I would make two clarifications to this description. 1. The conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates was facilitated by the fact that the upper class there was invited to enter the service of the Russian tsar and become Russian nobles. Their descendants converted to Orthodoxy and were no different from the rest of the nobility. Many Russian aristocratic families have converted Tatar surnames. This is a long-standing tradition of the Moscow Principality, dating back to one of the first princes, Ivan Kalita. In the XVIII century, the same thing happened with the German barons during the conquest of the Baltic States, and in the XIX century with the Caucasian princes during the conquest of the Caucasus. 2. Everywhere in Siberia, the arrival of troops was preceded by the arrival of Russian peasants, merchants and just robbers who built settlements, traded with local tribes, and sometimes engaged in robbery. And then the army came and forced merchants and Cossacks to pay taxes.
Central Asia mostly came to join Russia, it wasn't even a conquest. French and British were conquesting everything what is possible. Russia was only taking lands into its state, mostly voluntarily.
The titles in this video are all over the place. You refer to the Tsardom of Russia(which you show as such in the video) at various points as a khanate, a principality, a kingdom and even an empire. The Tsardom of Russia was the successor to the Grand Principality of Moscow but the two are not one and the same as you seem to imply throughout the video. The title of Tsar/Czar was initially the eastern Slavic equivalent of emperor. Nevertheless, at the time Russia wasn't really recognized as an empire until 1721 when Peter the Great explicitly renamed the state the Russian empire. That's why Kingdom would be more appropriate as the middle ground between principality and empire but it's still technically incorrect. All in all, referring to the Tsardom as anything but that is simply inaccurate. Just a bit of constructive criticism for future reference.
Why nobody talk about that China has imprisoned more than 1 million Uyghurs! Why nobody talk about that Mongolian, during their expansion of Mongol empire, has slaughtered more than 100 million around the world, which, more horribly, all were done by blades and arrows. Why everyone think that Chinese is a more decent ruler who deserves taking control of Siberia.
Why nobody talks about that China has imprisoned more than 1 million Uyghurs! Why nobody talks about that Mongolian, during their expansion of Mongol empire, has slaughtered more than 100 million around the world, which, more horribly, all were done by very blades and arrows. Why everyone now is thinking that Chinese is a more decent ruler who deserves taking control of Siberia.
@@SpriteRosaAlso, the Mongols did not slaughter 100 million people LMFAO the population of the *entire world* on the eve of the Mongol conquests was maybe 400 million. And that includes the Americas, Africa, Western Europe-places the Mongols didn't touch. What an absurd exaggeration.
Who ever wrote this is beyond ignorant! Peter the Great implemented taxes on hunters, as that's bad and This future Emperor went on to spend it on parties, hahaha, you couldn't make up shit like this!
Why nobody talk about that China has imprisoned more than 1 million Uyghurs! Why nobody talk about that Mongolian, during their expansion of Mongol empire, has slaughtered more than 100 million around the world, which, more horribly, all were done by blades and arrows. Why everyone think that Chinese is a more decent ruler who deserves taking control of Siberia.
Why nobody talks about that China has imprisoned more than 1 million Uyghurs! Why nobody talks about that Mongolian, during their expansion of Mongol empire, has slaughtered more than 100 million around the world, which, more horribly, all were done by very blades and arrows. Why everyone now is thinking that Chinese is a more decent ruler who deserves taking control of Siberia.
Exactly, but now they are ready to start a nuclear war over all Siberian cheddar some 300 trillions in reserves and the border with 1,5 billion Chinese wanting everything!
Why nobody talk about that China has imprisoned more than 1 million Uyghurs! Why nobody talk about that Mongolian, during their expansion of Mongol empire, has slaughtered more than 100 million around the world, which, more horribly, all were done by blades and arrows. Why everyone think that Chinese is a more decent ruler who deserves taking control of Siberia.
@@edgarmontelongo5981 likely a troll from Olgino working for Glavset. the Kremlin has web brigades made up of paid (mostly college age) individuals who spread disinformation on social media.
Sixty thousand troops, where did the Russians take them? According to the census, no more than forty thousand Streltsy, nobles, children of boyars and city Cossacks were in the service. Besides Kazan, there were also borders.
