your explanation of Annealing is a bit off. the way you explained it sounds like forging, which is not a good way to work copper, it will crumble if worked at those temperatures. the reason you anneal copper is that it "work hardens" i.e. its crystal structure trends towards hardness as its worked. annealing rearranges this to soften the metal and allow it to be further worked. the process of annealing involves heating the metal to its annealing temperature and then allowing it to slowly cool back down. once cooled it can then be worked for a time until it becomes harder and you risk cracking and crumbling it, when you anneal it again.
@@AncientAmericas in addition, the reason for this is that if left to cool on its own, the copper will crystalize into large crystals, which cleave apart from one another when hammered. Quenching the metal causes it to solidify with a minuscule crystal grain. To visualize this imagine forming a bowl out of clay. the clay is malleable because the aggregate is microscopic. now imagine trying to form a bowl out of gravel. the grains are way too big to be ductile or malleable and it just falls apart.
@@casey9439 I often learn more from reading comments than is presented in even good, solid informative videos. Your comment illuminated not only this video, but clarified other observations and contradictions I'd noted elsewhere. Thank you.
@@paulus.tarsensus Thanks. As I see it, we're all just half-informed oafs trying to become informed oafs. Sometimes one of us has a little inkling to share and sometimes another one of us has a different inkling to share
As a master-metalsmith who has worked native copper with paleo tech and a dilatant stone knapper with lots of points to my credit I promise that stone tools are much sharper than copper can be made to be. Stone blades are also much better at keeping that edge. Copper is only really superior for it's plastic distortion capacity (the awls and needles for example).
(Laugh!) Most people don't know or realize that obsidian breaks at the molecular level rather than wears down at the microscopic - thus can make far sharper blades. Knapped obsidian was used as the instrument of choice for surgeons (especially eye surgeons) until lasers came along, because they were so much more sharper than metal blades and left far less scarring. I'd bet you know that already, though! (My area of expertise is ancient technology and diet, with specific research in chert!) Talking about stone tool technology - heat treating. Many forms of chert become even more workable and usable if they've been heat-treated before knapping. The heat treating process required a deep understanding and knowledge of the material - almost equal to an engineer's knowledge! I've seen points where the control was so exact that the blade itself was still grey, but the very edge had changed color to red! My ancestors knew enough about it that they were able to successfully heat treat chert - going back to the paleoindian period!
@@RedHeart64 The Clovis era people who faced sabre cats at a range of ten feet or less would have been served best by points of obsidian drawn from a lambs wool transporting sheath. They would have left the copper jewelry in the cabin.
@@williamanderson4395 Obsidian, possibly. It was a valued trade item and people would have traveled far to get it because of it's usefulness and characteristics. We've found Clovis (and PRE-Clovis) points and tools, and they used the best materials available in their area. They've made them of chert on much of this continent. There are also points and tools of heat-treated chert that have been found - and heat-treating chert requires a really deep understanding of the material (it does make it easier to work and more glassy, if done right). Other materials have been used as well. We found one point (and maybe more) that had been heat treated so that the very edge would have changed color (happens with Florida chert and maybe elsewhere) to red, while the rest of the blade remained 'natural' (some shade of gray, maybe mottled). That took a master's understanding of chert - very precise control of temperature and duration to achieve! Lamb's wool? Not likely... I'm not aware of any domesticated sheep before Columbus. Possibly wool from one of the wild sheep species. There are many other materials that would probably have been used, but also I'd point out that it would have been much more likely they'd have had a spear on hand and used that. Copper working... Most of the copper working I've read about occurred during the Archaic period and later. (Meteoric Iron also was worked and used to a much smaller degree.) I don't remember anything found in an earlier context, but it's been a while since I've done any reading on copper working/copper artifacts.
Yep... The stone tools of these N. American cultures weren't "primitive". It would take relatively advanced metallurgy to make something generally better. So not much reason for them to faff around with metalworking making inferior stuff. But that means they never figured out the tricks for making metal implements which could surpassed the advanced stone stuff they already had.
This area could be the cradle of civilization, however nobody would ever know because there's nearly no archeological activity here and everyone believes there is no history worth knowing. Native history in the Americas holds so many untold secrets. I think this was a really good look at the facts around a long untold story.
You wanna talk about an unknown cradle of civilization, I'd make a case for the Mississippi/Ohio basin. That's the crucible of Hopewell and Mississippian civilization.
@@AncientAmericas so much to discover. By the way did you hear these conspiracy rumors about NASA doing archeological digs in New Mexico? Some kind of native American site but it has very advanced layout. I watched your other video about an anomalous native mound and it seems maybe this NASA dig could be similar in its uniqueness. I saw photos of the dig now whether what they claimed to be was accurate or not is debatable. The source didn't seem credible to me anyway. But if it was credible maybe you could do a video about it? NASA usually flies rockets so why are they digging about? That's some click bait for sure. Also even if it's not true a video debunking it would still get views. I just found your channel today by the way. Keep up the great work cheers
@@JonnoPlays funny I know a guy who says he found anchiet Chinese shipwrecks with gold as a child where a military base now is, even showed me Google Earth images. Think he still has the FBI on speed dial to bitch at them. Honesty I think I believe him.
“White people” were here first, or atleast our ancient ancestors. Look up pictures of the Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan, they were seafarers, and have distinctly “Western” features.
The general public thinking that the First Nations were stone age peoples with no metal working technology aside from a little gold and silver in Central America isn't a stereotype, it's a deficiency in education. I had pretty significant schooling in pre-columbian North Americans in my youth and none of the text books or other books mention copper working around the great lakes. It wasn't until a few years ago when I started living near a reserve on the north shore and talking to people there that I'd heard word one about copper tools being made and used before European contact. Thanks so much for the video, I hope it gets shared a ton.
The people who develop these metalworking Traditions were not the Indians are Native Americans that Europeans happened upon in the Fifteenth Century, but a completely different group of people that has long since disappeared
We call people " stone age" because there was no tradition of smelting . There are some cultural aspects used to define copper age that native people did not develope , possibly because of no need . The mines were known by Europeans but people did not want to think natives were doing it so came up with theories of ancient phonea
The bell of Garuda is a copper hand bell someone discovered in a chunk of coal...I thought it was crazy it would be 3 million years old until I did some research on Garuda and found out he's the architect of "Angkor Wat" which just so happens to be millions of years old also...Wonder why my history teacher never spoke of this or Mansa Musa...
@@Laotzu.Goldbug No, that is not true. There is complete continuity between these cultures, fully documented archaeologically. Nobody "disappeared". The First Nations that inhabit the Great Lakes area today are both cultural and biological descendants of those who first mined the copper, and continued to do so into historical times. They changed culturally over time ---- just as every society does ---- but we are not talking about any "completely different group". No legitimate archaeologist or historian will tell you any such nonsense. It is promoted only by crackpots.
I have been a university (Geology) Professor for 30 years and have heard thousands of lectures in classes and professional meetings. I can tell you that this is one of the best presented and illustrated. Thank you! BTW, as a kid I lived in Marquette MI and after big storms, we would find pebbles of native Cu polished to a glow amongst the gravel of Lake Superior's beaches. No doubt to indigenous folks did to: no "working" needed.
I am a man of Mesoamerican extraction. The Maya area to be precise. One of the things that is seldom told because of all the excitement surrounding gold is it the native people of that region valued copper more than they valued gold and silver. Gold and silver were something for the gods. Copper could be used in every day life. That and obsidian were exceedingly valuable raw materials. So, this vid delights me but, it does not surprise me.
It's the same in most ancient cultures. The native hawaiians prized iron over gold and I've heard that the ancient mesopotamian were the same. People arent idiotd and prefer practical tools to shiny soft baubles
Wise. The Late Western Romans and Dark Age Europeans stopped using gold as money. Currency must be stable to work. Gold mining took incredible deep-mine engineering...and barbarian disruptions made production erratic (to say the least.) Gold became decorative - used in churches, on books as gold leaf, and even on clothing. Silver became the currency. (It's common and easy to work with.) During Viking times, when iron mining was disrupted...iron was more valuable than silver. There was no such thing as throwing away broken iron tools. Its literal, that plows became swords, and vice versa. Silver was nice - but you needed iron to defend it.
As a Michigan Tech Grad the Keweenaw is absolutely majestic. Highly recommend it to anyone looking for an amazing getaway. Copper harbor and Lac la Belle are wonderful communities. Plenty of cool mine tours as well, the Delaware is very nice.
It's not just in the great lakes region, I'm from southeast Missouri and there is an ancient copper mine behind my dad's house, still has some native drawings on it so a few years ago some scientists from Washington university came to take pics and put them through different filters to pull off images that you can't see with your naked eye and from what they said it was a "shrine" to the underwater panther god
That's super cool! It sounds like thats a Mississippian site if it's to underwater panther god. Do you have the name of that site? I'd love to check it out.
@@AncientAmericas there is no name for it other than what we call it "the Indian bluffs" and the scientist person from Washington university said that they usually don't give locations because all of the art is done on sandstone so when the many meth heads around here try and cut them out and sell them they are usually just destroyed, I honestly don't think they have wrote a thing about it and they definitely haven't dug there ever so I'm not sure what u could find out but it's on the little St Francis river
@@AncientAmericas the scientist guy said it was most likely Mississippian as well but the problem I have is that I've only ever found arrowheads from the archaic to late archaic period, nothing as refined as u see in Cahokia or surrounding areas
@@missourimongoose7643 that doesn't mean it's not Mississippian. Archaic and Woodland people tended to use similar spots on the landscape, so their stuff is likely to show up, and sacred sites tend to have less left behind, so it's not all that surprising that there aren't LW/MT points out there. I WOULD expect shell tempered pottery though.
Who knows. The Mississippians-- the first of which were Caddoan-- weren't the only ones who believed in that thing. So did Algonquians & some Siouans & Iroquoians, albeit sometimes under different names like "Blue Panther," "Snake," "Comet Lion" or "True Lynx" & over time they evolved from a wildcat spirit into something more like a dragon for a lot of cultures. Some of the last Siouan tribes who lived in Missouri before whites were on that list. Still, if the archaeologists who looked it over assumed Mississippian, then they must have more reason for saying as much. My Saponi ancestors also had a copper mine in the Blue Ridge Mountains that was noted by early Jamestown explorers & there was apparently a silver mine down towards the Cherokee somewhere. By the way, what were they using the Galena for? This is the first time I'm hearing about this.
When I was in high school in the 1960s we had a neighbor who collected minerals and artifacts. I took him to a site I knew where I had found several arrowheads and later he showed me his collection of copper jewelry made by local Senecas. He told me that the copper came from Wisconsin and was part of the Seneca trade network that stretched south down the Mississippi, east to Long Island and west to Wisconsin. When he died in 1980 his entire collection went to a museum in Buffalo. From him I developed an interest in history and archaeology that I am sorry I did not pursue by going to college because I couldn't afford it.
Do you live up north? I loved walking around the Keweenaw, especially so after we bought a house years ago. There were old mines almost in our back yard! I so miss being up there now but illness prevents this now.
If that's true you need to contact an archaeologist, because that's potentially a revolutionary discovery. Copper trade is something that happened thousands of years ago. If there's evidence that it continued to modern days, that's like discovering that people still spoken Sumerian 200 years ago.
@@Ezullof People from a museum in Buffalo have already documented Trade between the Senecas and their neighbors as far west as Wisconsin and south down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Archaeologists have uncovered sites along lake Ontario that show the Senecas moved around a lot more then previously thought.
I live in Simcoe County, Ontario (between Georgian Bay of Lake Huron and Lake Simcoe).There’s a really cool collection of books and maps by a guy called Andrew Hunter, called ‘Huron Village Sites of Simcoe County’ (1895-1906). He literally rode around on a bicycle and documented all of the Wendat and Algonquian sites he could find (over 400) and a ton of them have copper artifacts and other items like conch shells and glass beads. He also noted some brass artifacts as well, but that may have been during the French occupation of the area. Great video 👍
super interesting! The Ojibwe also traded with cowrie shells (of which there are none in the Great Lakes region. There are also pueblo sites where dead macaws from South America were found. The amount of trade going on was HUGE.
@@casey9439 Copper from Lake Superior was traded widely across North America. Shells from the Gulf Coast went the other way. High quality stone for tool making was also traded widely.
Once a hunter lost a copper arrow/spear point during a hunt, chert started making sense. From my own experience with both materials I can tell you that copper does not take or hold a sharp edge whereas chert or obsidian when knapped is sharper than any steel.
I vividly remember visiting copper sites including archeological displays 50 years ago as a child. Thanks to my parent's yearly trips throughout the US, I was fortunate to visit many archeological sites and museums. They nurtured my love of archeology and anthropology, resulting in a college minor and life-long learning. Thanks for including this often overlooked culture in your series.
