Black History Talks: Robin Walker presents 'Inspirational African American Contributions to Science'
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 20 ส.ค. 2024
- Scholars estimate that by 1913, African Americans held around 1,000 patents for various inventions in households goods, industrial machinery, transportation, electricity and chemical compounds. This presentation documents some of the contributions made by African American Scientists and Inventors to Science and Technology in the early years of the 1900's.
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Added to the list is YOU Shanell! Well-done for your accomplishment of rising to the position of The First Black Female Minority Union Officer at UCLA a university establish 1826. The third oldest university in England.
Thanks You for introducing us to this incredible information from Mr Robin Walker, On enlightenment of miseducation or lack of.
This is Great love have to read his Books, Another master teacher
@Zenme Yangzi another tired white supremacist finds a way to a TH-cam video on black history, yawn. Don't you have to go somewhere and contract skin cancer my melanin deficient friend?
Great video...thanks!
An inspirer
So sad, A GREAT legacy has been thrown away..... let find our selves to become new again please
MASTER TEACHER!
Terrific presentation!
This is what we should be learning about instead of roots.
White folk made ROOTS. The devil ONLY makes things to help the devil.
Excellent
Wow
Only 2 comments
That hurts me
I have shared some stuff already and will continue to do so
More please 👏
Without us, melanated people. Life wouldnt of been, we heal not destroy.
Warfare
Most of tropical Africa did not have a cavalry. Horses would be wiped out by tse-tse fly. The zebra was never domesticated. The army of tropical Africa consisted of mainly infantry. Weapons included bows and arrows with low bow strength that compensated with poison-tipped arrows. Throwing knives were made use of in central Africa, spears that could double as thrusting cutting weapons, and swords were also in use. Heavy clubs when thrown could break bones, battle axe, and shields of various sizes were in widespread use. Later guns, muskets such as flintlock, wheelock, and matchlock. Contrary to popular perception, guns were also in widespread use in Africa. They typically were of poor quality, a policy of European nations to provide poor quality merchandise. One reason the slave trade was so successful was the widespread use of guns in Africa.
Fortification was a major part of defense, integral to warfare. Massive earthworks were built around cities and settlements in West Africa, typically defended by soldiers with bow and poison-tipped arrows. The earthworks are some of the largest man made structures in Africa and the world such as the wall of Benin and Sungbo's Eredo. In Central Africa, the Angola region, one find preference for ditches, which were more successful for defense against wars with Europeans.
African infantry did not just include men. The state of Dahomey included all-female units, the so-called Dahomey Amazons, who were personal bodyguards of the king. The Queen Mother of Benin had her own personal army, 'Queens Own.'
Biologicals were extensively used in many parts of Africa, most of the time in the form of poisoned arrows, but also powder spread on the war front or in the form of the poisoning of horses and water supply of the opponents. In Borgu, there were specific mixtures to kill, for hypnosis, to make the enemy bold, and to act as an antidote against the enemies' poison. A specific class of medicine-men was responsible for the making of the biologicals. In South Sudan, the people of the Koalit Hills kept their country free of Arab invasions by using tsetse flies as a weapon of war. Several accounts can give us an idea of the efficiency of the biologicals. For example, Mockley-Ferryman in 1892 commented on the Dahomean invasion of Borgu, that "their (Borgawa) poisoned arrows enabled them to hold their own with the forces of Dahomey notwithstanding the latter's muskets." The same scenario happened to Portuguese raiders in Senegambia when they were defeated by Mali's Gambian forces, and to John Hawkins in Sierra Leone where he lost a number of his men to poisoned arrows.
The Sahelian military consisted of cavalry and infantry. Cavalry consisted of shielded, mounted soldiers. Body armor was chain mail or heavy quilted cotton. Helmets were made of leather, elephant, or hippo hide. Imported horses were shielded. Horse armor consisted of quilted cotton packed with kapok fiber and copper face plate. The stirrups could be used as weapon to disembowel enemy infantry or mounted soldiers at close range. Weapons included the sword, lance, battle-axe, and broad-bladed spear. The infantry were armed with bow and iron tipped arrows. Iron tips were usually laced with poison, from the West African plant Strophantus hispidus. Quivers of 40-50 arrows would be carried into battle. Later, muskets were introduced.
Museum of Anthropology, College of Arts and Science, University of Missouri
African Knives, Axes, Swords, Spears and Weapons
John K. Thornton (November 2002). Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-36584-4.
Akinwumi, Olayemi (1995). "BIOLOGICALLY-BASED WARFARE IN THE PRE-COLONIAL BORGU SOCIETY OF NIGERIA AND REPUBLIC OF BENIN". Transafrican Journal of History. 24: 123-130.
