I think he must meant that _working_ with tensors is usually much more of a pain than working with vectors, because there’s more information to deal with. I mean, it’s also a lot easier to work with scalars than vectors, because it’s less information to deal with. But if you _need_ the additional information, using vectors and/tensors actually makes things easier. It’s just that, when we don’t all the information, ignoring some of it can save time and hassle. It’s why we often pretend electricity and magnetism are separate forces - the additional information of how they’re actually unified as one force isn’t always necessary or helpful so it’s easier to ignore it. Another example is why still use Newtonian physics, even though we know it misses some fundamental things about how the world works - 99% of the time that information doesn’t make any practical difference and taking it into account would cost so much time. Yet, sometimes we absolutely do need to take it into account. GPS satellites, for example, wouldn’t work properly if not for GR.
I learned some new things, but still don't quite understand. I guess I reached my limit. Is it possible to dumb it down more? Like I'm in 6th grade? :-( Thank you for your excellent videos!
I owe you a great deal of thanks man. I'll be 2 years clean tomorrow, and when I was going through the worst part of kicking my habit it was your videos that kept my mind off of the pain. I had lost everything. My wife, my kid, my home, even wrecked my car. I laid awake every night going clean out of my mind, and it was watching your videos that kept me distracted enough to be able to deal with it. Prior to grabbing your phone and jumping on youtube all night the anxiety of withdrawal would drive me to go out and "find" a way to get well in the morning. I absolutely love science and technology. In my 2 years clean I've built my "circuit room" which amounts to some electronics equipment, 3d printer, a computer, basically everything I can find to design and build the things I think up. I am forever grateful for people like you on TH-cam. You have so much knowledge about the things that we are all curious about, and the drive to share what you know is a beautiful thing. Keep it up man, and thank you from a fellow crazy..
I'm really happy that you got your life straightened out and it's nice to hear that my videos helped. Your circuit room sounds awesome! Hobbies are a great distraction 👍
@@ScienceAsylum Can you please explain why the Magnetic field is not a real vector if the "4-velocity" is by simply applying the 4th dimension of time? I didn't really understood that part. Thanks otherwise your videos are awesome.
*Clarification 1:* At 6:06, I showed an animation where angular momentum goes from constant to variable in a coordinate translation. That is only one _example_ of how a pseudovector can misbehave under transformations. They can also pick up signs under reflections. They can even pick up entire coefficients under rotations and changes to non-Cartesian coordinates. It all depends on the pseudovector and the transformation. The point is that _real_ vectors don't do _any_ of this. *Clarification 2:* At 2:06, I said "matrices and tensors are not the same thing." Matrices are just a way of organizing numbers and I mean it. It is true that all rank-2 tensors can be written as square matrices, but so can rank-2 _pseudotensors._ Vectors can be written as column (or row) matrices, but so can _pseudovectors._ *Matrices are just a way of organizing numbers.* Matrix operations do work the same way as tensor/pseudotensor operations, but only if you order the matrices correctly. With tensors/pseudotensors you don't have to worry about multiplication order. With matrices, you do. That's why using matrix notation is not recommended.
I have a question (about pseudotensor) but it is about how to define 3D-spinning object ? I ask this question first time when I was in high school and when I try to find the answer of that question. I end up to tensor and I don't understand it. Now I find your video but still can't answer that question. However, your video make me know that it is about pseudovector or pseudotensor instead. To understand the question let use something (I called it spinning game), imagine you have a sphere and ring shape spinning machines. When you put a sphere in a ring and turn it on, The sphere spin like in this picture. sv1.picz.in.th/images/2020/01/17/R5AFJN.png (You can create new ring if you want without any size or number of ring but you have only one sphere.) You can do same thing to the smaller ring as well by spin it with bigger ring and you can use that spinning ring to spin any objects inside it as well. If there are more than one thing inside the ring you can choose to spin either each object or all objects. By this way, is there any way to define any spinning sphere result that you can get from this game ? How many number do we need to define ? The part of answer that I know is, If you do this only one time, any result can be define 3D-angular momentum pseudovector. (You can spin it in many direction but all of them can be define 3D-angular momentum pseudovector.) But the real question start to be complicate when you do this more than one time in different way.
Angular momentum can be tricky however if you use the language of Clifford algebra I find their description much easier, Angular momentum is then a bivector (which you can think of as an oriented plane or a plane with an intrinsic sense of clockwise or counterclockwise rotation.... this is analogous to a vector being a line with a sense of direction). This also allows you to define angular momentum in dimensions other than 3. Another advantage is that you don’t have to worry about the behaviors of pseudovectors vs vectors.
6:43 Finally! Someone who states explicitly that angular momentum is a pseudovector, something for which I get a lot of kickback (some of it insulting) whenever I say or write it. The very fact that the direction is arbitrarily assigned using a right-hand rule when a left-hand rule will work equally well should send up warning flags.
I’ve learned a little about geometric algebra. It deals with multivectors. When formulated in GA angular momentum is considered a bi-vector which is mathematically different from a vector and represents an oriented area rather than a vector. It uses a wedge product rather than a cross product. Which keeps the angular momentum in the plane of the product rather than perpendicular to it. Actually the cross product isn’t used at all in GA. It only works in three dimensions while products used in GA work in any number of dimensions. And pseudo vectors and pseudo scalars are easily identified as separate mathematical objects.
@Jamal Wills: Likewise, the magnetic field is 2-vector, not a vector. (I think naturally it'd be a 2-form and the electric field a 1-form, but by metric duality you can think of them as contravariant instead)
So 40 years ago when I got my undergraduate, Nobody could explain it like this. My study group after about a week finally figured it out for ourselves. We knew why it was needed and what it did, but the actual gearshift eluded us for a bit. This guy is real good!
Dude, your animations are beyond top notch. I don't think anyone else out there does science animations that are so attractive, informative, and easy to understand. They make some really complex concepts far easier to understand than they otherwise would be.
What I love about your channel is that you actually get into things at a somewhat sophisticated level, even with math, while still being entertaining and explaining things really well... and having great visuals. Most channels meant to explain science will either be dry if they go into detail and sophisticated math, or not go into detail or sophisticated math if they have good pedagogy and visuals. I really can't overstate how awesome it is that you put it all together! This is an invaluable channel.
