. In the video they say that there is computer software that can compare prints. In school, we actually learned how this software works: By hand, people mark the special points of a fingerprint (like the center of a swirl, the point where a line divides in two, etc.). The computer software processes this unique pattern into a unique code. When comparing fignerprints, the computer compares the codes of the different fingerprints and thats how it finds a match. I dont know if i said it 100% correct, but it is something like this.
You missed out the 'E' of ACE-V.
That said, this is one of the only cases were a fingerprint has been misinterpreted due to human error.
Luckily due to databases such as AFIS in the US and IDENT1 in the UK these mistakes are almost non existant now but we have to remember that despite the systems in place there is no evidence to suggest that two people do not have the same fingerprint. In the UK (as of 2019) the IDENT1 database had 9 million prints on record with no two prints being identical but we have almost 8 billion people on the planet. As we do not have a record of all people it's impossible to verify whether or not two people do in fact have an identical fingerprint.
Yeah, there might have been some malice there. He might have been framed. Who knows, the investigation says it was a mistake due to human error.
Wait, who drank your coffee? Was it Mac? We need to know who!
I wanna know the same thing! lol
*WAIT* i want to know who stole the coffee
saki شمس mac
Twas Mac
I want as many fingerprints as I can get my hands on
213423 134242 That would leave them with no fingerprints, you heck.
@@audreyn1996yeah but when they come to check your finger print with the one you left at the crime scene it would be different i.e. scar tissue
i learned all this in my forensic science class in high school. it was fun seeing fingerprints on bottles using the hot glue method but i was pretty upset when i learned how unreliable it was because of how often unreadable smudges and half prints are made
VOX MAKES THE BEST MINI DOCUMENTARIES NO LIE
hi guys
That criminal who stole your coffee deserves a life sentence.
An update of who the culprit was/is, is absolutely necessary. Also, was it one of your 5 suspects?
Law enforcement using a things call AFIS which links into III. AFIS is Automated Fingerprint Identification System while III is Interstate Identification Index. And to be in the III database you have to be charged with a crime prior. So finding people can be interesting if they'd had no previous contact with law enforcement.
To catch how is drinking your coffee, put laxatives in it, and monitor how goes to the restroom more often during the day.
1:10 BROOKLYN NINE-NINE!!!!! 👀😂🔥
I love you guys soo much, do u guys think than you could do a video on foster care/ the care system. Im a ward of the state and am constantly stereotyped, I've been denied jobs, school application and living arrangements because I live in care
matthew krishna I'm sorry so hear that. Your Caseworker doesn't help you?
D'Arci R , no my case worker is amazing and has helped me Sooo much. I just get so many stereotypes from people. Some people assume because Ive lived in foster care I must be a liar. I'm lucky because I work hard in school but so many kids don't get my oppertuneties. I feel like it would be a good topic for vox to explore and start a conversation around
I'm sorry to hear that :/ I had no idea that was the case. Is there anyway you can think of that we could help change the stigma?
My grandparents used to Foster and I want to, too, after I'm financially secure enough to care for children, so it's something I care about a lot
"that i bring to the office for myself" is the real crime.
Is next video about “how reliable surveillance cameras footage?”
Fingerprint analysis is good for corroborating evidence, but alone it's not very compelling.
At 1:30 , that’s a delta, not an arch. Arch is a different type of print entirely.
I wish this came out earlier, Seatte WA is voting on updating their finger print analysis equipment today.
dude, you can't just leave it there now.... WHO DRINKS YOUR COFFEE????!!!!!!!! WE HAVE TO KNOW NOW!!!!!!!!!! :D Cheers :)
mac.
Is Detox narrating your videos now? Love it
Wow... never been this early on a Vox video!
Thanks for all the great content guys!
Dean makes the best videos
That's why I only use my feet to steal.
Who else looked at their fingers ?
Vsauce: *where are your fingers*
vsauce: what is the shortest poem?
the answer for the lazy ones is i with a fingerprint on top.
Me! All of my fingers have loops, except the indices, which are whorls. They seem to be mirrored, too, leaning to the left on my right hand and vice versa on my left. I can't look close enough to tell if they're exactly mirrored or not, but it's interesting. My toe prints are the same way, big toes are whorls, the rest have loops. Really interesting.
can you make a video of how reliable is "lie detector test"?