Archibald, R. G. (1927-03-25). "The Tsetse Fly-Belt Area in the Nuba Mountains Province of the Sudan". Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology. 21 (1): 39-44. doi:10.1080/00034983.1927.11684517. ISSN 0003-4983.
John K. Thornton (November 2002). Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800. Routledge. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-135-36584-4.
Robert July, Pre-Colonial Africa, p. 97-119, 266-270
Myron J. Echenberg, "’’Late Nineteenth-Century Military Technology in Upper Volta’’", The Journal of African History, Vol. 12, No. 2 (1971), pp. 241-254
Warfare
Most of tropical Africa did not have a cavalry. Horses would be wiped out by tse-tse fly. The zebra was never domesticated. The army of tropical Africa consisted of mainly infantry. Weapons included bows and arrows with low bow strength that compensated with poison-tipped arrows. Throwing knives were made use of in central Africa, spears that could double as thrusting cutting weapons, and swords were also in use. Heavy clubs when thrown could break bones, battle axe, and shields of various sizes were in widespread use. Later guns, muskets such as flintlock, wheelock, and matchlock. Contrary to popular perception, guns were also in widespread use in Africa. They typically were of poor quality, a policy of European nations to provide poor quality merchandise. One reason the slave trade was so successful was the widespread use of guns in Africa.
Fortification was a major part of defense, integral to warfare. Massive earthworks were built around cities and settlements in West Africa, typically defended by soldiers with bow and poison-tipped arrows. The earthworks are some of the largest man made structures in Africa and the world such as the wall of Benin and Sungbo's Eredo. In Central Africa, the Angola region, one find preference for ditches, which were more successful for defense against wars with Europeans.
African infantry did not just include men. The state of Dahomey included all-female units, the so-called Dahomey Amazons, who were personal bodyguards of the king. The Queen Mother of Benin had her own personal army, 'Queens Own.'
Biologicals were extensively used in many parts of Africa, most of the time in the form of poisoned arrows, but also powder spread on the war front or in the form of the poisoning of horses and water supply of the opponents. In Borgu, there were specific mixtures to kill, for hypnosis, to make the enemy bold, and to act as an antidote against the enemies' poison. A specific class of medicine-men was responsible for the making of the biologicals. In South Sudan, the people of the Koalit Hills kept their country free of Arab invasions by using tsetse flies as a weapon of war. Several accounts can give us an idea of the efficiency of the biologicals. For example, Mockley-Ferryman in 1892 commented on the Dahomean invasion of Borgu, that "their (Borgawa) poisoned arrows enabled them to hold their own with the forces of Dahomey notwithstanding the latter's muskets." The same scenario happened to Portuguese raiders in Senegambia when they were defeated by Mali's Gambian forces, and to John Hawkins in Sierra Leone where he lost a number of his men to poisoned arrows.
The Sahelian military consisted of cavalry and infantry. Cavalry consisted of shielded, mounted soldiers. Body armor was chain mail or heavy quilted cotton. Helmets were made of leather, elephant, or hippo hide. Imported horses were shielded. Horse armor consisted of quilted cotton packed with kapok fiber and copper face plate. The stirrups could be used as weapon to disembowel enemy infantry or mounted soldiers at close range. Weapons included the sword, lance, battle-axe, and broad-bladed spear. The infantry were armed with bow and iron tipped arrows. Iron tips were usually laced with poison, from the West African plant Strophantus hispidus. Quivers of 40-50 arrows would be carried into battle. Later, muskets were introduced.
Museum of Anthropology, College of Arts and Science, University of Missouri
African Knives, Axes, Swords, Spears and Weapons
John K. Thornton (November 2002). Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-36584-4.
Akinwumi, Olayemi (1995). "BIOLOGICALLY-BASED WARFARE IN THE PRE-COLONIAL BORGU SOCIETY OF NIGERIA AND REPUBLIC OF BENIN". Transafrican Journal of History. 24: 123-130.
Archibald, R. G. (1927-03-25). "The Tsetse Fly-Belt Area in the Nuba Mountains Province of the Sudan". Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology. 21 (1): 39-44. doi:10.1080/00034983.1927.11684517. ISSN 0003-4983.
John K. Thornton (November 2002). Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800. Routledge. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-135-36584-4.
Robert July, Pre-Colonial Africa, p. 97-119, 266-270
Myron J. Echenberg, "’’Late Nineteenth-Century Military Technology in Upper Volta’’", The Journal of African History, Vol. 12, No. 2 (1971), pp. 241-254
as matter a fact he should a African sounding name
Mack 19 , I believe his parents named him with their slave name just like most of us are named.
What Janet Jackson wants said, what have you done for me lately oooh ooh yeah
So African Americans have stopped inventing??? I know you can't be that ignorant. He talking about history.
We wuz kangz