@@teaearlgrayh0t what are you talking about? It sounds like you have some kind of psychological complex... I never criticized Russia or promoted the US or Canada... history is just history, but yet it seems some here have some kind of grudge or something to prove... why bring up unrelated countries? Why act like I am criticizing Russia? I love Russian culture and history, that's why I watched this video... so why do people keep bringing up other countries not mentioned in the video?
@@daveweiss5647 Sorry mate, my beef was not with you 😀, but with creators. I have studied Russian history and this video has nothing to do with it. Motivation for expantion was always to create a buffer zone, between Russia and agressive neighbours.
If you are looking for an overall complete history of Russia expansion into Central Asia, Far East, Alaska and Hawaii then I recommend the following book which is quite informative. Book is titled "Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific" by March, G. Patrick
USSR period cost at least 40 million Russians and broke up Russian Empire by 30%,leaving millions of Russian people living in foreign countries that they built! Stalin was Georgian who hated Russians and killed everyone who potentially threatened him! You just don't know shit!
@@MuffHamAlaska was a gift to newly created America for 7 million in gold! They hoped that America would remain allies and remembered the help it got for independence, from British Empire that owned most of the World!
Great Overview. Like to keep in mind Russian & China were clashing over 100 years before the US Existed. And Ancient Siberia is fascinating, like a landlocked Atlantis, something was there that is nearly unknown now.
illiterate , propagandistic lies. In which of the countries of Europe or the world have small peoples preserved with all their identity , culture and language ? and in Russia, more than 200 nations and nationalities live to this day, preserving and developing their culture and language
please tell us what parts are lies so i can be educated properly. i think they conquered so much that it would kind of be hard not to have 200 different ethnicities in your lands.
No it's pronounced khan-AT and "AT" is pronounced like"up", but with T instead. It's a kind of making a word plural in Arabic. It mean multiple Khans or the land of multiple Khans.
Иван Грозный только с третьего раза захватил Казань, всех там вырезал, убил всех, и еще изнасиловал, и вообще все мечети разрушил, и как только это сделал, понял, что хочет еще крови! Надо было еще больше жути нагнать.
@@vladimirkazakovtsev4310 такой кровожадный тиран был, что в Казани, как и во всех осколках орды была промосковская партия, были народы, добровольно присягнувшие царю, были феодалы, дававшие присягу, и вообще был свой ставленник какое то время.
Ага а еще этот злодей 100000 рабов освободил в Казани христиан,в том числе и литвинов,и нет чтоб как цивилизованный Англосакс продать туркам,снабдил деньгами,подорожными и отправил на родину)Те самые сироты казанские.
@@ionbrad6753 how about Chinese, who bind their daughters feet into cripple and castrated their sons for selling them into royal palace, and who believed earth is flat?
Eight months later. - Funny thing is that without Russian backing in the early 20th. century chances are there would be no modern independent Mongolian republic (what is considered Outer Mongolia) since the Qing empire and then the early Chinese republic considered outer Mongolia to be part of China.
China has built and is building skycrapes in everycity, with ceiling high enough to touch the sky. It all because that most of the construction contracts are eventually owned by officials family, and since the profits of all these constructing projects is very low, in order to satisfy those official's greed, they need to build those building high enough. But it will bring problem to Russia, since all those buildings consume gigantic amount of energy in summer, China is going to run out their resource reservoir and the imported very soon.
Ukraine received its name and territories as part of Russia. Ukraine is the separatists who seceded from Russia (USSR) with all the territories donated to them.
Actually, not Americans expanded West but Europeans (English, French, Spanish, Germans, Italians, Poles, Russians etc). Only after a while they became Americans.
@@pashapasovski5860 Actually, there were massacres against indigenous people in Siberia. And now, the Siberian peoples would be rich if their oil and gas won't be stolen by Moscow.
Под каким-бы соусом не подавали российскую историю, результаты и масштабы России говорят сами за себя. Русские, мизерными силами, в короткие сроки прирастили территорию и население своего государства, чему завидуют представители никчемных недостран, в особенности тех, которым Россия в 1991 году дала возможность самоопределиться. А мы - русские, будем гордится достижениями своих мужественных и мудрых предков и приложить все силы, чтобы не разбазарить нажитое непосильными трудами и пролитой кровью!
