What happened to the other Human Species?
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 4 พ.ค. 2024
- Human evolution can’t help but fascinate us - the story of where we came from. Today we, Homo sapiens, are the only human species left. But that wasn’t always the case….
For millions of years, there thrived a great range of early human species. From small-brained island dwellers in Indonesia to the robust Neanderthals that dominated so much of Eurasia for hundreds of thousands of years.
With the help of human evolution specialists Dr Chris Stringer and Dr Fred Spoor, Tristan Hughes explores a list of five extraordinary early humans that went extinct.
Interviews shot at the Natural History Museum.
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#historyhit #evolution #homosapien #neanderthal
00:00 Introduction
00:52 Australopithecus
06:45 Homo erectus
12:03 Homo floresiensis
15:48 Homo naledi
21:02 Neanderthals
![ลุ้นมาก! รกต่ำไม่หายจะทำไงดี? [cc] แดนแพทตี้ SS2 | EP.40 |](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/_ub8lf45Vtg/mqdefault.jpg)
Actually, they didn't die out at all. They are in the apartment above me.
Haha, you and me both.
Racist 😭
tappin your ol lady when u at work
😂🤣
They’re called Europeans nowadays
I love it when they say "we don't know". This shows some sense of still looking (not being arrogant as to know every thing).
@@prototek100 have you considered mental health assistance?
@@maca_ker when one individual is delusional, it's called mental illness, and when a group of people is delusional, it's called religion.
Admitting a lack of knowledge is one of the smartest things a person can do.
One of the hypotheses for Neandethal extinction is that they had more difficulty than Sapiens finding enough food during the ice age. Because Neandethals are bigger and much more muscular than modern humans, they require a lot more food to survive, estimated to be between 3,500 and 5,000 calories a day. When resources were scarce in the ice age, the smaller homo sapiens would have had an advantage.
We interbred with all of the other sapiens and their genes resulted in our Land Races.
From an evolutionary sense we did not all come out of Africa and there are multiple "races" within Africa .
The Khoi San people are our actual ancestors and the origin of the human species and the central Africans must have DNA from other sapien species .
@@avibhaganyou sound slow.
@@thirsty57 you sound like you have nothing to add to the topic.
Huskier but not taller. Neanderthals averaged 5’5”.
@@margomoore4527 yep. short but chonky. It's the muscle mass that I'm talking about, the more muscle you have, the higher your calorie use is, even at rest.
The robust Neanderthals, in particular, capture my imagination. Their ability to endure harsh climates and their sophisticated tool use is a testament to human adaptability.
Neanderthals died out as inbred cannibals. They regressed over time and didn't progress socially or technically.
They still exist near Russia. The Neanderthal DNA gene is very heavy there. Not even trying to insult its true.
Just like homo erectus DNA can be seen in Africa still. All mankind came at same time but ended up uniting under the homo sapien.
Yes white people still exist
Yes! I’ve always thought it silly for them to portrayed as “dumb cave man” when they were actually innovative & intelligent
@@UCMICU were they? They seemed to lose innovation over time.
Just want to tell all of you that haven't heard of it because, disappointingly, there are MANY closeminded paleoanthropologists...the aquatic theory of human evolution is something i hope you all research.
Basics are that the first upright hominids were isolated on an island for a loooonnnngggg time. Like many island creatures we changed. Surrounded by water, they gradually went into the water for food, or relief from heat, or protection from predators. The more daring in the group went further in, harvested more food, perhaps saved youngsters from predators. Point being, those who went in further would, without knowing it, be priming their bodies for going upright. Might have taken thousands, tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands of years, but generation after generation, we just naturally stood up in water. The anti-gravity feel of water would have made it easier as time went by. (In my mind the braver went further, brave equals good mate.)
They probably slept in trees at night, thus the curled fingers and longer arms. I think, personally that that is when we lost our hair, not on purpose, but because it was heavy in water. Less hair equals better survival in water equals better mate.
IF that was ALL that happened, it would be enough for me, but wait...there's more. We have things the other apes don't, like a thicker layer of subcutaneous fat (babies in particular), we cry salt tears (perhaps to rid excess salt from body), some humans are still born with webbed fingers and/or toes.