@Daniel Braga well, everyone who watches at least pays attention, so there's that if nothing else. Puns aside, I'm happy to help out a talented educator, and the monthly live stream is cool.
You have sought out this knowledge. Most don't. That's what the tax money is for. Tax money works great for ensuring we live in a society with a decent minimum standard of education. If the masses are uneducated, we are all less well off.
"A tensor is a number or collection of numbers that maintains its meaning under transformations." Thank you! That is a great sentence that I will repeat to myself 1000 times.
I just got the notification for this and I immediately shouted "YES! I've been waiting so long for this!" I was chatting with my algebra student who was very amused at my sudden excitement but immediately said she was going to watch it too when I said it was by The Science Asylum.
Didn't know lecturers saw these kinda videos. My Physics lecturer was watching a comedy show when I went to ask him something 🙄 Your students are lucky
By the way, this video prompted a discussion with my algebra student about tensors. She didn't understand the video because she hadn't learned about vectors yet, so we had a discussion about the basics of using vectors to represent physical quantities, then about how we can use different coordinate systems to represent the same things, and which one we use generally depends on what's most convenient in the context. Then we talked about fictitous forces and how centrifugal force is present if we set the origin with the frame of rotation but it disappears otherwise, and how that means it's not a tensor quantity (the explanation of centrifugal force is from your video about that, as that's part of what's made me understand it). That discussion ended up being a great learning experience for us both and it wouldn't have happened if we hadn't both watched this video. Keep up the good work Nick. I've learned so much about Physics from your channel!
1:54 That right there did it! I never fully understood why are there so much individual types of forces applied to only 3 dimensions, and the way you showed it right there made it all clear, thank you!
Great job. I had to master basic tensor algebra for General Relativity in college, and it took me a good month to sort of grasp what they were conceptually. You explained it better in 5 minutes than my college math professor did in a week. And he had the advantage of knowing his audience already knew vector calculus. .
I used to be a structural engineer, and now I'm in computer science... Your explanation using stress tensors really "cemented" this in my brain. Thank you! :) :) I'm much less "stressed" now.
This video is really good. If the sheer amount of time I’ve spent trying to understand tensors is any indication, there’s a _lot_ to unpack in this topic and you did a really good job presenting it in a way that people without a lot of math background can understand. That’s not an easy thing to do, so good on you for doing it!
Exactly. Tensors is really math heavy topic. I am studying linear algebra right now using Lang' Introduction to Linear Algebra. Can you please suggest me a book on tensors?
@@laxminarayanbhandari855 I don't read too many textbooks. I mostly do online sources. If you just want the general mathematical definition of a tensor, it's a member of a vector space that satisfies the tensor space axioms (don't remember the axioms off the top of my head but you can Google them). If you want some intuition, I believe the math3ma website has some really good articles explaining what the formal definition actually means intuitively. There's also an article called something like "How to overcome tensorphobia" that's really good.
Wow, as a programmer, this make me realize that I've probably made rank >1 tensors before. Awesome video. Tensors are to vectors in the same way as tables are to lists, at least for rank 2. Neat!
Wow, this is great! And I'm definitely going to have to watch this one three or four times for sure to absorb what you are saying here, not because it is not well said, but rather you are saying a lot, and saying things well worth rewatching to full get full jist of just what you're saying.
@The Science Asylum This is one of the best videos by you I've seen! When I was a physics undergrad, I had to take Mathematical Methods for Physicists. I passed the class just fine, but the section on Tensors (which we didn't spend too much time on) was confusing as hell with all the weird notations and transformations. If only they explained it intuitively as you have. Thank you! Also, I took general relativity and completely flopped at that! So hard! Would be cool if you did some videos on that.
@pyropulse What are you talking about?? When did I say I didn't know what a tensor was? I said we learned it in class, and it was difficult to understand. It's not straight forward. The math methods for physicists class covered a huge amount of math in just *one* semester. So much so that we were in a different topic literally every week! You try that out. The university realized how insane that was, and decided, after I already passed the class, to split the class into two semesters. So now it's math methods for physicists I and II. Unfortunately, that was too little too late for me. I don't know if you've ever studied physics at university, but at least at my school, tensors were not really necessary for any other classes except maybe small parts of special relativity and E&M. And in both cases, we just used matrices, not the confusing notations I was referring to.
@pyropulse it looks like that only when you've finally managed to understand it intuitively. Before that it is just a bunch of numbers with some magical formulas being applied to them. Same for integrals, derivatives, maybe even fractions, but i can not recall having trouble with understanding that
@@Lucky10279 Not really, unfortunately. Whenever I try to plan out video topics too far in advance, I never end up sticking to the plan anyway. I'm sure I'll get to it in 2020. I'll _probably_ get to it by summer. That's the best I can do right now. You know how long it took me to finish this video.
My new favorite channel. I wanted to understand these concepts for several years now; almost a decade. Never before have I found such intuitive explanations of these ideas. Thank you! Now I just need to learn calculus of variations?
A video about Geometric Algebra would be interesting as a follow up! In some ways they're the best type of multivector I heard.. I feel like you're the only guy that can do the topic justice!
@@thstroyur and Mikayla, but it always good to know there are people who've even heard of it. Not to mention, even understand it! The best one I've watched is by Mac T Borsch
This is a really good explanation, and for most of it I had no problems. I'm just wondering one thing: how do you rigorously define the "meaning" of a tensor? What property of the tensor isn't changing?
Oh my God dude this is SUCH A GOOD VIDEO!!!! It has been so hard to find a source that doesn't give the concise definition that basically gives no information. This was such a joy to find! I feel confident that I can come to understand what I currently don't but the analogies, and pictures provide the perfect context. I wasn't expecting to find something this comprehensive today. I will be recommending this to everyone in my Fluids class. Virginia Tech sophomore signing off.
If you want something more thorough, I have a whole chapter devoted to tensors in my book. Advanced Theoretical Physics (Paperback): www.lulu.com/shop/nick-lucid/advanced-theoretical-physics-a-historical-perspective/paperback/product-24250687.html Advanced Theoretical Physics (eBook): gumroad.com/l/ubSc
so my favourite TH-camr (spoiler, Nick: it's you!) uses my favourite software (Blender!) to illustrate a topic that has both intrigued and interested me for years. it's like Christmas in January!