The Inuit worked iron from a meteor in Greenland starting at about the same time. The Cape York meteorite is the source of this iron, it came to earth thousands or perhaps 10,000+ years ago.
@@earthknight60 yes, meteoric iron was highly regarded in several different cultures. It was often regarded as magical not only because it came from the heavens, but later on as steel-making spread, sometimes because it really did make demonstrably better steel. In some cases it's been found that the reason it was better than terrestrial iron was that mostly-iron meteorites also had small amounts of alloying elements like vanadium or chromium - which weren't discovered and used on purpose in steel-making until about a century ago.
@@dogslobbergardens6606 There's a lot of evidence iron working is almost as old as copper working. Meteoric iron anyway. There are some really old iron artifacts around if you look for them. King tut had two iron daggers in his tomb, despite egypt being in the bronze age at the time.
Meteoric iron is special stuff. It's actually an alloy akin to stainless steel, if you can believe that. The nickel content makes it easier to cold-work and resist rust as well.
Metallurgy - "the branch of science and technology concerned with the properties of metals and their production." The original comment did not misuse the term. Stop being keyboard warriors in the comments. I thought it was a good comment since most people would agree they had no idea there was as much copper working in this particular area.
I live in the area of pure copper, I have raw worked copper, I have found arrowheads, Copper Culture State Park in Oconto WI is right down the road from me. After Copperfest in early June, on Saturday, generally many of the collectors of Indian artifacts from the area, meet at the Copper Culture park, set up tables and show their collections to the public. I don’t know how the pandemic might mess this up…but it might return this June.
Archeologists say that most of the copper tools that were actually used were found in Wisconsin and in two layers. The first layer was buried under a lot of soil that didn't show any evidence of human habitation until the top layer where they found mainly copper fish hooks and awls along with broken flint arrow heads. They figured a mega-drought had set in which put the copper trade out of business since the tribes abandoned the area for a very long time and beaten copper objects stopped appearing in the upper levels of the burial mounds. Once those with the skills returned, then they only made the items that the regional tribes were willing to trade for.
This one made me miss Michigan. I remember as a kid picking up rocks (clay?) containing small chunks of copper in the Keweenaw Peninsula. There was so much of it, just on the surface. In later years, taking my own kids up there, finding copper didn't seem so easy. Thanks for such a detailed look!
Alaskan natives also used metallic copper from the Copper River/Wrangell Mtns to make tools and trade goods. The University of Alaska Fairbanks has a fantastic copper nugget in their museum that weighs over 5,000 lbs. Prospectors found a nugget weighing over 3 tons.
The chief gain for copper weapon tips is that they don't break. Making a copper tool a sharp as good chert point is, in fact, impossible. That means the use-life of a copper weapon tip is the length of time between manufacture and loss rather than failure. The OC is a long-term interest of mine, but as an archaeologist in California, not a topic I could spend a lot of time on. Thanks for this.
Many stone projectile points are found snapped off at their bases. This is not a design flaw, but rather a desired factor. It takes more time and effort to make a good arrow or dart shaft than it does the point. Once shot into the game, the point breaks off and the animal's muscles pull the point deeper into the tissue as the wounded animal runs. The shaft than can be recovered and to animal tracked to its dispatch. This is particularly true in arid regions where appropriate, straight wood is rare. It's easy to flake and haft a new point.
@@dat2ra You're correct about making the shafts being costly, but the archaeological evidence indicates that the points were not wasted. A multipart projectile shaft works bette, than points that break. The point and foreshaft are often expected to come free of the main shaft, which can fall free. One remarkable find in Nevada was a pouch full of Elko - IIRC- points already mounted to fores hafts. A hunter could carry such a pouch along with two to four larger dart shafts and repeatedly re-tip the shafts during a day's hunting. One common misreading of archaeological projectile points is an inability to observe whether they are reworked or not. Many, possibly a majority, are re-tipped or modified on the distal edges to remove impact damage. The archaeological recovery of bases is very likely due to shaft recovery and rearming, as you note.
Anybody from whom would consider a trip to the copper country of Michigan, I suggest doing it. The region not only has a copper history, but for mineral collectors there are many interesting rocks. For those less interested in native American history & more interested in industrial history the entire region is the Detroit of the 1920s. It was the best in the world & over night everybody left & didn't take there stuff with them.
Like industrial metals in the ground and water,flint doesn't have a sharp edge.,but education for poor youth about growing and eating healthy vegetables,in some places effected by industrial hazards,offsets some toxic effects left behind in the ground
Subbed. What an age we live in, where single people or small teams can produce content that's more informative and interesting than many professionally produced documentaries.
My friends and I used to vacation in the U.P. of Michigan. I have driven through all of the abandoned copper mine towns and even in some of the mines themselves, very haunting.
Thank you for this, I grew up within spitting distance of those copper mines near the Great Lakes, and learned NOTHING about them in school. Ever since, I've read whatever book or watched whatever video I see about it. The Cleveland Museum of Natural History has a giant copper ingot mined from the area, and I love that they're very similar to the metal ingots produced in the Middle East - roughly rectangular, with 'handles' on the corners. Some things are universal. (No I don't think aliens taught them; I think most humans solve the same problem the same way. Haha.)
Lake Superior is such a fascinating place. When you stand on the shore you can really tell how *young* of a lake it is. Raw rock shores where you can actually see copper specks if you go out at night with a uv light. Combine that with the water being so damn cold all the time that it would kill you if you swam for more than a few minutes in it without a wetsuit all the way into summer, something about it just captivates me. Gitchagume isn't like any of the other great lakes, that's for sure.
Not any more. I agree that it used to be bone-chilling cold all the time, even in the summer, but a few years ago we went to Duluth in September and the water was as warm as Lake Michigan is in summer.
Grew up in Fond du Lac Country for most of my childhood, and we used to find copper fish hooks, stone arrowheads and other things that we would photograph and mark and report to the Historical Society. Growing up on the “41 Corridor” you saw a lot of missed and heavily under documented artifacts and sites. You’d have a friend who’s grandpa had a farm with a burial mound on it that you’d walk and find countless things on - just kicked around like it was nothing. I wish more people valued artifacts like I and my family did.
I'm blessed to have a farm I can hunt on the east shore of rush lake and the area is rich in native american culture. I found a copper knife the other day metal detecting in the woods. I'm stoked to explore more.....
The inflation of population numbers and unwarranted promotion of the relative level of civilization achieved by cultures in the western hemisphere has made this entire field rather suspect in the eyes of historians and archaeologists of Old World cultures. It's not this channel creator's fault, it's just that his entire discipline is considered more than a little dubious by most other professionals. And the motivation for all this seems obvious, so those working in more established branches of history and archaeology don't want to be associated with it.
Oh my…. This is what TH-cam (or the internet) is all about! I’ve learned as much about the Ancient Americas in the last 13 minutes as I have in all of my schooling combined. Just unreal dude. Thank you. Now, I’m going back in for the remaining 15 minutes of this one video. Of course, I’ll smash that like and subscribe as well as check out your other videos. Well done.
Very interesting! Thank you! My grandparents had a cabin in the UP & were avid Rockhounds & Lapidarists. We used to have to take a ferry boat across from the lower peninsula. The Chief Wawatum. They often walked the beaches of the Keweenaw for Agates & Thompsonites. I have a nice big chunk of native copper grand dad gave me 60 years ago. There was a tavern near Calumet that would accept nice copper specimens from the locals in trade for libations. The piece I have was purchased there. I've been down in the Arcadian mine several times back then. Copper is cool.
My Dad, who farmed in Oconto Co., WI, found chunks of native copper on his land. It was 'float' in the glacial till carried south from the Upper Peninsula, MI. It may have been that natives associated it more with finds while hunting, which they did a lot of... than digging into the earth which likely was more unnatural to them.
This makes me think of my flame-painted copper pendant my wife got for me not long ago. Thousands of years later and we're still wearing copper jewelry. Thank you for expanding my limited knowledge of the ancient Native American world! Stay well out there everybody, and God bless you, friends. ✝️ :)
@Greg N, holding a Masters degree in History, i am ashamed I did not know this, but then again i am a product of the US k-12 school system, and the only thing we learned about Native American cultures was virtually nothing. Sure we learned about crops, thanksgiving and a little on Native American removal, but as far as everyday life we learned nothing. Thanks for the information, it gives me a starting point to research this topic. Just googled "first instance of copper smelting" and they came back with Serbia in around 5500 BC making them the first known users of copper , your info states this group of people started smelting copper 8500BC, is your information well known in the field metallurgy, if its not maybe you should contact the peer reviewed media to have them update their info?
@@mikeaskme3530 Thank you! And to clear up some confusion, copper working and copper smelting are different things. Copper was never smelted in Eastern North America. It was only cold hammered. You'll see that the dates for copper working go much further back than copper smelting. I hope that clarifies things a bit.
@@AncientAmericas it clears it up, i am not that versed in metallurgy, but would it still place North Americans natives the first to work with copper though? In any case, i guess we can say today that ideals of working with metal, may have been a multiregional discovery process, no? Kind of like with West Africans and their metal working process, some steps that were taken in other parts of the world, are not present in the history of West Africans working with metals, showing a multi-regional discovery, working with mineral ores. In any case it is fascinating that this is getting the recognition it deserves.
Wonderful video. I was born in 1933, in an Arizona copper mining town. My dad and 2 uncles were exempted from being soldiers during WW2 because the Nation needed skilled miners more than soldiers. I wish the video had covered copper mines of the western US.
Keep this channel alive! I binged your videos in a day or two at work and now I’m obsessed! Do you have any other channel recommendations similar to yours so I can stay sated until your next release?
Yes! Go to my channel page and check out the channels I list there. Nathaniel Fossaaen's channel is among them and I'd highly recommend his stuff. The others are all very good and a few of them are made by professional archaeologists.
I SECOND THAT ONCE WE CAN BEGIN TO COMPREHEND THE TRUE NATURE OF THINGS, THEN WE CAN BEGIN TO COMPREHEND, THAT THERE IS NOTHING REALLY MORE TO COMPLAIN ABOUT. - Dezert-Owl. Author / Researcher / Journalist / Translator
@@a.foster199 We'll see about the Q&A. Maybe I'll make that an end of the year thing. I'm really happy to hear you're listening to Dr. Barnhardt's courses. They are AMAZING! Those were one of things that got me going down this rabbit hole. He's also got a podcast on TH-cam that is among my listed channels. It's the archaeoed podcast. Highly highly highly recommend it.
i love how you consistently paint a positive picture of the indigenous people-we were inquisitive and economical, we made rational decisions based on the specific economic realities of our time, I appreciate that you made that clear. Also I thought of a decent analogy for the shift from utilitarian to decorative/symbolic use of a cooper-diamonds-although we could mine them for tools, and they do make great tools-it's kind of overkill, we like them bc they're pretty :-)
many times the natives did not even have to dig for copper. The largest piece of native copper in the world was found on a river bank in the upper peninsula of michigan, just a couple miles from where I grew up. the piece must have been used for hundreds, if not thousands of years, as there were visible chunks taken out of it. even nowadays you can walk through the woods, pick up a rock, and itll be ridiculously heavy due to the amount of copper in it. you can also stuble upon weird deep holes in the ground where natives dug for copper thousands of years ago. not many people live in this area so maybe thats the reason we've never had any archeological digs. people tend to forget this whole area exists.
There were ancient vertical shafts with wood cribbing placed under copper to lift giant native copper pieces found on Isle Royale. The cribbing and copper were still there discovered by early explorers.
I was told no cribbing technology...I know n.e. Wisconsin better...cribbing is not simple , and slightly counter intuitive...do you have extraordinary proofs ?... I do hate to ask...see yaz!
@@tomg3290 I cannot remember where I read it. Perhaps it was in Superior Heartland by Fred Rydholm. I remember there was a copy of an original drawing of the cribbing with the article.
This is fascinating. I always say that the Americas were 500+ years ago in the Chalcolithic but I had no idea that how old was this type of primeval metallurgy. I must say that cold hammering was not the only (or even primary) way of working stone, detailed retouch (such as the type in Solutrean or Clovis famous, but not directly related, leaf points) seems to have been done in a "proto-metallurgical" way that softened the stone without breaking it, the oldest one known being from Southern Africa c. 75,000 years ago, older than even stone blades.
Thank you. Talking about lesser known cultures and civilizations, and in such a great, and informative way, puts you up there with the best history content on TH-cam. Thank you for your time and effort in sharing your insight into history, and for making history on TH-cam a little less eurocentric. Can't wait for more.
Recent research and new radiocarbon dating have produce earlier dates at nearly 10,000 years before present on Old Copper Artifact Sites. I had the fortune of collecting Old Copper Culture artifact in the Kewanwa peninsula in the 1980s. Some copper artifacts have traces of fabric preserved by the copper a natural anti bacterial mineral. There are now several copper mineral collectors that sell incredible specimens of native copper and travel around the US at major Rock and Mineral shows like those at Tucson Arizona. This copper is the purest known and some veins have native silver in the copper as well.