Female sexual organs have shifted just as many aquatic species, we sweat salt, our nostrils are pointing down...and if you...right now...push your upper lip up, it fits right into our nostrils...the apes don't have that. These are just a few of MANY differences that they DON'T teach in our anthropology classes. Second point being...coming down from trees to get the lowest hanging fruit is ridiculous...we already did that. Going upright to look over bushes...already did that. You pick the low hanging fruit and go on about you business on all fours because it's faster.
The Savannah Theory ...we ate it up because the professors said it, and they are the experts right? ONLY IF THEY ARE OPEN TO NEW IDEAS!!!!!! And how DO they explain our ability to swim and enjoyment of water??? It is not chance that most fossils, indeed most humanity, can be found near water. The MISSING fossils are probably long ago washed away by the sea. Just please check it out on your own...be good scientists and stretch your minds. It's a fascinating theory from the 1960's by a scientist named Hrdy. He was laughed at. Elaine Morgan took up the fight to have the theory recognized. She has a few good books, used on amazon for cheap. David Attenborough has mentioned it as a plausible theory, but what we need is scientists to just THINK on it.
Going upright was a BAD move, as anyone who stands all day will attest to. Losing our hair, so we had to carry slippery babies was a BAD move. (That some hair was left on our heads, so that babies could hold on themselves in water when hanging on to mom) Thanks for listening to me babble...spread the word...minds are to think with, not shut down others theories!)
One last thought...the mediterranean was dry for much of 5.3-6mya. Maybe it happened on one of those islands. My money is on Zanzibar and Pemba, islands off Tanzanian coast. ( Almost parallel with the footprints found in Tanzania) Elaine Morgan thinks the Afar triangle. But if minds don't open, we will never get the chance to say "Maybe?"
Aquatic theory has been the most fascinating theory i've ever ever come across, and it blows my mind that our illustrious professors answer to it is that there is no proof. Love it that you all watched this video!!
Peace out...✌️
Well the way you descibe human evolution sounds more like Lamarck than Darwin. Thats not how evolution works. You either have a feature or you don't have it. Variety comes from mutations not from active adaptations.
And every animal is drawn to water. Its literally essential to survival. We are terribly adapted to spend a lot of time in the water compared to other species. Nostrils pointing down doesn't prevent water going in. Its so we don't put rotten smelling food into our mouths...
Going upright on two legs was clearly a great success for our species and its also for many birds. No other mammal can breath and run like we can. It made us great endurance hunter. Similar to wolves.
You shouldn't call others, especially experts close minded, if you don't understand these basic concepts of biology.
I’ve seen Lucy up close when she was on loan to a nearby museum. She was absolutely breathtaking ❤
I saw her first, and she's flirted with me !
I am so glad you got to see her in real life. I see the humanity in her face in her reconstruction.
Did they say how all the bones to "Lucy" were found scattered throughout a wide area at different depths of soil/rock, or leave these details out?
Stephanie, thank you for specifying "biological females" and "biological males" in your comment because we would not have known what the hell you were referring to. We have no idea how many genders there were in prehistoric times.
Oh wait, yes we do, there were 2, only TWO.
Lucy was already debunked as a hoax
Fantastic Documentary. Everyone should watch this.
What's so fantastic about a "documentary" that censors paintings?
I loved this video!! I really enjoyed the awesome experts in the field you brought in. Which made it even better
Excellent video...thanks...
Usually I am not too interested in prehistoric history, but this was very interesting. Well done!
🎉nice work i really appreciate
Fascinating video!
Great job 👍
I can see why you didn't cover Denisovans in this, because we really don't have much to go on. It'd be a segment lasting all of half a minute, and mostly describing where teeth were found.
Idk I think I read a book a couple years ago that had a ton of info about Denisovans and their DNA remanence in Homo sapiens. A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived: The Stories in Our Genes by Adam Rutherford
@@chelseashurmantine8153 Sure, that crossover has a lot to do with interbreeding, from what I've seen so far.
