The title of this video is The Archaeology of the Exodus. Professor Ilan discusses briefly various scholarly theories on the Exodus. In the 1960s and 1970s Israeli archaeologists searched the Sinai and Negev looking for any archaeological evidence of the Exodus. After a few years they reported that their searches turned up nothing! What were they looking for? They were looking for pottery debris of either circa 1446 BC (cf. 1 Kings 6:1) or circa 1260 BC (Ramesside era), and they found nothing indicating the presence of a large group of people, in the thousands, wandering the Sinai and Negev. Consequently, many archaeologists have concluded Exodus, as presented in the Bible, never happened, its a myth, because there is no pottery debris to tie the Exodus account to. Let it be known I have accepted their findings and do not dispute them! I asked myself the following question: Granted there is no archaeological evidence, what then, is behind the worship of a Golden Calf? What is behind two stone tablets being smashed by Moses at Mt. Sinai with the Ten Commandments on their surface? Where are Israel's camps in a forty years wandering? Where is the evidence of cattle, sheep and goats accompanying the Exodus? Surely there should be something of an archaeological nature (a historical kernel) to tie these items to? I found the missing archaeological artifacts BEHIND the Exodus scenarios, apparently OVERLOOKED by the archaeologists. The big breakthrough moment for me was a comment made by a Christian Pilgrimess, named Egeria, circa the 4th/5th century AD. In her dairy she noted that her Christian guides to Mt. Sinai (Gebel Musa today) pointed out to her camps of Israel lining the valley approach to Mt. Sinai. She noted these camps consisted of stones arranged in a circle, and described by her guides as being foundations for huts or tents of Israel. Near these stone circles were smaller circles, apparently corrals for animals. Archaeologists have excavated some of these stone circles and determined from their pottery debris that they are Early Bronze Age II, circa 2300 BC, NOT Moses' world of 1446 BC or 1260 BC. This was my "ah-hah" moment! I reasoned that if the Christian guides had misdated the stone circle camps as being Israel under Moses, WHY NOT the Iron Age II Israelites making the same mistake, but much earlier, dating these nomadic camps as being Israel under Moses? How So? Until Sir Flinders Petrie of England, by circa 1890 AD, had developed Pottery Typologies to date sites by, no one really knew the age of any site in the Sinai or Negev. I concluded that the Iron Age II Israelites had guessed at a date of 1446 BC for the Exodus (1 Kings 6:1) and dated _everything_ in the Sinai and Negeb as Israel's camps. That is to say, Iron Age II Israel had misdated and misunderstood _all_ the archaeological sites in Sinai and Negeb! So, sites from Stone Age/Chalcolithic times (5000 BC), Early Bronze Age. Middle Bronze Age. Late Bronze Agfe, and Iron Age were _all_ misdated 1446 BC and their contents explained away as the physical evidence of Israel under Moses. The presence of nomadic stone circle corrals for goats were probably why the Iron Age Israelites thought cattle, goats and sheep accompanied Israel when she left Egypt in the Exodus. This finding, on my part, explained why archaeologists had failed to find any artifacts of Israel circa 1446/1260 BC. _The archaeologists were searching for artifacts (pottery debris of 1446/1260 BC) but failed to realize that the Iron Age Israelites had no way to correctly date pottery debris!_ These Iron Age II Israelites knew nothing of a Stone Age, Early Bronze Age, Middle Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age, or Iron Age pottery form and its dating. Accordingly, I realized ALL the artifacts in Sinai and Negeb had been misdated and misunderstood as being of Moses' world by the Iron Age II (9th-8th centuries BC) Israelites who probably had crafted the Exodus account. The archaeological evidence so desperately sought for by the Israeli archaeologists in the 1960s and 1970s was in open, plain view everywhere, but, because these artifacts were not 1446/1260 BC, they had been overlooked as what was behind the Exodus scenarios. I understand Mt. Sinai of the Bible, is Ras Safsafeh and Israel is falsely portrayed on the plain of Er-Raha to witness God's descent on Mt. Sinai. Why not Gebel Musa, why Ras Safsafeh instead? From the spacious Er-Raha plain only Ras Safsafeh is in view, Gebel Musa is not in view, hidden behind Ras Safsafeh, and we are told Israel saw God descend on Mt. Sinai. So, where is Israel's camp on the Er-Raha plain? By 1990 bulldozers clearing land on the plain of Er-Rahah to build a hotel for Pilgrim tourists, uncovered a Chalcolitic Settlement (dated to 5000 BC). It is my understanding that the Iron Age II Israelites saw this settlement from their camp at Tel Feiran (Iron Age II Judean sherds found at Tel Feiran by Israeli archaeologists of the period of the 9th/8th century BC). And these Iron Age II Israelites MISDATED the Stone Age settlement as 1446 BC and Moses' camp. Nothing was found in the area of Ras Safsafeh or Gebel Musa of Moses' world of 1446/1260 BC. However, I determined that the Golden Calf and destruction of the Ten Commandments was at another site, Gebel Serabit el Khadim, an Egyptian mining camp. Why Serabit el Khadim, not Ras Safsafeh and Er-Raha (Gebel Musa)? It was a sacred mount to the Egyptians and Asiatics who worked the copper mines there. All of whom worshipped the cow goddess Hat-Hor, who could take on the form of a cow, suckling a male calf (Pharaoh being the calf). She also appeared as a lovely young woman with cow horns holding a sun disc between the horns. Yearly, her devotees honored her with drunken, naked, boisterous song and dance to thereby emulate her. Texts have her the sky-cow-mother of the Golden Calf, the sun at sunrise (a resurrected dead Pharaoh). Apparently the Exodus account has confused the riotous song and dance accorded Hat-Hor by her devotees, with her son the Golden Calf, whom she gives birth to as a sky-cow-heaven-mother. As for the Ten Commandments: Moses apparently is at the foot of Mt. Sinai when he hears Israel at noisey song and dance and hurls down the two stone tablets with the Ten Commandments, shattering them. Archaeologists found shattered stone tablets written in Proto-Sinaitic scripts (ancestor of Hebrew) at the foot of mounts near Hat-Hor's shrine. I understand these were recast as Moses' Ten Commandments. Today they reside in an Egyptian museum for safe keeping. They are dated to either circa 1800 BC or 1500 BC by archaeologists. None have Ten Commandments on their surfaces. They ask the gods for good fortune in finding rich veins of copper to ship back to Egypt. Inscriptions have as many as 700 miners at Serabit el Khadim. Some miners were Asiatics from Canaan, who left votives honoring Hat-Hor. I suspect these votives are behind the Bible's notion of Israel worshipping a Golden Calf or Egyptian bovine god. So, there you have it, the "missing" artifacts behind the Exodus account, artifacts overlooked by the Israeli archaeologists. These archaeologists had failed to realize the Iron Age II Israelites did NOT have access to Petrie's Pottery Typologies to thereby correctly date the artifacts lying all over the Sinai and Negev, in open plain view! For more in-depth info just google "Academia Profile Walter R. Mattfeld" for my scholarly papers on the Exodus.
Wow! Brilliant updating of knowledge of the Exodus for me, with my sketchy understanding of Biblical archaeology and historiography. My interest comes from my parallel interests in archaeology and life-long social activism against ethnic exclusivism in my own country. Great! Thank you for sharing this!
We're looking for Bible events in the wrong locations. We need to be looking at Ireland, anciently known as Hibernia Ibernia Ebernia after Eber Abraham's great grandfather's great grandfather. Eber Heber Hebrew the original Hebrew. Ireland Land of the Pharaohs
It's interesting that you mentioned disputes between Levites of Judea and Israel (Samaria). A 2004 Y-Chromosome study concluded that the lay Samaritans belong to haplogroup J, while the Samaritan Kohanim belong to haplogroup E-M35. The Jewisn Kohanim belong to the J haplogroup at near 70%. Research shows that J is a Canaanite Haplogroup, while E is a more closely related to Northern Africa and Egypt. Both areas have overlap of course.
Evidence has come to light that Mount Sinai is not on the Sinai peninsula, but in Arabia at a site called Jabal al Lawz where there is evidence including a mass graveyard and Biblical stops referred to in Exodus such as the 12 wells. Also, the area of crossing into Arabia better fits as the the wilderness does "close in" and then opens onto a beech where there is a sand bar with only a slight grade. Ad if this is true, and the Exodus did take place in 1450+ - then the Merneptah Stele would fit Biblical accounts as Israel would have already been settled in Canaan for 200 years.
At 55:42 of this video Professor David Ilan noted: "Getting at what really happened requires...sharing of insights." Here are my insights to share with the viewer of this video: WHY do I prefer the Hyksos Expulsion of circa 1550 BC to be WHAT IS BEHIND THE EXODUS? I look for PARALLELS: Parallel One: Israel is EXPELLED from Egypt and the Hyksos were EXPELLED from Egypt. Parallel Two: After being Expelled from Egypt, the Egyptians LATER PURSUE AFTER THE EXPELLED ISRAELITES, and the Egyptians, after expelling the Hyksos from Egypt, later pursue after them. Parallel Three: The Expelled Israelites are headed for Canaan and the Expelled Hyksos are headed for Canaan too. Parallel Four: Dame Kathleen Kenyon in the 1950s excavated Jericho and found its collapsed defensive wall had been set on fire, the whole city being torched. She attributed this to the Egyptians in pursuit of the Expelled Hyksos FROM EGYPT, circa 1550 BC. The Bible attributes Jericho's collapsed wall and burning to Joshua and his Israelites, formerly FROM EGYPT.. Parallel Four: A few scholars have noted that the Bible's internal chronology suggests that more than 480 years expired from the Exodus to Solomon's people of the Temple (1 Kings 6:1), actually around 600 years expired, ALIGNING THE EXODUS WITH THE HYKSOS EXPULSION. Parallel Six: Moses (Hebrew: Moshe, Arabic: Musa) is associated with an Exodus from Egypt of EXPELLED Israelites. The Hyksos are expelled from Egypt by Pharaoh Ah-Mose ( Ah-Mosis, Ah-Moses), founder of the 18th Egyptian Dynasty. Was Ah-Moses recast as Moses (Ah-Mose becoming Hebrew Moshe)? See the following url on The Hyksos Expulsion being what is behind the Biblical Exodus account www.bibleorigins.net/Exodus1540BCHyksos.html
No..Do you know what actual historians who lived around the time knew of the event? our biblical writings are for children, using them as reference points leads nowhere...Here, try chewing on this. you will find it most interesting and helpful.. however being written by a known and venerated ancient historian it may not have as much weight as biblical tales written by unknown men at an unknown time and garnished with many magical and miraculous events... classics.mit.edu/Tacitus/histories.5.v.html
There are several problems with the exodus, but I will only touch on a couple of the more important ones. First, the Philistines. The obvious and shortest route to Canaan from Egypt is along the coast road from Goshen, which would only be a few days walk to Canaan. In Exodus 13:17, God told Moses NOT to lead the Israelites to Canaan by the coast road because the Israelites "might have to face war with the Philistines, and want to turn back to Egypt". Now, the widely accepted date of the exodus is 1446 BCE (480 years prior to Solomon, as the bible clearly states), during the reign of Amenhotep II. The problem with this is that the Philistines were not a great power until some 250 years LATER. If God could easily defeat the greatest military power on earth with the "Red Sea miracle", why would the Philistines be such a problem??? That makes NO sense, considering God commanded the Israelites to attack the Amalekites (and defeat them) on their way to Mount Sinai. It seems apparent that the writer of Exodus (likely sometime during the captivity in Babylon, ca. 600-700 BCE) was not aware of the history of the Philistines, and simply made a terrible historical error. Second, the southern part of the Sinai peninsula, the route to Mt. Sinai, is extremely rugged, dry, desolate, and barren. The only areas to graze herds and flocks of over 2 million people are few and far between. There is NO evidence, to date, of over 2 million people, their possessions, their flocks and herds, or ANY encampment that has been found anywhere in southern Sinai. This is unthinkable. There should be great amounts of evidence somewhere, considering they wandered there for 40 years. There has been no evidence found in the Nile delta of over 2 million Hebrews living there, or any exodus from there. At that time in Egypt, the estimated Egyptian population was perhaps between 6 and 7 million. The Israelites would have made up possibly a third of the total population, yet no sign of them in the delta. It's interesting to note that the city of Rome at its height only had a population of a little over 1 million. The first mention of Israel by Egypt is not until 1207 BCE in Canaan, mentioned on the Merneptah stele, when Pharaoh Merneptah invaded Canaan to once again restore order and Egyptian rule in Canaan (Egypt had invaded Canaan many years before and had garrisons throughout the region, controlling the local kingdoms as vassal kingdoms that paid tribute to Egypt). Even then, Israel was mentioned as a "tribe", not a kingdom, and they were wiped out by the Egyptians. Many archaeological artifacts have been found in the Nile delta, many seemingly insignificant items, including small clay pendants of accounting transactions (the ancient Egyptians were meticulous about accounting). Some of these clay pendants include accounting of the sale of goods and slaves, but tend to show very small transactions--1 slave, 2 baskets of barley, 3 fish, etc. Nothing has ever been found suggesting over 2 million slaves, or foreign inhabitants, for that matter. Slavery on that scale, given the total population of Egypt, would have been VERY difficult to manage. During the last military campaign by Amenhotep II into southern Canaan (which was in late fall, by the way very unusual since almost all military campaigns were launched in the spring), the Memphis stele lists the booty that was brought back to Egypt. Among that was listed 3600 Abiru (thought POSSIBLY to mean "Hebrew"), but these "Abiru" are not thought to be an ethnic group, but rather bands of raiders that attacked trade routes. I say this because had the Hyksos been the Israelites, they would have been referred to as "Abiru" and not "Hyksos". The Hyksos were an actual ethnic group who had immigrated into lower Egypt and had taken control away from the Pharaoh. Achmose I expelled the Hyksos in around 1650 BCE, so the timeline doesn't work anyway. Also, interesting to think about is why would the Israelites leave Egypt only to go to....Egypt?