Um, Upper Peninsula of Michigan has copper mines 100,000 years old. Only source of metallic copper on earth. There is an ancient site under Rock Lake WI, with tons of smelting waste, that includes a pyramid. Local natives tell stories of the bearded foreigners who came to mine the red rocks. University of WI have theorized that this is the missing source of Sumerian copper used in their huge number of bronze statues. See Rock Lake Research Society. Rock Lake about halfway between Madison and Milwaukee. I find this video lacking in detail, and more of a coverup than truth. The copper here is so abundant, there are lumps of pure metallic copper the size of vehicles, weighing many tons. This natural state in copper is more of a pain in the ass for modern mining than oxidized ore, so even though this area is loaded with copper to this day, almost no mining continues. You can take mountain bike rides through the old mines, and it’s encouraged you do so. I have seen the mines personally, totally worth it.
@@truthseeker8123 please forward your sources and data as it would be extreemly interesting to research your evidence. Also I would be interested in reviewing your reference as well. Are there any experts to validate your claims as this could revolutionize our prehistory understanding in the Great Lakes region.
@@davidletasi3322 this has been a continuous research subject at the UW Madison for decades, as well as UM Marquette. PhDs are a part of the Rock Lake Research Society. Their data has been in the public domain for decades, as well as at many of the actual mines for tour in the UP of Michigan. I haven’t stayed on top of the latest research, as this has been public since I first saw it 25 years ago. You can actuallly dive the pyramid on rock lake, as it’s shallow, and the bearded foreigners dammed a stream to create the lake, probably to protect the locals from the pollution of copper smelting process. Should take minimal effort to find
@@davidletasi3322 www.miningartifacts.org/Michigan-Copper-Mines.html It’s really strange that most of the docs I looked for are now gone. The really ancient vertical shafts that were dated so old were partially collapsed and undisturbed until dug out by archaeologists, who found datable materials under the collapse. It caused quite the controversy at the time, but I don’t see reason why this would be scrubbed.
Above the great lakes is a massive open air copper deposit that was gradually revealed as the icesheet receded essentially exposing the hard copped ore.
Could you talk about the manteño/huancavilca culture from the coast of ecuador? I heard that they were great traders and seafearers who used voyage as far as southern Mexico. Aparently, they dominated the maritime trade routes of the pacific ocean between mesoamerica and south america.
Yeah, the manteños probably were the best sea navigators of the ancient americas. There was even an expedition in the 70s named "Las balsas" that managed to reach Australia from Ecuador using a traditional huancavilcan raft. If you are interested to watch it, here it is: th-cam.com/video/LDPuvQuxHhc/w-d-xo.html
Given the scrap value of copper, leaving the site unmarked might be a security precaution. If someone went along with a metal detector because they heard 'copper' and thought 'money', who knows how much priceless archaeology they could destroy?
Some stone, like obsidian is actually much sharper than your average modern knife. Definitely superior to copper, so it's not surprising that they ended up using copper for more decorative things.
I have consumed a lot of this type of YT media of the past few years and the quality of these videos is top notch! Keep it up! (And maybe head to the southwest soon :)
I'm just going to say the same thing as EVERYONE: great job. The number 1 thing I like about a channel is the narrator's voice because no matter how interesting a subject there are such irritating narrator's. So thanks for that and the subject matter. I recently found out I'm 35% native American and you have the best channel I've seen lately. I'll sign up and hope you get more subscribers.
@@AncientAmericas right on. I'm mostly yaqui but I'm in mt Shasta now exploring my modoc roots. If you can find anything interesting enough to make a decent show about us that would be priceless. Mt Shasta supposedly was a holy gathering place of the tribes .thanks
When I visited the Oconto (WI) copper culture museum and historical park, in upper Wisconsin, I was told that the Indian village there, was once directly on Lake Michigan (i.e. Green Bay) thousands of years ago. The reason: The level of the lake was much high then. AND...that North from that site, because of the higher level of the lake, there was probably a water passage directly into Lake Superior. That would have made it very easy to transport copper from the Keweenaw Peninsula directly to that village using small water craft like primitive canoes.
I'm just discovering your channel. You're doing a really good job with these. I appreciate all the detail. Would you consider doing a video on the people's of the pacific northwest? I love exploring cultures, and our locals have some pretty fascinating traditions and stories that may pique your interest. Thanks again for the quality work that you're putting in. Good luck with your future efforts.
My brother found an artifact cache that consisted of several extremely nice chert blades, red ochre, and a copper tablet. Apparently only one other copper tablet was known to exist in North America at the time.
@@TheLastNameR I couldn't tell you. It was sold to one of the most well-known Native American artifact collectors/experts on the planet. He passed away several years after the sale, so I don't know what came of it.
In the Tallahassee natural history museum there is a copper tomahawk on display and states it was probably a barter item to symbol a hierarchy because the metal is rather useless. They managed to retrace the origin and are certain it came from lake superior. That being said, that tomahawk got passed around for no telling how long until it ended up at a dig site in Florida.
A number of years ago I hiked part of the north coast trail of Isle Royale and came across many small marked quarries of ancient copper mining. I hiked the length of Isle Royale. On the Greenstone Trail came upon a now closed 19th century copper mining area. The area had dangerous fenced open shafts, the water in the area is poisoned, and the park has warning signs not to filter local water. The north coast trail was wet and rugged, the Greenstone Trail is a ridge trail and much easier. The trails in the southwest of Isle Royale are nice with access to a nice bay, great camping, great views, and a trail to a west coast beach to watch sunsets. I found a Greenstone while looking at the small pebbles sitting on the beach.
You nailed the patreon idea!, visible, not invasive, just perfect. Great intro btw. Please make a video of the southern tip of America i live there, in Chile!
This is making me rethink something I found in Florida back in high-school or middle-school. While walking around a lake in my neighborhood I found a ~7" metal knife/spearpoint (what it looked like to my mind) in the mud. It looked like stone at first but it felt like metal so I passed it under a metal-detector which beeped. The whole thing was coated in some kind of grey oxidation that gave it a stone-like appearance. The side that had been exposed out of the mud looked like it had been beaten into shape by while the underside was more rounded and lumpy. One of its edges looked intentionally flat while the other rounded off slightly. I took it to someone at a local museum who looked very interested in it at first but then said it was probably a replica when they learned it was metal. It seemed odd to me that a large replica of a stone tool made of metal would show up randomly by a lake in my neighborhood but I took their word for it. I never did take the time to figure out what kind of metal it was made of but now I am wondering if it might be worth the time.
I grew up in Michigan and boy howdy the copper thing is huge. It's damn cool! Loved going to the Lansing museum and they have this whole mine exhibit talking about it.
Back in the early 1900’s the family farm in Wayne County, Ohio was a treasure trove of Indian arrowheads. My understanding is that a family member found a copper bowl among the many Indian artifacts in the fields at that time.
It would be very interesting if you could cover the lesser known copper working tradition of the Pacific Northwest indigenous people. I feel it's rarely covered, but it was active during the colonial era, which saw an explosion then collapse of copper goods.
When discussing the decrease of copper as tools, it's important to note, that stone tools can be made sharper. And kept sharper much more easily. It seems to me oh, that once they started Trading shinies and pretties, they wouldn't have any trouble accessing good churt or even, obsidian. As you noted. Very new to your Channel. And I am very much enjoying your content.
Thank you! It's been awhile since I did the research for this so I may be remembering this slightly wrong but I read paper by an archaeologist who did replicative studies comparing stone and copper points and while you can make a stone point much sharper, it dulls fairly quickly to the sharpness of a copper point so sharpness was likely not the big factor in why they stopped being used. It's not like you're going to make a new point for every hunting trip because that would be wasteful of imported material. Also worth mentioning, the copper points on average got deeper penetration, albeit not by much so I'm doubt that that was a factor in keeping copper either way. She speculated that once they were able to get those types of stone, it was just much more time efficient to produce tools. If you are interested, check out the bibliography in the description and read up on it. It's interesting. (At least I found it interesting.)
@@AncientAmericas Thanks, I will definitely check that out. I am surprised about the sharpness. I think that would definitely depend on the stone being used. Obsidian blades are occasionally used for extremely delicate surgeries. Because modern surgical steel, cannot be made as sharp, as obsidian. Time would certainly be a factor. A stone blade can be re-sharpened in a couple of minutes. However, copper is definitely much tougher. I will have to look at her research. Thanks again
I love that everytime i look up something I want to learn about on TH-cam it seems that someone recently uploaded something about it, I hope it never ends
Can't believe I just found this channel! I just bingewatched practically everything you've done. It's really amazing stuff. And from a fellow Wisconsinite no less! If you're ever out in the Driftless Region and want to go digging, hit me up.
Watching this only days after I have seen that one of best preserved fundaments of pre-war buildings near our summer house is being destroyed because they are building more summer houses in the area 😢 I am still depressed, so many memories of that place
@@rs5536 nothing, I think. Especially if you are not where I am from. But people here don't care 😑 they think it is not old enough to be considered history. Even though several decades more, and it probably will be. But there are much more ancient and valuable historical buildings destroyed by time and our politicians' greed in my region, and noone who can do anything, cares, and people who care cannot do anything
A few years ago I read about a very early archaic burial of young female in northern Minnesota, she was buried with a conch shell knife with Caribbean origin. I do not remember where I read it unfortunately. But I believe the location was near the ash river mouth. I’m amazed that trade could go that far, 7,000 years ago.
Nick, I've always found it interesting that we modern folks, think of ancients as being somehow less than ourselves. They were the same as us.....intelligent, inventive, and always seeking resources and knowledge. And, they were more driven than most modern people. They were used to working hard to survive. The local market was the forest and fields, with no easy or speedy transportation, and alive with things that saw them as a meal. And, they had thousands of generations of knowledge and tradition to follow and build on. Most moderns can't imagine people from the previous generation having anything on them, let alone those of a thousand years ago. We're spoiled....and it could be ourdownfall, if we aren't careful. Have a good day sir.
Growing up in the United States I was basically taught that there was no history in north America before Europeans arrived, which is why I find ancient indigenous cultures so fascinating
Well, where did you grow up? I grew up in southern Wisconsin and believe me, the history of the first peoples was all around us in place names. Any curious person could find huge amounts of historical records in the nearest public library. In the Cub Scouts and especially the Boy Scouts, "Indian Lore" was part of the overall skills learning set. The history of the various tribes was taught in school from 2nd or 3rd grade on. The Winnebago, Sauk, Fox, Menominee and Chippewa tribes were all important to the area. Maybe our knowledge wasn't deep, but it was broad, at least. Maybe I got lucky with good schools and great teachers and scout leaders. I know they certainly piqued my interest at an early age, for which I'm grateful.
@@michaelburke5907 I grew up around Chicago, and while there were plenty of indigenous place names the history I was taught was how these areas were settled by Europeans
I recently discovered your channel, and happy to see it exists. I've always wanted to do something like this myself. One thing that stands out to me in this video though is that you mention that the Old Copper complex didn't have any shaft mines. I remember Whittlesey discussing some in "Ancient Mining on the Shores of Lake Superior" (the first - my knowledge - major scholarly work on what would later be called the Old Copper Complex). I'll have to pick up Martin's "Wonderful Power" from my university library again to see if she discusses them there as well - off hand, I can't remember. In any case, even the deepest of these shafts were no more than 6 meters, so probably weren't what you were thinking of when discussing deep excavation.
Thanks! I read that book cover to cover and I don't recall any shaft mining being discussed. That said, the book is over 20 years old and there may be new evidence.
@@AncientAmericas To be fair, Whittlesey's book is more than 150 years old so it might be more likely that the shafts he discusses were later found to not be associated with the Old Copper Complex. He was, after all, writing in the early days of formal American archaeology. I spent some time this afternoon trying to track down some additional information on the sites he mentions so see what follow-up studies in the last century and a half have turned up, but haven't tracked anything down yet.
I would speculate that the decline in copper tool use may have been a result of thousands of years of native copper gathering: They used up nearly all the highly pure, easy to find, easy-to-get-to surface deposits of native copper or simply mineable native copper. In effect, the source material may have just become scarce. It isn't exactly easy to find this stuff, even nowadays with modern methods, just lying on the surface or available in outcroppings. We managed to do this with gold in the U.S. during the gold rushes: at first it was easy to find, with people even commenting you could dig up gold "like digging potatoes" in some places, or pluck nuggets from streams as easily as gathering shells on the beach. But rather soon, all the easy pickings were stripped and it was no longer readily available. Other peoples around the globe resorted to hard-rock mining and smelting of large quantities of non-native ore to continue obtaining metals, but North American natives never seem to have resorted to that. Why? That's a whole other story...