Except for the part where they found out there are people in Pappa New Guinea with an average of 4-6% denisovan dna.
@@offkilter9364 Doesn't change what I said about physical traces of Denisovans directly.
There's a whole pile of bone fragments at the University of Vienna, collected in Papua New Guinea, belonging to Denisovans.
This was such an interesting video! I loved it!
I genuinely wonder if somehow, will humans evolve seperate species again, or is life today limiting that from happening?
Seems obvious to me there are different species among us now, although one is probably not allowed to acknowledge this, especially professionally due to political correctness .
@louiekiwi We are the same species , same race (which is human, it seems you have forgotten) the only difference between us is content of melanin in skin. The only one thinking politically is you. Time to think scientifically. Humans are humans.
Right now, our ability to travel the world and mix our genes is preventing that. But. Human civilization is dying. Nobody is having kids. It's a global event. It's especially the case in cities, where most everyone lives. So, imagine that in 4 or 5 generations, everyone living in a city has died without children. World travel stops. We become farmers again. Maybe there is enough time for speciation then? Maybe not. Give it just a few thousand years of farming and people will make cities again. Only to die out again. Cities are where blood lines go to die.
@@ambergathings7160 PEKKP9K2RR
@@ambergathings7160 th-cam.com/users/shortsk3O9YlOzUd8?si=JAurrSWCdSieeyTG
The bus driver from the film 'Speed' is a blatant Neanderthal throwback.
For some reason they tend to show up in poor people great big teeth and red hair
I tend to believe that small groups are more vulnerable than larger ones like ours. Losing an important member in a harsh environmen must have a bigger impact. The pressure on Neanderthal may have been more socialy nuanced compared to tribal Sapiens
I often wonder if their relative isolation in smaller groups needed larger brains and higher IQs. So much of a human's resources are cultural, alone we are not very smart. The robust body of a Neanderthal would also suggest they were less cooperative perhaps? More self reliant.
definitely, i’m sure our sociability has played to our benefit
Unbelievable that there are still people denying evolution and saying “show us the proof! Show the intermediate fossils!”.
Well here you go.
Since humans didn't evolve into existence, there are no intermediate fossils. Imagination does not make a fossil intermediate.
I would love to see more content on Neanderthals, Denisovans and the Denisova cave!
There's a very interesting research project at the University of Vienna, led by Katerina Douka, looking into Denisovan distribution in South East Asia.
Another exciting project is led by Mateja Hajdinjak at the Max Planck Institute, she's looking at Neanderthals and early H. sapiens to figure out what exactly makes humans human.
If you want to know what happened when early humans left Africa and encountered new fauna for the first time, you should keep an eye on Peter Heintzman and Maja Krzewinska at Stockholm University.
This was absolutely fascinating, thank you all for putting it together. I think one of my favorite pieces of information was the ear bones are shaped differently in neanderthals, how would that affect their hearing? How would they hear what i hear differently? Or does it make their hearing better?
I heard the base of the skull is flatter too, creating people with higher pitched voices.
So very interesting thank you ❤
❤ so very interesting
TY
I am truly grateful for this video... the smile on my face... at this point in time, where who knows what path we are now on. Perhaps this is called 'bittersweet'. I love the thought that 'Neanderthals are not extinct!'.... We are one. Just a wonder-full documentary!
Chris is the best.
They made that model look hardened and humble great work
Loved this video
Very cool. Chris Stringer is a super-guru.
He is brilliant.
And maybe a super saiyan
Thanks!
Fascinating
Some say that Neanderthals still exist. I for one went to school and have worked with a lot like that.
Some even become presidents of the usa, the orange subspecies of the Neanderthals 😂 (or is he an Orange-utan)
Neanderthals are physically very strong 💪🏿
Europeans have Neanderthal 🧬 Genes .
You would be among them.
@@BROWNDIRTWARRIOR Hit a nerve, have we? Or should I say, "Ugh"? 🐒🍌
Of course they do especially the redheads with the big teeth
What's with the arbitrary blur that's in some private parts but not others? Is it AI private part blurring? :)
I am currently reading How Bipedalism made us Human and many of the themes in this video have resonated with me. With human evolutionary history, you shouldn't read a book published before 2020 as so many discoveries were made in 2018 and 2019 and they really change things.