THANK YOU! As a programmer, I'm trying to understand tensors; I’m learning the math and computer science of tensors for applications with packages like TensorFlow (used for AI development). Breaking down each definition with visual aids helped me unclutter the confusion between what makes something a 2-rank tensor and how it can still be considered 3-dimensional.
"Magnetism is a pseudo vector" aha that's one doubt my teacher never understood. Thanks man, now I understand electromagnetism so much better. Because as soon as you said angular momentum is a pseudo vector i was like then induced electromagnetic fields have a vector that is pseudo, i thought that couldn't be right but you explained so well. That was the only hard part for me. Thanks again so much man.
Finally!! This helped a lot with distinguishing 3D transforms vs 4D transforms, I’ve been trying to study tensors for a few weeks and this helped tie everything together!!
I just recently finished my undergrad in physics, and I swear everytime I asked someone about tensors, they just babbled the mathematical definition at me, makes me think about how much we all just take for granted and don't really understand. Great video!
But the mathematical definition is the simplest and the most intuitive one: a (covariant) tensor field is a field of multilinear forms. Period. For the mixed case: a p-covariant and q-contravariant tensor field is a field of q-vector-valued p-multilinear forms. A q-covector is just a (linear combination of) wedge of p vector fields. Multilinear algebra is not difficult, really, and it clarifies tensor fields a lot.
Derek is a much more pop-sci kinda creator, less detailed and more informally explained. Note I am in no way saying he's not as good, Veritasium is an amazing channel. Just a different audience.
We need a part two on tensors. I still have the book on tensors and maths which I really wanted to avoid for the next year's course but after this video you changed my mind.
Agree, you are doing what schools should. Thanks for explaining so well. You’re an amazing explainer. To me, that’s even better than a teacher. Explainers cut through the crap and make you understand.
im struggling with my higher level physics classes ( like I want to quit cuz I suck so bad at setting up problems). This video finally showed me what a tensor was, which everyone seems to talk about but no one attempts to explain. Thanks again for making me feel like I can understand complex topics. I wish my classes could be 1/16 as good
his video about tensors is the one who easily taught these mathematical and physical objects. And I can say that for sure because I've read several books and watched several videos on the subject!
This guy is like Richard Feynman, a great explainer. Some one only truly understands something if they can break it down to the simplest components, yet show the more complex idea.
Fun video lesson to watch. I think that I can sense why this one had you a wee bit more nervous than usual. I also think you pulled it off brilliantly. Got a little D&D dicey there for a few moments, though. One of the best science channels on TH-cam.
For me, it started focused but then went off the rails in moving into areas making the subject far more complicated than it needed to be. But I appreciate this is your way of expressing yourself.
So, I was reading up on some artificial intelligence stuff for college and there were mentions of tensors, so I quickly googled it just to get the idea what it was, I read up on Wiki and was completly lost so I brushed it off since I didn't really NEED to know what tensors are to continue. Jump forward a few days and last night I dreamt about tensors the whole night, I almost couldn't sleep because of them for some reason. So I wake up and I'm like, "well, I guess I have to learn what tensors are", I google it and this time I see a "The Science Asylum" video on tensors, I just think to myself "Damn, I'm in luck" and move into the video.
Wow this video really helped understanding tensors. At Uni you are just dealing with its math and properties so you don't get to understand these stuff. Now it's actually making sense to me :D
The Science Asylum Reminds of when i kept hearing that a vector was a member of a vector space, then, when I asked what that was, it was defined in terms of vectors. Then I found the list of vector space axioms, but it still took me a while to figure out how those axioms had anything to do with the usual geometric interpretation of a vector. Hard to believe that was only about a year ago.
@@ScienceAsylum but in the video they are also defined with their transformation properties, so what's the difference? These definitions always include the concrete form of transformations.
@@ScienceAsylum And you clearly understand the subject. Circular definitions reveal that the definition writer doesn't quite grasp the real meaning. Even though I had a difficult time following the video, my difficulty is only due to a lack of algebra skills and physics.
That just made my years of casual study of relativity make a lot more sense in an intuitive way. I just trusted the math. No one has explained it that way and frame dragging now makes sense in terms on non-euclidian geometry such that I could approximate a graph in my mind without math in constantly changing or accelerating coordinate spaces.
Wow! Congratulation! Excellent explanation! It is simple and easy. So the next challenge, I guess, would be how to explain to students a concept of covariant and contra variant tensors without messing up lower and upper indices. It would be an interesting challenge.
YES!!! FINALLY!!!! I waited such a long time for this😅😅😅 I've to watch it a few more times though, it's a lot of information to digest in one take. I have a question, how does the angular momentum change when you change the coordinate system? P.S : a new clone, nice :)
@@ScienceAsylum oh, I thought the "r" in the *L* = *r* × *p* formula was calculated from the axis of rotation. In every problem that I solved so far the axis of rotation was either the x, y or z-axis so I assumed that "r" was calculated from the axis of rotation. Now I understand my mistake. I need to study these concepts deeper and pay more attention to the definitions. Thanks nick :)
@@ScienceAsylum by the way, what physics textbook explains these concepts clearly? I have Halliday-Resnick but I don't think this book explains them in enough depth. I also need a book who isn't too technical because I get lost easily.
@@ScienceAsylum no it's not, it's a distance, relative to an axis you've chosen to calculate from, often it's axis of rotation. Coordinates system changes, the axis of rotation does not
I remember asking my professor in detail about tensors. I didn't ever watched the video yet, but your explanation is way superior. Edit. I would really like to buy your book. I can't wait to get a brand new insight on physics. Also, do you plan adding some terminology about thermodynamics? I think it would be awesome to have it there.
The t-shirt is evil! I can whole-heartedly recommend your book to anybody, not because I'm a fan of the channel. I genuinely find it useful and refer back to it all the time.
I think the last time I checked, maybe a year ago, your book was only eBook, but now it's also in paper form! Yay!!! Can't wait to get it sometime soon, even though I am currently not studying physics. I want to understand how math works better first, so I'm studying foundations of mathematics, while also pondering away at philosophy and philosophy of language. But once I feel content enough with myself, I'll get back at it! As always, great vids.
This is much better than the first chapter of Sean Carroll's Lecture Notes on General Relativity. Next video: Magnetic Reconnection in the context of magnetohydrodynamics?