@@snowmiaow That's a bit more complicated. The gold they had was largely placer gold from surface deposits. They did little mining, and it wasn't used for tools because it was soft, only for decorative or religious objects. So no, they didn't have large-scale gold mining (Although the Spanish did force them to mine gold as slave labor after conquering them on occasion). It just wasn't something they did. At least not until post-European contact, when some decided to do it because they could trade it to Europeans for lots of high-value goods. So no, the Aztecs, Incas, Maya, etc... only hunted for gold and gems in surface deposits, and didn't do hard-rock mining except on very rare occasions pre-contact. So why did they seem to have so much gold, which we know the Spanish plundered from them? Because there had been a LOT found there on the surface over many generations and it built up, because gold doesn't rust away and wasn't used for tools and so didn't wear down to dust. Whatever they found just kind-of stayed in the royal families and got stockpiled for generations. The Spanish also identified areas where the natives knew gold was, then forced them to mine it, and other precious metals and gems, and so many tons of these materials were quickly mined out from the easy deposits the natives knew of, but did not industrial-scale mine themselves until forced by their conquerors.
🤯 I had never heard anything about any of this before! What a fascinating subject, and what a truly professional style of presentation. If you taught college courses I'd enroll in every class. LOVE this channel! Thanks so much for your work! 👏👏
This video just showed up as a suggestion today for me and I'm so glad it did! This video is fantastic and it answers some questions about indigineous American culture that I didn't even begin to know how to ask. Looking forward to much more from you, you've definitely earned another subscriber!
I remember trying to write a fantasy setting in a parallel Earth (involving multiverse-type stuff), and wanted to place a Bronze Age civilization somewhere on the Americas. As it turned out, the Great Lakes area was pretty much the only feasible location, after looking at various maps of copper and tin deposits in North America, as it was the only region where the two metals could be found in any sort of close proximity. Pretty much anywhere else that one metal was found was too far from the nearest source of the other metal to be reliably traded for significant Bronze production. Of course, in our timeline, it doesn't seem the Natives bothered alloying copper with tin, because the ready-made state of native copper meant that they would have never needed to use tin in the first place. Ironic that the most suitable place in the Americas for a Bronze Age Civilization to arise never had a need to develop Bronze in the first place.
@@109Rage And the western Mesoamericans, southern Colombians. and bear in mind its not the 'inca'. Bronze smelting had existed for centuries before the Inca Empire even existed.
My dad has a several pound chunk of native copper he found hiking up in Michigan. Makes me wonder what it would have been used for by natives centuries back. Such a big piece might have been good for hammering out into a Mississippi Plate for trade or something.
WOOHOO WISCONSIN EPISODE. Fascinating stuff, thanks for sharing. I almost wish I had a metal detector, but if I come across anyone with one, I'll give them the lowdown on preserving context
I found this channel yesterday... and have watched 8 episodes...I love it. They are presented very well and I really like that you include where you the information is coming from. I thank you for you efforts in educating me on topics that are more difficult to find information on.
@@aaronmccullough2605 it didn't though. There were massive excavations conducted during the Works Progress Administration, and all that work was published in the 50s (ish). The whole discipline was professionalized in the 60's when archaeological preservation law was put in place, then the TVA did a ton of work here when all the reservoirs were being done back in the 70's and 80's. We've really been doing quite a bit of archaeology here since the 1920s.
I visited the Oconto site in 2014. They have, or had, an atlatl that you could use. The 6 foot darts had reproduction copper tips made in the fashion of tips found in the burials at the site. It was a great experience. These folks are another set of peoples that is lost to time. Their name for themselves, their stories and myth.
this is awesome! you gotta do one on the Calusa! or Floridas first peoples! They are the most underated kingdoms in the americas! they defeated the conquistadors for 200 years!
Just found this in my video feed and had to check it out. A few years ago, while backpacking Isle Royal with my youngest son, we enjoyed checking out the ancient copper mining sites.
I love the insight into the Americans these videos give me!!! I've been looking for so long a good video series to learn about pre-Columbian American cultures that isn't degrading!!! Love these!!!!!!
Sitting on a high bluff above the Rio Grande river, talking with someone, I was idly sifting soil from a little dry rivulet. I located hundreds of chips (1/8”) of abalone, coral, turquoise, and a white, pretty stone. As the location was not only pleasant, but located so someone sitting there had a long-distance view in all directions, it seems it was either a great place to trade for goods from elsewhere, or work there while keeping a lookout for whatever needed looking out for. The location was several hundred miles from the source of the turquoise, and up to two thousand miles from a couple of the others.
I’m not sure I fully understand all of the context involved in the comment section and the various disagreements contained therein, but I would like to say that this video essay is very well produced and appears to be thoughtfully researched. Thank you for taking the time to create it.
The Hudson Bay Company, and the North West Company in Canada paid for furs from the Cree, Ojibway, Dene, Blackfoot and Metis peoples with copper kettles. The kettles could be easily reworked into a hundred different items, and in the meantime could be used for food storage.... or for that matter as kettles. This continued until the mid 19th century. There is only one easily accessible source of tin in the Americas, and that's in Mexico. Mexican metallurgists did develop bronze as a luxury product. But there would never have been enough tin available to produce the kind of Bronze Age revolution that occurred in China and the Middle East. Even in the old world, it was the availability of tin that determined if bronze could be made cost-effectively, and that metal was traded over enormous distances ---- with Phoenician ships regularly sailing to Britain to get the product of the Cornish tin mines.
For sure. I'm sure that copper was very appreciated but it wouldn't explain all the copper that had been in burials for thousands of years. You can actually make bronze with other metals besides tin. Arsenic was used to make bronze in many parts of the world where tin wasn't available.
@@AncientAmericas My point was that tin was in limited supply in the new world. Mexico's bronzes were perfectly good tin-based bronzes, because they had a supply of tin, but not a big supply. South America had tin-based bronzes in the mid-north (Ecuador, northern Peru) and arsenical bronzes in the mid-south (Bolivia, Argentina) because it had modest supplies of tin and somewhat better supplies of arsenical copper ores. Neither resource was on the scale available to the Old World. This seems to be why what became a large scale utility product in Eurasia remained a luxury product in the Americas. The basic crops (maize in North America and potatoes in South America) were "gardened" in a manner that did not especially benefit from metal tools and plows, so there would not have been the spur to use it outside the upper classes that you find with Old World crops like wheat and barley, which grow best where a strong plow is needed to break sod. Cheap bronze revolutionized every aspect of Old World life, and led to a similar and even greater transformation with cheaper and still more plentiful iron. Tin-based, arsenical and combinations of the two all had different advantages and disadvantages for different products. But the fantastic cheapness of iron, with its widespread sources of ore (the Scandinavians did quite well with bog iron), and great strength, ensured that it would take the lead when the way to produce it was discovered. In North America, the really big source of copper, the Great Lakes region, was very far away from Mexico's tin sources. Combine all these factors, and you get less of an emphasis on metallurgy in the New World beyond shaping raw copper. My mention of the copper kettles in northern Canada was not intended to "explain" anything about ancient burials in mounds! The use of copper doesn't need any special explanation --- its utility is self-evident. I was merely making an observation that copper remained an important trade item to Canadian First Nations well into modern times. It is similar to saying that modern Canadians still enjoy a lot of maple syrup today, though its use dates back into the mists of time. (In fact, just an hour ago I had a maple donut from Tim Horton's, like a good Canadian).-
@@philpaine3068 All cultures quite naturally use what's plentiful in their region and figure out how to make the most of it. I'm chuckling now because as I was reading your posts I was thinking, "right, you don't see a history of maple syrup in areas that simply don't have maple trees" ... and sure enough, you mentioned maple syrup. ;)
@@dogslobbergardens6606 The province of Quebec maintains a Fort Knox-type emergency stockpile of 39 million pounds of maple syrup, known as the Global Strategic Maple Syrup Reserve ---- which shows you just how seriously Canadians take their syrup. The global economy may collapse, a meteor may wipe out half of civilization, but our pancakes, donuts, and creme cookies will still have their sacred sweetness.
@@philpaine3068 I grew up in WI where we feel our maple syrup is at least equal to if not better than Canadians'... but let's not get into a rivalry ;)
There is a revolutionary era prison in Connecticut that was located in an old copper mine...its still there as a museum I think...makes you wonder if the indigenous people knew about the copper source before the Europeans came
This was extraordinarily narrated, you never lost my focus, and im too broke to pay attention, definitely subscribed. Looking forward to checking out all your videos!
Interesting. We’re all taught North American Indians didn’t have metal working so we assume it was always like that. This was long long before even “Indians” as we know them.
This kind of sounds mostly coming from western archeologists and historians. I belong to one of the Michigan first nations and copper has a religious and cultural importance to us. Copper just isn't a mineral that we use for just anything, it often is used in religious ceremony and for our eating/drinking utensils because the belief that it purifies food and water as an anti-bacterial. I know of one elder that has a drum fastened with copper straps and studs that have been in his family for 15 generations. It is also important to note that the Anishinaabe (the first nations tribes of this area) were known to be traders, Michigan and Grand Rapids (a city in Michigan) were the trade capitals of the Americas. There is evidence shown that the Anishinaabe traded as far south as South America, copper has been found down there as well as things like certain shells found in our burial mounds in the midwest/Canada. Those shells also have a religious meaning to us and have been used in ceremony and art, and are only from a certain area in Mexico.
Crazy to think someone may have been alive at a time when he saw his edged tools change from copper to steel. Imagine what a giant leap in performance that must have felt like.
your explanation of Annealing is a bit off. the way you explained it sounds like forging, which is not a good way to work copper, it will crumble if worked at those temperatures.
the reason you anneal copper is that it "work hardens" i.e. its crystal structure trends towards hardness as its worked. annealing rearranges this to soften the metal and allow it to be further worked.
the process of annealing involves heating the metal to its annealing temperature and then allowing it to slowly cool back down. once cooled it can then be worked for a time until it becomes harder and you risk cracking and crumbling it, when you anneal it again.
You have provided a much better explanation than I did. Thank you. Metallurgy is not my forte and I'm pinning this so that people can see it.
@@AncientAmericas in addition, the reason for this is that if left to cool on its own, the copper will crystalize into large crystals, which cleave apart from one another when hammered. Quenching the metal causes it to solidify with a minuscule crystal grain. To visualize this imagine forming a bowl out of clay. the clay is malleable because the aggregate is microscopic. now imagine trying to form a bowl out of gravel. the grains are way too big to be ductile or malleable and it just falls apart.
@@casey9439 I often learn more from reading comments than is presented in even good, solid informative videos. Your comment illuminated not only this video, but clarified other observations and contradictions I'd noted elsewhere. Thank you.
@@paulus.tarsensus Thanks. As I see it, we're all just half-informed oafs trying to become informed oafs. Sometimes one of us has a little inkling to share and sometimes another one of us has a different inkling to share
A few other metals work harden too, stainless steel, titanium etc.
As a master-metalsmith who has worked native copper with paleo tech and a dilatant stone knapper with lots of points to my credit I promise that stone tools are much sharper than copper can be made to be. Stone blades are also much better at keeping that edge. Copper is only really superior for it's plastic distortion capacity (the awls and needles for example).
Very good insight!
(Laugh!) Most people don't know or realize that obsidian breaks at the molecular level rather than wears down at the microscopic - thus can make far sharper blades. Knapped obsidian was used as the instrument of choice for surgeons (especially eye surgeons) until lasers came along, because they were so much more sharper than metal blades and left far less scarring.
I'd bet you know that already, though! (My area of expertise is ancient technology and diet, with specific research in chert!)
Talking about stone tool technology - heat treating. Many forms of chert become even more workable and usable if they've been heat-treated before knapping. The heat treating process required a deep understanding and knowledge of the material - almost equal to an engineer's knowledge! I've seen points where the control was so exact that the blade itself was still grey, but the very edge had changed color to red! My ancestors knew enough about it that they were able to successfully heat treat chert - going back to the paleoindian period!
@@RedHeart64 The Clovis era people who faced sabre cats at a range of ten feet or less would have been served best by points of obsidian drawn from a lambs wool transporting sheath. They would have left the copper jewelry in the cabin.
@@williamanderson4395 Obsidian, possibly. It was a valued trade item and people would have traveled far to get it because of it's usefulness and characteristics. We've found Clovis (and PRE-Clovis) points and tools, and they used the best materials available in their area. They've made them of chert on much of this continent. There are also points and tools of heat-treated chert that have been found - and heat-treating chert requires a really deep understanding of the material (it does make it easier to work and more glassy, if done right). Other materials have been used as well. We found one point (and maybe more) that had been heat treated so that the very edge would have changed color (happens with Florida chert and maybe elsewhere) to red, while the rest of the blade remained 'natural' (some shade of gray, maybe mottled). That took a master's understanding of chert - very precise control of temperature and duration to achieve!