Thank you for the wonderful video and pursuing this paleoanthropology track.
Yeah it's crazy how much we've learned about the Denisovan's DNA still in us!!! It's very cool how much new data there is
I don’t know if you “shouldn’t” read a book published before 2020, just know some info might be out of date. Like many of us, I’m sure, dinosaur books from my childhood got me into natural history. They are so outdated now but I think they were well worth a read regardless.
@@Lomi311 I agree in that older books had much more enthusiasm and fascination with their subject matter and infused this into their readers. I guess we started taking dinosaurs for granted.
Great video with real experts in the field!!! Many thanks!! 👍🏼
Wow🎉❤ amazing video. Do you know a website where I can buy a skull replica?
On the point with brain size and complex behaviors, several birds like crows and ravens, have small brains in size but are also capable of many complex behaviors. Wouldn't that show it's not only brain size when it comes to intelligence? If so, wouldn't the blue whale be the smartest animal?
I think he's speaking mostly in terms of species of humans, where the brain composition is pretty similar but come in different sizes, where as other animals have more differences in the make up of their brains so it's not just a matter of size. Like blue whales have the biggest brains but without a higher developed frontal lobe it only goes so far in terms of handling complex concepts
It's relative brain size, not absolute size. Although it may be possible that brains having more folds or different structures play a part too.
I think that a problem for comparing it is that all of the fossils are not of early people that were the exact same age and height. You cannot compare cranial capacities of an 8yo to a 24yo. Or, a short hill tribe person of Thailand to Andre the Giant.
I watched another show where they attempted to recreate brain maps, using some sort of scanning of fossils, of a Neanderthal to a modern human. If both were adults skulls, the earlier actually wasn't a lower and longer skull. The Neanderthals had larger parietal and temporal lobes, which deal with processing of sensory information and memory. Or, at least the proportions heavily suggested it. Similar frontal lobe size for dealing with personality/higher functioning. No surprise that they were able to develop most of the early tools as well as the first signs of artistic expression. I have had several college neuroscience classes and have performed cranial-sacral techniques of a wide variety of ethnicities over the last 16 + years. I am very fascinated by this and geek-out any time a new ethnic variety hops on my massage table.
@palkokity8235 you might be able to compare the cranial capacity of an 8 year old Homo Sapien to an adult Homo Erectus, though.
@@tinobemellow you can compare the general shape but there are growth plates in the skull, just like the long bones of the body, that do not fuse into solid bone until teenage hormones. So the 8yo skull still has not reached it's full capacity. It would be like comparing the 8yo and adult (thigh) thigh bones. No quite fair for comparing the two people. Then, there are other traumatic differences that affect the overall shape that complicate it further. I could do a day long lecture, at least, of what I have discovered from 16+ years of working with living skulls.
So many unanswered questions about who we are and where wr came from. Why do beings die out? I don't believe we're alone.
.
they are with us
Why isn’t this video available on the History Hit app that I’m paying subscription money for?
Homo Erectus would have been a difficult opponent if we were fighting them in the wild. They were clever and very very athletic.
Jesus, why would you even have that thought; what is wrong with you?
@@gio-oz8gfare you okay princess?
Video game syndrome.
We were even more clever and more athletic, we're literally the improved version of them.
If it was a bit to the death Homo Erectus would win.
It was an informative and wonderful earlier human archeological and scientific video shared by an excellent ( History Hit ) channel
We need to Teach kids more about this tipe of history, before wars, racism and slavery...