@@brabanthallen I like your point that if God can destroy and Egyptian Army in the Red Sea, why couldn't God just as well destroy the Philistines? One would think that Israel would have no Fear of Philistines, if God can destroy and Egyptian army. If God can protect Israel overnight from the Egyptian army as a whirling cloud of fire, surely God could protect Israel from the Philistines in the same manner. Regards, Walter
@@WalterRMattfeld Even more importantly, the Philistines were simply a few small settlements along the coast of Canaan during the entire timeline that many proponents of the biblical exodus story claim (anywhere from 1500 BCE to 1250 BCE). The Philistines would certainly not have had any army capable of even challenging 603,000 capable men. To me, the only logical explanation for this verse is that the book of Exodus was written during the Israelites' captivity in Babylon by a writer that was unfamiliar with history. That writer made up a history for future generations of Israel in order to give them an identity.
Go put your feet on the ground at Jabal Al laws (aka.. jabal al Musa / mountain of Moses).... then try to tell me they were not there, and it didnt happen. looking for non existent evidence in the wrong places is not evidence in itself. it only takes a quick youtube search on this mountain to see all the evidence. It is all there, but the scholars and experts keep on preaching same old stuff they have been saying for as long as I can remember.
I don't know if this guy is lying or just stupid lol Mt.Sinai/Horeb/Jabal Al Lawz is in Saudi Arabia, its not in the Sinai Peninsula. Every other site mentioned after they crossed (the Well of Moses, the Palm Tree Oasis. The Rock, The Altar etc...) is over in Saudi Arabia as well.
Did his map of the Exodus completely skip over the crossing into Arabia via the Red Sea? Now, THAT'S a problem. Furthermore, if you're searching for the wandering Jews in the Sinai Desert, you're searching in the wrong place. Mt. Sinai is in Arabia (read the book of Galatians and do your research from the OId Testament). There are several problems with this presentation so far and I'm not 15-minutes into it.
I noticed that also. There's nothing more biased than a biased Phd. That's just my experience. I tend to give more credence to preponderance of the evidence, not the twisted opinion of some pompous phd.
If you wish to see evidence of the Exodus check out Bob Cornucks work. Bon operates from the point that the God's Word is true. Bob would all kinds of evidence of the Exodus.
(12 September 2023, 08:00 a.m.) Professor Donald B. Redford, an Egyptologist, has argued that the Bible's Exodus is a myth and never happened as portrayed in Scripture. However, Redford understands there is a historical kernel or event _hidden behind_ the Bible's Exodus. Redford understands that the Hyksos Expulsion from Egypt of circa 1530 BC is what is behind the Bible's fictional Exodus of circa 1446 BC (cf. 1 Kings 6:1 for this date of 1446 BC). (cf. Donald B. Redford. 1992. _Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times._ Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey) Redford (1992:412-413): "Despite the lateness and unreliability of the story in Exodus, no one can deny that the tradition of Israel's coming out of Egypt was one of long standing...There is only one chain of historical events that can accommodate this late tradition, and that is the Hyksos descent and occupation of Egypt...The memory of this major event in the history of the Levant survived not only in Egyptian sources. It would be strange indeed if the West Semitic speaking population of the Palestine, whence the invaders had come in MB IIB, had not also preserved in their folk memory the great moment of (for them) glory. And in fact it is in the Exodus account that we are confronted with the Canaanite version of this event...In sum, therefore, we may state that the memory of the Hyksos expulsion did indeed live on in the folklore of the Canaanite population of the southern Levant..." Redford understands that the Exodus account is of the Exilic or Post Exilic age, the 6th or 5th century BC: (page 418): "...Moses, in all his roles, is late, either Exilic or post-Exilic...it is literary artifice, not history..."
Having identified the general area of Serabit el Khadim and the worship of Hat-Hor as what is "behind" Mt. Sinai and the worship of the Golden Calf. What then about the Ten Commandments? WHAT IS BEHIND THEM IF ANYTHING? My research suggests that what is behind the Ten Commandments sits today, unrecognized, in the basements and storage rooms of Egyptian Museums. In the Bible Moses is presented as receiving the Ten Commandments from God on two tables of stone, carved from Mt. Sinai, and written by the hand of God. Upon descending Mt. Sinai Moses hears the noise of singing in the Israelite camp at the base of the mount. In anger he throws down the two tablets, smashing them at the FOOT OF THE MOUNT upon realizing a Golden Calf is being worshipped. Archaeologists found near the shrine to Hat-Hor, mining tunnels, and in the debris or rock scree which had accumulated near the tunnel entrances were found the shattered remains of stone tablets with the writing of god on their surfaces, the so-called Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions ( a primitive ancestor of Hebrew). Upon translation they revealed that they were invocations written by the Asiatic miners who worked the turqouise mines with Egyptian miners. These inscriptions asked for their god's blessings and protection, and good fortune in finding veins of turquise. Inside some of the mining tunnels were found more Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions asking for blessings from an Asiatic god called EL. In the Bible, God is called EL at Mt. Sinai. It is my understanding, then, that BEHIND THE TEN COMMANDMENTS are the shattered stone tables found in the rock scree AT THE FOOT OF THE MOUNTS near the Hat-Hor shrine (Hat-Hor being what is behind the Golden Calf according to the now deceased Dr. Zvi ilan of Tel Aviv University, in his published artiicle of 1979. ilan noted that the name of the Hebrew god, EL, appeared in some of the mining tunnels, and thought Moses' Hebrews may have carved these inscriptions. NOT realized by Zvi ilan is that in Egyptian myth Hat-Hor gives birth to the sun every morning in the form of a GOLDEN CALF, who, in Egyptian myth reprrsents a deceased Pharaoh. Old Kingdom Pyramid Texts (Pharaoh Pepi II) have a deceased Pharaoh pleading to be allowed to board the solar bark "FOR HE IS A GOLDEN CALF BORN OF HEAVEN." Tomb art shows a male calf aboard this solar craft (a small boat) with Horus seated behind the calf, a polar star hovers over the calf's back. Pharaoh was likened to being a mighty bull, who is born as a GOLDEN CALF, of the Sky-cow-goddess, Hat-Hor, who's name means "HOUSE OF HOR," which refers to the sky-house that Hor the Hawk god makes as his home that he flies about in. At sunset the Golden Calf has become a virile mature Golden Bull who impregnates his sky-mother, Hat-Hor to become a Golden Calf, reborn again, at daybreak or sun rise. For more info google "Mattfeld Golden Calf" or visit my website, www.bibleorigins.net where I discuss in greater depth the archaeological findings behind the Exodus.
Nonsense, you say. Men have always know God is a tool of fiction. Re: Luke 11:29-36 "As the crowds increased", Jesus said, “This is a wicked generation. It asks for a sign, but none will be given it except the sign of Jonah. For as Jonah was a sign to the Ninevites, so also will the Son of Man be to this generation. Jonah 1:15-17 KJV So they took up Jonah and cast him forth into the sea: and the sea ceased from her raging. Then the men feared the LORD exceedingly, and offered a sacrifice unto the LORD, and made vows. The superstitious crowd is wicked.
We know them by their works & those use the vocabulary of fiction as if we did not know nothing fails like prayer in a children's hospital. No man looks for prophet as a job description outside of fantasyland. Even Jesus Christ proclaims faith is worthless since you can't get mountains to jump on command, as if they could ask "How high sir." Jesus Christ is fiction so you can cherry-pick a number of things. I'm trying to use the text to point out nothing is sacred or divine, it is your faith which heals you & not touching the hem of his tunic like people do, by virtual touching the shroud of Turin. The scream from the wicked generation says look there is a magic image of Jesus, He is not fiction. Men have always known God is fiction. The Temple of God serves the best meat, & if Gods existed, She would have no need of men for teachers. Thanks for the reply. How is it possibly ethical to suggest the equivalent of a notion we all travel with one foot in a stranger's fantasyland, using fictional vocabulary: prophecy, prayer, etc. We have Moses: World's worst navigator leading a party as if travel were best done with one foot in fiction. If Christianity were so good, why are the Jews unconvinced? The religious lack any standing for a vacuum of quality-control. The Jews have a joke: God made Mormons so Christians would know how Jews feel. As the crowds increased, Jesus said, "This is a wicked generation. It asks for a sign, but none will be given it except the sign of Jonah, who was sacrificed overboard & the raging sea grew calm." The sign of Jonah is the superstitious working their way to a majority & good people dying. Need we add more? Should we ignore it was secular law & order ending the inquisitions, the witch killing? Nothing fails like prayers in a children's hospital. We don't recommend prophet as job description. We know them by their works & Christians have attempted to put their new wine in the old Jew wineskin. They both come from genital mutilation spun up with circumcision as a shortcoming. We know them by their works, the vocabulary of fiction, of spin.
The origin of Exodus might be Mesopotamia. Jewish culture took shape in there. All the narration of Jews are connected to Sumerians, Babylon, rivers of Tigris and Euphrates, Persians and so on. When all these stories compiled some people might have added Egypt narration later. Probably no egyptions had an idea of Moses, Jakop ...etc. Why don’t we see any clue in hieroglyphs? Have you heard of Egyption version of Noah which is the most important story of antiquity? But, you can see the same stories in clay tablets. Regards form Turkey.
the first stories of the bible are universal the Hebrews "history" starts with Abraham and mostly occur in the Levant, close to Egypt later Hebrew litature, beyond the the pentuach has little to say about the pre Abrahamic area
Fascinating presentation. Thank you. I have a chicken and the egg question but I think it's answered in your presentation. The reference to the "Land of Israel" in the Merneptah Stone and the name of "Israelites:" People point to the Memneptah Stone as proof that the ancient Israelites, as we know them today, existed in at least the 13th century BC. But was that the name of that land in deep antiquity that gave the name to the subsequent Israelites? Or did the ancient Israelites (of the bible) give their name to the land?
Dear Professor David Ilan, you say that the Hittites came/were brought to the south of Canaan after the war of Kadesh (1274 BCE). But according to Genesis 23:1-20 Hittites were already there during the time of Abraham.
At 21:00 of this video Dr. David Ilan shows a map with the expulsion route of the Hyksos from Egypt to Canaan (circa 1550 BC). In the Bible this route is called "the way to the land of the Philistines" and God decides not to have Israel use this route to get to Canaan. WHY? God is convinced Israel, out of fear of the Philistines, will turn coward and return back to Egypt, so God has Israel take another, longer route, a detour, by way of the Red Sea (Hebrew Yam Suph). It is my understanding that the REAL ROUTE behind the Exodus was the route taken by the Egyptian expelled Hyksos, in their return to Canaan via Gaza. That is to say, there never was an Exodus to the southern Sinai and Mt. Sinai! Why? The biblical narrator did not know there were no Philistines in Canaan to be feared until after their arrival from the Aegean area in 1175 BC as the Pelest in the annals of Rameses III. So, the narrator wrongly had Israel's Exodus (circa 1446 BC 1 Kings 6:1) head for the southern Sinai via the Red Sea route (Gulf of Suez). I have traced the Exilic (ca. 562-560 BC) narrator's imaginary Exodus route from Egypt to Mt. Sinai (Serabit el Khadim) at my website, www.bibleorigins.net. I discovered that the Exodus account mentions different 3 Red Seas (Hebrew Yam Suph): (1) Lake Menzalleh/Timsah in Egypt where the sea is split in two, (2) The Gulf of Suez, after camping at Elim (Ayun Musa's 12 artesian fountains and palms), and (3) the Gulf of Aqabah where Solomon's port of Ezion Geber was built. Most are not aware that Hebrew YAM can refer to (1) a sea, (2) a lake, (3) a large river that floods. The Red Sea crossing was perhaps at a shallow marshy lake, today's Lake Menzalleh and its overflow lake, Lake Ballah. The crossing being the isthmus of El Qantara, which existed before the Suez Canal was built in 1860, destroying this isthmus or land corridor (it can be seen on pre 1860 maps). At high flood stage the Nile inundates the Qantara land corridor, but when a powerful east wind blows over the inundated site, dry land suddenly appears between Lake Menzalleh to the north and Lake Ballah to the south. Egyptian chariots regularly used this corridor, calling it the Way of Horus. As Israel is leaving Egypt, she would cross this land corridor with Lake Menzalleh at her left hand and Lake Ballah at her right hand. Another possible land corridor splits Lake Et-Timsah in half, it might be the crossing site. The Darb el Shur passes along the north side of Et-Timsah and most current Bible Atlases call the Darb el Shur, the Way to Shur. Now, after crossing lake Et-Timsah, Israel is in the Wilderness of Shur (Hebrew Shuwr). The Darb el Shur begins at Beersheba passes between Lake Ballah to the north and Lake et-Timsah to the south. Near the western terminus of the Darb el Shur is a well called Bir Abu Suweir, which is, for me, the"Shur that is before Egypt," as it is in the wilderness east of the Nile. The way to Shur is, then, the way to Bir Abu Suweir, it eventually ends at Bilbeis in the Delta. The Bible also mentions a wilderness of Etham instead of wilderness of Shur, for me, Lake Et-Timsah, is Etham, the wilderness of Etham is the wilderness east of lake Et-Timsah, famous for its reed-lined shore. So the wilderness of Shur/Etham is referring to two caravan tracks located cheek by jowl, next to each other, to their south lies the Bitter Lakes, Buheirat el Murrat, the Aramaic Peshitta Bible's Morath, biblical Marah. The waters of Morath/Marah were indeed bitter as it was a salt-marsh in antiquity. How do we know the Hyksos Expulsion was recast as Israel's Exodus? The archaeological proof is Jericho. In the 1950s Dame Kathleen Kenyon excavated the site and found its collapsed defensive walls and the city had been set on fire, ash being everywhere. She dated this to the Hyksos Expulsion of circa 1550 BC (some say 1530 BC) based on the pottery she found in the ruins. In the Bible Joshua orders the burning of Jericho after its defensive wall collapses.