Lamb's wool? Not likely... I'm not aware of any domesticated sheep before Columbus. Possibly wool from one of the wild sheep species. There are many other materials that would probably have been used, but also I'd point out that it would have been much more likely they'd have had a spear on hand and used that.
Copper working... Most of the copper working I've read about occurred during the Archaic period and later. (Meteoric Iron also was worked and used to a much smaller degree.) I don't remember anything found in an earlier context, but it's been a while since I've done any reading on copper working/copper artifacts.
Yep... The stone tools of these N. American cultures weren't "primitive". It would take relatively advanced metallurgy to make something generally better. So not much reason for them to faff around with metalworking making inferior stuff. But that means they never figured out the tricks for making metal implements which could surpassed the advanced stone stuff they already had.
This area could be the cradle of civilization, however nobody would ever know because there's nearly no archeological activity here and everyone believes there is no history worth knowing. Native history in the Americas holds so many untold secrets. I think this was a really good look at the facts around a long untold story.
You wanna talk about an unknown cradle of civilization, I'd make a case for the Mississippi/Ohio basin. That's the crucible of Hopewell and Mississippian civilization.
@@AncientAmericas so much to discover. By the way did you hear these conspiracy rumors about NASA doing archeological digs in New Mexico? Some kind of native American site but it has very advanced layout. I watched your other video about an anomalous native mound and it seems maybe this NASA dig could be similar in its uniqueness. I saw photos of the dig now whether what they claimed to be was accurate or not is debatable. The source didn't seem credible to me anyway. But if it was credible maybe you could do a video about it? NASA usually flies rockets so why are they digging about? That's some click bait for sure. Also even if it's not true a video debunking it would still get views. I just found your channel today by the way. Keep up the great work cheers
@@AncientAmericas I'm looking forward to the eventual Hopewell episode.
@@JonnoPlays funny I know a guy who says he found anchiet Chinese shipwrecks with gold as a child where a military base now is, even showed me Google Earth images. Think he still has the FBI on speed dial to bitch at them. Honesty I think I believe him.
“White people” were here first, or atleast our ancient ancestors. Look up pictures of the Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan, they were seafarers, and have distinctly “Western” features.
The general public thinking that the First Nations were stone age peoples with no metal working technology aside from a little gold and silver in Central America isn't a stereotype, it's a deficiency in education. I had pretty significant schooling in pre-columbian North Americans in my youth and none of the text books or other books mention copper working around the great lakes. It wasn't until a few years ago when I started living near a reserve on the north shore and talking to people there that I'd heard word one about copper tools being made and used before European contact. Thanks so much for the video, I hope it gets shared a ton.
Thank you!
The people who develop these metalworking Traditions were not the Indians are Native Americans that Europeans happened upon in the Fifteenth Century, but a completely different group of people that has long since disappeared
We call people " stone age" because there was no tradition of smelting . There are some cultural aspects used to define copper age that native people did not develope , possibly because of no need . The mines were known by Europeans but people did not want to think natives were doing it so came up with theories of ancient phonea
The bell of Garuda is a copper hand bell someone discovered in a chunk of coal...I thought it was crazy it would be 3 million years old until I did some research on Garuda and found out he's the architect of "Angkor Wat" which just so happens to be millions of years old also...Wonder why my history teacher never spoke of this or Mansa Musa...
@@Laotzu.Goldbug No, that is not true. There is complete continuity between these cultures, fully documented archaeologically. Nobody "disappeared". The First Nations that inhabit the Great Lakes area today are both cultural and biological descendants of those who first mined the copper, and continued to do so into historical times. They changed culturally over time ---- just as every society does ---- but we are not talking about any "completely different group". No legitimate archaeologist or historian will tell you any such nonsense. It is promoted only by crackpots.
I have been a university (Geology) Professor for 30 years and have heard thousands of lectures in classes and professional meetings. I can tell you that this is one of the best presented and illustrated. Thank you!
BTW, as a kid I lived in Marquette MI and after big storms, we would find pebbles of native Cu polished to a glow amongst the gravel of Lake Superior's beaches. No doubt to indigenous folks did to: no "working" needed.
Thank you!
I am a man of Mesoamerican extraction. The Maya area to be precise. One of the things that is seldom told because of all the excitement surrounding gold is it the native people of that region valued copper more than they valued gold and silver. Gold and silver were something for the gods. Copper could be used in every day life. That and obsidian were exceedingly valuable raw materials. So, this vid delights me but, it does not surprise me.
It's the same in most ancient cultures. The native hawaiians prized iron over gold and I've heard that the ancient mesopotamian were the same. People arent idiotd and prefer practical tools to shiny soft baubles
@@arthas640 exactly so. 👏🏼👍🏼
Wise. The Late Western Romans and Dark Age Europeans stopped using gold as money. Currency must be stable to work. Gold mining took incredible deep-mine engineering...and barbarian disruptions made production erratic (to say the least.) Gold became decorative - used in churches, on books as gold leaf, and even on clothing. Silver became the currency. (It's common and easy to work with.)
During Viking times, when iron mining was disrupted...iron was more valuable than silver. There was no such thing as throwing away broken iron tools. Its literal, that plows became swords, and vice versa. Silver was nice - but you needed iron to defend it.
"I am a man of Mesoamerican extraction." You were Cloned?
As a Michigan Tech Grad the Keweenaw is absolutely majestic. Highly recommend it to anyone looking for an amazing getaway. Copper harbor and Lac la Belle are wonderful communities. Plenty of cool mine tours as well, the Delaware is very nice.
It's not just in the great lakes region, I'm from southeast Missouri and there is an ancient copper mine behind my dad's house, still has some native drawings on it so a few years ago some scientists from Washington university came to take pics and put them through different filters to pull off images that you can't see with your naked eye and from what they said it was a "shrine" to the underwater panther god
That's super cool! It sounds like thats a Mississippian site if it's to underwater panther god. Do you have the name of that site? I'd love to check it out.
@@AncientAmericas there is no name for it other than what we call it "the Indian bluffs" and the scientist person from Washington university said that they usually don't give locations because all of the art is done on sandstone so when the many meth heads around here try and cut them out and sell them they are usually just destroyed, I honestly don't think they have wrote a thing about it and they definitely haven't dug there ever so I'm not sure what u could find out but it's on the little St Francis river
@@AncientAmericas the scientist guy said it was most likely Mississippian as well but the problem I have is that I've only ever found arrowheads from the archaic to late archaic period, nothing as refined as u see in Cahokia or surrounding areas
@@missourimongoose7643 that doesn't mean it's not Mississippian. Archaic and Woodland people tended to use similar spots on the landscape, so their stuff is likely to show up, and sacred sites tend to have less left behind, so it's not all that surprising that there aren't LW/MT points out there. I WOULD expect shell tempered pottery though.
Who knows. The Mississippians-- the first of which were Caddoan-- weren't the only ones who believed in that thing. So did Algonquians & some Siouans & Iroquoians, albeit sometimes under different names like "Blue Panther," "Snake," "Comet Lion" or "True Lynx" & over time they evolved from a wildcat spirit into something more like a dragon for a lot of cultures. Some of the last Siouan tribes who lived in Missouri before whites were on that list. Still, if the archaeologists who looked it over assumed Mississippian, then they must have more reason for saying as much.
My Saponi ancestors also had a copper mine in the Blue Ridge Mountains that was noted by early Jamestown explorers & there was apparently a silver mine down towards the Cherokee somewhere.
By the way, what were they using the Galena for? This is the first time I'm hearing about this.
When I was in high school in the 1960s we had a neighbor who collected minerals and artifacts. I took him to a site I knew where I had found several arrowheads and later he showed me his collection of copper jewelry made by local Senecas. He told me that the copper came from Wisconsin and was part of the Seneca trade network that stretched south down the Mississippi, east to Long Island and west to Wisconsin. When he died in 1980 his entire collection went to a museum in Buffalo. From him I developed an interest in history and archaeology that I am sorry I did not pursue by going to college because I couldn't afford it.
You are the man
Do you live up north? I loved walking around the Keweenaw, especially so after we bought a house years ago. There were old mines almost in our back yard! I so miss being up there now but illness prevents this now.
@@priscillaross-fox9407 No, I live in Western New York a mile from Lake Ontario.
If that's true you need to contact an archaeologist, because that's potentially a revolutionary discovery.
Copper trade is something that happened thousands of years ago. If there's evidence that it continued to modern days, that's like discovering that people still spoken Sumerian 200 years ago.
@@Ezullof People from a museum in Buffalo have already documented Trade between the Senecas and their neighbors as far west as Wisconsin and south down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Archaeologists have uncovered sites along lake Ontario that show the Senecas moved around a lot more then previously thought.
I live in Simcoe County, Ontario (between Georgian Bay of Lake Huron and Lake Simcoe).There’s a really cool collection of books and maps by a guy called Andrew Hunter, called ‘Huron Village Sites of Simcoe County’ (1895-1906). He literally rode around on a bicycle and documented all of the Wendat and Algonquian sites he could find (over 400) and a ton of them have copper artifacts and other items like conch shells and glass beads. He also noted some brass artifacts as well, but that may have been during the French occupation of the area. Great video 👍
super interesting! The Ojibwe also traded with cowrie shells (of which there are none in the Great Lakes region. There are also pueblo sites where dead macaws from South America were found. The amount of trade going on was HUGE.
@@casey9439
Copper from Lake Superior was traded widely across North America. Shells from the Gulf Coast went the other way. High quality stone for tool making was also traded widely.
Once a hunter lost a copper arrow/spear point during a hunt, chert started making sense. From my own experience with both materials I can tell you that copper does not take or hold a sharp edge whereas chert or obsidian when knapped is sharper than any steel.
I vividly remember visiting copper sites including archeological displays 50 years ago as a child. Thanks to my parent's yearly trips throughout the US, I was fortunate to visit many archeological sites and museums. They nurtured my love of archeology and anthropology, resulting in a college minor and life-long learning. Thanks for including this often overlooked culture in your series.
I’ve been personally studying my ancestry in mesoamerica, coming across your channel was such a delight! Keep up the good work!
Thank you!
The Inuit worked iron from a meteor in Greenland starting at about the same time. The Cape York meteorite is the source of this iron, it came to earth thousands or perhaps 10,000+ years ago.
Using meteorite iron has been a common thing for a *very* long time, vastly predating that.
@@earthknight60 yes, meteoric iron was highly regarded in several different cultures. It was often regarded as magical not only because it came from the heavens, but later on as steel-making spread, sometimes because it really did make demonstrably better steel. In some cases it's been found that the reason it was better than terrestrial iron was that mostly-iron meteorites also had small amounts of alloying elements like vanadium or chromium - which weren't discovered and used on purpose in steel-making until about a century ago.
@@dogslobbergardens6606 There's a lot of evidence iron working is almost as old as copper working. Meteoric iron anyway. There are some really old iron artifacts around if you look for them. King tut had two iron daggers in his tomb, despite egypt being in the bronze age at the time.
Meteoric iron is special stuff. It's actually an alloy akin to stainless steel, if you can believe that. The nickel content makes it easier to cold-work and resist rust as well.
Do you have a source for this? I'd love to hear more!
I had no idea there was any degree of metallurgy in North America north of the Rio Grande. Binge watching your videos now
There was no metallurgy, He said it himself. It was worked as a stone.
@@papadonttakenomess1764 his fave show might be Full metal alchemist, this may be a flash point for him.
Metallurgy - "the branch of science and technology concerned with the properties of metals and their production."
The original comment did not misuse the term. Stop being keyboard warriors in the comments. I thought it was a good comment since most people would agree they had no idea there was as much copper working in this particular area.
@@JonnoPlays I didn't wanna say it... :)
Thanks
Read the Book of Mormon!
I live in the area of pure copper, I have raw worked copper, I have found arrowheads, Copper Culture State Park in Oconto WI is right down the road from me. After Copperfest in early June, on Saturday, generally many of the collectors of Indian artifacts from the area, meet at the Copper Culture park, set up tables and show their collections to the public. I don’t know how the pandemic might mess this up…but it might return this June.
Archeologists say that most of the copper tools that were actually used were found in Wisconsin and in two layers. The first layer was buried under a lot of soil that didn't show any evidence of human habitation until the top layer where they found mainly copper fish hooks and awls along with broken flint arrow heads. They figured a mega-drought had set in which put the copper trade out of business since the tribes abandoned the area for a very long time and beaten copper objects stopped appearing in the upper levels of the burial mounds. Once those with the skills returned, then they only made the items that the regional tribes were willing to trade for.
This one made me miss Michigan. I remember as a kid picking up rocks (clay?) containing small chunks of copper in the Keweenaw Peninsula. There was so much of it, just on the surface. In later years, taking my own kids up there, finding copper didn't seem so easy. Thanks for such a detailed look!
You're welcome! This makes me miss the Great Lakes too. The Upper Peninsula is a gorgeous area.