Then we'll be closer together,
Instead of being
"devided and concerned"🤨
Humans are Humans
The background music reminds me of the metal gear solid 3 title screen music
It's very frustrating coming from Australia we never see documentaries done on the Australian Aboriginal people because no one knows what the hell is going on. We've got people that were living lifestyles that were completely stone Age but to the north we had more modern human beings on the islands with African features meaning there was two definite distinct waves of people. Also many Australians believe that the hobbits were in Australia and the Aboriginal people wiped them out when they got here . Sadly we're not allowed to do any research because the distant relatives of the Aboriginal people who run all the councils don't want any evidence of hobbits found because they will then lose their claim to welfare being the first people end of course if something significant is found they can't sell it to the mining companies
Intelligence is a funny thing. 'brightness'.. a mix of curiosity, risk taking, determination, learning by trial and error.. I'm sure my horse is brighter than some people. And some horses are dull
Very interesting topic ❤
I don’t know why but when I saw the thumb nail my brain immediately went to the scene in Harry Potter where Harry gives dobby a sock
0:24 That Lord Alan Sugar has let himself go.
Fascinating video. Not sure you need your blur out the pics though.
it's TH-cam rules.
Americans can be quite prudish, they own You Tube.
Well presented
Australopithecus didn't go extinct. I'm sure I saw an Australopithecus Giganticus at my local gym yesterday.
In the mirror..
Loved the video. Maybe a better title would be 5 Hominid species with Australopithecus in there
I wouldn't have clicked on that
Fascinating stuff. I would add that there was a guy I served with in the Navy who definitely had way more than 4% Neanderthal DNA.
I think a lot of women, biological females, assume most men, biological males, have more than 4% Neanderthal DNA.
PS: I am 2.06% Neanderthal/Denisovan. I pretty chuffed about that.
@@stephanieyee9784 For the record, Im also a guy. But I was here making a joke about the physical appearance of a former shipmate.
these comments are killing me 😂
5:35 Why did you have to blur the illustrations of homo habilis? 😄😆
Probably because of arbitrary youtube restrictions
Nothing happened to 'the other Human Species,' Don Cheadle is alive today --- just look at the thumbnail pic provided. There's no mystery or uncertainty, the genetics are well preserved and are as strong as ever.
I think I've worked out what defines us as a species now; we always initially think we're more complex and evolved than other species.... until the evidence tells us that we're just like them. In terms of Neanderthals dying out, can a species that has merged with another really be called dead? I don't consider my great grandparents as extinct as a species, but their genetics merged to create this new combination called me. If they started families and tribes combined with homo sapiens then they probably all stayed together, rather than procreating them leaving their partner to hide under a rock and go extinct.
i sorta agree with you. Down the line in a good few years humans will no longer be a thing. we will evolve and a new species will exist.
That's called Evolution. Every generation is slightly evolved compared to its predecessors. Except in the case of repeated interbreeding.
A good study of present humans will observe that this species is still with us.
How do Cro Magnon fit in?
It's maybe possible some other Human species could be hidden away in some remote corner of the Amazon or somewhere!
What about denisovians? How come they weren’t covered?
man that was quite the austrotoothpicdic
🙂
Good video yet the unnecessary noises in the background are quite distracting.
How about the luzonensis?
I'd have a bit more confidence in this production if they had pronounced _floresiensis_ properly and there wasn't a Star Wars trooper helmet in the skull cabinet (though that was funny). Having watched the whole video I have to conclude this was a jolly good production!
Is there any valid reason other than ritual for that many Naledi skeletons at the bottom of a cave system? I don't understand the push back on that part...
They probably haven't done enough research on that yet. It's a fairly new site so it will take a few years to sort through all the specimens and finish working on the site. It's slow going due to the difficulty accessing the small chamber.
I don’t see them all dying in one place at one time, to find so many bones… so I’d assume it was burial. We were probably capable of being empathetic since day one, mourning and feeling sadness. Even animals do.
Oldest Homo erectus in Africa is from South Africa at 1.9 mya. Some want to call the early African form Homo ergaster, but support for this separation has been fading. Youngest Homo erectus is from Indonesia at 108 000 years ago.
Completely arbitrary where you put the lines.
That looks like Don Cheadle!! 😲🤦🏽♂️
I do not think archaic humans are extinct. I have seen them in Australia and also in Florida. The ones I saw in Australia looked exactly like the hobbit from Flores.
aboriginal australians are the same species as us, you’re just racist
Erectus walks amongst us
😆if you're lucky 😜
So... Denisovans are not a species anymore? Not sure why the were just so briefly mentioned..