It's not. It's purely psychological. They trick you into confessing by saying that they know you're lying. I'm pretty sure I would fail because I have anxiety and and mild autism and would be nervous as hell
Adam ruins everything did a video on it if you're interested (but it's not new or groundbreaking information, just a fun coverage of basic info)
missed opportunity to have a cat sneak up at the end and lick the coffee in a "haha it was a kitty all along" joke
I appreciate the Kingdom Hearts esque battle music in the end credits
0:19 So you just held the evidence with your bare hands. Okay, that would make fingerprint analysis less reliable, huh?
Gerald de Belen ...no, he just removes his own fingerprints from the scan. That's how they work around fingerprint analysis flaws
How reliable is this channel? It’s pretty reliable for sure
That wide shot with the backdrop looks off, almost like you wanted to show off the set
I just love the filming technique just love it
one day i was messing around with the school biometrics and told my friend to try it even tho he didn't show up the day our prints were taken, his print had a match in the system and we were all laughing about it
Jun wait wat !
What crime did he commit?
J Girl not crime, our school tried to use biometrics for attendance and he didn't show up the day the fingerprints were taken, so someone in the school has one finger with similar enough fingerprints
The real question: how reliable is Vox?
They are an “all things considered” channel it’s one of the things they have that many other channels don’t
I am surprised that this video is not even mentioning the fact that fingerprints are the easiest thing to reproduce. Seriously, you can copy anybody's fingerprint and paste it anywhere for les than $30 of material!
Quick Fix source pls
Valentin is my professor, knows so much and is a great professor/detective!!!
The tape at the start “warning 21 b day “ wow
Very informative 👍
What about retina/eye scans/other biometrics?
But what's your opinion on those herman miller chairs? How good are they??
I'm quite curious about fingerprint analysis using ai. Seems like an ideal field and probably more reliable than two people looking at them as going: ah yes,a match.
3:37 When you Said Ur Brother to Cover only the Background but He covered the whole room
1:10 JAKE PERALTA!!!!!!
3:06 Powerful words and does make sense
Wait, I’m so confused. Does the government have a record of everyone’s finger prints?
Good material Vox
Great vid, would like to see something about the possibility of putting someone else's fingerprint somewhere, due to the fact that fingerprints can be gathered easily with infra-red cameras as the german chaos computer club showed.
'so not cocopowder? Cool, cool, cool, cool' 😂
2:40 how reliable fingerprint analysis really is
1:10 No doubt no doubt no doubt
Is it just me that thinks that FBI tried to frame the guy?
Xano Trevisan Kothe He is Muslim now, he must done it. 😑 Sad
Yes.
Or maybe he infiltrated a terrorist network in order to preform a false flag attack, his representation of the terrorist, Islam conversions all part of a plot a deep cover plot to build support in the eu for war with Iran / genocide
If the FBI really wanted to put him in jail they probably could’ve done so in the context of the court case
The fact that both are plausible scary
christophe definitely stole the coffee
Wasn't there a case of two guys having the exact same fingerprints?
I don't think they were related.
TGDS is wrong, there is no genetic linkage of fingerprints, however there have been a small handful of cases where very similar finger prints have been drawn, to the point that multiple experts were fooled.
This can be the result of a bad pull, where the print lifted was done less than perfectly leaving the larger print obscured by error or method (cyanoacrylite, or super glue, was the standard for years, a super heated glass alternative is slowly gaining traction), or dumb luck.
However, in these cases, like the one mentioned in the video, the other techniques of forensics and forensic science come into play. Hard to pin a man with a perfect alabi like the man in the video. It is exceedingly rare for anyone to have the same fingerprint, why, as the video says, prints can match to a .1% level of error, it's even more rare that these matching individuals would be anywhere geographicly close to each other.
Fingerprints are only one part of the process.
I think you have it backwards. They started using them in the USA because two half brothers were in prison together (and looked similar) and they weirdly both had the same name. So they started looking into other ways of identifying people and came up with fingerprints (which France was already using)
The thing to remember is that while we haven't had a case of identical fingerprints yet, there is no proof that no two are identical
Guys come on, how did you get my finger print 1:27?? You didn't even give me any credit for it either. haha
My phone can't even read my prints over my greasy fingers.
The short answer is that its so accurate that they had legal grounds to extradite man who has never been to the u.s. for murder.
I'm really surprised you didn't address why fingerprint analysis isn't done by computers.
No security camera footage at the end? WTF mate?!
Vox doesn't have security cameras to find out the person?
Here's what I call a pro gamer move ..... Gloves.
You forgot numbers of false negatives.
it's 7.5% according to phys.org/news/2011-04-false-positives-rare-fingerprint.html
I was kinda expecting to see a clip at the end of someone stealing the mug..
99,9% effectiveness is as good as it gets, no method is really ideal.
I love Vox. Stuff like this is super interesting and fun!