Suppose a cube of constant mass density and volume V is moving at a constant velocity w.r.t an IRF. The length of the cube in the direction parallel to the direction of motion would be seen contracted. Supposing the "proper length" of the cube is l, then the length of the cube would be seen as l/gamma. So the volume will be seen as V/gamma. My question is that as the volume decreases, but mass remains the same(or increase, we we consider the kinetic energy also manifests itself as mass), will the density increase being still a constant at every point in the cube? If no then in what way will the density increase?
@@ScienceAsylum I know that the "average" density would change. But, will the density change still remaining a constant throughout the cube or will it change at some portion of the cube but remain same at the other? If not, how will it change? Please give a deep explanation using math. I have been thinking for a while on this thing. I would be grateful to you. Email: mishrashreyansh1316@gmail.com
I now just realized why in programming the common notation to use for 'for loops' is 'i' and then 'j' when dealing with nested loops. You use said loops to go through arrays, which can be the same as vectors, which are tensors, and to access an element from the array you need to index it. The variables that we used to hold the index value as we go through the array with the 'for loop' are the freaking ranks! I mean, kinda, normally the implication in programming is that you would need a rank per dimension of the array, which is no really the case with tensors as I saw in the video, but still.
Actually I think it goes back to the days of FORTRAN. IIRC, the letters starting with "i" (maybe "i" through "n") were implicitly defined as integers so they were easy to quickly use as loop counters.
6:20 you know... if you change coordinate system, and don't change axis along what you calculating momentum, you must consider it. bc even if coordinates' 0 is in the center of circle and you calculate from axis on the side of the path, that would be still changing and going 0 for a moment.
The understanding of concepts as abstract as tensors benefits from exposure to as many different perspectives on the subject as possible. This, for me, was a novel perspective and I found it very helpful and disarming.
He's did it. He actually did it. Years of "you don't want to do tensors if you can avoid them" convinced me it would never happen. Heading in!
😂😂
I think he must meant that _working_ with tensors is usually much more of a pain than working with vectors, because there’s more information to deal with. I mean, it’s also a lot easier to work with scalars than vectors, because it’s less information to deal with. But if you _need_ the additional information, using vectors and/tensors actually makes things easier. It’s just that, when we don’t all the information, ignoring some of it can save time and hassle. It’s why we often pretend electricity and magnetism are separate forces - the additional information of how they’re actually unified as one force isn’t always necessary or helpful so it’s easier to ignore it.
Another example is why still use Newtonian physics, even though we know it misses some fundamental things about how the world works - 99% of the time that information doesn’t make any practical difference and taking it into account would cost so much time. Yet, sometimes we absolutely do need to take it into account. GPS satellites, for example, wouldn’t work properly if not for GR.
I learned some new things, but still don't quite understand. I guess I reached my limit. Is it possible to dumb it down more? Like I'm in 6th grade? :-( Thank you for your excellent videos!
Would you please explain them to me? I got so confused!
@@Lucky10279 Yes, exactly that.
Holy shit this made some sense
I like how no one came to say Hey MajorPrep just to poke a finger at you😁
Hi Zach, love your videos too!
So you learn here and make your own videos...
And got more subscribers than science asylum
Yeaah, it made me at least know why einstein is using such creatures when he talks about spacetime!
Nothing Holy ,soap&Water
I owe you a great deal of thanks man. I'll be 2 years clean tomorrow, and when I was going through the worst part of kicking my habit it was your videos that kept my mind off of the pain. I had lost everything. My wife, my kid, my home, even wrecked my car. I laid awake every night going clean out of my mind, and it was watching your videos that kept me distracted enough to be able to deal with it. Prior to grabbing your phone and jumping on youtube all night the anxiety of withdrawal would drive me to go out and "find" a way to get well in the morning.
I absolutely love science and technology. In my 2 years clean I've built my "circuit room" which amounts to some electronics equipment, 3d printer, a computer, basically everything I can find to design and build the things I think up.
I am forever grateful for people like you on TH-cam. You have so much knowledge about the things that we are all curious about, and the drive to share what you know is a beautiful thing. Keep it up man, and thank you from a fellow crazy..
I'm really happy that you got your life straightened out and it's nice to hear that my videos helped. Your circuit room sounds awesome! Hobbies are a great distraction 👍
Are you still doing well ? Props to you if so. I'm jealous of your circuit room though lol
@@ScienceAsylum Can you please explain why the Magnetic field is not a real vector if the "4-velocity" is by simply applying the 4th dimension of time? I didn't really understood that part.
Thanks otherwise your videos are awesome.
I kicked my alcohol habit and now I'm trying to figure out how to quit TH-cam. Friend of mine had success with heroin.
*Clarification 1:* At 6:06, I showed an animation where angular momentum goes from constant to variable in a coordinate translation. That is only one _example_ of how a pseudovector can misbehave under transformations. They can also pick up signs under reflections. They can even pick up entire coefficients under rotations and changes to non-Cartesian coordinates. It all depends on the pseudovector and the transformation. The point is that _real_ vectors don't do _any_ of this.
*Clarification 2:* At 2:06, I said "matrices and tensors are not the same thing." Matrices are just a way of organizing numbers and I mean it. It is true that all rank-2 tensors can be written as square matrices, but so can rank-2 _pseudotensors._ Vectors can be written as column (or row) matrices, but so can _pseudovectors._ *Matrices are just a way of organizing numbers.* Matrix operations do work the same way as tensor/pseudotensor operations, but only if you order the matrices correctly. With tensors/pseudotensors you don't have to worry about multiplication order. With matrices, you do. That's why using matrix notation is not recommended.
want more examples of tensors! Especially if they are rank 3 or higher
You make me a day. Now I understand tensor.
I have a question (about pseudotensor) but it is about how to define 3D-spinning object ? I ask this question first time when I was in high school and when I try to find the answer of that question. I end up to tensor and I don't understand it. Now I find your video but still can't answer that question. However, your video make me know that it is about pseudovector or pseudotensor instead.
To understand the question let use something (I called it spinning game), imagine you have a sphere and ring shape spinning machines.
When you put a sphere in a ring and turn it on, The sphere spin like in this picture.
sv1.picz.in.th/images/2020/01/17/R5AFJN.png
(You can create new ring if you want without any size or number of ring but you have only one sphere.)