The veracity of the Bible is often regarded as sacred, while "scientific" proofs are continually revised as previous "proofs" are found to be inaccurate or incomplete.
Professor David Ilan has done a fine presentation-summary of some of the current ideas about the Exodus, held by scholars. I would like to call attention to the theme of this video THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE EXODUS. Shortly after Jericho's defensive walls collapse, Joshua orders the burning of Jericho. Archaeologists found the collapsed wall and the burning and associated this event with the Hyksos Expulsion from Egypt circa 1550 BC. Later Joshua orders the burning of Hazor. Archaeologists found that site severely burned too, with its idols smashed and desecrated by the victors. This event was dated circa 1230 BC by the Israeli excavators, Yigael Yadin and Amnon Ben Tor. However, another Israeli archaeologist, Moshe Dothan, had excavated at Hazor before Yadin and Ben Tor and found two Philistine pottery sherds there, suggesting Hazor was destroyed in Philistine times, after 1175 BC, of interest here, is that the Bible has Hazor being burned in Philistine times. In ancient Moab the site of Elealeah, near Heshbon, was excavated and found to be no earlier than Iron Age I times, that is to say, in Philistine times, after 1175 BC. Ai (modern et-Tell) was also excavated and found to have been abandoned after being destroyed circa 2300 BC. It is, of course, impossible for Joshua to be at the destruction of Ai in 2300 BC, Jericho in 1550 BC, Hazor and Elealeh after 1175 BC. Is there a solution to all this? Yes. Quite simply, no one in antiquity knew the real age of any site, when founded and when abandoned. It was only after Sir Flinders Petrie of England developed pottery chronologies that the true age of any ancient site could be determined. I understand the Exodus account was written in the Babylonian Exile, between 562-560 BC to offer an explanation as to why both Israel and Judah were in exile, for offending their god. This means that ancient sites in existence as late as 562-560 BC could be part of the Exodus narrative. And some scholars have suggested just this: that a Late Iron Age II world is being reflected in the Exodus account (circa the 8th-6th centuries BC). Why no archaeological evidence of Israel in the Sinai? The Hysos expulsion is what is behind the Exodus and they fled via the Way of Horus, the biblical Way to the land of the Philistines. Why? There were no Philistines to fear, as they did not settle in Canaan until circa 1175 BC in the reign of Pharaoh Rameses III. Not knowing this, the Exilic author, had Israel take a detour to the southern Sinai out of fear of the fierce warlike Philistines. So where is Mt. Sinai? Probably today's area of Serabit el Khadim. WHY? Here is a n Egyptian temple honoring the patron goddess of miners, Hat-Hor, a goddess who could take on many different forms in Egyptian myths: as a woman with cow horns, as a golden cow, as a serpent, as a hawk, as a lioness. Her devotees honored her with naked song and dance. In the King James Version of the Bible the Golden Calf is honored with naked song and dance by an apostate Israel. Moses orders the slaying of these naked Israelites. In 1979 an Israeli published a paper, in Hebrew, in a Tel Aviv University Journal proposing that the Golden Calf was non-other than Hat-Hor and that Mt. Sinai was in the area of the temple honoring Hat-Hor. My research supports Zvi ilan's proposal. He died young, and his proposal came to be forgotten by Academia. He can be seen on TH-cam in a video titled In Search of the Ten Commandments, a TV show produced for the History Channel and narrated by Leonard Nimoy of Star Trek fame (he played Dr. Spock). Click on the following url for Zvi ilan's proposal that Hat-Hor is what is behind the Golden Calf th-cam.com/video/ykoUThLwRX8/w-d-xo.html
IRREFUTABLE evidence that the Exodus actually happened: 1- Moses wrote the first five books of the Bible, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. 2- Tomb of Moses and Aaron 3- Sinai (361), Moses Inscription 4- Serabit el-Khadim, is the Exodus temple, and is on the Exodus route. 5- In the Nile River, there is a rock with the description of the 7 years of drought in Egypt (historical Joseph). 6- Strabo, Hecateus of Abdera, Flavius Josephus, Tacitus, Numenius, among other historians mention Moses. 7- Moses prophesied about Jesus Christ. The prophets and Jesus Himself speak of Moses. THE EXODUS IS HISTORICAL
It is well recorded by an ancient roman historian of the times, a little reading of verified historians would have cleared this up. the event occurred in 725 to 720 BC. it took six days, the golden calf was in fact a wild ass, and it was an expulsion not an exodus.
@@LordJagd By Tacitus Written 109 A.C.E. "Most writers, however, agree in stating that once a disease, which horribly disfigured the body, broke out over Egypt; that king Bocchoris, seeking a remedy, consulted the oracle of Hammon, and was bidden to cleanse his realm, and to convey into some foreign land this race detested by the gods. The people, who had been collected after diligent search, finding themselves left in a desert, sat for the most part in a stupor of grief, till one of the exiles, Moyses by name, warned them not to look for any relief from God or man, forsaken as they were of both, but to trust to themselves, taking for their heaven-sent leader that man who should first help them to be quit of their present misery. They agreed, and in utter ignorance began to advance at random. Nothing, however, distressed them so much as the scarcity of water, and they had sunk ready to perish in all directions over the plain, when a herd of wild asses was seen to retire from their pasture to a rock shaded by trees. Moyses followed them, and, guided by the appearance of a grassy spot, discovered an abundant spring of water. This furnished relief. After a continuous journey for six days, on the seventh they possessed themselves of a country, from which they expelled the inhabitants, and in which they founded a city and a temple. Moyses, wishing to secure for the future his authority over the nation, gave them a novel form of worship, opposed to all that is practised by other men. Things sacred with us, with them have no sanctity, while they allow what with us is forbidden. In their holy place they have consecrated an image of the animal by whose guidance they found deliverance from their long and thirsty wanderings". Read it for yourself and see. classics.mit.edu/Tacitus/histories.5.v.html what we are taught by religion as children are in fact children's tales, that grown men believe them true only reflects on themselves, not reality.
@@mickhealy572 Hmm, that's an interesting foreign interpretation of the Exodus story but I don't think it lends credence to its historicity. It sounds like he learned the story and told it again. Moses isn't even mentioned until after the exilic period. But I wonder if there was some sort of exile which brought Egyptian traditions into the southern Levant.
@@LordJagd He gathered the information by travelling and conversing with other learned men of the time about history. you weigh both versions for truth yourself.. and whoever said Moyses had a mention or a role before the expulsion? just some inkstains on paper in truth, now you have two versions of the event, one magical, the other more akin to reality, you get to believe what you wish..
@@mickhealy572 Well then that definitely sounds like he heard the Moses story and just retold it. It's certainly possible that some Canaanites were expelled from Egypt around 750 BC, or maybe there was a variety of dates for when the Exodus supposedly happened, including as late as the time of Tacitus.
Much earlier when Jacob’s family moved into Egypt they were assigned to live in “the land of Rameses.” Genesis 47:11,,,, 11 So Joseph settled his father and his brothers, and he gave them a possession in the land of Egypt, in the very best part of the land, in the land of Ramʹe·ses, just as Pharʹaoh had commanded. Since elsewhere they are spoken of as residing in the land of Goshen, it appears that Rameses was either a district within Goshen or was another name for Goshen. Genesis 47:6,,,, 6 The land of Egypt is at your disposal. Have your father and your brothers dwell in the very best part of the land.+ Let them dwell in the land of Goʹshen, and if you know of any capable men among them, put them in charge of my livestock.” Later, the Israelites were enslaved and put to building cities “as storage places for Pharaoh, namely, Pithom and Raamses [the vowel pointing here differs slightly from that of “Rameses”].” Exodus 1:11,,,, 11 So they appointed chiefs of forced labor over them to oppress them with hard labor, and they built storage cities for Pharʹaoh, namely, Piʹthom and Ra·amʹses. Many scholars suggest that Raamses was so named for the district of Rameses in which they assume it was located. When the Exodus from Egypt began, Rameses is given as the starting point. Most scholars assume that the city(Ra·amʹses) is here meant, perhaps being the rendezvous site where the Israelites gathered from various parts of Goshen. But Rameses may here refer to a district, and it may be that the Israelites pulled away from all parts of the district, converging on Succoth as the place of rendezvous. Exodus 12:37,,,, 37 Then the Israelites departed from Ramʹe·ses for Sucʹcoth, about 600,000 men on foot, besides children. The following verse sheds some important light on why the term "Ramʹe·ses" is referring to a district and not to any city. In fact the very city of "Ramses" to which Scholars attribute their suggestion was in fact built some eighty years before Moses was even born. Numbers 33:3-5,,,, 3 They departed from Ramʹe·ses in the first month, on the 15th day of the month. On the very day after the Passover,the Israelites went out with confidence before the eyes of all the Egyptians. 4 Meanwhile, the Egyptians were burying all the firstborn whom Jehovah had struck down among them, for Jehovah had executed judgments on their gods. 5 So the Israelites departed from Ramʹe·ses and camped at Sucʹcoth. The Biblical Raamses began to be built before Moses’ birth, hence over 80 years before the Exodus. Exodus 1:11,,,,(again this verse provides details that everyone has ignored) 11 So they appointed chiefs of forced labor over them to oppress them with hard labor, and they built storage cities for Pharʹaoh, namely, Piʹthom and Ra·amʹses. These two cities were started being built 80 years befoire Moses was born. Then too they were add on's being that here the verse states --"namely" which means "for what?" Two already in place cities for which Pharoah is taking credit for rebuilding two "namely" already existing cities into converted storage cities in which one of them or both could have meant "for" the already existing city of Ramses. More proof that the proposed district of Rameses included where the Israelites lived at that time had to have been located very near or beside the Nile River on the Eastern side. Exodus 1:22,,,, 22 Finally Pharʹaoh commanded all his people: “You are to throw every newborn son of the Hebrews into the Nile River, but you are to keep every daughter alive.” Exodus 2:1-3,,,, 2 About that time, a certain man of the house of Leʹvi married a daughter of Leʹvi. 2 And the woman became pregnant and gave birth to a son. When she saw how beautiful he was, she kept him concealed for three months. 3 When she was no longer able to conceal him, she took a papyrus basket and coated it with bitumen and pitch and put the child in it and placed it among the reeds by the bank of the Nile River. Best for last-----The best proof that Ramʹe·ses was in fact the entire district.... Numbers 33:1-5,,,, 33 These were the stages of the journey of the people of Israel when they went out of the land of Egypt+ by their companies*+ under the direction of Moses and Aaron. 2 Moses kept recording the departure places by the stages of their journey at the order of Jehovah, and these were their stages from one departure place to another: 3 They departed from Ramʹe·ses in the first month, on the 15th day of the month. On the very day after the Passover, the Israelites went out with confidence before the eyes of all the Egyptians. The other thing many ignore is exactly how much land did the Israelite's occupy being that with 600,000 able bodied men not counting women, and children and the elderly, would have numbered in possibly 3 million, so the district of Ramʹe·ses would have been very large and much too large to have ever meant a city. Thanks....
This is so interesting. But the Trinity as a doctrine coming from the Egyptians is not feasible. It arose from the Gospels and reported speech from Jesus with comment from Apostle Paul. There is no link with Egyptian religious beliefs at that time. The whole area was controlled by the Romans.
Without the other the Levites didn't have an army and the Israelite army didn't have any priests. Besides their numbers are dependent on each other. The army numbered 22 elephs and 273 men and the Levites numbered 22 elephs. Whatever elephs are they are the same.
God writes fiction. What is the big deal? Actually, the authors of the Bible were not writing history. The fact is Biblical Hebrew has no word for history. Therefore, The Biblical Hebrews could not write history if the concept were foreign.
Date of the exodus: 7min 48secs 1450bc is wrong. Can't teach anyone until I am given edu accreditation to grant University Degrees so just letting anyone know, if you ask for this knowledge, I won't give it till I'm equipped with that license to do so... And then I can certify who I teach!
IF the hykos were the anceint hebrews, though Ive herd otherwise, it would explain why theres no archeological renaims, assuming the hykos took the direct line out of Egypt and didnt dadle in the desert for fourty years?
Can there be an exodus without Moses? Last time I checked there is absolutely no evidence for his existence. But I’m open to another explanation. I love this stuff.
The very existence of jews is ur proof that he exists, there are so many laws that are written yet no explination of how to "do"them, that is were moses comes into being, he explained them (oral bible)without that no jew can proceed, I'll leave it at that, more later if u still have questions
Moses was utterly hopeless as a navigator. It is about 800 km between Alexandria and Jerusalem, and at 20 km per day, that would take 40 days, NOT 40 years!
Consider how with 40 years of isolation you could implant a theology that would make people protect a land given to you by god. This would make an excellent group of solders to protect coming for Egypt.
Same conclusion I came to. It's like the photo of a semi-truck going the wrong way down a one-way street bearing a bumper sticker that says "God is my co-pilot."
Firstly, the israelites when the left they took the shortest route not to the land of canaan, but to mount Sinai, which is in Midian, which was a straight line accross the top of Sinai (not through the bottom of Sinai) and then the lord tells moses to turn right to gk to (pie achraoth) so the Egypt will think the jews got lost,,, which is just south of the regular route taken to Midian crom Egypt, that was the crossing, they did nkt wonder in the desert for 40 yrs, matter of fact the stood still for 38 yrs out of the 40,,,, read the 5 books of moses with a religious jew so u don't go all over the place,,, or maybe u do it juzt to make it fit ur point, talk to rabbi manes friedman, or tk tuvya singer,
I don't agree with that southern route via the St Catherine Monastery at all. Read the Bible properly and you'll see that Mt Sinai/Horeb situated in the north. Where also the Amalekites lived. There are at least two roads crossing the peninsula from west to east that go between the Horus route and that southern route.