And there are of course the more serious videos that are very thorough
The true crime here is that somebody would willingly drink La Croix
I thought you were gonna add a 3-second clip right at the end of Mac LOL
I had no idea they analyzed them by human eye, all these crime shows had me believing it's exclusively done by computer programs
18 seconds in and he's dusting for prints on an object he's holding without wearing gloves
5:30 nice chair backs!
What if I have different patterns on each finger?
If you're a smart criminal,you'd wear gloves.
The video is not clear regarding the definition of a false positive. By false positive, do we mean a situation in which the fingerprint from the crime scene and the master image taken from the subject are mistakenly said to be a match even though they do not actually display the same features, or, that two or more people may exist with similar enough features that make them indistinguishable? Both are of course errors but of a very different nature.
instead of looking at each one separately, why not put them together under sunlight to see if all the lines match?
The "E" in ACE-V was not discussed.
More reliable than a vox video
Wait, is there any evidence 2 unrelated people can't have identical fingerprints? Didn't Adam Ruins Everything do something on this?
did you catch them yet
So how do they have a database of fingerprints, if you have never committed a crime where you were fingerprinted? Does apple really give our fingerprints over? serious question.
Prints are lifted from suspects usually some time after the crime is committed and then put into a larger database. So ex-cons, old suspects from other crimes, people already in the system can be pulled by software after a print is lifted.
However, forensic science uses way more than just finger prints to determine who may have been at a crime scene, so the good old fashioned gumshoe detective work is what is normally used to find who should have their prints drawn for comparison.
Sincerelyy Eccentric there are tons of finger print databases. Military keeps enlistees are on file in the event you go to war and are killed and lose your tags. I believe police, fireman, emergency workers, and other law enforcement types get printed for similar reasons. All people charges with a crime get printed so that they can't get into and shananogans in prison with identity swapping. All in all I'd guess 4-5 percent of Americans prints are on file somewhere.
Sincerelyy Eccentric when I want to come in The Usa they scan all 5 fingers on a scanner so they have every fingerprint from people who came from germany on plane
I was fingerprinted when I got a job at a bank.
Sincerelyy Eccentric Just take a good fingerprint samples of a person, make huge pile of copies, put it in an AI algorithm and you're done. You honestly don't need to have a record. But for previous convicts, it's better to have a record.
It's time to call Phoenix Wright to the case!
Now we can find who touched my spaghet
Hey question...maybe you guys can make a vid from it.... but how are websites that you can watch movies or tv shows on for free, not illegal?
It has never been proven that no two people can have the same finger print. The odds are strongly against it but it has never been proven.
Law and Order:The Vox files
0.1% ? that's good enough for me
You gotta make it more interesting than a coffee case
“Coolcoolcoolcoolcoolcoolcool”
JAKE PERALTA ANYONE
Or...introduce some industrial grade laxatives in your coffee.
I'd be pissed if someone was stealing my Yirgacheffe, too.
Sebring got pretty good gas mileage. If that helps. A guy on TH-cam said that his mother must have the same fingerprints as he has because she was able to get into his cell phone that had the fingerprint lockout. How the heck could that be true?
Fingerprint scanners on phones aren't that accurate. There may have been some genetic component that made them just accurate enough to fool the scanner
That does make sense. But every single fingerprint being unique? Are we sure of that? Does AFIS ever come up with multiple hits? Yes. A technician needs to pars out the most likely match. Uniqueness is true to 1 in 64 million people. But with over 300 million people in the US alone, that doesn't go very far. Also, 2 prints may look identical, but some maniac might spot a very minute difference. Granny used to say: "The closer you look, the more you see." Good one granny.
So getting back to your answer, you are absolutely correct. Cell phones are not that sophisticated. Thank you for chiming in.
wait, what's the 'e' in ACE-V?
The justice system doesn’t have true justice until we can ensure that innocent people will never be convicted of crimes that they didn’t commit. This makes me think of Anthony Ray Hinton who spent 30 years on death row for crimes he didn’t commit. His story is horrible, but it happens more than we realize. Most of the innocent people on death row, don’t make it out like Anthony.
But fingerprint is still more reliable. It's been used for so long with maximum positive results.
Every fingerprint needs to be enlarged, divided into sections on a grid and printed so each grid square covers a whole piece of paper. Number the pages, staple together and then compare each grid page with the same numbered grid page of another fingerprint. Each print now looks like a maze book, easily comparable to any other print's grid book. Think giant graph paper in a giant flip book of sorts. This should reduce errors in comparison analysis.
Don’t we also use PC too?