You can do same thing to the smaller ring as well by spin it with bigger ring and you can use that spinning ring to spin any objects inside it as well.
If there are more than one thing inside the ring you can choose to spin either each object or all objects.
By this way, is there any way to define any spinning sphere result that you can get from this game ? How many number do we need to define ?
The part of answer that I know is,
If you do this only one time, any result can be define 3D-angular momentum pseudovector. (You can spin it in many direction but all of them can be define 3D-angular momentum pseudovector.)
But the real question start to be complicate when you do this more than one time in different way.
Angular momentum can be tricky however if you use the language of Clifford algebra I find their description much easier, Angular momentum is then a bivector (which you can think of as an oriented plane or a plane with an intrinsic sense of clockwise or counterclockwise rotation.... this is analogous to a vector being a line with a sense of direction). This also allows you to define angular momentum in dimensions other than 3. Another advantage is that you don’t have to worry about the behaviors of pseudovectors vs vectors.
You could probably add a notation comment to those times in the video, directing people to look in the comments for these 2 clarifications.
Apparently Tensors give you the same amount of stress not matter what orientation you describe it from. :p
Indeed.
It works, I feel stressed.
I'm stressed and I'm describing the Tensor using a gay voice. Does that count as orientation?
lol
Guess I’m a tensor
6:43 Finally! Someone who states explicitly that angular momentum is a pseudovector, something for which I get a lot of kickback (some of it insulting) whenever I say or write it. The very fact that the direction is arbitrarily assigned using a right-hand rule when a left-hand rule will work equally well should send up warning flags.
I’ve learned a little about geometric algebra. It deals with multivectors. When formulated in GA angular momentum is considered a bi-vector which is mathematically different from a vector and represents an oriented area rather than a vector.
It uses a wedge product rather than a cross product. Which keeps the angular momentum in the plane of the product rather than perpendicular to it.
Actually the cross product isn’t used at all in GA. It only works in three dimensions while products used in GA work in any number of dimensions. And pseudo vectors and pseudo scalars are easily identified as separate mathematical objects.
it was forced to be a vector so yeah youre correct
@@random22453 Read my response to Jamal Willis.
@Jamal Wills: Likewise, the magnetic field is 2-vector, not a vector. (I think naturally it'd be a 2-form and the electric field a 1-form, but by metric duality you can think of them as contravariant instead)
@@wayneyadams I always suspected angular momentum; I knew it was up to no good. Pseudo-vector. I feel vindicated.
So 40 years ago when I got my undergraduate, Nobody could explain it like this. My study group after about a week finally figured it out for ourselves. We knew why it was needed and what it did, but the actual gearshift eluded us for a bit. This guy is real good!
I swear this is the most underrated Channel on TH-cam
Software engineer here, with a lot of newly found love for physics because of this channel. Thank you Nick!
This video is shear genius.
This comment is genius
Yes but is the shear stress worth it. i mean it makes me really tense(or).
Ya
Hilarious, don't strain yourself.
Really?! Hahah I don’t mean to boost your ego but that joke is timeless.
The ability that most life forms have to predict motion is pretty impressive and shows how important it is for survival.
Dude, your animations are beyond top notch. I don't think anyone else out there does science animations that are so attractive, informative, and easy to understand. They make some really complex concepts far easier to understand than they otherwise would be.
I was stock with higher dimension tensors... And this really helped; Use: 'index notation, not matrix notation'
Thanks!
What I love about your channel is that you actually get into things at a somewhat sophisticated level, even with math, while still being entertaining and explaining things really well... and having great visuals. Most channels meant to explain science will either be dry if they go into detail and sophisticated math, or not go into detail or sophisticated math if they have good pedagogy and visuals.
I really can't overstate how awesome it is that you put it all together! This is an invaluable channel.
Thanks! 🤓
Okyk
You have educated me better than over a decade of physics teachers and you didn't get any tax money....
He was a teacher at a school, so I'm pretty sure he did get some tax money. Now we support him on patreon where he does great stuff for us.
@Daniel Braga well, everyone who watches at least pays attention, so there's that if nothing else. Puns aside, I'm happy to help out a talented educator, and the monthly live stream is cool.
You have sought out this knowledge. Most don't. That's what the tax money is for. Tax money works great for ensuring we live in a society with a decent minimum standard of education. If the masses are uneducated, we are all less well off.
Username checks out
I'm sure you were the best, most motivated, focused student in school. None of those teachers did anything at all, did they? All horrible, they are.
"A tensor is a number or collection of numbers that maintains its meaning under transformations." Thank you! That is a great sentence that I will repeat to myself 1000 times.
I just got the notification for this and I immediately shouted "YES! I've been waiting so long for this!" I was chatting with my algebra student who was very amused at my sudden excitement but immediately said she was going to watch it too when I said it was by The Science Asylum.
I knew you'd be excited for this one. It's that conversation with you that got me through the details I needed to make this happen.
At first I read “I was cheating with math student...” 🤣
@@gustavoehler 😆
I'm really glad that conversation helped you understand the concept better. :)
Didn't know lecturers saw these kinda videos. My Physics lecturer was watching a comedy show when I went to ask him something 🙄
Your students are lucky
By the way, this video prompted a discussion with my algebra student about tensors. She didn't understand the video because she hadn't learned about vectors yet, so we had a discussion about the basics of using vectors to represent physical quantities, then about how we can use different coordinate systems to represent the same things, and which one we use generally depends on what's most convenient in the context. Then we talked about fictitous forces and how centrifugal force is present if we set the origin with the frame of rotation but it disappears otherwise, and how that means it's not a tensor quantity (the explanation of centrifugal force is from your video about that, as that's part of what's made me understand it). That discussion ended up being a great learning experience for us both and it wouldn't have happened if we hadn't both watched this video. Keep up the good work Nick. I've learned so much about Physics from your channel!
1:54 That right there did it! I never fully understood why are there so much individual types of forces applied to only 3 dimensions, and the way you showed it right there made it all clear, thank you!
Great job.
I had to master basic tensor algebra for General Relativity in college, and it took me a good month to sort of grasp what they were conceptually. You explained it better in 5 minutes than my college math professor did in a week. And he had the advantage of knowing his audience already knew vector calculus.
.
I wish there was such a channel back when I was at graduate school in the 90s. What an efficient way to refresh such concepts after so many years.