Alaskan natives also used metallic copper from the Copper River/Wrangell Mtns to make tools and trade goods. The University of Alaska Fairbanks has a fantastic copper nugget in their museum that weighs over 5,000 lbs. Prospectors found a nugget weighing over 3 tons.
There it is. Someone who knows.
Alaskan Native where trading with the Ainou of Japan.
Now that's a big nuggie!
The chief gain for copper weapon tips is that they don't break. Making a copper tool a sharp as good chert point is, in fact, impossible. That means the use-life of a copper weapon tip is the length of time between manufacture and loss rather than failure. The OC is a long-term interest of mine, but as an archaeologist in California, not a topic I could spend a lot of time on. Thanks for this.
You're welcome!
Many stone projectile points are found snapped off at their bases. This is not a design flaw, but rather a desired factor. It takes more time and effort to make a good arrow or dart shaft than it does the point. Once shot into the game, the point breaks off and the animal's muscles pull the point deeper into the tissue as the wounded animal runs. The shaft than can be recovered and to animal tracked to its dispatch. This is particularly true in arid regions where appropriate, straight wood is rare. It's easy to flake and haft a new point.
@@dat2ra You're correct about making the shafts being costly, but the archaeological evidence indicates that the points were not wasted. A multipart projectile shaft works bette, than points that break. The point and foreshaft are often expected to come free of the main shaft, which can fall free. One remarkable find in Nevada was a pouch full of Elko - IIRC- points already mounted to fores hafts. A hunter could carry such a pouch along with two to four larger dart shafts and repeatedly re-tip the shafts during a day's hunting.
One common misreading of archaeological projectile points is an inability to observe whether they are reworked or not. Many, possibly a majority, are re-tipped or modified on the distal edges to remove impact damage. The archaeological recovery of bases is very likely due to shaft recovery and rearming, as you note.
Anybody from whom would consider a trip to the copper country of Michigan, I suggest doing it. The region not only has a copper history, but for mineral collectors there are many interesting rocks. For those less interested in native American history & more interested in industrial history the entire region is the Detroit of the 1920s. It was the best in the world & over night everybody left & didn't take there stuff with them.
The Keweenaw Peninsula is a fascinating region with it’s history and scenic beauty.
@@tomh6183 very b nnn nmnnm nnnnnnnmmmmmmmmm. ‘. M m mj
6!66!
Also because of the mining heritage there’s amazing food brought over from Cornish and Finnish miners 🤤
Like industrial metals in the ground and water,flint doesn't have a sharp edge.,but education for poor youth about growing and eating healthy vegetables,in some places effected by industrial hazards,offsets some toxic effects left behind in the ground
Subbed. What an age we live in, where single people or small teams can produce content that's more informative and interesting than many professionally produced documentaries.
Thank you!
My friends and I used to vacation in the U.P. of Michigan. I have driven through all of the abandoned copper mine towns and even in some of the mines themselves, very haunting.
Thank you for this, I grew up within spitting distance of those copper mines near the Great Lakes, and learned NOTHING about them in school. Ever since, I've read whatever book or watched whatever video I see about it.
The Cleveland Museum of Natural History has a giant copper ingot mined from the area, and I love that they're very similar to the metal ingots produced in the Middle East - roughly rectangular, with 'handles' on the corners. Some things are universal. (No I don't think aliens taught them; I think most humans solve the same problem the same way. Haha.)
Lake Superior is such a fascinating place. When you stand on the shore you can really tell how *young* of a lake it is. Raw rock shores where you can actually see copper specks if you go out at night with a uv light. Combine that with the water being so damn cold all the time that it would kill you if you swam for more than a few minutes in it without a wetsuit all the way into summer, something about it just captivates me. Gitchagume isn't like any of the other great lakes, that's for sure.
Yes, it is a wonderful place!
Not any more. I agree that it used to be bone-chilling cold all the time, even in the summer, but a few years ago we went to Duluth in September and the water was as warm as Lake Michigan is in summer.
You are not seeing copper with a UV light, as it does not fluoresce. You are thinking of sodalite, aka yooperlite.
Grew up in Fond du Lac Country for most of my childhood, and we used to find copper fish hooks, stone arrowheads and other things that we would photograph and mark and report to the Historical Society. Growing up on the “41 Corridor” you saw a lot of missed and heavily under documented artifacts and sites. You’d have a friend who’s grandpa had a farm with a burial mound on it that you’d walk and find countless things on - just kicked around like it was nothing. I wish more people valued artifacts like I and my family did.
I'm blessed to have a farm I can hunt on the east shore of rush lake and the area is rich in native american culture. I found a copper knife the other day metal detecting in the woods. I'm stoked to explore more.....
How does this channel only have around 10k subs? What a nice discovery on my first free weekend in awhile.
I'm sure it will be over 100k within one year
The inflation of population numbers and unwarranted promotion of the relative level of civilization achieved by cultures in the western hemisphere has made this entire field rather suspect in the eyes of historians and archaeologists of Old World cultures. It's not this channel creator's fault, it's just that his entire discipline is considered more than a little dubious by most other professionals. And the motivation for all this seems obvious, so those working in more established branches of history and archaeology don't want to be associated with it.
Oh my…. This is what TH-cam (or the internet) is all about! I’ve learned as much about the Ancient Americas in the last 13 minutes as I have in all of my schooling combined. Just unreal dude. Thank you. Now, I’m going back in for the remaining 15 minutes of this one video. Of course, I’ll smash that like and subscribe as well as check out your other videos. Well done.
Thank you!
Very interesting! Thank you! My grandparents had a cabin in the UP & were avid Rockhounds & Lapidarists. We used to have to take a ferry boat across from the lower peninsula. The Chief Wawatum. They often walked the beaches of the Keweenaw for Agates & Thompsonites.
I have a nice big chunk of native copper grand dad gave me 60 years ago. There was a tavern near Calumet that would accept nice copper specimens from the locals in trade for libations. The piece I have was purchased there. I've been down in the Arcadian mine several times back then.
Copper is cool.
My Dad, who farmed in Oconto Co., WI, found chunks of native copper on his land. It was 'float' in the glacial till carried south from the Upper Peninsula, MI. It may have been that natives associated it more with finds while hunting, which they did a lot of... than digging into the earth which likely was more unnatural to them.
Somebody from the UP reported weird deep holes there that he thought were ancient mines. However, of course they would pick up copper if they saw any.
This makes me think of my flame-painted copper pendant my wife got for me not long ago. Thousands of years later and we're still wearing copper jewelry. Thank you for expanding my limited knowledge of the ancient Native American world!
Stay well out there everybody, and God bless you, friends. ✝️ :)
I received my bachelor's degree in the History of the Americas and I love your channel, keep it up
Thank you!
@Greg N, holding a Masters degree in History, i am ashamed I did not know this, but then again i am a product of the US k-12 school system, and the only thing we learned about Native American cultures was virtually nothing. Sure we learned about crops, thanksgiving and a little on Native American removal, but as far as everyday life we learned nothing. Thanks for the information, it gives me a starting point to research this topic. Just googled "first instance of copper smelting" and they came back with Serbia in around 5500 BC making them the first known users of copper , your info states this group of people started smelting copper 8500BC, is your information well known in the field metallurgy, if its not maybe you should contact the peer reviewed media to have them update their info?
@@mikeaskme3530 Thank you! And to clear up some confusion, copper working and copper smelting are different things. Copper was never smelted in Eastern North America. It was only cold hammered. You'll see that the dates for copper working go much further back than copper smelting. I hope that clarifies things a bit.
@@AncientAmericas it clears it up, i am not that versed in metallurgy, but would it still place North Americans natives the first to work with copper though? In any case, i guess we can say today that ideals of working with metal, may have been a multiregional discovery process, no? Kind of like with West Africans and their metal working process, some steps that were taken in other parts of the world, are not present in the history of West Africans working with metals, showing a multi-regional discovery, working with mineral ores. In any case it is fascinating that this is getting the recognition it deserves.
Wonderful video. I was born in 1933, in an Arizona copper mining town. My dad and 2 uncles were exempted from being soldiers during WW2 because the Nation needed skilled miners more than soldiers. I wish the video had covered copper mines of the western US.
I believe all copper mines in AZ are mainly sulfide and porphyry types. So they are not in large enough concentrations to work into objects.
Keep this channel alive! I binged your videos in a day or two at work and now I’m obsessed! Do you have any other channel recommendations similar to yours so I can stay sated until your next release?
Yes! Go to my channel page and check out the channels I list there. Nathaniel Fossaaen's channel is among them and I'd highly recommend his stuff. The others are all very good and a few of them are made by professional archaeologists.
I SECOND THAT
ONCE WE CAN BEGIN TO COMPREHEND THE TRUE NATURE OF THINGS, THEN WE CAN BEGIN TO COMPREHEND, THAT THERE IS NOTHING REALLY MORE TO COMPLAIN ABOUT.
- Dezert-Owl. Author / Researcher / Journalist / Translator
@@AncientAmericas Will do! I also have been checking out the Barnhart Great Course on Audible and I absolutely LOVE it! You should do a Q&A soon!
@@a.foster199 We'll see about the Q&A. Maybe I'll make that an end of the year thing. I'm really happy to hear you're listening to Dr. Barnhardt's courses. They are AMAZING! Those were one of things that got me going down this rabbit hole. He's also got a podcast on TH-cam that is among my listed channels. It's the archaeoed podcast. Highly highly highly recommend it.
i love how you consistently paint a positive picture of the indigenous people-we were inquisitive and economical, we made rational decisions based on the specific economic realities of our time, I appreciate that you made that clear. Also I thought of a decent analogy for the shift from utilitarian to decorative/symbolic use of a cooper-diamonds-although we could mine them for tools, and they do make great tools-it's kind of overkill, we like them bc they're pretty :-)
Thank you!
“We” 😂
@@zebdawson3687 you don't like diamonds?
many times the natives did not even have to dig for copper. The largest piece of native copper in the world was found on a river bank in the upper peninsula of michigan, just a couple miles from where I grew up. the piece must have been used for hundreds, if not thousands of years, as there were visible chunks taken out of it. even nowadays you can walk through the woods, pick up a rock, and itll be ridiculously heavy due to the amount of copper in it. you can also stuble upon weird deep holes in the ground where natives dug for copper thousands of years ago. not many people live in this area so maybe thats the reason we've never had any archeological digs. people tend to forget this whole area exists.
Enjoy it while it lasts.
There were ancient vertical shafts with wood cribbing placed under copper to lift giant native copper pieces found on Isle Royale. The cribbing and copper were still there discovered by early explorers.
What?! I dont understand how ive never heard of any of this.
I was told no cribbing technology...I know n.e. Wisconsin better...cribbing is not simple , and slightly counter intuitive...do you have extraordinary proofs ?... I do hate to ask...see yaz!
@@tomg3290 I cannot remember where I read it. Perhaps it was in Superior Heartland by Fred Rydholm. I remember there was a copy of an original drawing of the cribbing with the article.
Thanks for the plug!
My pleasure! Thanks for making great content!
This is fascinating. I always say that the Americas were 500+ years ago in the Chalcolithic but I had no idea that how old was this type of primeval metallurgy.
I must say that cold hammering was not the only (or even primary) way of working stone, detailed retouch (such as the type in Solutrean or Clovis famous, but not directly related, leaf points) seems to have been done in a "proto-metallurgical" way that softened the stone without breaking it, the oldest one known being from Southern Africa c. 75,000 years ago, older than even stone blades.
Absolutely fascinating. As an engineer and very interested in pre-European America this really is interesting to me.
Thank you!
Thank you. Talking about lesser known cultures and civilizations, and in such a great, and informative way, puts you up there with the best history content on TH-cam. Thank you for your time and effort in sharing your insight into history, and for making history on TH-cam a little less eurocentric. Can't wait for more.
Recent research and new radiocarbon dating have produce earlier dates at nearly 10,000 years before present on Old Copper Artifact Sites. I had the fortune of collecting Old Copper Culture artifact in the Kewanwa peninsula in the 1980s. Some copper artifacts have traces of fabric preserved by the copper a natural anti bacterial mineral. There are now several copper mineral collectors that sell incredible specimens of native copper and travel around the US at major Rock and Mineral shows like those at Tucson Arizona. This copper is the purest known and some veins have native silver in the copper as well.
Um, Upper Peninsula of Michigan has copper mines 100,000 years old. Only source of metallic copper on earth. There is an ancient site under Rock Lake WI, with tons of smelting waste, that includes a pyramid. Local natives tell stories of the bearded foreigners who came to mine the red rocks. University of WI have theorized that this is the missing source of Sumerian copper used in their huge number of bronze statues. See Rock Lake Research Society. Rock Lake about halfway between Madison and Milwaukee. I find this video lacking in detail, and more of a coverup than truth. The copper here is so abundant, there are lumps of pure metallic copper the size of vehicles, weighing many tons. This natural state in copper is more of a pain in the ass for modern mining than oxidized ore, so even though this area is loaded with copper to this day, almost no mining continues. You can take mountain bike rides through the old mines, and it’s encouraged you do so. I have seen the mines personally, totally worth it.