Generally a pleasure to listen to his lectures. But the constant need to say the Hebrew name of God, even though this is a taboo in Judaism and therefore offensive, is difficult to understand. (Even if it is only one rendition of the pronunciation). It's like Tourret's syndrome for Biblical Archeologist. Or possibly virtue signaling, to show that they are not guided by religion or something.
@@LordJagd In most cases the term "God" would suffice. And in other instances, "God of Israel" would achieve the same goal. They're purposely being offensive.
@@jaymylotto8134 I don't think they're trying to be offensive, the name of god used is the historical name that would've been used during this period of history by these particular people. A historian could say Muhammad's name without "Peace be upon him (ﷺ)", is that being purposely offensive?
@@jaymylotto8134:....... "And Elohim said further to Mosheh, “Thus you are to say to the children of Yisra’ĕl, ‘יהוה (Yehovah) Elohim of your fathers, the Elohim of Aḇraham, the Elohim of Yitsḥaq, and the Elohim of Ya‛aqoḇ, has sent me to you. This is My Name forever, and this is My remembrance to all generations.’" (Shemot/Exodus 3:15)
I am responding to the answer to the question by professor Ilan about the lack of physical evidence in the Sinai and his insistence to only focus on the 2 million people version of the story in his response. * From Dr. Richard Elliott Friedman; "There is archaeological evidence and especially textual evidence for the Exodus... There have not been many major excavations in the Sinai, and we most certainly have not combed it. Moreover, uncovering objects buried 3,200 years ago is a daunting endeavor... - Still, all of us would admit that two million people-603,550 males and their families, as the Torah describes-should have left some remnants that we would find. But few of us ever thought that this number was historical anyway. Someone calculated long ago that if that number of people were marching, say, eight across, then when the first ones arrived at Sinai, half of the people would still be in Egypt! - There is no archaeological evidence against the historicity of an exodus if it was a smaller group who left Egypt. Indeed, significantly, the first biblical mention of the Exodus, the Song of Miriam, which is the oldest text in the Bible, never mentions how many people were involved in the Exodus, and it never speaks of the whole nation of Israel. It just refers to a people, an am, leaving Egypt... - At a recent international conference entitled “Out of Egypt” on the question of the Exodus’ historicity, one point of agreement, I believe, among most of the 45 participating scholars was that Semitic peoples, or Western Asiatics, were in fact living in Egypt and were traveling to and from there for centuries. And the evidence indicates that the smaller group among them, who were connected with the Exodus, were Levites. The Levites were members of the group associated with Moses, the Exodus, and the Sinai events depicted in the Bible.” reformjudaism.org/exodus-not-fiction
Did you watch the entire presentation? That's the second of the consensus historians have reached. Dr. Ilan is specifically refuting the Exodus account in the Bible, which is a pious fiction written by the deuteronomistic historians in the Persian era. However, we know that there were older and conflicting Exodus traditions and Dr. Ilan is not challenging the possibility of an actual exodus happening. In fact, in other lectures he has expressed stronger agreement with the Levite hypothesis. The challenge here is against the unhistorical Exodus narrative found in the Bible. The 2 million number is derived from what the Bible LITERALLY says.
@@andrewsuryali8540 ; I am not contesting any of that. Of course the professor knows about everything that I have written. I am just responding to Professor Ilan’s answer to the question where he clings to a 2 million person figure. It would’ve been better to say, if we take the Biblical story of the Exodus in its entirety, then 2 million people would have left physical evidence in the Sinai and none can be found. However, if we examine the earliest Exodus accounts in the Bible, we see that no specific number of people in that group is given. Therefore, If there was a much smaller and more realistic group of people (in terms of size) who left Egypt, then it is very possible that no physical evidence would have been left from such a migration.
Zipporah is the son of a Midianite Priest? How progressive of Moses. The Pi- Ramesses problem is not a problem at all. Look at Manfred Bietak’s work in Avaris, or ancient Pi-Ramesses I quit watching after that. Either this teacher is out of date or he is being purposely deceptive.
I'm always impressed with the story of the Hebrews wandering in the Sinai Desert with all the livestock they somehow found a way to feed, but couldn't feed themselves so they needed manna. They had plenty of gold, I guess, to make the golden calf--the Egyptians must have paid their slaves pretty well! Plus, being that this story was about a time before the iron age, they must have had sources of copper and tin, and the knowhow and equipment needed to produce bronze for weapons and armor to invade the holy land. led and trained by military leaders ( recently escaped slaves ) who would have had all the current strategic and tactical training--it was written in hieroglyphics somewhere that the Egyptians trained their slaves in the use and manufacture of metals. In fact, given how well it sounds like the treated their slaves, I'm surprised they decided to leave! Oh yeah, they were never really there.
You want us to believe that the entire history of the Jews was a lie? So, you're saying that the Jews who wrote their history were liars and that God, who spoke throughout the Old Testament, was a liar? I think I know who the liar is (and it certainly is NOT the Righteous Judge of all the Earth)! Everyone should stand far away from this liar, especially on Judgment Day!
No. Satan used Nimrod's wife to set up false religions. Watch From Babylon to America. It explains it in depth more. Not the main point of the documentary but it does a very good job of showing how false religion came about and it will expound upon what I said in the beginning of my comment. Respectfully and with regards.
This guy is completely lost. He ignores the archeological sites in Goshen, he ignores the Nueva beach crossing point,which harbors the remnants of an egyptian chariot army. He assumes that the here's walked around the Sinai peninsula for 40 years. He. Blatantly ignores archeological discoveries in Saudi Arabia proving the Biblical account
He's got his own agenda.....forget evidence to the contrary. He's a classic reason I have such disdain for most Phd's who're usually nothing more than walking air bags.
Moses, on fleeing from Egypt, went up the river Nile into what is today's Sudan, where Mount Horab is, till this day is burning. On retuning to Egypt after 40 year's in the "Back side" of the Desert which is none other then the "Great and Terrible Desert" spoken of in the book of Exodus, is none other then the Sahara desert, which cover a land mass of a third of the African continent, and this is the desert that the "Hebrew Israelites" wondered around for 40 year's until returning to the "Reed sea" ( not the Red Sea) The River Nile, to cross over into the Promise land!!! Before the segregation of, what today is referred to as the Middle East, from the African continent by the cutting away of the land mass to forge the suez Carnel that now separates this part of Africa from the rest of the Continent. Footage show that the inhabitants of Today's state of Israel which came into existence only after 1947, was occupied by people of dark complexions from none other then the Mother of Mankind, the Garden of Eden, know as "ALKEBU-LAN" it's rightful ancient name, and after the distruction of the Temple in 70AD, the Hebrew Israelites that left the area at that time where of and went back into what is called Africa (note that this is Not the Original name) where today there are certain "Tribe's that still hold true to who they are and moreso WHO'S they are that can be found within the Continent, from The West Side along the Niger river to the Central part along the Congo river, and as far "Up South" along the east coast and down along both side's of the Limpopo river further Up South to the Orange river, these people's still hold strong to the "Original Hebrew Israelite Custom's and traditions, although, looking into the Bible as it is written in the book of Deuteronomy chapters 28 to 30, a close study of these scripture's hidden in plane site tell, who the true Hebrew Israelites are!!! Who are the most persecuted group of people a upon the face of the Earth today and are scattered to the corners of the world.... And the Most High, Devine Creator of all Heaven and earth and the fulness thereof, shall return to redeem and gather the Chosen from where they have been scattered to!!!
@bertramgreenland8198 . Total nonsense. You're as bad as this 'archeologist. The most persecuted people are the Jews, hands down, the second are Christians. Blacks have been put on pedestals in the west.
There is the J1 and J2 * Y chromosomes which identifies the descendants of Abraham and likely the I1 and I2 * Y chromosomes which belong to the same tree. The facts are what they are and they didn't come from Africa even though they came out of Egypt, their origin is Semitic which is descended from Shem and not Ham. However, we can expect for there to also be descendants of Ham in the Jewish populations. Geneticist's biggest blunder was to assume the E * Y chromosome came out of the A and B * Y chromosome when the opposite is true. The C * Y chromosome also came from the E * Y chromosome because the C * Y chromosome is clearly Nimrod the son of Cush. It can't be anyone else. There is also the D * Y chromosome another descendant of Cush.
Y-J1 is definitely the ‘Eber’ gene, I agree. It’s the root for the vast bulk of the Saudi’s (via Joktan) which also then stretched into north east Africa over the straits. There’s residual J1 still in Mesopotamia, and the core patriarchal lineage of the Levite priesthood from Aaron reveals that J1 came down from Peleg via Abraham, a perfect fit. There’s also a great deal of Y admixture in the modern Israeli Y-DNA tranche to be seen, evidently when they absorbed a limited amount or Canaanite inhabitants as per the sold Testament, and by those marrying into the Jewish religious fold post-diaspora. Wonderful to see someone applying the Y-DNA tree to the Biblical narrative.
Moses and the Exodus weren't real, the story has no archaeological support. Ergo, archaeologists are now trying to figure out what is behind the biblical account? When was this account written? By whom? Where? WHY? Every scholar has a different explanation for all these questions, trying to get at the truth, or real events, that might be behind the biblical account, as suggested by archaeological findings.
The Jews would agree, it seems outrageous that this happened to them, they wouldn't believe it if it didn't. The entire nation of Israel was under that Mountain (Jabal Al Lawz) in Saudi Arabia. There is overwhelming archaeological evidence for Exodus, you just have to look in the place that it happened lol... The Christians and Atheists are purposely looking in the wrong place for religious reasons (obviously)...
For a so called professor most of the reciepts are so off point it's ridiculous Exodus period 1500 - 1200 bc that's from moses to the judges period so the even would of been 1500 - 1400 bc You can't pinpoint an exact date They crossed the reed sea They did not walk around the sinai peninsula Try arabia your looking in the wrong place try yeman for the crossing I found this very amateur As a historion and I found this lecturer interesting after what happened in Egypt after the exodus in the 1200 - 1100 bc but Israel left Egypt 250 approximately before the dates in this lecture and as David noted in his reciepts israel was all ready in the promise land David go back do your research at an earlier time period And the reed see crossing from Eritrea to yeman Every single place written in exodus you can find in arabia Mount sinai in the tanakh is not where people originally think and this is now the common view point I would be interested to know your findings if you done it this way
@@samwats7892 what proof do you have on what the byzantines taught The simple fact north eygpt was a trade route and troops caravans small villages and towns were established there Go research the archeology of the area Plus all biblical accounts of locations are found in South Arabia And there is a faultlune there that could cause the tetronic plates to move during a tsunami which would explain the events It's a rational not fact But there are more favourable points in the exodus being from ethiopia as it was then and the wilderness being in arabia than Spend some time and research it its quite fascinating
@@daz3350 hey Daz, I'm an author publishing a book on this topic. What you said about Eritrea and Ethiopia is true, it's not me that needs convincing, I was just curious how you came upon this knowledge since the overwhelming majority of scholarship on this topic has not even entertained the idea of Eritrea crossing even for a second. I'm guessing for some of the place names you are basing this on Kamal Salibi's research to some extent, and then derived a different conclusion from him.
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Thank you for the clarity of this lecture. Thank you.
The title of this video is The Archaeology of the Exodus. Professor Ilan discusses briefly various scholarly theories on the Exodus.
In the 1960s and 1970s Israeli archaeologists searched the Sinai and Negev looking for any archaeological evidence of the Exodus.
After a few years they reported that their searches turned up nothing!
What were they looking for?
They were looking for pottery debris of either circa 1446 BC (cf. 1 Kings 6:1) or circa 1260 BC (Ramesside era), and they found nothing indicating the presence of a large group of people, in the thousands, wandering the Sinai and Negev.
Consequently, many archaeologists have concluded Exodus, as presented in the Bible, never happened, its a myth, because there is no pottery debris to tie the Exodus account to.
Let it be known I have accepted their findings and do not dispute them!
I asked myself the following question:
Granted there is no archaeological evidence, what then, is behind the worship of a Golden Calf?
What is behind two stone tablets being smashed by Moses at Mt. Sinai with the Ten Commandments on their surface?
Where are Israel's camps in a forty years wandering?
Where is the evidence of cattle, sheep and goats accompanying the Exodus?
Surely there should be something of an archaeological nature (a historical kernel) to tie these items to?
I found the missing archaeological artifacts BEHIND the Exodus scenarios, apparently OVERLOOKED by the archaeologists.
The big breakthrough moment for me was a comment made by a Christian Pilgrimess, named Egeria, circa the 4th/5th century AD.
In her dairy she noted that her Christian guides to Mt. Sinai (Gebel Musa today) pointed out to her camps of Israel lining the valley approach to Mt. Sinai.
She noted these camps consisted of stones arranged in a circle, and described by her guides as being foundations for huts or tents of Israel. Near these stone circles were smaller circles, apparently corrals for animals.
Archaeologists have excavated some of these stone circles and determined from their pottery debris that they are Early Bronze Age II, circa 2300 BC, NOT Moses' world of 1446 BC or 1260 BC.
This was my "ah-hah" moment!
I reasoned that if the Christian guides had misdated the stone circle camps as being Israel under Moses, WHY NOT the Iron Age II Israelites making the same mistake, but much earlier, dating these nomadic camps as being Israel under Moses?
How So?
Until Sir Flinders Petrie of England, by circa 1890 AD, had developed Pottery Typologies to date sites by, no one really knew the age of any site in the Sinai or Negev.
I concluded that the Iron Age II Israelites had guessed at a date of 1446 BC for the Exodus (1 Kings 6:1) and dated _everything_ in the Sinai and Negeb as Israel's camps.
That is to say, Iron Age II Israel had misdated and misunderstood _all_ the archaeological sites in Sinai and Negeb!
So, sites from Stone Age/Chalcolithic times (5000 BC), Early Bronze Age. Middle Bronze Age. Late Bronze Agfe, and Iron Age were _all_ misdated 1446 BC and their contents explained away as the physical evidence of Israel under Moses.