Вот бы каждое свое утверждение создатели данного контента хотя бы приводили бы ссылки на научные труды краеведческих исследователей и ученых, а то ведь каждый голословно может говорить что угодно. И главное - ни слова не сказали о покорении Кавказа и Средней Азии, или данные территории для авторов просто не важны для рассказа? А установление Советской власти, благодаря которой страна не развалилась, вообще решили не упоминать, ведь придется объяснять почему красным удалось победить в гражданской войне. Очевидна полное отсутствие данных, чьи обрывки вырваны из контекста исторических событий. Я как понимаю на Западе, когда о ком-то рассказывают, судят обычно по себе, по своим свершениям, проецируя это на окружающих. Вот тебе и "бремя белого человека". Ну а о колониальных завоеваний Африки, Латинской Америки и Азии Европейскими державами мы услышим нескоро 😂😂😂
After the war Kola Peninsula - UK Novaya Zemlya - to the Netherlands Severnaya Zemlya - to Spain Chukotka and Kamchatka - to US Krasnodar Krai and Magadan - to France
I would make two clarifications to this description.
1. The conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates was facilitated by the fact that the upper class there was invited to enter the service of the Russian tsar and become Russian nobles. Their descendants converted to Orthodoxy and were no different from the rest of the nobility. Many Russian aristocratic families have converted Tatar surnames.
This is a long-standing tradition of the Moscow Principality, dating back to one of the first princes, Ivan Kalita. In the XVIII century, the same thing happened with the German barons during the conquest of the Baltic States, and in the XIX century with the Caucasian princes during the conquest of the Caucasus.
2. Everywhere in Siberia, the arrival of troops was preceded by the arrival of Russian peasants, merchants and just robbers who built settlements, traded with local tribes, and sometimes engaged in robbery. And then the army came and forced merchants and Cossacks to pay taxes.
Firearms are better in forest area is probably the most moronic statement I ever heard!
Oi
This is chat-gpt level of "research" , beware
Not a word on Russian conquest of Central Asia.
Watch Reset of Tartaria by Zachary. Your mind will be blown away. Official history hides this topic
Central Asia mostly came to join Russia, it wasn't even a conquest. French and British were conquesting everything what is possible. Russia was only taking lands into its state, mostly voluntarily.
The titles in this video are all over the place. You refer to the Tsardom of Russia(which you show as such in the video) at various points as a khanate, a principality, a kingdom and even an empire. The Tsardom of Russia was the successor to the Grand Principality of Moscow but the two are not one and the same as you seem to imply throughout the video. The title of Tsar/Czar was initially the eastern Slavic equivalent of emperor. Nevertheless, at the time Russia wasn't really recognized as an empire until 1721 when Peter the Great explicitly renamed the state the Russian empire. That's why Kingdom would be more appropriate as the middle ground between principality and empire but it's still technically incorrect. All in all, referring to the Tsardom as anything but that is simply inaccurate. Just a bit of constructive criticism for future reference.
Why is the USA so big? And... no... stop... I won’t answer this question. Because it's a completely different thing
Kuh-nah-tay? Is this AI?
Why nobody talk about that China has imprisoned more than 1 million Uyghurs! Why nobody talk about that Mongolian, during their expansion of Mongol empire, has slaughtered more than 100 million around the world, which, more horribly, all were done by blades and arrows. Why everyone think that Chinese is a more decent ruler who deserves taking control of Siberia.
Why nobody talks about that China has imprisoned more than 1 million Uyghurs! Why nobody talks about that Mongolian, during their expansion of Mongol empire, has slaughtered more than 100 million around the world, which, more horribly, all were done by very blades and arrows. Why everyone now is thinking that Chinese is a more decent ruler who deserves taking control of Siberia.
it is block this channel
@@SpriteRosaThat's not the topic of this video? Lmfao
@@SpriteRosaAlso, the Mongols did not slaughter 100 million people LMFAO the population of the *entire world* on the eve of the Mongol conquests was maybe 400 million. And that includes the Americas, Africa, Western Europe-places the Mongols didn't touch. What an absurd exaggeration.
Давай историю про вшивые одеяла и отстрел бизонов на Индейских териториях😮 Колонистами Европы и Британии 😢
60 миллионов индейчев убили😢
Well, this video lacks historical accuracy, but the animations are good.