Q: who is more tense, Mister Tensor or Mister Tensor's son?
A: Mister Tensor's son, he is a little tensor.
Willy Sound Change the first tense to uptight and it might be perfect!
Thank You .
Well, that's *intense*
I'm sorry I'll leave ok plsdonthurtme
"Doctor, I need help. I'm a teepee. I'm a wigwam. ... I'm a teepee! I'm a wigwam! ..."
"Relax. You're two tents."
Da Hawk ahaha... that was my first thought when I read the OP
I used to be a structural engineer, and now I'm in computer science... Your explanation using stress tensors really "cemented" this in my brain. Thank you! :) :) I'm much less "stressed" now.
Glad I could help! 🤓
I want nothing but you as my teacher whom I can ask my countless question list.
This video is really good. If the sheer amount of time I’ve spent trying to understand tensors is any indication, there’s a _lot_ to unpack in this topic and you did a really good job presenting it in a way that people without a lot of math background can understand. That’s not an easy thing to do, so good on you for doing it!
Exactly. Tensors is really math heavy topic. I am studying linear algebra right now using Lang' Introduction to Linear Algebra. Can you please suggest me a book on tensors?
@@laxminarayanbhandari855 I don't read too many textbooks. I mostly do online sources. If you just want the general mathematical definition of a tensor, it's a member of a vector space that satisfies the tensor space axioms (don't remember the axioms off the top of my head but you can Google them). If you want some intuition, I believe the math3ma website has some really good articles explaining what the formal definition actually means intuitively. There's also an article called something like "How to overcome tensorphobia" that's really good.
@@Lucky10279 thanks for these
Wow, as a programmer, this make me realize that I've probably made rank >1 tensors before. Awesome video.
Tensors are to vectors in the same way as tables are to lists, at least for rank 2. Neat!
No, you're only linking it to linear algebra. Not tensor calculus. How do tables transform..
This means that folding tables can be well expressed in tensors correct?
Wow, this is great!
And I'm definitely going to have to watch this one three or four times for sure to absorb what you are saying here, not because it is not well said, but rather you are saying a lot, and saying things well worth rewatching to full get full jist of just what you're saying.
Better yet, I just bought a copy of your book.
...hmmmm I was going to say I'd need five to twenty watches but who am I kidding. Now where did I put that book?
Exactly. Especially when it's been 17 years of post Graduating cramming the shit out of concepts.
Its crazy how simple so many of the most esoteric topics become when they are explained by someone who understands them well. Thanks!!!
@The Science Asylum This is one of the best videos by you I've seen! When I was a physics undergrad, I had to take Mathematical Methods for Physicists. I passed the class just fine, but the section on Tensors (which we didn't spend too much time on) was confusing as hell with all the weird notations and transformations. If only they explained it intuitively as you have. Thank you!
Also, I took general relativity and completely flopped at that! So hard! Would be cool if you did some videos on that.
Oh, don't worry.... GR is coming.
@pyropulse What are you talking about?? When did I say I didn't know what a tensor was? I said we learned it in class, and it was difficult to understand. It's not straight forward. The math methods for physicists class covered a huge amount of math in just *one* semester. So much so that we were in a different topic literally every week! You try that out. The university realized how insane that was, and decided, after I already passed the class, to split the class into two semesters. So now it's math methods for physicists I and II. Unfortunately, that was too little too late for me. I don't know if you've ever studied physics at university, but at least at my school, tensors were not really necessary for any other classes except maybe small parts of special relativity and E&M. And in both cases, we just used matrices, not the confusing notations I was referring to.
The Science Asylum That’s awesome! I’ll be excited when those come out. Any idea of the timeline?
@pyropulse it looks like that only when you've finally managed to understand it intuitively. Before that it is just a bunch of numbers with some magical formulas being applied to them. Same for integrals, derivatives, maybe even fractions, but i can not recall having trouble with understanding that
@@Lucky10279 Not really, unfortunately. Whenever I try to plan out video topics too far in advance, I never end up sticking to the plan anyway. I'm sure I'll get to it in 2020. I'll _probably_ get to it by summer. That's the best I can do right now. You know how long it took me to finish this video.
My new favorite channel. I wanted to understand these concepts for several years now; almost a decade. Never before have I found such intuitive explanations of these ideas. Thank you!
Now I just need to learn calculus of variations?
In my bed, ready to sleep.
Things changed with one notification of crazy asylum.
How do you do, my fellow Indian?
@@nootums well, going to sleep again. Understanding tensors in dreams.
Same
Same
Same.
I swear, this is the best channel on all of TH-cam.
A video about Geometric Algebra would be interesting as a follow up!
In some ways they're the best type of multivector I heard.. I feel like you're the only guy that can do the topic justice!
Sho Am Geometric algebra is awesome, but it’s such a huge topic that one video couldn’t begin to scratch the surface.
If Hestenes can't make it intuitive, I got no clue as to who ever will
@@Lucky10279 I feel like we need an abundance of short videos about an introduction to the topic!
@@thstroyur and Mikayla, but it always good to know there are people who've even heard of it. Not to mention, even understand it! The best one I've watched is by Mac T Borsch
How can someone be so informative and witty at the same sapce-time, Hats off !!
This is a really good explanation, and for most of it I had no problems. I'm just wondering one thing: how do you rigorously define the "meaning" of a tensor? What property of the tensor isn't changing?
Oh my God dude this is SUCH A GOOD VIDEO!!!! It has been so hard to find a source that doesn't give the concise definition that basically gives no information. This was such a joy to find! I feel confident that I can come to understand what I currently don't but the analogies, and pictures provide the perfect context. I wasn't expecting to find something this comprehensive today. I will be recommending this to everyone in my Fluids class. Virginia Tech sophomore signing off.
If you want something more thorough, I have a whole chapter devoted to tensors in my book.
Advanced Theoretical Physics (Paperback):
www.lulu.com/shop/nick-lucid/advanced-theoretical-physics-a-historical-perspective/paperback/product-24250687.html
Advanced Theoretical Physics (eBook):
gumroad.com/l/ubSc
so my favourite TH-camr (spoiler, Nick: it's you!) uses my favourite software (Blender!) to illustrate a topic that has both intrigued and interested me for years. it's like Christmas in January!