The presence of nomadic stone circle corrals for goats were probably why the Iron Age Israelites thought cattle, goats and sheep accompanied Israel when she left Egypt in the Exodus.
This finding, on my part, explained why archaeologists had failed to find any artifacts of Israel circa 1446/1260 BC.
_The archaeologists were searching for artifacts (pottery debris of 1446/1260 BC) but failed to realize that the Iron Age Israelites had no way to correctly date pottery debris!_
These Iron Age II Israelites knew nothing of a Stone Age, Early Bronze Age, Middle Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age, or Iron Age pottery form and its dating.
Accordingly, I realized ALL the artifacts in Sinai and Negeb had been misdated and misunderstood as being of Moses' world by the Iron Age II (9th-8th centuries BC) Israelites who probably had crafted the Exodus account.
The archaeological evidence so desperately sought for by the Israeli archaeologists in the 1960s and 1970s was in open, plain view everywhere, but, because these artifacts were not 1446/1260 BC, they had been overlooked as what was behind the Exodus scenarios.
I understand Mt. Sinai of the Bible, is Ras Safsafeh and Israel is falsely portrayed on the plain of Er-Raha to witness God's descent on Mt. Sinai.
Why not Gebel Musa, why Ras Safsafeh instead?
From the spacious Er-Raha plain only Ras Safsafeh is in view, Gebel Musa is not in view, hidden behind Ras Safsafeh, and we are told Israel saw God descend on Mt. Sinai.
So, where is Israel's camp on the Er-Raha plain?
By 1990 bulldozers clearing land on the plain of Er-Rahah to build a hotel for Pilgrim tourists, uncovered a Chalcolitic Settlement (dated to 5000 BC).
It is my understanding that the Iron Age II Israelites saw this settlement from their camp at Tel Feiran (Iron Age II Judean sherds found at Tel Feiran by Israeli archaeologists of the period of the 9th/8th century BC). And these Iron Age II Israelites MISDATED the Stone Age settlement as 1446 BC and Moses' camp. Nothing was found in the area of Ras Safsafeh or Gebel Musa of Moses' world of 1446/1260 BC.
However, I determined that the Golden Calf and destruction of the Ten Commandments was at another site, Gebel Serabit el Khadim, an Egyptian mining camp.
Why Serabit el Khadim, not Ras Safsafeh and Er-Raha (Gebel Musa)?
It was a sacred mount to the Egyptians and Asiatics who worked the copper mines there.
All of whom worshipped the cow goddess Hat-Hor, who could take on the form of a cow, suckling a male calf (Pharaoh being the calf). She also appeared as a lovely young woman with cow horns holding a sun disc between the horns.
Yearly, her devotees honored her with drunken, naked, boisterous song and dance to thereby emulate her.
Texts have her the sky-cow-mother of the Golden Calf, the sun at sunrise (a resurrected dead Pharaoh).
Apparently the Exodus account has confused the riotous song and dance accorded Hat-Hor by her devotees, with her son the Golden Calf, whom she gives birth to as a sky-cow-heaven-mother.
As for the Ten Commandments:
Moses apparently is at the foot of Mt. Sinai when he hears Israel at noisey song and dance and hurls down the two stone tablets with the Ten Commandments, shattering them.
Archaeologists found shattered stone tablets written in Proto-Sinaitic scripts (ancestor of Hebrew) at the foot of mounts near Hat-Hor's shrine. I understand these were recast as Moses' Ten Commandments. Today they reside in an Egyptian museum for safe keeping.
They are dated to either circa 1800 BC or 1500 BC by archaeologists.
None have Ten Commandments on their surfaces.
They ask the gods for good fortune in finding rich veins of copper to ship back to Egypt.
Inscriptions have as many as 700 miners at Serabit el Khadim.
Some miners were Asiatics from Canaan, who left votives honoring Hat-Hor. I suspect these votives are behind the Bible's notion of Israel worshipping a Golden Calf or Egyptian bovine god.
So, there you have it, the "missing" artifacts behind the Exodus account, artifacts overlooked by the Israeli archaeologists.
These archaeologists had failed to realize the Iron Age II Israelites did NOT have access to Petrie's Pottery Typologies to thereby correctly date the artifacts lying all over the Sinai and Negev, in open plain view!
For more in-depth info just google "Academia Profile Walter R. Mattfeld" for my scholarly papers on the Exodus.
Wow! Brilliant updating of knowledge of the Exodus for me, with my sketchy understanding of Biblical archaeology and historiography. My interest comes from my parallel interests in archaeology and life-long social activism against ethnic exclusivism in my own country. Great! Thank you for sharing this!
Biblical archeology is sketchy, because it only appropriates / steals from other cultures.
We're looking for Bible events in the wrong locations. We need to be looking at Ireland, anciently known as Hibernia Ibernia Ebernia after Eber Abraham's great grandfather's great grandfather. Eber Heber Hebrew the original Hebrew. Ireland Land of the Pharaohs
@@aliyourbrother1 and they crossed to irish sea to the land of Britney!
The bible writes as it pretenses to convey a message, its not intrested to convey archeology or history, if somehow it does, fine
@@jacobkraiten2473 very interesting information. I'm reading the book.
Guess a lot of people doesn’t like this. The Exodus as a kind of composite story seems quite convincing though.
Whole Bible is inconsistent
The Exodus never happened!
I thought this was understood?
You can’t get lost in that desert!
It's interesting that you mentioned disputes between Levites of Judea and Israel (Samaria). A 2004 Y-Chromosome study concluded that the lay Samaritans belong to haplogroup J, while the Samaritan Kohanim belong to haplogroup E-M35. The Jewisn Kohanim belong to the J haplogroup at near 70%. Research shows that J is a Canaanite Haplogroup, while E is a more closely related to Northern Africa and Egypt. Both areas have overlap of course.
Very well presented!!
The research by Prof. David Rohl and the Institute for the Study of Interdisciplinary Sciences solves this problem completely
Evidence has come to light that Mount Sinai is not on the Sinai peninsula, but in Arabia at a site called Jabal al Lawz where there is evidence including a mass graveyard and Biblical stops referred to in Exodus such as the 12 wells. Also, the area of crossing into Arabia better fits as the the wilderness does "close in" and then opens onto a beech where there is a sand bar with only a slight grade. Ad if this is true, and the Exodus did take place in 1450+ - then the Merneptah Stele would fit Biblical accounts as Israel would have already been settled in Canaan for 200 years.
At 55:42 of this video Professor David Ilan noted: "Getting at what really happened requires...sharing of insights." Here are my insights to share with the viewer of this video: WHY do I prefer the Hyksos Expulsion of circa 1550 BC to be WHAT IS BEHIND THE EXODUS? I look for PARALLELS: Parallel One: Israel is EXPELLED from Egypt and the Hyksos were EXPELLED from Egypt. Parallel Two: After being Expelled from Egypt, the Egyptians LATER PURSUE AFTER THE EXPELLED ISRAELITES, and the Egyptians, after expelling the Hyksos from Egypt, later pursue after them. Parallel Three: The Expelled Israelites are headed for Canaan and the Expelled Hyksos are headed for Canaan too. Parallel Four: Dame Kathleen Kenyon in the 1950s excavated Jericho and found its collapsed defensive wall had been set on fire, the whole city being torched. She attributed this to the Egyptians in pursuit of the Expelled Hyksos FROM EGYPT, circa 1550 BC. The Bible attributes Jericho's collapsed wall and burning to Joshua and his Israelites, formerly FROM EGYPT.. Parallel Four: A few scholars have noted that the Bible's internal chronology suggests that more than 480 years expired from the Exodus to Solomon's people of the Temple (1 Kings 6:1), actually around 600 years expired, ALIGNING THE EXODUS WITH THE HYKSOS EXPULSION. Parallel Six: Moses (Hebrew: Moshe, Arabic: Musa) is associated with an Exodus from Egypt of EXPELLED Israelites. The Hyksos are expelled from Egypt by Pharaoh Ah-Mose ( Ah-Mosis, Ah-Moses), founder of the 18th Egyptian Dynasty. Was Ah-Moses recast as Moses (Ah-Mose becoming Hebrew Moshe)? See the following url on The Hyksos Expulsion being what is behind the Biblical Exodus account www.bibleorigins.net/Exodus1540BCHyksos.html
No..Do you know what actual historians who lived around the time knew of the event? our biblical writings are for children, using them as reference points leads nowhere...Here, try chewing on this. you will find it most interesting and helpful.. however being written by a known and venerated ancient historian it may not have as much weight as biblical tales written by unknown men at an unknown time and garnished with many magical and miraculous events...
classics.mit.edu/Tacitus/histories.5.v.html
There are several problems with the exodus, but I will only touch on a couple of the more important ones.
First, the Philistines. The obvious and shortest route to Canaan from Egypt is along the coast road from Goshen, which would only be a few days walk to Canaan. In Exodus 13:17, God told Moses NOT to lead the Israelites to Canaan by the coast road because the Israelites "might have to face war with the Philistines, and want to turn back to Egypt". Now, the widely accepted date of the exodus is 1446 BCE (480 years prior to Solomon, as the bible clearly states), during the reign of Amenhotep II. The problem with this is that the Philistines were not a great power until some 250 years LATER. If God could easily defeat the greatest military power on earth with the "Red Sea miracle", why would the Philistines be such a problem??? That makes NO sense, considering God commanded the Israelites to attack the Amalekites (and defeat them) on their way to Mount Sinai. It seems apparent that the writer of Exodus (likely sometime during the captivity in Babylon, ca. 600-700 BCE) was not aware of the history of the Philistines, and simply made a terrible historical error.
Second, the southern part of the Sinai peninsula, the route to Mt. Sinai, is extremely rugged, dry, desolate, and barren. The only areas to graze herds and flocks of over 2 million people are few and far between. There is NO evidence, to date, of over 2 million people, their possessions, their flocks and herds, or ANY encampment that has been found anywhere in southern Sinai. This is unthinkable. There should be great amounts of evidence somewhere, considering they wandered there for 40 years.
There has been no evidence found in the Nile delta of over 2 million Hebrews living there, or any exodus from there. At that time in Egypt, the estimated Egyptian population was perhaps between 6 and 7 million. The Israelites would have made up possibly a third of the total population, yet no sign of them in the delta. It's interesting to note that the city of Rome at its height only had a population of a little over 1 million. The first mention of Israel by Egypt is not until 1207 BCE in Canaan, mentioned on the Merneptah stele, when Pharaoh Merneptah invaded Canaan to once again restore order and Egyptian rule in Canaan (Egypt had invaded Canaan many years before and had garrisons throughout the region, controlling the local kingdoms as vassal kingdoms that paid tribute to Egypt). Even then, Israel was mentioned as a "tribe", not a kingdom, and they were wiped out by the Egyptians. Many archaeological artifacts have been found in the Nile delta, many seemingly insignificant items, including small clay pendants of accounting transactions (the ancient Egyptians were meticulous about accounting). Some of these clay pendants include accounting of the sale of goods and slaves, but tend to show very small transactions--1 slave, 2 baskets of barley, 3 fish, etc. Nothing has ever been found suggesting over 2 million slaves, or foreign inhabitants, for that matter. Slavery on that scale, given the total population of Egypt, would have been VERY difficult to manage.
During the last military campaign by Amenhotep II into southern Canaan (which was in late fall, by the way very unusual since almost all military campaigns were launched in the spring), the Memphis stele lists the booty that was brought back to Egypt. Among that was listed 3600 Abiru (thought POSSIBLY to mean "Hebrew"), but these "Abiru" are not thought to be an ethnic group, but rather bands of raiders that attacked trade routes. I say this because had the Hyksos been the Israelites, they would have been referred to as "Abiru" and not "Hyksos". The Hyksos were an actual ethnic group who had immigrated into lower Egypt and had taken control away from the Pharaoh. Achmose I expelled the Hyksos in around 1650 BCE, so the timeline doesn't work anyway.
Also, interesting to think about is why would the Israelites leave Egypt only to go to....Egypt?
@@brabanthallen I like your point that if God can destroy and Egyptian Army in the Red Sea, why couldn't God just as well destroy the Philistines? One would think that Israel would have no Fear of Philistines, if God can destroy and Egyptian army. If God can protect Israel overnight from the Egyptian army as a whirling cloud of fire, surely God could protect Israel from the Philistines in the same manner. Regards, Walter
@@WalterRMattfeld Even more importantly, the Philistines were simply a few small settlements along the coast of Canaan during the entire timeline that many proponents of the biblical exodus story claim (anywhere from 1500 BCE to 1250 BCE). The Philistines would certainly not have had any army capable of even challenging 603,000 capable men. To me, the only logical explanation for this verse is that the book of Exodus was written during the Israelites' captivity in Babylon by a writer that was unfamiliar with history. That writer made up a history for future generations of Israel in order to give them an identity.
@@brabanthallen AGREED!
I am amazed that the Jews show unbelief in their own text of the Torah and Bible.
Christianity is younger and will grow up someday, too...The Muslims are 800 or so years behind believing in the same god
brilliant webinar. brilliant prof! compliments
Go put your feet on the ground at Jabal Al laws (aka.. jabal al Musa / mountain of Moses).... then try to tell me they were not there, and it didnt happen. looking for non existent evidence in the wrong places is not evidence in itself. it only takes a quick youtube search on this mountain to see all the evidence. It is all there, but the scholars and experts keep on preaching same old stuff they have been saying for as long as I can remember.
I don't know if this guy is lying or just stupid lol
Mt.Sinai/Horeb/Jabal Al Lawz is in Saudi Arabia, its not in the Sinai Peninsula.
Every other site mentioned after they crossed (the Well of Moses, the Palm Tree Oasis. The Rock, The Altar etc...) is over in Saudi Arabia as well.
YEs I a Gree...
Yep. It's ALL there.