❤ This
I thought hybrid human/ Neanderthal fossils had already been found? Or at least one that was a second or third generation hybrid?
It's all about DNA now.
Very nice sci fi series... ape are supposed to be the closet relatives to humans but we don't harvest their organs. We use pigs for organs, valves, and many things.
You know why? Lol.
Are you under the impression that pigs are the closest species to humans?
@@cthulhucult3230 under the impression?
I understand that more good evidence needs to be found in the Homo naledi case. But still there is the very good question why did they find Naledi deep in that cave. If Naledi used the cave for shelter, than the remainings would have been found at the etrance. If they used it to store things than that would have been almost impossible to drag back out. So what were they doing there if not doing something that has no practical purpose. Maybe it was nothing that they had invented on their own but copied from other human species.
One thing that didn't confuse me but stood out, the kept saying ''this brain is no bigger than an ape'' or whatever, when referring to the Homo Nadeli, but we're all apes aren't we, by definition.
Yes, poor wording.
29:38 So there is hope there for us short kings after all. Just gotta bring that Denisovan rizz. Bag me a tall muscle mama too. "I never gave up because he didn't."😤
WOOO! Mating like I am playing Shadow of the Colossus. Goddam.
Why is it that these ancient skulls had so much healthier dentures than ours? Without modern dentistry, most of us would be toothless by adulthood. What happened to our teeth?
Sugar.
I've read about Neanderthals having a distinct RH negative type of blood. Could that be the answer? It would cause them to stay in their own groups. They may have been reluctant to mate with others due to deaths when they went outside of their groups. The Basques certainly have one of the highest percentage of RH negative blood type in the world, as do some other mountain dwellers. IDK It seems logical to me.
I will
The absence of evidence is not the evidence of absence.
2:36 - what? I can climb!
Isn’t it the depth and number of the grooves on the brain that determine capacity for intelligence? Not brain cavity size.
What about Planet of the Apes? How does that fit in? 🤔
That happens in the future.
It’ll be interesting when AI is far more advanced and help humans understand more about ourselves than we possibly can with just found evidence, like predictions about how future humans would look
0:08 - who says? what about the big foot?
what a great they evolved...
?
This comment shows you didn't 😂
What?
Wut
@@darthvaper6745 😂😂 bro
What’s with the blurring? I think we can handle the drawing of a backside!
Maybe it was just a very fuzzy backside with sunlight glistening off of it. What wasn't captured in the picture was a pair early humans, with one asking the other, "How do they get their backside so silky soft? First known shampoo advertisement.
10:19 - why pants?
Luzon is a Philippine island, not Indonesian. Please review your geography.
AGREED!
I think TH-cam has rules about blurring
Science rules !
Did they move to London via dingy....?
i thought Nikolai Valuev was last specimen of neanderthal :)
What happened to the other human species? Most of the time, our ancestors had peaceful relations with them. However, from time to time, especially when there was a famine, they hunted them, cut them to pieces and made a stew out of it; a stew that they devoured. I'm told it was pretty delicious...
I love how furry "we" were back then ❤
Meow!
Maybe something in Neanderthal culture drow away the mixes and human culture att the time took them in. another thougt I got that Homosapiens took better care of their children and more survive to adult age. maybe a combination of both.
Size matters: Miniture brains from self appointed expert scientists also!
BIG ERROR in your video. Luzon is an island in the Philippines. It is not part of Indonesia.
No doubt that Neanderthals were intelligent. Some of those hand cave paintings were from them. 100 years ago, saying "This is me, I existed here." A kind of craft that needed self awareness. So sentients. Makes me sad to think we weren't always alone here on this floating rock. We knew them, he have their DNA, so we made families with them and they are gone. Sad.
They got beat with an ugly-stick! God damn!
Australopithecus is a genus, not a species; there are numerous named species (not sub-species in the way of Homo sapiens sapiens) like Australopithecus africanus living 4.2-1.9 million years ago, even when the robust australopithecines are now usually put under the genus Paranthropus(2.8-1.2 mya).