Who ever wrote this is beyond ignorant! Peter the Great implemented taxes on hunters, as that's bad and This future Emperor went on to spend it on parties, hahaha, you couldn't make up shit like this!
Mind you, at end of US Civil War half of current territory was not part of USA. That was only 150 years ago.
Mexican-American War 1848
Hermione, it's not khanate it's khanatUHHHHHHH
Wait I thought it was Khan-KNIGHT.
Why nobody talk about that China has imprisoned more than 1 million Uyghurs! Why nobody talk about that Mongolian, during their expansion of Mongol empire, has slaughtered more than 100 million around the world, which, more horribly, all were done by blades and arrows. Why everyone think that Chinese is a more decent ruler who deserves taking control of Siberia.
Why nobody talks about that China has imprisoned more than 1 million Uyghurs! Why nobody talks about that Mongolian, during their expansion of Mongol empire, has slaughtered more than 100 million around the world, which, more horribly, all were done by very blades and arrows. Why everyone now is thinking that Chinese is a more decent ruler who deserves taking control of Siberia.
Why so big?
Because nobody else wants it.
Exactly, but now they are ready to start a nuclear war over all Siberian cheddar some 300 trillions in reserves and the border with 1,5 billion Chinese wanting everything!
Why nobody talk about that China has imprisoned more than 1 million Uyghurs! Why nobody talk about that Mongolian, during their expansion of Mongol empire, has slaughtered more than 100 million around the world, which, more horribly, all were done by blades and arrows. Why everyone think that Chinese is a more decent ruler who deserves taking control of Siberia.
Then there would not be any ethnic minorities
@@SpriteRosaSiberia is Russia, not China, you fool...
@@SpriteRosa Because China has not imprisoned 1 million Uyghurs. You are just blindly reciting US propaganda.
don’t recommend taking these kind of history lessons
Why?
@@edgarmontelongo5981Bias, judjamental.
@@edgarmontelongo5981 they are a Russian bot
@@edgarmontelongo5981 likely a troll from Olgino working for Glavset. the Kremlin has web brigades made up of paid (mostly college age) individuals who spread disinformation on social media.
Sixty thousand troops, where did the Russians take them? According to the census, no more than forty thousand Streltsy, nobles, children of boyars and city Cossacks were in the service. Besides Kazan, there were also borders.
It would be much better if you always had the year on the screen.
Tell us how the US and Canada became so big.
This video is on Russia... why bring up other countries?
You mean the colonies of Britain?
@@daveweiss5647 It is different? You are the good guys, and you have the right stuff ? LOL
@@teaearlgrayh0t what are you talking about? It sounds like you have some kind of psychological complex... I never criticized Russia or promoted the US or Canada... history is just history, but yet it seems some here have some kind of grudge or something to prove... why bring up unrelated countries? Why act like I am criticizing Russia? I love Russian culture and history, that's why I watched this video... so why do people keep bringing up other countries not mentioned in the video?
@@daveweiss5647 Sorry mate, my beef was not with you 😀, but with creators. I have studied Russian history and this video has nothing to do with it. Motivation for expantion was always to create a buffer zone, between Russia and agressive neighbours.
A lot of crucial facts are missing
You gotta fight for your right to khanahtaaay
7:31 forest increased effectiveness of firearms?
Bad History, Bad pronunciations, nice animation
Would you please turn the music down?
Много лжи и много недоговорок.
Why is the Russian Empire depicted as red, but the flag is blue, white and red? The Russian Empire had a black, white, and yellow flag
Much of Russia is barren.
It's frozen not barren
Please someone list out all the historical inaccuracies so I can read true history
If you are looking for an overall complete history of Russia expansion into Central Asia, Far East, Alaska and Hawaii then I recommend the following book which is quite informative. Book is titled "Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific" by March, G. Patrick
you forgot the invasion of Poland and the USSR period?
Hawaii is conquered land. Held by the USA. Sure it's a state now. But it was the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Nothing Russia has done.
The USA hasnt also done.
@@MuffHamRussia is nothing without USA
USSR period cost at least 40 million Russians and broke up Russian Empire by 30%,leaving millions of Russian people living in foreign countries that they built! Stalin was Georgian who hated Russians and killed everyone who potentially threatened him! You just don't know shit!