Did his map of the Exodus completely skip over the crossing into Arabia via the Red Sea? Now, THAT'S a problem. Furthermore, if you're searching for the wandering Jews in the Sinai Desert, you're searching in the wrong place. Mt. Sinai is in Arabia (read the book of Galatians and do your research from the OId Testament). There are several problems with this presentation so far and I'm not 15-minutes into it.
I noticed that also. There's nothing more biased than a biased Phd. That's just my experience. I tend to give more credence to preponderance of the evidence, not the twisted opinion of some pompous phd.
If you wish to see evidence of the Exodus check out Bob Cornucks work. Bon operates from the point that the God's Word is true. Bob would all kinds of evidence of the Exodus.
(12 September 2023, 08:00 a.m.)
Professor Donald B. Redford, an Egyptologist, has argued that the Bible's Exodus is a myth and never happened as portrayed in Scripture.
However, Redford understands there is a historical kernel or event _hidden behind_ the Bible's Exodus.
Redford understands that the Hyksos Expulsion from Egypt of circa 1530 BC is what is behind the Bible's fictional Exodus of circa 1446 BC (cf. 1 Kings 6:1 for this date of 1446 BC).
(cf. Donald B. Redford. 1992. _Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times._ Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey)
Redford (1992:412-413):
"Despite the lateness and unreliability of the story in Exodus, no one can deny that the tradition of Israel's coming out of Egypt was one of long standing...There is only one chain of historical events that can accommodate this late tradition, and that is the Hyksos descent and occupation of Egypt...The memory of this major event in the history of the Levant survived not only in Egyptian sources. It would be strange indeed if the West Semitic speaking population of the Palestine, whence the invaders had come in MB IIB, had not also preserved in their folk memory the great moment of (for them) glory. And in fact it is in the Exodus account that we are confronted with the Canaanite version of this event...In sum, therefore, we may state that the memory of the Hyksos expulsion did indeed live on in the folklore of the Canaanite population of the southern Levant..."
Redford understands that the Exodus account is of the Exilic or Post Exilic age, the 6th or 5th century BC:
(page 418):
"...Moses, in all his roles, is late, either Exilic or post-Exilic...it is literary artifice, not history..."
Having identified the general area of Serabit el Khadim and the worship of Hat-Hor as what is "behind" Mt. Sinai and the worship of the Golden Calf. What then about the Ten Commandments? WHAT IS BEHIND THEM IF ANYTHING? My research suggests that what is behind the Ten Commandments sits today, unrecognized, in the basements and storage rooms of Egyptian Museums. In the Bible Moses is presented as receiving the Ten Commandments from God on two tables of stone, carved from Mt. Sinai, and written by the hand of God. Upon descending Mt. Sinai Moses hears the noise of singing in the Israelite camp at the base of the mount. In anger he throws down the two tablets, smashing them at the FOOT OF THE MOUNT upon realizing a Golden Calf is being worshipped. Archaeologists found near the shrine to Hat-Hor, mining tunnels, and in the debris or rock scree which had accumulated near the tunnel entrances were found the shattered remains of stone tablets with the writing of god on their surfaces, the so-called Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions ( a primitive ancestor of Hebrew). Upon translation they revealed that they were invocations written by the Asiatic miners who worked the turqouise mines with Egyptian miners. These inscriptions asked for their god's blessings and protection, and good fortune in finding veins of turquise. Inside some of the mining tunnels were found more Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions asking for blessings from an Asiatic god called EL. In the Bible, God is called EL at Mt. Sinai. It is my understanding, then, that BEHIND THE TEN COMMANDMENTS are the shattered stone tables found in the rock scree AT THE FOOT OF THE MOUNTS near the Hat-Hor shrine (Hat-Hor being what is behind the Golden Calf according to the now deceased Dr. Zvi ilan of Tel Aviv University, in his published artiicle of 1979. ilan noted that the name of the Hebrew god, EL, appeared in some of the mining tunnels, and thought Moses' Hebrews may have carved these inscriptions. NOT realized by Zvi ilan is that in Egyptian myth Hat-Hor gives birth to the sun every morning in the form of a GOLDEN CALF, who, in Egyptian myth reprrsents a deceased Pharaoh. Old Kingdom Pyramid Texts (Pharaoh Pepi II) have a deceased Pharaoh pleading to be allowed to board the solar bark "FOR HE IS A GOLDEN CALF BORN OF HEAVEN." Tomb art shows a male calf aboard this solar craft (a small boat) with Horus seated behind the calf, a polar star hovers over the calf's back. Pharaoh was likened to being a mighty bull, who is born as a GOLDEN CALF, of the Sky-cow-goddess, Hat-Hor, who's name means "HOUSE OF HOR," which refers to the sky-house that Hor the Hawk god makes as his home that he flies about in. At sunset the Golden Calf has become a virile mature Golden Bull who impregnates his sky-mother, Hat-Hor to become a Golden Calf, reborn again, at daybreak or sun rise. For more info google "Mattfeld Golden Calf" or visit my website, www.bibleorigins.net where I discuss in greater depth the archaeological findings behind the Exodus.
Nonsense, you say. Men have always know God is a tool of fiction.
Re: Luke 11:29-36 "As the crowds increased", Jesus said, “This is a wicked generation. It asks for a sign, but none will be given it except the sign of Jonah. For as Jonah was a sign to the Ninevites, so also will the Son of Man be to this generation.
Jonah 1:15-17 KJV So they took up Jonah and cast him forth into the sea: and the sea ceased from her raging. Then the men feared the LORD exceedingly, and offered a sacrifice unto the LORD, and made vows. The superstitious crowd is wicked.
We know them by their works & those use the vocabulary of fiction as if we did not know nothing fails like prayer in a children's hospital. No man looks for prophet as a job description outside of fantasyland. Even Jesus Christ proclaims faith is worthless since you can't get mountains to jump on command, as if they could ask "How high sir." Jesus Christ is fiction so you can cherry-pick a number of things. I'm trying to use the text to point out nothing is sacred or divine, it is your faith which heals you & not touching the hem of his tunic like people do, by virtual touching the shroud of Turin. The scream from the wicked generation says look there is a magic image of Jesus, He is not fiction.
Men have always known God is fiction. The Temple of God serves the best meat, & if Gods existed, She would have no need of men for teachers. Thanks for the reply.
How is it possibly ethical to suggest the equivalent of a notion we all travel with one foot in a stranger's fantasyland, using fictional vocabulary: prophecy, prayer, etc. We have Moses: World's worst navigator leading a party as if travel were best done with one foot in fiction.
If Christianity were so good, why are the Jews unconvinced?
The religious lack any standing for a vacuum of quality-control. The Jews have a joke: God made Mormons so Christians would know how Jews feel. As the crowds increased, Jesus said, "This is a wicked generation. It asks for a sign, but none will be given it except the sign of Jonah, who was sacrificed overboard & the raging sea grew calm." The sign of Jonah is the superstitious working their way to a majority & good people dying.
Need we add more?
Should we ignore it was secular law & order ending the inquisitions, the witch killing? Nothing fails like prayers in a children's hospital. We don't recommend prophet as job description. We know them by their works & Christians have attempted to put their new wine in the old Jew wineskin. They both come from genital mutilation spun up with circumcision as a shortcoming.
We know them by their works, the vocabulary of fiction, of spin.
The origin of Exodus might be Mesopotamia. Jewish culture took shape in there. All the narration of Jews are connected to Sumerians, Babylon, rivers of Tigris and Euphrates, Persians and so on. When all these stories compiled some people might have added Egypt narration later. Probably no egyptions had an idea of Moses, Jakop ...etc. Why don’t we see any clue in hieroglyphs? Have you heard of Egyption version of Noah which is the most important story of antiquity? But, you can see the same stories in clay tablets.
Regards form Turkey.
Right
Thankyou. I have read that on the Merneptah Stele all the other tribute peoples mentioned were Sumerian. Would you know if this is true?
the first stories of the bible are universal
the Hebrews "history" starts with Abraham and mostly occur in the Levant, close to Egypt
later Hebrew litature, beyond the the pentuach has little to say about the pre Abrahamic area
Fascinating presentation. Thank you.
I have a chicken and the egg question but I think it's answered in your presentation.
The reference to the "Land of Israel" in the Merneptah Stone and the name of "Israelites:"
People point to the Memneptah Stone as proof that the ancient Israelites, as we know them today, existed in at least the 13th century BC. But was that the name of that land in deep antiquity that gave the name to the subsequent Israelites? Or did the ancient Israelites (of the bible) give their name to the land?
Great webinar, truly enriching approach to an old event.
Dear Professor David Ilan, you say that the Hittites came/were brought to the south of Canaan after the war of Kadesh (1274 BCE). But according to Genesis 23:1-20 Hittites were already there during the time of Abraham.
Amazing !! Thankyou
At 21:00 of this video Dr. David Ilan shows a map with the expulsion route of the Hyksos from Egypt to Canaan (circa 1550 BC).
In the Bible this route is called "the way to the land of the Philistines" and God decides not to have Israel use this route to get to Canaan.
WHY?
God is convinced Israel, out of fear of the Philistines, will turn coward and return back to Egypt, so God has Israel take another, longer route, a detour, by way of the Red Sea (Hebrew Yam Suph).
It is my understanding that the REAL ROUTE behind the Exodus was the route taken by the Egyptian expelled Hyksos, in their return to Canaan via Gaza.
That is to say, there never was an Exodus to the southern Sinai and Mt. Sinai!
Why?
The biblical narrator did not know there were no Philistines in Canaan to be feared until after their arrival from the Aegean area in 1175 BC as the Pelest in the annals of Rameses III.
So, the narrator wrongly had Israel's Exodus (circa 1446 BC 1 Kings 6:1) head for the southern Sinai via the Red Sea route (Gulf of Suez).
I have traced the Exilic (ca. 562-560 BC) narrator's imaginary Exodus route from Egypt to Mt. Sinai (Serabit el Khadim) at my website, www.bibleorigins.net.
I discovered that the Exodus account mentions different 3 Red Seas (Hebrew Yam Suph):
(1) Lake Menzalleh/Timsah in Egypt where the sea is split in two,
(2) The Gulf of Suez, after camping at Elim (Ayun Musa's 12 artesian fountains and palms), and
(3) the Gulf of Aqabah where Solomon's port of Ezion Geber was built.
Most are not aware that Hebrew YAM can refer to
(1) a sea,
(2) a lake,
(3) a large river that floods.
The Red Sea crossing was perhaps at a shallow marshy lake, today's Lake Menzalleh and its overflow lake, Lake Ballah.
The crossing being the isthmus of El Qantara, which existed before the Suez Canal was built in 1860, destroying this isthmus or land corridor (it can be seen on pre 1860 maps).
At high flood stage the Nile inundates the Qantara land corridor, but when a powerful east wind blows over the inundated site, dry land suddenly appears between Lake Menzalleh to the north and Lake Ballah to the south. Egyptian chariots regularly used this corridor, calling it the Way of Horus.
As Israel is leaving Egypt, she would cross this land corridor with Lake Menzalleh at her left hand and Lake Ballah at her right hand.
Another possible land corridor splits Lake Et-Timsah in half, it might be the crossing site.
The Darb el Shur passes along the north side of Et-Timsah and most current Bible Atlases call the Darb el Shur, the Way to Shur.
Now, after crossing lake Et-Timsah, Israel is in the Wilderness of Shur (Hebrew Shuwr).
The Darb el Shur begins at Beersheba passes between Lake Ballah to the north and Lake et-Timsah to the south.
Near the western terminus of the Darb el Shur is a well called Bir Abu Suweir, which is, for me, the"Shur that is before Egypt," as it is in the wilderness east of the Nile.
The way to Shur is, then, the way to Bir Abu Suweir, it eventually ends at Bilbeis in the Delta.
The Bible also mentions a wilderness of Etham instead of wilderness of Shur, for me, Lake Et-Timsah, is Etham, the wilderness of Etham is the wilderness east of lake Et-Timsah, famous for its reed-lined shore.
So the wilderness of Shur/Etham is referring to two caravan tracks located cheek by jowl, next to each other, to their south lies the Bitter Lakes, Buheirat el Murrat, the Aramaic Peshitta Bible's Morath, biblical Marah.
The waters of Morath/Marah were indeed bitter as it was a salt-marsh in antiquity.
How do we know the Hyksos Expulsion was recast as Israel's Exodus?
The archaeological proof is Jericho.
In the 1950s Dame Kathleen Kenyon excavated the site and found its collapsed defensive walls and the city had been set on fire, ash being everywhere.
She dated this to the Hyksos Expulsion of circa 1550 BC (some say 1530 BC) based on the pottery she found in the ruins.
In the Bible Joshua orders the burning of Jericho after its defensive wall collapses.
The veracity of the Bible is often regarded as sacred, while "scientific" proofs are continually revised as previous "proofs" are found to be inaccurate or incomplete.