THANK YOU! As a programmer, I'm trying to understand tensors; I’m learning the math and computer science of tensors for applications with packages like TensorFlow (used for AI development). Breaking down each definition with visual aids helped me unclutter the confusion between what makes something a 2-rank tensor and how it can still be considered 3-dimensional.
Glad I could help 👍
"Magnetism is a pseudo vector" aha that's one doubt my teacher never understood. Thanks man, now I understand electromagnetism so much better. Because as soon as you said angular momentum is a pseudo vector i was like then induced electromagnetic fields have a vector that is pseudo, i thought that couldn't be right but you explained so well. That was the only hard part for me.
Thanks again so much man.
I had a really bad day and learning and this video made me happy again
Glad I could help 😊
Finally!! This helped a lot with distinguishing 3D transforms vs 4D transforms, I’ve been trying to study tensors for a few weeks and this helped tie everything together!!
Explaining complex things simply is an art that only masters of the field can handle. Incredible energy transformation. Thank you
I just recently finished my undergrad in physics, and I swear everytime I asked someone about tensors, they just babbled the mathematical definition at me, makes me think about how much we all just take for granted and don't really understand. Great video!
But the mathematical definition is the simplest and the most intuitive one: a (covariant) tensor field is a field of multilinear forms. Period.
For the mixed case: a p-covariant and q-contravariant tensor field is a field of q-vector-valued p-multilinear forms. A q-covector is just a (linear combination of) wedge of p vector fields.
Multilinear algebra is not difficult, really, and it clarifies tensor fields a lot.
Had studied tensor analysis about 23 years back. Out of touch after that. Great refreshment, . Many thanks.
Glad I could help 🙂
After all those years of watching TH-cam videos about tensors, Jan 15 is when I could finally understand them.
HECK yeah
I have learned more watching this channel for half an hour than the total of what I learn from Veritasium.
I go a lot deeper than Derek does.
Derek is a much more pop-sci kinda creator, less detailed and more informally explained. Note I am in no way saying he's not as good, Veritasium is an amazing channel. Just a different audience.
You’ve done it again! You’ve taken a very complex issue and made it understandable.
We need a part two on tensors.
I still have the book on tensors and maths which I really wanted to avoid for the next year's course but after this video you changed my mind.
You, 3blue1brown, Eugene Khutoryansky and many more are amazing, thanks for the videos!
You've put me in good company there in that list 🤓
Agree, you are doing what schools should. Thanks for explaining so well. You’re an amazing explainer.
To me, that’s even better than a teacher.
Explainers cut through the crap and make you understand.
Thanks!
Really like your way to explain complex stuff. Just got your advanced theoretical physics book. I love it - Thank you!
im struggling with my higher level physics classes ( like I want to quit cuz I suck so bad at setting up problems). This video finally showed me what a tensor was, which everyone seems to talk about but no one attempts to explain.
Thanks again for making me feel like I can understand complex topics. I wish my classes could be 1/16 as good
Glad I could help a little bit. Good luck!
Those animations helped me a lot. Satisfied.
his video about tensors is the one who easily taught these mathematical and physical objects. And I can say that for sure because I've read several books and watched several videos on the subject!
I wish this was here before my tensor exam, from 1 video I understand more than from the whole semester
As someone who is currently writing his bachelor's thesis in physics... Thank you for finally making me understand what a tensor is.
Glad I could help and good luck 👍
i literally have in my to-do list "look up what the heck is a tensor", and suddenly this video appeared! awesome!
Clone: "What are we supposed to use?"
Nick: "Index notation!!!"
I don't think I've ever heard anyone that excited about notation before. I like it!
This guy is like Richard Feynman, a great explainer. Some one only truly understands something if they can break it down to the simplest components, yet show the more complex idea.
Magnificent. Tensors intuitively but without losing rigor. Finally.
Fun video lesson to watch. I think that I can sense why this one had you a wee bit more nervous than usual. I also think you pulled it off brilliantly. Got a little D&D dicey there for a few moments, though.
One of the best science channels on TH-cam.
Tenser, said the Tensor.
Tenser, said the Tensor.
Tension, apprehension,
And dissension have begun
Thanks a lot Nick! I really needed simple explanation of tensors ....
I also follow "PBS Space Time", "Because of Science" and others, but this stays my favourite channel about physic.
If there is ever a TH-cam University...please be the head of the Physics department.
For me, it started focused but then went off the rails in moving into areas making the subject far more complicated than it needed to be. But I appreciate this is your way of expressing yourself.
So, I was reading up on some artificial intelligence stuff for college and there were mentions of tensors, so I quickly googled it just to get the idea what it was, I read up on Wiki and was completly lost so I brushed it off since I didn't really NEED to know what tensors are to continue. Jump forward a few days and last night I dreamt about tensors the whole night, I almost couldn't sleep because of them for some reason. So I wake up and I'm like, "well, I guess I have to learn what tensors are", I google it and this time I see a "The Science Asylum" video on tensors, I just think to myself "Damn, I'm in luck" and move into the video.
this is the one of the best videos I had ever watch on you tube, there is so much of information in a small video that one can't imagine ❤️❤️👍
Wow this video really helped understanding tensors. At Uni you are just dealing with its math and properties so you don't get to understand these stuff. Now it's actually making sense to me :D
Dear Professor, this is the most helpful for me to understanding the real concept of tensor. I want some series of videos on coordinate systems also .
Great video!! I wished professors would explain as clear as this
Thanks! 🙂
The BEST concise explanation that dispels the mystery of tensors
I'll tell you, it's a thing that transforms like a tensor.
Definitions like that are the reason I had to make this video.
@@ScienceAsylum "Circular definitions are definitions, that are circular." paraphrase or quote (don't remember) from Isaac Arthur.
The Science Asylum Reminds of when i kept hearing that a vector was a member of a vector space, then, when I asked what that was, it was defined in terms of vectors. Then I found the list of vector space axioms, but it still took me a while to figure out how those axioms had anything to do with the usual geometric interpretation of a vector. Hard to believe that was only about a year ago.
@@ScienceAsylum but in the video they are also defined with their transformation properties, so what's the difference? These definitions always include the concrete form of transformations.
@@ScienceAsylum And you clearly understand the subject. Circular definitions reveal that the definition writer doesn't quite grasp the real meaning. Even though I had a difficult time following the video, my difficulty is only due to a lack of algebra skills and physics.