@@MuffHamAlaska was a gift to newly created America for 7 million in gold! They hoped that America would remain allies and remembered the help it got for independence, from British Empire that owned most of the World!
Puerto Rico@@MuffHam
Great Overview. Like to keep in mind Russian & China were clashing over 100 years before the US Existed. And Ancient Siberia is fascinating, like a landlocked Atlantis, something was there that is nearly unknown now.
Kon-not-tay...😂😂😂
Thanks for the info bro
illiterate , propagandistic lies. In which of the countries of Europe or the world have small peoples preserved with all their identity , culture and language ? and in Russia, more than 200 nations and nationalities live to this day, preserving and developing their culture and language
please tell us what parts are lies so i can be educated properly. i think they conquered so much that it would kind of be hard not to have 200 different ethnicities in your lands.
I’m like 99% sure it’s pronounced like “Khan-ATE” like I ate breakfast
No it's pronounced khan-AT and "AT" is pronounced like"up", but with T instead. It's a kind of making a word plural in Arabic. It mean multiple Khans or the land of multiple Khans.
Can you tell more about Amazighian sadi dynasty in north africa
Get a human narrator!
(Or, at least, one that sounds human.)
So After all Ivan was not that Terrible..😂😂
History by bbc cnn
History by FOX
Иван Грозный только с третьего раза захватил Казань, всех там вырезал, убил всех, и еще изнасиловал, и вообще все мечети разрушил, и как только это сделал, понял, что хочет еще крови! Надо было еще больше жути нагнать.
Точно.
С языка снял. Сколько нытья и гундежа о теме, в которой сами не разбираются.
И так успешно всех перекрестил в православие, что казанские татары до сих пор самая большая народность России, исповедующая Ислам
@@vladimirkazakovtsev4310 такой кровожадный тиран был, что в Казани, как и во всех осколках орды была промосковская партия, были народы, добровольно присягнувшие царю, были феодалы, дававшие присягу, и вообще был свой ставленник какое то время.
Ага а еще этот злодей 100000 рабов освободил в Казани христиан,в том числе и литвинов,и нет чтоб как цивилизованный Англосакс продать туркам,снабдил деньгами,подорожными и отправил на родину)Те самые сироты казанские.
@@yourreflection2536 кстати да, ещё и воинские контингенты из казанских татар на службе у Ивана Грозного в ливонскую войну
Perhaps Mogolian is better than Russian right?
No, Mongol empire was also bad. All empires based on forced occupation are bad. Molgols did not Mongolized the subdued populations, though.
@@ionbrad6753 how about Chinese, who bind their daughters feet into cripple and castrated their sons for selling them into royal palace, and who believed earth is flat?
@@ionbrad6753perhaps Chinese, who still could have ancient civilization if it wasn't the west, is better?
Eight months later. - Funny thing is that without Russian backing in the early 20th. century chances are there would be no modern independent Mongolian republic (what is considered Outer Mongolia) since the Qing empire and then the early Chinese republic considered outer Mongolia to be part of China.
Hope they do one on British empire and there expansion.
❤❤❤❤❤❤RUSIA
I believe these are entirely AI. Front to back AI. Voiced AI. Researched AI
Rybinsk Reservoir in the Middle Ages - forever fail.
your village?
@@History_Mapped_Out The filling of the reservoir started on April 14, 1941, and continued until 1947.
The mispronouncing of words is killing me... otherwise good job...
this is obviously AI generated
:-)
Our team will take it as a compliment)
Again very little, but mistake - Russia never was a kingdom. And Muscovy wasn't an empire. Russia had jumped from principality to empire.
fllimsy history.
Why?
Russia #1
chat-gpt level of "research"
You clearly are using an Ai based translator. Many of your "English" translations in the narration are blatantly wrong or mispronounced.
China has built and is building skycrapes in everycity, with ceiling high enough to touch the sky. It all because that most of the construction contracts are eventually owned by officials family, and since the profits of all these constructing projects is very low, in order to satisfy those official's greed, they need to build those building high enough. But it will bring problem to Russia, since all those buildings consume gigantic amount of energy in summer, China is going to run out their resource reservoir and the imported very soon.
Same thing to the unneccessary chinese highspeed railway that covers the whole country and those huge stadiums in every town.
Hey genious russia was always big
not always einstein
Not always, "genious."