Professor David Ilan has done a fine presentation-summary of some of the current ideas about the Exodus, held by scholars. I would like to call attention to the theme of this video THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE EXODUS. Shortly after Jericho's defensive walls collapse, Joshua orders the burning of Jericho. Archaeologists found the collapsed wall and the burning and associated this event with the Hyksos Expulsion from Egypt circa 1550 BC. Later Joshua orders the burning of Hazor. Archaeologists found that site severely burned too, with its idols smashed and desecrated by the victors. This event was dated circa 1230 BC by the Israeli excavators, Yigael Yadin and Amnon Ben Tor. However, another Israeli archaeologist, Moshe Dothan, had excavated at Hazor before Yadin and Ben Tor and found two Philistine pottery sherds there, suggesting Hazor was destroyed in Philistine times, after 1175 BC, of interest here, is that the Bible has Hazor being burned in Philistine times. In ancient Moab the site of Elealeah, near Heshbon, was excavated and found to be no earlier than Iron Age I times, that is to say, in Philistine times, after 1175 BC. Ai (modern et-Tell) was also excavated and found to have been abandoned after being destroyed circa 2300 BC. It is, of course, impossible for Joshua to be at the destruction of Ai in 2300 BC, Jericho in 1550 BC, Hazor and Elealeh after 1175 BC. Is there a solution to all this? Yes. Quite simply, no one in antiquity knew the real age of any site, when founded and when abandoned. It was only after Sir Flinders Petrie of England developed pottery chronologies that the true age of any ancient site could be determined. I understand the Exodus account was written in the Babylonian Exile, between 562-560 BC to offer an explanation as to why both Israel and Judah were in exile, for offending their god. This means that ancient sites in existence as late as 562-560 BC could be part of the Exodus narrative. And some scholars have suggested just this: that a Late Iron Age II world is being reflected in the Exodus account (circa the 8th-6th centuries BC). Why no archaeological evidence of Israel in the Sinai? The Hysos expulsion is what is behind the Exodus and they fled via the Way of Horus, the biblical Way to the land of the Philistines. Why? There were no Philistines to fear, as they did not settle in Canaan until circa 1175 BC in the reign of Pharaoh Rameses III. Not knowing this, the Exilic author, had Israel take a detour to the southern Sinai out of fear of the fierce warlike Philistines. So where is Mt. Sinai? Probably today's area of Serabit el Khadim. WHY? Here is a n Egyptian temple honoring the patron goddess of miners, Hat-Hor, a goddess who could take on many different forms in Egyptian myths: as a woman with cow horns, as a golden cow, as a serpent, as a hawk, as a lioness. Her devotees honored her with naked song and dance. In the King James Version of the Bible the Golden Calf is honored with naked song and dance by an apostate Israel. Moses orders the slaying of these naked Israelites. In 1979 an Israeli published a paper, in Hebrew, in a Tel Aviv University Journal proposing that the Golden Calf was non-other than Hat-Hor and that Mt. Sinai was in the area of the temple honoring Hat-Hor. My research supports Zvi ilan's proposal. He died young, and his proposal came to be forgotten by Academia. He can be seen on TH-cam in a video titled In Search of the Ten Commandments, a TV show produced for the History Channel and narrated by Leonard Nimoy of Star Trek fame (he played Dr. Spock). Click on the following url for Zvi ilan's proposal that Hat-Hor is what is behind the Golden Calf th-cam.com/video/ykoUThLwRX8/w-d-xo.html
Thank you !
IRREFUTABLE evidence that the Exodus actually happened:
1- Moses wrote the first five books of the Bible, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.
2- Tomb of Moses and Aaron
3- Sinai (361), Moses Inscription
4- Serabit el-Khadim, is the Exodus temple, and is on the Exodus route.
5- In the Nile River, there is a rock with the description of the 7 years of drought in Egypt (historical Joseph).
6- Strabo, Hecateus of Abdera, Flavius Josephus, Tacitus, Numenius, among other historians mention Moses.
7- Moses prophesied about Jesus Christ. The prophets and Jesus Himself speak of Moses.
THE EXODUS IS HISTORICAL
Search, Nuweiba Crossing, and Jabal Al Lawz.
You will find the true route.
A likely story
Moses: World's worst navigator leads party as if best done with one foot in fantasyland.
Socrates used to talk about the old greeks at his time
the problem is looking at a wrong place in the egyptian peninsula ,sinai should be in saudi
the exodus took place not in Ramses' time but in Dotmose's time (12th dynasty). By the way absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.
There is in Saudi Arabi called the Mtn of Moses!
David Rohl !!!!!Check it out!
There is evidence on a stele found about the Hebrews as slaves! I can’t remember which town but I think it was Saqqarha?
Excellent
This is more evidence that the Ancient Egyptians were not Levantines.
Egyptian sources from later say they simply expelled the Jews because they were leprosy ridden and a pain to have around.
The levitas are the ones of egypt
That after akenaton died went to the levant and founded jerusalem
They were after them
Great 😊
It is well recorded by an ancient roman historian of the times, a little reading of verified historians would have cleared this up. the event occurred in 725 to 720 BC. it took six days, the golden calf was in fact a wild ass, and it was an expulsion not an exodus.
Is the historian Josephus? And why was there an expulsion?
@@LordJagd By Tacitus
Written 109 A.C.E.
"Most writers, however, agree in stating that once a disease, which horribly disfigured the body, broke out over Egypt; that king Bocchoris, seeking a remedy, consulted the oracle of Hammon, and was bidden to cleanse his realm, and to convey into some foreign land this race detested by the gods. The people, who had been collected after diligent search, finding themselves left in a desert, sat for the most part in a stupor of grief, till one of the exiles, Moyses by name, warned them not to look for any relief from God or man, forsaken as they were of both, but to trust to themselves, taking for their heaven-sent leader that man who should first help them to be quit of their present misery. They agreed, and in utter ignorance began to advance at random. Nothing, however, distressed them so much as the scarcity of water, and they had sunk ready to perish in all directions over the plain, when a herd of wild asses was seen to retire from their pasture to a rock shaded by trees. Moyses followed them, and, guided by the appearance of a grassy spot, discovered an abundant spring of water. This furnished relief. After a continuous journey for six days, on the seventh they possessed themselves of a country, from which they expelled the inhabitants, and in which they founded a city and a temple.
Moyses, wishing to secure for the future his authority over the nation, gave them a novel form of worship, opposed to all that is practised by other men. Things sacred with us, with them have no sanctity, while they allow what with us is forbidden. In their holy place they have consecrated an image of the animal by whose guidance they found deliverance from their long and thirsty wanderings".
Read it for yourself and see.
classics.mit.edu/Tacitus/histories.5.v.html
what we are taught by religion as children are in fact children's tales, that grown men believe them true only reflects on themselves, not reality.
@@mickhealy572 Hmm, that's an interesting foreign interpretation of the Exodus story but I don't think it lends credence to its historicity. It sounds like he learned the story and told it again. Moses isn't even mentioned until after the exilic period. But I wonder if there was some sort of exile which brought Egyptian traditions into the southern Levant.
@@LordJagd He gathered the information by travelling and conversing with other learned men of the time about history. you weigh both versions for truth yourself.. and whoever said Moyses had a mention or a role before the expulsion? just some inkstains on paper in truth, now you have two versions of the event, one magical, the other more akin to reality, you get to believe what you wish..
@@mickhealy572 Well then that definitely sounds like he heard the Moses story and just retold it. It's certainly possible that some Canaanites were expelled from Egypt around 750 BC, or maybe there was a variety of dates for when the Exodus supposedly happened, including as late as the time of Tacitus.
Exodus isn’t a literal account, it’s metaphorical
Much earlier when Jacob’s family moved into Egypt they were assigned to live in “the land of Rameses.”
Genesis 47:11,,,,
11 So Joseph settled his father and his brothers, and he gave them a possession in the land of Egypt, in the very best part of the land, in the land of Ramʹe·ses, just as Pharʹaoh had commanded.
Since elsewhere they are spoken of as residing in the land of Goshen, it appears that Rameses was either a district within Goshen or was another name for Goshen.
Genesis 47:6,,,,
6 The land of Egypt is at your disposal. Have your father and your brothers dwell in the very best part of the land.+ Let them dwell in the land of Goʹshen, and if you know of any capable men among them, put them in charge of my livestock.”
Later, the Israelites were enslaved and put to building cities “as storage places for Pharaoh, namely, Pithom and Raamses [the vowel pointing here differs slightly from that of “Rameses”].”
Exodus 1:11,,,,
11 So they appointed chiefs of forced labor over them to oppress them with hard labor, and they built storage cities for Pharʹaoh, namely, Piʹthom and Ra·amʹses.
Many scholars suggest that Raamses was so named for the district of Rameses in which they assume it was located.
When the Exodus from Egypt began, Rameses is given as the starting point. Most scholars assume that the city(Ra·amʹses) is here meant, perhaps being the rendezvous site where the Israelites gathered from various parts of Goshen. But Rameses may here refer to a district, and it may be that the Israelites pulled away from all parts of the district, converging on Succoth as the place of rendezvous.
Exodus 12:37,,,,
37 Then the Israelites departed from Ramʹe·ses for Sucʹcoth, about 600,000 men on foot, besides children.
The following verse sheds some important light on why the term "Ramʹe·ses" is referring to a district and not to any city. In fact the very city of "Ramses" to which Scholars attribute their suggestion was in fact built some eighty years before Moses was even born.
Numbers 33:3-5,,,,
3 They departed from Ramʹe·ses in the first month, on the 15th day of the month. On the very day after the Passover,the Israelites went out with confidence before the eyes of all the Egyptians. 4 Meanwhile, the Egyptians were burying all the firstborn whom Jehovah had struck down among them, for Jehovah had executed judgments on their gods. 5 So the Israelites departed from Ramʹe·ses and camped at Sucʹcoth.
The Biblical Raamses began to be built before Moses’ birth, hence over 80 years before the Exodus.
Exodus 1:11,,,,(again this verse provides details that everyone has ignored)
11 So they appointed chiefs of forced labor over them to oppress them with hard labor, and they built storage cities for Pharʹaoh, namely, Piʹthom and Ra·amʹses.
These two cities were started being built 80 years befoire Moses was born. Then too they were add on's being that here the verse states --"namely" which means "for what?" Two already in place cities for which Pharoah is taking credit for rebuilding two "namely" already existing cities into converted storage cities in which one of them or both could have meant "for" the already existing city of Ramses.
More proof that the proposed district of Rameses included where the Israelites lived at that time had to have been located very near or beside the Nile River on the Eastern side.
Exodus 1:22,,,,
22 Finally Pharʹaoh commanded all his people: “You are to throw every newborn son of the Hebrews into the Nile River, but you are to keep every daughter alive.”
Exodus 2:1-3,,,,
2 About that time, a certain man of the house of Leʹvi married a daughter of Leʹvi. 2 And the woman became pregnant and gave birth to a son. When she saw how beautiful he was, she kept him concealed for three months. 3 When she was no longer able to conceal him, she took a papyrus basket and coated it with bitumen and pitch and put the child in it and placed it among the reeds by the bank of the Nile River.
Best for last-----The best proof that Ramʹe·ses was in fact the entire district....
Numbers 33:1-5,,,,
33 These were the stages of the journey of the people of Israel when they went out of the land of Egypt+ by their companies*+ under the direction of Moses and Aaron. 2 Moses kept recording the departure places by the stages of their journey at the order of Jehovah, and these were their stages from one departure place to another: 3 They departed from Ramʹe·ses in the first month, on the 15th day of the month. On the very day after the Passover, the Israelites went out with confidence before the eyes of all the Egyptians.
The other thing many ignore is exactly how much land did the Israelite's occupy being that with 600,000 able bodied men not counting women, and children and the elderly, would have numbered in possibly 3 million, so the district of Ramʹe·ses would have been very large and much too large to have ever meant a city. Thanks....
Is written in the greek literature
Pre historic
This is so interesting. But the Trinity as a doctrine coming from the Egyptians is not feasible. It arose from the Gospels and reported speech from Jesus with comment from Apostle Paul. There is no link with Egyptian religious beliefs at that time. The whole area was controlled by the Romans.
There was not 2m people in all of Egypt in 1450 BCE much less that many that left all at once.
Without the other the Levites didn't have an army and the Israelite army didn't have any priests. Besides their numbers are dependent on each other. The army numbered 22 elephs and 273 men and the Levites numbered 22 elephs. Whatever elephs are they are the same.
This goes against the Word of God. Sorry. I will take the Bible's account of the Israelites.
God writes fiction. What is the big deal? Actually, the authors of the Bible were not writing history. The fact is Biblical Hebrew has no word for history. Therefore, The Biblical Hebrews could not write history if the concept were foreign.
@@markcasebier Quite the scholar! Let's see your evidence to back your big claims.
@@markcasebier the biblical world for what later would be called history is
zikaron
Date of the exodus: 7min 48secs 1450bc is wrong. Can't teach anyone until I am given edu accreditation to grant University Degrees so just letting anyone know, if you ask for this knowledge, I won't give it till I'm equipped with that license to do so... And then I can certify who I teach!
When Israel in 1250 BC is living in the land then they must have come earlier to the land from Egypt
In 11000bc there was a catastrophe
IF the hykos were the anceint hebrews, though Ive herd otherwise, it would explain why theres no archeological renaims, assuming the hykos took the direct line out of Egypt and didnt dadle in the desert for fourty years?
The hicsos are the today jews
Moses "marries Zipporah who is the SON ???? of a Midianite priest."
Can there be an exodus without Moses? Last time I checked there is absolutely no evidence for his existence. But I’m open to another explanation. I love this stuff.
Well his body was hidden
@@JohnRenshawIII don’t need a body. Without any other evidence the question is moot.
Check R Elway's videos....
The very existence of jews is ur proof that he exists, there are so many laws that are written yet no explination of how to "do"them, that is were moses comes into being, he explained them (oral bible)without that no jew can proceed, I'll leave it at that, more later if u still have questions
Moses was utterly hopeless as a navigator. It is about 800 km between Alexandria and Jerusalem, and at 20 km per day, that would take 40 days, NOT 40 years!
Consider how with 40 years of isolation you could implant a theology that would make people protect a land given to you by god. This would make an excellent group of solders to protect coming for Egypt.
Same conclusion I came to. It's like the photo of a semi-truck going the wrong way down a one-way street bearing a bumper sticker that says "God is my co-pilot."