@@truthseeker8123 please forward your sources and data as it would be extreemly interesting to research your evidence. Also I would be interested in reviewing your reference as well. Are there any experts to validate your claims as this could revolutionize our prehistory understanding in the Great Lakes region.
@@davidletasi3322 this has been a continuous research subject at the UW Madison for decades, as well as UM Marquette. PhDs are a part of the Rock Lake Research Society. Their data has been in the public domain for decades, as well as at many of the actual mines for tour in the UP of Michigan. I haven’t stayed on top of the latest research, as this has been public since I first saw it 25 years ago. You can actuallly dive the pyramid on rock lake, as it’s shallow, and the bearded foreigners dammed a stream to create the lake, probably to protect the locals from the pollution of copper smelting process. Should take minimal effort to find
@@davidletasi3322 www.miningartifacts.org/Michigan-Copper-Mines.html
It’s really strange that most of the docs I looked for are now gone. The really ancient vertical shafts that were dated so old were partially collapsed and undisturbed until dug out by archaeologists, who found datable materials under the collapse. It caused quite the controversy at the time, but I don’t see reason why this would be scrubbed.
Several of my posts have been deleted by TH-cam from graham Hancock news desk archives on this topic. Still in catalogue
Above the great lakes is a massive open air copper deposit that was gradually revealed as the icesheet receded essentially exposing the hard copped ore.
Could you talk about the manteño/huancavilca culture from the coast of ecuador? I heard that they were great traders and seafearers who used voyage as far as southern Mexico. Aparently, they dominated the maritime trade routes of the pacific ocean between mesoamerica and south america.
Yeah, the manteños probably were the best sea navigators of the ancient americas. There was even an expedition in the 70s named "Las balsas" that managed to reach Australia from Ecuador using a traditional huancavilcan raft. If you are interested to watch it, here it is: th-cam.com/video/LDPuvQuxHhc/w-d-xo.html
@@fabrizzioantoniodominguezp349 Cool, thanks 👍
Given the scrap value of copper, leaving the site unmarked might be a security precaution. If someone went along with a metal detector because they heard 'copper' and thought 'money', who knows how much priceless archaeology they could destroy?
Some stone, like obsidian is actually much sharper than your average modern knife. Definitely superior to copper, so it's not surprising that they ended up using copper for more decorative things.
I have consumed a lot of this type of YT media of the past few years and the quality of these videos is top notch! Keep it up!
(And maybe head to the southwest soon :)
Thank you! Don't worry, the southwest will get it's due.
I'm just going to say the same thing as EVERYONE: great job. The number 1 thing I like about a channel is the narrator's voice because no matter how interesting a subject there are such irritating narrator's. So thanks for that and the subject matter. I recently found out I'm 35% native American and you have the best channel I've seen lately. I'll sign up and hope you get more subscribers.
Thank you! I'm flattered. Congratulations on discovering your native heritage! I'd encourage you to explore and learn as much as you can about it.
@@AncientAmericas right on. I'm mostly yaqui but I'm in mt Shasta now exploring my modoc roots. If you can find anything interesting enough to make a decent show about us that would be priceless. Mt Shasta supposedly was a holy gathering place of the tribes .thanks
When I visited the Oconto (WI) copper culture museum and historical park, in upper Wisconsin, I was told that the Indian village there, was once directly on Lake Michigan (i.e. Green Bay) thousands of years ago. The reason: The level of the lake was much high then. AND...that North from that site, because of the higher level of the lake, there was probably a water passage directly into Lake Superior. That would have made it very easy to transport copper from the Keweenaw Peninsula directly to that village using small water craft like primitive canoes.
Did my undergraduate in the copper country! It's always amazing how impactful the copper trade was for both native Americans and Europeans
I’m from southeast alaska, the tribe I belong to as well as others have traditionally been using copper as well.
Very cool!
Also in Canada's north. Yellowknife is called that because the local tribes worked copper.
What tribe are you from?
@@b0leg23 Łingít
I'm just discovering your channel. You're doing a really good job with these. I appreciate all the detail. Would you consider doing a video on the people's of the pacific northwest? I love exploring cultures, and our locals have some pretty fascinating traditions and stories that may pique your interest.
Thanks again for the quality work that you're putting in. Good luck with your future efforts.
Thank you. And yes, at some point, I'd like to cover the Pacific Northwestern cultures and people.
a couple years ago i saw some incredibly gorgeous examples of mississipian copper working in the st louis art museum and ive been kinda obsessed since
My brother found an artifact cache that consisted of several extremely nice chert blades, red ochre, and a copper tablet. Apparently only one other copper tablet was known to exist in North America at the time.
Was the tablet ever examined? What script was uaed? Was the tablet ever translated?
@@TheLastNameR I couldn't tell you. It was sold to one of the most well-known Native American artifact collectors/experts on the planet. He passed away several years after the sale, so I don't know what came of it.
In the Tallahassee natural history museum there is a copper tomahawk on display and states it was probably a barter item to symbol a hierarchy because the metal is rather useless. They managed to retrace the origin and are certain it came from lake superior.
That being said, that tomahawk got passed around for no telling how long until it ended up at a dig site in Florida.
A number of years ago I hiked part of the north coast trail of Isle Royale and came across many small marked quarries of ancient copper mining. I hiked the length of Isle Royale. On the Greenstone Trail came upon a now closed 19th century copper mining area. The area had dangerous fenced open shafts, the water in the area is poisoned, and the park has warning signs not to filter local water. The north coast trail was wet and rugged, the Greenstone Trail is a ridge trail and much easier. The trails in the southwest of Isle Royale are nice with access to a nice bay, great camping, great views, and a trail to a west coast beach to watch sunsets. I found a Greenstone while looking at the small pebbles sitting on the beach.
You nailed the patreon idea!, visible, not invasive, just perfect. Great intro btw.
Please make a video of the southern tip of America i live there, in Chile!
Thanks! I thought it was a good idea as well.
The Great Orm in North Wales (UK) is on of the biggest ancient copper mines in Europe that you can visit today
Yes, and it was mined at same time as Lake Superior in 2500bce.
This is making me rethink something I found in Florida back in high-school or middle-school. While walking around a lake in my neighborhood I found a ~7" metal knife/spearpoint (what it looked like to my mind) in the mud. It looked like stone at first but it felt like metal so I passed it under a metal-detector which beeped. The whole thing was coated in some kind of grey oxidation that gave it a stone-like appearance. The side that had been exposed out of the mud looked like it had been beaten into shape by while the underside was more rounded and lumpy. One of its edges looked intentionally flat while the other rounded off slightly. I took it to someone at a local museum who looked very interested in it at first but then said it was probably a replica when they learned it was metal. It seemed odd to me that a large replica of a stone tool made of metal would show up randomly by a lake in my neighborhood but I took their word for it. I never did take the time to figure out what kind of metal it was made of but now I am wondering if it might be worth the time.
I grew up in Michigan and boy howdy the copper thing is huge. It's damn cool! Loved going to the Lansing museum and they have this whole mine exhibit talking about it.
I live in Mohawk, MI in the Keweenaw next to Mohawk shaft #5 collected many poor rock copper. awesome video.
Thank you!
Back in the early 1900’s the family farm in Wayne County, Ohio was a treasure trove of Indian arrowheads. My understanding is that a family member found a copper bowl among the many Indian artifacts in the fields at that time.
It would be very interesting if you could cover the lesser known copper working tradition of the Pacific Northwest indigenous people.
I feel it's rarely covered, but it was active during the colonial era, which saw an explosion then collapse of copper goods.
When discussing the decrease of copper as tools, it's important to note, that stone tools can be made sharper. And kept sharper much more easily. It seems to me oh, that once they started Trading shinies and pretties, they wouldn't have any trouble accessing good churt or even, obsidian. As you noted.
Very new to your Channel. And I am very much enjoying your content.
Thank you! It's been awhile since I did the research for this so I may be remembering this slightly wrong but I read paper by an archaeologist who did replicative studies comparing stone and copper points and while you can make a stone point much sharper, it dulls fairly quickly to the sharpness of a copper point so sharpness was likely not the big factor in why they stopped being used. It's not like you're going to make a new point for every hunting trip because that would be wasteful of imported material. Also worth mentioning, the copper points on average got deeper penetration, albeit not by much so I'm doubt that that was a factor in keeping copper either way. She speculated that once they were able to get those types of stone, it was just much more time efficient to produce tools. If you are interested, check out the bibliography in the description and read up on it. It's interesting. (At least I found it interesting.)
@@AncientAmericas Thanks, I will definitely check that out. I am surprised about the sharpness. I think that would definitely depend on the stone being used. Obsidian blades are occasionally used for extremely delicate surgeries. Because modern surgical steel, cannot be made as sharp, as obsidian. Time would certainly be a factor. A stone blade can be re-sharpened in a couple of minutes. However, copper is definitely much tougher. I will have to look at her research. Thanks again
@@pelewads that's a very good observation and I don't recall what stone they used for test. Every material is going to act differently.
I love that everytime i look up something I want to learn about on TH-cam it seems that someone recently uploaded something about it, I hope it never ends
Can't believe I just found this channel! I just bingewatched practically everything you've done. It's really amazing stuff. And from a fellow Wisconsinite no less! If you're ever out in the Driftless Region and want to go digging, hit me up.
Thank you! Although I must confess that I'm not a Wisconsinite. I have family up in the UP so I drive through it when I visit them.
@@AncientAmericas Still counts!
Watching this only days after I have seen that one of best preserved fundaments of pre-war buildings near our summer house is being destroyed because they are building more summer houses in the area 😢 I am still depressed, so many memories of that place
Let me know what others can do to stop this erasure of history
Been there man it really sucks to see a historical building get knocked down.
@@rs5536 nothing, I think. Especially if you are not where I am from. But people here don't care 😑 they think it is not old enough to be considered history. Even though several decades more, and it probably will be. But there are much more ancient and valuable historical buildings destroyed by time and our politicians' greed in my region, and noone who can do anything, cares, and people who care cannot do anything
A few years ago I read about a very early archaic burial of young female in northern Minnesota, she was buried with a conch shell knife with Caribbean origin.
I do not remember where I read it unfortunately. But I believe the location was near the ash river mouth.
I’m amazed that trade could go that far, 7,000 years ago.
Nick, I've always found it interesting that we modern folks, think of ancients as being somehow less than ourselves. They were the same as us.....intelligent, inventive, and always seeking resources and knowledge. And, they were more driven than most modern people. They were used to working hard to survive. The local market was the forest and fields, with no easy or speedy transportation, and alive with things that saw them as a meal. And, they had thousands of generations of knowledge and tradition to follow and build on. Most moderns can't imagine people from the previous generation having anything on them, let alone those of a thousand years ago. We're spoiled....and it could be ourdownfall, if we aren't careful. Have a good day sir.
Growing up in the United States I was basically taught that there was no history in north America before Europeans arrived, which is why I find ancient indigenous cultures so fascinating
You and me both.
Well, where did you grow up? I grew up in southern Wisconsin and believe me, the history of the first peoples was all around us in place names. Any curious person could find huge amounts of historical records in the nearest public library. In the Cub Scouts and especially the Boy Scouts, "Indian Lore" was part of the overall skills learning set. The history of the various tribes was taught in school from 2nd or 3rd grade on. The Winnebago, Sauk, Fox, Menominee and Chippewa tribes were all important to the area. Maybe our knowledge wasn't deep, but it was broad, at least. Maybe I got lucky with good schools and great teachers and scout leaders. I know they certainly piqued my interest at an early age, for which I'm grateful.
@@michaelburke5907 I grew up around Chicago, and while there were plenty of indigenous place names the history I was taught was how these areas were settled by Europeans
I grew up in the Seattle area.
The history, culture and art are still here.
It is all around if you look and listen!
Learning is Good!!
I grew up in Colorado. Got plenty of history of indigenous peoples in school. But then, they were "Indians".
I remember learning about stuff like this in 8th grade US history. It’s crazy that there was even use of native iron in the Pacific Northwest.
I know there was so much going on in America that I am happy to learn some today from you.
I recently discovered your channel, and happy to see it exists. I've always wanted to do something like this myself.
One thing that stands out to me in this video though is that you mention that the Old Copper complex didn't have any shaft mines. I remember Whittlesey discussing some in "Ancient Mining on the Shores of Lake Superior" (the first - my knowledge - major scholarly work on what would later be called the Old Copper Complex). I'll have to pick up Martin's "Wonderful Power" from my university library again to see if she discusses them there as well - off hand, I can't remember. In any case, even the deepest of these shafts were no more than 6 meters, so probably weren't what you were thinking of when discussing deep excavation.