That just made my years of casual study of relativity make a lot more sense in an intuitive way. I just trusted the math. No one has explained it that way and frame dragging now makes sense in terms on non-euclidian geometry such that I could approximate a graph in my mind without math in constantly changing or accelerating coordinate spaces.
You're a fantastic youtuber. Nobody else has explained Tensors as easily as you have. Great job.
First video of The Science Asylum I watch. Subscribed! :D
Wow! Congratulation! Excellent explanation! It is simple and easy. So the next challenge, I guess, would be how to explain to students a concept of covariant and contra variant tensors without messing up lower and upper indices. It would be an interesting challenge.
I like how this channel is actually useful
YES!!! FINALLY!!!! I waited such a long time for this😅😅😅
I've to watch it a few more times though, it's a lot of information to digest in one take. I have a question, how does the angular momentum change when you change the coordinate system?
P.S : a new clone, nice :)
Angular momentum is defined as position times linear momentum. Since position depends on coordinate system, so does angular momentum.
@@ScienceAsylum oh, I thought the "r" in the *L* = *r* × *p* formula was calculated from the axis of rotation. In every problem that I solved so far the axis of rotation was either the x, y or z-axis so I assumed that "r" was calculated from the axis of rotation. Now I understand my mistake. I need to study these concepts deeper and pay more attention to the definitions. Thanks nick :)
@@ScienceAsylum by the way, what physics textbook explains these concepts clearly? I have Halliday-Resnick but I don't think this book explains them in enough depth. I also need a book who isn't too technical because I get lost easily.
@@ScienceAsylum no it's not, it's a distance, relative to an axis you've chosen to calculate from, often it's axis of rotation. Coordinates system changes, the axis of rotation does not
Watched a video about tensors yesterday and now youtube recommends me this. Nice
I remember asking my professor in detail about tensors. I didn't ever watched the video yet, but your explanation is way superior.
Edit. I would really like to buy your book. I can't wait to get a brand new insight on physics.
Also, do you plan adding some terminology about thermodynamics? I think it would be awesome to have it there.
I will not be adding thermodynamics, or any other chapters for that matter. That book took _forever._ I'm not ready to be writing again.
Awwwe, Nick. It's been a while. I needed this! Thank you sir!
You're welcome! 😊
@@ScienceAsylum I will return as a supporter. The life of a researcher has been a bit topsy turvy.
The t-shirt is evil! I can whole-heartedly recommend your book to anybody, not because I'm a fan of the channel. I genuinely find it useful and refer back to it all the time.
I think the last time I checked, maybe a year ago, your book was only eBook, but now it's also in paper form! Yay!!! Can't wait to get it sometime soon, even though I am currently not studying physics. I want to understand how math works better first, so I'm studying foundations of mathematics, while also pondering away at philosophy and philosophy of language. But once I feel content enough with myself, I'll get back at it! As always, great vids.
Wow!! You're not afraid to take on the big dragons. Best effort I've ever seen. 😀
By far, this is the best explanation on tensors around ! Bravo !
Loved the Holo Clone💙
Need more of nerd clone though😂
The Holo Clone should probably have an 'H' on his forehead.
Finally , a video about something I had trouble with in physics !! Thank you !!!
finally a new video.
been waiting for a long time....
after watching:
i am still a bit confused.
This is much better than the first chapter of Sean Carroll's Lecture Notes on General Relativity.
Next video: Magnetic Reconnection in the context of magnetohydrodynamics?
Aaaaasooom
As always entertaining and educational
Thank you for the great vid!
Suppose a cube of constant mass density and volume V is moving at a constant velocity w.r.t an IRF. The length of the cube in the direction parallel to the direction of motion would be seen contracted. Supposing the "proper length" of the cube is l, then the length of the cube would be seen as l/gamma. So the volume will be seen as V/gamma. My question is that as the volume decreases, but mass remains the same(or increase, we we consider the kinetic energy also manifests itself as mass), will the density increase being still a constant at every point in the cube? If no then in what way will the density increase?
Yes, the density is measured to be a different value by different observers in relativity.
@@ScienceAsylum I know that the "average" density would change. But, will the density change still remaining a constant throughout the cube or will it change at some portion of the cube but remain same at the other? If not, how will it change? Please give a deep explanation using math. I have been thinking for a while on this thing. I would be grateful to you.
Email: mishrashreyansh1316@gmail.com
I now just realized why in programming the common notation to use for 'for loops' is 'i' and then 'j' when dealing with nested loops. You use said loops to go through arrays, which can be the same as vectors, which are tensors, and to access an element from the array you need to index it. The variables that we used to hold the index value as we go through the array with the 'for loop' are the freaking ranks!
I mean, kinda, normally the implication in programming is that you would need a rank per dimension of the array, which is no really the case with tensors as I saw in the video, but still.
That was how I was visualizing it too
Actually I think it goes back to the days of FORTRAN. IIRC, the letters starting with "i" (maybe "i" through "n") were implicitly defined as integers so they were easy to quickly use as loop counters.
I thought "i" stood for "iteration". With nested "j" loops, your point makes more sense.
Great video. I will watch it several times to let it all sink in. I will see about buying your book.
My grandma is a tensor, every situation is a bit tenser when she arrives.
Same with Mom.
Not sure if the appropriate response is rim-shot, womp womp or sad trombone. =(
@@beansnrice321Maybe a "da dun da tssssssss"
Like the comparison. Makes understanding tensors in free space easier to understand. Photon, graviton, proton,.. 👀
You made me chuckle out loud...
Great explanation of tensors. Always had trouble connecting the tensors of mathematics and tensors of physics!!!
How did I actually understand this? You sir, are a genius.
But how'd you know that? Maybe _you_ are the genius here...
6:20
you know... if you change coordinate system, and don't change axis along what you calculating momentum, you must consider it.
bc even if coordinates' 0 is in the center of circle and you calculate from axis on the side of the path, that would be still changing and going 0 for a moment.
The understanding of concepts as abstract as tensors benefits from exposure to as many different perspectives on the subject as possible. This, for me, was a novel perspective and I found it very helpful and disarming.
Thank you, you cleared my those doubts which otherwise would have taken so many hours to understand via text books, thank you from heart....☺️