Hey, they did not get lost, after the sin of the spys. They were punished, read please
It is that simple... You are looking at the wrong location... Info lost in translation.... I know the exact route... And all is true
That is why all names are egyptians
All that belong to egypt or others
Not possible for that many people to go around
Those places were inhabited very long ago
The greeks were there
Firstly, the israelites when the left they took the shortest route not to the land of canaan, but to mount Sinai, which is in Midian, which was a straight line accross the top of Sinai (not through the bottom of Sinai) and then the lord tells moses to turn right to gk to (pie achraoth) so the Egypt will think the jews got lost,,, which is just south of the regular route taken to Midian crom Egypt, that was the crossing, they did nkt wonder in the desert for 40 yrs, matter of fact the stood still for 38 yrs out of the 40,,,, read the 5 books of moses with a religious jew so u don't go all over the place,,, or maybe u do it juzt to make it fit ur point, talk to rabbi manes friedman, or tk tuvya singer,
I don't agree with that southern route via the St Catherine Monastery at all. Read the Bible properly and you'll see that Mt Sinai/Horeb situated in the north. Where also the Amalekites lived. There are at least two roads crossing the peninsula from west to east that go between the Horus route and that southern route.
So, you're telling me Moses married a man?
Generally a pleasure to listen to his lectures.
But the constant need to say the Hebrew name of God, even though this is a taboo in Judaism and therefore offensive, is difficult to understand. (Even if it is only one rendition of the pronunciation).
It's like Tourret's syndrome for Biblical Archeologist. Or possibly virtue signaling, to show that they are not guided by religion or something.
I think it’s to specify which religion’s god we’re talking about, in the same way people may use Allah to signify the god of Islam.
@@LordJagd
In most cases the term "God" would suffice. And in other instances, "God of Israel" would achieve the same goal.
They're purposely being offensive.
@@jaymylotto8134 I don't think they're trying to be offensive, the name of god used is the historical name that would've been used during this period of history by these particular people. A historian could say Muhammad's name without "Peace be upon him (ﷺ)", is that being purposely offensive?
@@jaymylotto8134:.......
"And Elohim said further to Mosheh, “Thus you are to say to the children of Yisra’ĕl, ‘יהוה (Yehovah) Elohim of your fathers, the Elohim of Aḇraham, the Elohim of Yitsḥaq, and the Elohim of Ya‛aqoḇ, has sent me to you. This is My Name forever, and this is My remembrance to all generations.’"
(Shemot/Exodus 3:15)
I am responding to the answer to the question by professor Ilan about the lack of physical evidence in the Sinai and his insistence to only focus on the 2 million people version of the story in his response.
* From Dr. Richard Elliott Friedman; "There is archaeological evidence and especially textual evidence for the Exodus...
There have not been many major excavations in the Sinai, and we most certainly have not combed it. Moreover, uncovering objects buried 3,200 years ago is a daunting endeavor...
- Still, all of us would admit that two million people-603,550 males and their families, as the Torah describes-should have left some remnants that we would find. But few of us ever thought that this number was historical anyway. Someone calculated long ago that if that number of people were marching, say, eight across, then when the first ones arrived at Sinai, half of the people would still be in Egypt!
- There is no archaeological evidence against the historicity of an exodus if it was a smaller group who left Egypt. Indeed, significantly, the first biblical mention of the Exodus, the Song of Miriam, which is the oldest text in the Bible, never mentions how many people were involved in the Exodus, and it never speaks of the whole nation of Israel. It just refers to a people, an am, leaving Egypt...
- At a recent international conference entitled “Out of Egypt” on the question of the Exodus’ historicity, one point of agreement, I believe, among most of the 45 participating scholars was that Semitic peoples, or Western Asiatics, were in fact living in Egypt and were traveling to and from there for centuries. And the evidence indicates that the smaller group among them, who were connected with the Exodus, were Levites. The Levites were members of the group associated with Moses, the Exodus, and the Sinai events depicted in the Bible.”
reformjudaism.org/exodus-not-fiction
Did you watch the entire presentation? That's the second of the consensus historians have reached. Dr. Ilan is specifically refuting the Exodus account in the Bible, which is a pious fiction written by the deuteronomistic historians in the Persian era. However, we know that there were older and conflicting Exodus traditions and Dr. Ilan is not challenging the possibility of an actual exodus happening. In fact, in other lectures he has expressed stronger agreement with the Levite hypothesis. The challenge here is against the unhistorical Exodus narrative found in the Bible. The 2 million number is derived from what the Bible LITERALLY says.
@@andrewsuryali8540 ; I am not contesting any of that. Of course the professor knows about everything that I have written.
I am just responding to Professor Ilan’s answer to the question where he clings to a 2 million person figure. It would’ve been better to say, if we take the Biblical story of the Exodus in its entirety, then 2 million people would have left physical evidence in the Sinai and none can be found. However, if we examine the earliest Exodus accounts in the Bible, we see that no specific number of people in that group is given. Therefore, If there was a much smaller and more realistic group of people (in terms of size) who left Egypt, then it is very possible that no physical evidence would have been left from such a migration.
Zipporah is the son of a Midianite Priest? How progressive of Moses. The Pi- Ramesses problem is not a problem at all. Look at Manfred Bietak’s work in Avaris, or ancient Pi-Ramesses I quit watching after that. Either this teacher is out of date or he is being purposely deceptive.
They ate quail also
Exodus is 573 + 7 + 999 = 1579.
"Segue" is pronounced, "seg-way".
I'm always impressed with the story of the Hebrews wandering in the Sinai Desert with all the livestock they somehow found a way to feed, but couldn't feed themselves so they needed manna. They had plenty of gold, I guess, to make the golden calf--the Egyptians must have paid their slaves pretty well! Plus, being that this story was about a time before the iron age, they must have had sources of copper and tin, and the knowhow and equipment needed to produce bronze for weapons and armor to invade the holy land. led and trained by military leaders ( recently escaped slaves ) who would have had all the current strategic and tactical training--it was written in hieroglyphics somewhere that the Egyptians trained their slaves in the use and manufacture of metals.
In fact, given how well it sounds like the treated their slaves, I'm surprised they decided to leave! Oh yeah, they were never really there.
They did not wonder in the desert, they stood in one place for 38 yrs
hilariously caws fed ,and let the kids starve
@@jacobkraiten2473 oops think you meant wander. If they stayed in one place maybe it was to wonder what to do next.
If someone is not home, he's a wonderer, look it up
@@iae32 no one starved, they they wanted meat, but then what would u know, sarcastic comments, love em, shows ur sit on ur brains
Moses marries Zipporah, son of Midianite priest??? sloppy work here.
You want us to believe that the entire history of the Jews was a lie?
So, you're saying that the Jews who wrote their history were liars and that God, who spoke throughout the Old Testament, was a liar?
I think I know who the liar is (and it certainly is NOT the Righteous Judge of all the Earth)! Everyone should stand far away from this liar, especially on Judgment Day!
Central asia
39:50 the triad of gods of Egypt ... sounds like the trinity idea was taken from Egyptians ?
No. Satan used Nimrod's wife to set up false religions. Watch From Babylon to America. It explains it in depth more. Not the main point of the documentary but it does a very good job of showing how false religion came about and it will expound upon what I said in the beginning of my comment. Respectfully and with regards.
The israel people were in the north
Not judea
This guy stretched the truth to disprove the Bible narrative.. he has a lot of great knowledge of ancient Israel but he is biased. Disappointing
This guy is completely lost. He ignores the archeological sites in Goshen, he ignores the Nueva beach crossing point,which harbors the remnants of an egyptian chariot army. He assumes that the here's walked around the Sinai peninsula for 40 years. He. Blatantly ignores archeological discoveries in Saudi Arabia proving the Biblical account
He's got his own agenda.....forget evidence to the contrary. He's a classic reason I have such disdain for most Phd's who're usually nothing more than walking air bags.
Moses, on fleeing from Egypt, went up the river Nile into what is today's Sudan, where Mount Horab is, till this day is burning. On retuning to Egypt after 40 year's in the "Back side" of the Desert which is none other then the "Great and Terrible Desert" spoken of in the book of Exodus, is none other then the Sahara desert, which cover a land mass of a third of the African continent, and this is the desert that the "Hebrew Israelites" wondered around for 40 year's until returning to the "Reed sea" ( not the Red Sea) The River Nile, to cross over into the Promise land!!! Before the segregation of, what today is referred to as the Middle East, from the African continent by the cutting away of the land mass to forge the suez Carnel that now separates this part of Africa from the rest of the Continent. Footage show that the inhabitants of Today's state of Israel which came into existence only after 1947, was occupied by people of dark complexions from none other then the Mother of Mankind, the Garden of Eden, know as "ALKEBU-LAN" it's rightful ancient name, and after the distruction of the Temple in 70AD, the Hebrew Israelites that left the area at that time where of and went back into what is called Africa (note that this is Not the Original name) where today there are certain "Tribe's that still hold true to who they are and moreso WHO'S they are that can be found within the Continent, from The West Side along the Niger river to the Central part along the Congo river, and as far "Up South" along the east coast and down along both side's of the Limpopo river further Up South to the Orange river, these people's still hold strong to the "Original Hebrew Israelite Custom's and traditions, although, looking into the Bible as it is written in the book of Deuteronomy chapters 28 to 30, a close study of these scripture's hidden in plane site tell, who the true Hebrew Israelites are!!! Who are the most persecuted group of people a upon the face of the Earth today and are scattered to the corners of the world.... And the Most High, Devine Creator of all Heaven and earth and the fulness thereof, shall return to redeem and gather the Chosen from where they have been scattered to!!!
@bertramgreenland8198 . Total nonsense. You're as bad as this 'archeologist. The most persecuted people are the Jews, hands down, the second are Christians. Blacks have been put on pedestals in the west.
Patrick,
I'm sorry my friend but literally everything you've referenced is all pure bullshit.
And that's why any actual scholar doesn't reference it
What an outlandish invention , Moses , ses means son of, ha ha ha . His name is Moshe, not Moses.
There is the J1 and J2 * Y chromosomes which identifies the descendants of Abraham and likely the I1 and I2 * Y chromosomes which belong to the same tree. The facts are what they are and they didn't come from Africa even though they came out of Egypt, their origin is Semitic which is descended from Shem and not Ham. However, we can expect for there to also be descendants of Ham in the Jewish populations. Geneticist's biggest blunder was to assume the E * Y chromosome came out of the A and B * Y chromosome when the opposite is true. The C * Y chromosome also came from the E * Y chromosome because the C * Y chromosome is clearly Nimrod the son of Cush. It can't be anyone else. There is also the D * Y chromosome another descendant of Cush.
Y-J1 is definitely the ‘Eber’ gene, I agree. It’s the root for the vast bulk of the Saudi’s (via Joktan) which also then stretched into north east Africa over the straits. There’s residual J1 still in Mesopotamia, and the core patriarchal lineage of the Levite priesthood from Aaron reveals that J1 came down from Peleg via Abraham, a perfect fit. There’s also a great deal of Y admixture in the modern Israeli Y-DNA tranche to be seen, evidently when they absorbed a limited amount or Canaanite inhabitants as per the sold Testament, and by those marrying into the Jewish religious fold post-diaspora. Wonderful to see someone applying the Y-DNA tree to the Biblical narrative.
I guess you never watched Monty Python's "Life of Brian" or you would know what happens to people who say the name Jehovah over and over! 😤
Um, are we making things up now? Moses and the exodus weren’t real.
Moses and the Exodus weren't real, the story has no archaeological support. Ergo, archaeologists are now trying to figure out what is behind the biblical account? When was this account written? By whom? Where? WHY? Every scholar has a different explanation for all these questions, trying to get at the truth, or real events, that might be behind the biblical account, as suggested by archaeological findings.
@@WalterRMattfeld People make things up. Horus didn’t have an epic battle with Set over the death of his father. Icarus didn’t fly out a window,,,,
@@paddyodriscoll8648 Agreed!
@@paddyodriscoll8648 - icarus fell overboard and drowned, Heracles erected a tomb for him
@@paddyodriscoll8648 they look for historical clues to what would influence stories
saying "People make things up" is anti intellectual
Two million seems outrageous
The Jews would agree, it seems outrageous that this happened to them, they wouldn't believe it if it didn't.
The entire nation of Israel was under that Mountain (Jabal Al Lawz) in Saudi Arabia.
There is overwhelming archaeological evidence for Exodus, you just have to look in the place that it happened lol...
The Christians and Atheists are purposely looking in the wrong place for religious reasons (obviously)...
spoken like a true academia globalist .
So true.
For a so called professor most of the reciepts are so off point it's ridiculous
Exodus period 1500 - 1200 bc that's from moses to the judges period so the even would of been 1500 - 1400 bc
You can't pinpoint an exact date
They crossed the reed sea
They did not walk around the sinai peninsula
Try arabia your looking in the wrong place try yeman for the crossing
I found this very amateur
As a historion and I found this lecturer interesting after what happened in Egypt after the exodus in the 1200 - 1100 bc but Israel left Egypt 250 approximately before the dates in this lecture and as David noted in his reciepts israel was all ready in the promise land
David go back do your research at an earlier time period
And the reed see crossing from Eritrea to yeman
Every single place written in exodus you can find in arabia
Mount sinai in the tanakh is not where people originally think and this is now the common view point
I would be interested to know your findings if you done it this way
what proof or reasons do you have for the Eritrea crossing? or what sources are you basing this on? I'm just curious how you came across this.
@@samwats7892 what proof do you have on what the byzantines taught
The simple fact north eygpt was a trade route and troops caravans small villages and towns were established there
Go research the archeology of the area
Plus all biblical accounts of locations are found in South Arabia
And there is a faultlune there that could cause the tetronic plates to move during a tsunami which would explain the events
It's a rational not fact
But there are more favourable points in the exodus being from ethiopia as it was then and the wilderness being in arabia than
Spend some time and research it its quite fascinating
@@daz3350 hey Daz, I'm an author publishing a book on this topic. What you said about Eritrea and Ethiopia is true, it's not me that needs convincing, I was just curious how you came upon this knowledge since the overwhelming majority of scholarship on this topic has not even entertained the idea of Eritrea crossing even for a second. I'm guessing for some of the place names you are basing this on Kamal Salibi's research to some extent, and then derived a different conclusion from him.
Try using common sense for a change