Thanks! I read that book cover to cover and I don't recall any shaft mining being discussed. That said, the book is over 20 years old and there may be new evidence.
@@AncientAmericas To be fair, Whittlesey's book is more than 150 years old so it might be more likely that the shafts he discusses were later found to not be associated with the Old Copper Complex. He was, after all, writing in the early days of formal American archaeology. I spent some time this afternoon trying to track down some additional information on the sites he mentions so see what follow-up studies in the last century and a half have turned up, but haven't tracked anything down yet.
I would speculate that the decline in copper tool use may have been a result of thousands of years of native copper gathering: They used up nearly all the highly pure, easy to find, easy-to-get-to surface deposits of native copper or simply mineable native copper. In effect, the source material may have just become scarce. It isn't exactly easy to find this stuff, even nowadays with modern methods, just lying on the surface or available in outcroppings. We managed to do this with gold in the U.S. during the gold rushes: at first it was easy to find, with people even commenting you could dig up gold "like digging potatoes" in some places, or pluck nuggets from streams as easily as gathering shells on the beach. But rather soon, all the easy pickings were stripped and it was no longer readily available. Other peoples around the globe resorted to hard-rock mining and smelting of large quantities of non-native ore to continue obtaining metals, but North American natives never seem to have resorted to that. Why? That's a whole other story...
They did with the gold and silver. As we know, the Spanish made off with many boatloads of it .
@@snowmiaow That's a bit more complicated. The gold they had was largely placer gold from surface deposits. They did little mining, and it wasn't used for tools because it was soft, only for decorative or religious objects. So no, they didn't have large-scale gold mining (Although the Spanish did force them to mine gold as slave labor after conquering them on occasion). It just wasn't something they did. At least not until post-European contact, when some decided to do it because they could trade it to Europeans for lots of high-value goods. So no, the Aztecs, Incas, Maya, etc... only hunted for gold and gems in surface deposits, and didn't do hard-rock mining except on very rare occasions pre-contact.
So why did they seem to have so much gold, which we know the Spanish plundered from them? Because there had been a LOT found there on the surface over many generations and it built up, because gold doesn't rust away and wasn't used for tools and so didn't wear down to dust. Whatever they found just kind-of stayed in the royal families and got stockpiled for generations. The Spanish also identified areas where the natives knew gold was, then forced them to mine it, and other precious metals and gems, and so many tons of these materials were quickly mined out from the easy deposits the natives knew of, but did not industrial-scale mine themselves until forced by their conquerors.
🤯 I had never heard anything about any of this before! What a fascinating subject, and what a truly professional style of presentation. If you taught college courses I'd enroll in every class. LOVE this channel! Thanks so much for your work! 👏👏
Thank you!
This video just showed up as a suggestion today for me and I'm so glad it did! This video is fantastic and it answers some questions about indigineous American culture that I didn't even begin to know how to ask. Looking forward to much more from you, you've definitely earned another subscriber!
Thank you!
Very interesting material! The comments are most informative. Ancient Americas does a nice job.
Thank you!
I remember trying to write a fantasy setting in a parallel Earth (involving multiverse-type stuff), and wanted to place a Bronze Age civilization somewhere on the Americas. As it turned out, the Great Lakes area was pretty much the only feasible location, after looking at various maps of copper and tin deposits in North America, as it was the only region where the two metals could be found in any sort of close proximity.
Pretty much anywhere else that one metal was found was too far from the nearest source of the other metal to be reliably traded for significant Bronze production. Of course, in our timeline, it doesn't seem the Natives bothered alloying copper with tin, because the ready-made state of native copper meant that they would have never needed to use tin in the first place.
Ironic that the most suitable place in the Americas for a Bronze Age Civilization to arise never had a need to develop Bronze in the first place.
Doesn't Alaska have both? AS well as gold, silver, and lead? It's probably unsuitable because of the climate.
The Incas and their neighbors had developed bronze smelting before European contact.
@@kovona I did say North America, but yeah, there's the Inca too.
@@109Rage And the western Mesoamericans, southern Colombians.
and bear in mind its not the 'inca'. Bronze smelting had existed for centuries before the Inca Empire even existed.
@@heremapping4484 Yeah, sorry. "The Inca" is just the default when I think of Pre-Columbian Peruvian civilization.
My dad has a several pound chunk of native copper he found hiking up in Michigan. Makes me wonder what it would have been used for by natives centuries back. Such a big piece might have been good for hammering out into a Mississippi Plate for trade or something.
WOOHOO WISCONSIN EPISODE.
Fascinating stuff, thanks for sharing. I almost wish I had a metal detector, but if I come across anyone with one, I'll give them the lowdown on preserving context
Wooohoooo!!!
I found this channel yesterday... and have watched 8 episodes...I love it. They are presented very well and I really like that you include where you the information is coming from. I thank you for you efforts in educating me on topics that are more difficult to find information on.
You're welcome! I'm glad you're enjoying them.
I love building stuff with sheet copper and brass I learned at a school in 1980. Just as a hobby now
This is a topic I know very little of, so this video is awesome. It would be awesome to see more about North American civilizations.
He plugged my channel in the description. Give it a look. North American cultures are my entire subject matter.
What he said.
It's so strange that 1900's archaeology ignored the u.s. there's so much here!
@@aaronmccullough2605 it didn't though. There were massive excavations conducted during the Works Progress Administration, and all that work was published in the 50s (ish). The whole discipline was professionalized in the 60's when archaeological preservation law was put in place, then the TVA did a ton of work here when all the reservoirs were being done back in the 70's and 80's. We've really been doing quite a bit of archaeology here since the 1920s.
@@NathanaelFosaaen I'm just saying that In general, most people haven't heard of a majority of it
I visited the Oconto site in 2014. They have, or had, an atlatl that you could use. The 6 foot darts had reproduction copper tips made in the fashion of tips found in the burials at the site. It was a great experience. These folks are another set of peoples that is lost to time. Their name for themselves, their stories and myth.
this is awesome! you gotta do one on the Calusa! or Floridas first peoples! They are the most underated kingdoms in the americas! they defeated the conquistadors for 200 years!
The Calusa are on my to-do list! (For someday at least.) Not to worry!
@@AncientAmericas you could add to that video a section on those florida bog bodies.
Damn! I'm from the Keweenaw and used to drive that route to Milwaukee all the time! Never knew about the sites.
I know right?!
Just found this in my video feed and had to check it out. A few years ago, while backpacking Isle Royal with my youngest son, we enjoyed checking out the ancient copper mining sites.
That sounds really cool. I need to get up there sometime.
Fantastic! This onetime Yooper appreciates!
Thank you!
I love the insight into the Americans these videos give me!!! I've been looking for so long a good video series to learn about pre-Columbian American cultures that isn't degrading!!! Love these!!!!!!
Thank you!
Pre-Colombian American history? Instantly subbed.
Welcome aboard!
Me too!!
Sitting on a high bluff above the Rio Grande river, talking with someone, I was idly sifting soil from a little dry rivulet. I located hundreds of chips (1/8”) of abalone, coral, turquoise, and a white, pretty stone. As the location was not only pleasant, but located so someone sitting there had a long-distance view in all directions, it seems it was either a great place to trade for goods from elsewhere, or work there while keeping a lookout for whatever needed looking out for. The location was several hundred miles from the source of the turquoise, and up to two thousand miles from a couple of the others.
I’m not sure I fully understand all of the context involved in the comment section and the various disagreements contained therein, but I would like to say that this video essay is very well produced and appears to be thoughtfully researched. Thank you for taking the time to create it.
Thank you!
The Hudson Bay Company, and the North West Company in Canada paid for furs from the Cree, Ojibway, Dene, Blackfoot and Metis peoples with copper kettles. The kettles could be easily reworked into a hundred different items, and in the meantime could be used for food storage.... or for that matter as kettles. This continued until the mid 19th century.
There is only one easily accessible source of tin in the Americas, and that's in Mexico. Mexican metallurgists did develop bronze as a luxury product. But there would never have been enough tin available to produce the kind of Bronze Age revolution that occurred in China and the Middle East. Even in the old world, it was the availability of tin that determined if bronze could be made cost-effectively, and that metal was traded over enormous distances ---- with Phoenician ships regularly sailing to Britain to get the product of the Cornish tin mines.
For sure. I'm sure that copper was very appreciated but it wouldn't explain all the copper that had been in burials for thousands of years.
You can actually make bronze with other metals besides tin. Arsenic was used to make bronze in many parts of the world where tin wasn't available.
@@AncientAmericas My point was that tin was in limited supply in the new world. Mexico's bronzes were perfectly good tin-based bronzes, because they had a supply of tin, but not a big supply. South America had tin-based bronzes in the mid-north (Ecuador, northern Peru) and arsenical bronzes in the mid-south (Bolivia, Argentina) because it had modest supplies of tin and somewhat better supplies of arsenical copper ores. Neither resource was on the scale available to the Old World. This seems to be why what became a large scale utility product in Eurasia remained a luxury product in the Americas. The basic crops (maize in North America and potatoes in South America) were "gardened" in a manner that did not especially benefit from metal tools and plows, so there would not have been the spur to use it outside the upper classes that you find with Old World crops like wheat and barley, which grow best where a strong plow is needed to break sod. Cheap bronze revolutionized every aspect of Old World life, and led to a similar and even greater transformation with cheaper and still more plentiful iron. Tin-based, arsenical and combinations of the two all had different advantages and disadvantages for different products. But the fantastic cheapness of iron, with its widespread sources of ore (the Scandinavians did quite well with bog iron), and great strength, ensured that it would take the lead when the way to produce it was discovered. In North America, the really big source of copper, the Great Lakes region, was very far away from Mexico's tin sources. Combine all these factors, and you get less of an emphasis on metallurgy in the New World beyond shaping raw copper.
My mention of the copper kettles in northern Canada was not intended to "explain" anything about ancient burials in mounds! The use of copper doesn't need any special explanation --- its utility is self-evident. I was merely making an observation that copper remained an important trade item to Canadian First Nations well into modern times. It is similar to saying that modern Canadians still enjoy a lot of maple syrup today, though its use dates back into the mists of time. (In fact, just an hour ago I had a maple donut from Tim Horton's, like a good Canadian).-
@@philpaine3068 All cultures quite naturally use what's plentiful in their region and figure out how to make the most of it. I'm chuckling now because as I was reading your posts I was thinking, "right, you don't see a history of maple syrup in areas that simply don't have maple trees" ... and sure enough, you mentioned maple syrup. ;)
@@dogslobbergardens6606 The province of Quebec maintains a Fort Knox-type emergency stockpile of 39 million pounds of maple syrup, known as the Global Strategic Maple Syrup Reserve ---- which shows you just how seriously Canadians take their syrup. The global economy may collapse, a meteor may wipe out half of civilization, but our pancakes, donuts, and creme cookies will still have their sacred sweetness.
@@philpaine3068 I grew up in WI where we feel our maple syrup is at least equal to if not better than Canadians'... but let's not get into a rivalry ;)
There is a revolutionary era prison in Connecticut that was located in an old copper mine...its still there as a museum I think...makes you wonder if the indigenous people knew about the copper source before the Europeans came
Was that decorative bird a cuprous hawk?
Ba-dum-tiss!
I love that you put your sources in the description. That’s dope man
Thanks! I want the make sure anyone can read up on this if they want.
This was extraordinarily narrated, you never lost my focus, and im too broke to pay attention, definitely subscribed. Looking forward to checking out all your videos!
Thank you!
Interesting. We’re all taught North American Indians didn’t have metal working so we assume it was always like that. This was long long before even “Indians” as we know them.
This kind of sounds mostly coming from western archeologists and historians. I belong to one of the Michigan first nations and copper has a religious and cultural importance to us. Copper just isn't a mineral that we use for just anything, it often is used in religious ceremony and for our eating/drinking utensils because the belief that it purifies food and water as an anti-bacterial. I know of one elder that has a drum fastened with copper straps and studs that have been in his family for 15 generations. It is also important to note that the Anishinaabe (the first nations tribes of this area) were known to be traders, Michigan and Grand Rapids (a city in Michigan) were the trade capitals of the Americas. There is evidence shown that the Anishinaabe traded as far south as South America, copper has been found down there as well as things like certain shells found in our burial mounds in the midwest/Canada. Those shells also have a religious meaning to us and have been used in ceremony and art, and are only from a certain area in Mexico.
I have noticed that those who invent a technology never worship it.
Real shame there wasn’t horses in the Americas before, would have been fascinating to see how the various cultures would have been
there was horses. they where just another prey animal though.
These programs are great, and the true history of North America is changing fast because of them. Thanks
Crazy to think someone may have been alive at a time when he saw his edged tools change from copper to steel. Imagine what a giant leap in performance that must have felt like.