Russia didn't become big, it was always big....if anything Russia shrank after the collapse of USSR...
The Russian kingdom/empire predates the USSR
Ukraine and Kasachstan was also part of Russia
Ukraine received its name and territories as part of Russia. Ukraine is the separatists who seceded from Russia (USSR) with all the territories donated to them.
How did America came into being?😄
Why bring up America in a video about Russia?
Why are you pronouncing it "khan -ateh" it's just "khan - ate" man lmao
This is no different than the USA expansion west.
Both disregard the ingenious people. And conquered land.
Actually, Russia had great relationship with indigenous people! Russia expended by pushing Mongols!
Not really. Russians mostly assimilate local population. They didn't put them in reservate or discriminate them. If they are be loyal.
Actually, not Americans expanded West but Europeans (English, French, Spanish, Germans, Italians, Poles, Russians etc). Only after a while they became Americans.
@@pashapasovski5860 Actually, there were massacres against indigenous people in Siberia. And now, the Siberian peoples would be rich if their oil and gas won't be stolen by Moscow.
@ionbrad6753 dude learn how to write before you start trolling!
😂bro literally skipped the soviet union the biggest empire ever by land mass
Soviet isn't ruled by one person lol. So it ain't an empire
No...he stopped pre WW I. The Russo-Japanese war was 1907.
Mongol Empire*
This is Russophobia! Shame on you!
Под каким-бы соусом не подавали российскую историю, результаты и масштабы России говорят сами за себя. Русские, мизерными силами, в короткие сроки прирастили территорию и население своего государства, чему завидуют представители никчемных недостран, в особенности тех, которым Россия в 1991 году дала возможность самоопределиться. А мы - русские, будем гордится достижениями своих мужественных и мудрых предков и приложить все силы, чтобы не разбазарить нажитое непосильными трудами и пролитой кровью!
Vive la Grande Russie 🇷🇺🫡
Вот бы каждое свое утверждение создатели данного контента хотя бы приводили бы ссылки на научные труды краеведческих исследователей и ученых, а то ведь каждый голословно может говорить что угодно. И главное - ни слова не сказали о покорении Кавказа и Средней Азии, или данные территории для авторов просто не важны для рассказа? А установление Советской власти, благодаря которой страна не развалилась, вообще решили не упоминать, ведь придется объяснять почему красным удалось победить в гражданской войне. Очевидна полное отсутствие данных, чьи обрывки вырваны из контекста исторических событий. Я как понимаю на Западе, когда о ком-то рассказывают, судят обычно по себе, по своим свершениям, проецируя это на окружающих. Вот тебе и "бремя белого человека". Ну а о колониальных завоеваний Африки, Латинской Америки и Азии Европейскими державами мы услышим нескоро 😂😂😂
forget mongolia dude
Antirussian propaganda?
nah. just history
May those people be free again!
Идейцам Америки, Австралии, нов Зеландии свободу😂
@@user-ey1ok6ms9r Agreed!
Ask them directly! The don't really want to be free now because they see themselves as a part of Russia.
May you be free of media influence.
Simple answer is GREED
Автор верит в 70 полов человека и припадаёт историю. 😂
👍
Your videos are usually fine to even pretty good, but this one is terrible.
Tt vole pourquoi faire trop terre
All this territories should be back for natives
America, Australia should be back to natives too
AArtangghelsk..
🇷🇺🐑🐑🐑🐑🐑🐑🐑🐑🐑🐑🐑🐑🐑
Why did the russion colonies in america fail!
USA bought the Alaskan colonies from Russia
Lack of communication and logistics. Ships can't pass directly (frozen ocean), no roads, no rail at that time.
After the war
Kola Peninsula - UK
Novaya Zemlya - to the Netherlands
Severnaya Zemlya - to Spain
Chukotka and Kamchatka - to US
Krasnodar Krai and Magadan - to France
Rusia is so big and its not happy wants to take Europe territories, Rusia become big by invading territories over years.
ohh really?
Russia doesn't need Europe.
How about a series on western colonizers.
It’s all colonizing
AI contect is garbage
I don't consider russians as Europeans - they are more like central-asians in looks and mentality
Bad History, Bad pronunciations, nice animation
Why is it a bad story? Because it's unpleasant?