I'm glad you decided to strengthen the corners of that new feed box you built. Eventually those screws would rip out of the plywood endgrain. Screws don't really hold up too well when being screwed into the end grain of wood like that. That's why a lot of times you'll see when something like that has to be done they'll either use pocket hole screws to get a better bite on the wood or they will strengthen it in another way such as 45 degree angle bracing.
Cutting the top off an ICB tote would be a cheap, easy way of making a calf feed bin! They usually are plastic pallets (or metal) with plastic totes caged in aluminum. I think the longevity and durability are there for the price.
I think you;re right Eric. After managing the dairy and maintaining/updating the farm, I think you have time to build your own house lol. 1 person concrete work would be a sight to see.
Eric.i dont mix TMR since im in the construction business, but i did mix Tarmac and concrete a lot... Think about the sequence of adding the ingerediences to your TMR. Just from my personal gut feeling i would drop the biggest ammount the corn silage in the feed wagon first and drop the grains minerals and the molasses last. the Mixer mixes and the gravity will do its job to get the Toplayer down. And the sticky molasses .. spread it over the lengh mixer and dont drop it on one point. Its the same on a tarmac plant, the diffrent diameters of gravel get mixed on the conveyor and the preheater and when comes the sticky tar..
Hey Eric, how about hanging a cloth or canvas bag from the bottom of your new calf feed bin. cut the bottom of the bag and it will make a nice funnel to get the feed into your pail, tote, or wheel barrow.
Buying your calf feed in bulk is definitely the best way to go. Not only will you save on the price of the feed, you will also save on time spent away from your farm. You won’t have to be going to the feed mill to get less quantities of the feed anymore. That will save you numerous trips per year saving you even more money.
Find a nice clean IBC tote….. cut it down a little and you should be able to fork it right under the hopper bottom. Then you can use the skid loader to take it to the calf barn for feed. Just a thought but you and your dad will figure out a system that works best for you. Keep up the great work Eric. Love to see improvements on the farm!
For about four years we’ve been making our own calf feed. Our nutritionist made us a ration. Chopped straw, dry hammered corn, canola meal and heifer mineral. We mix a batch (2000lbs) in our mixer every two weeks and store it in a gravity wagon. Saves us quite a bit over pelleted calf feeds. Use our own ingredients. Just a suggestion to any dairy guys. Thanks for the video.
It was great watching you & your dad building the feed bin. It brought back fond memories for me of when my dad & I worked together on projects years ago on our dairy farm. I really like your idea of making your videos based on a week of activities. And hopefully this format will also save you some time. Also, thanks for including some footage of the hoof trimming activities. This will help me explain to my grandkids how this job is done. I haven’t seen Dutches in awhile. Hopefully she is ok. Thanks for making such great videos, with educational and fun content for all of us viewers. Have a blessed weekend!
Nice job on the Bin Eric! How about just a piece of canvas around the inside of opening to direct grain to bucket. Like seeing you do all the different projects. Great work! 👍👍👍
Well done Eric. Nice to hear your Dad adding in some great commentary again. The old beam looks like it will be a beautiful mantle piece. Looking forward to the house update. The calf grain bin will serve you well. Thanks for the video!
You sir are a " jack of all trades" from dealing with the cows, to wood working to even shaping metal brackets. My goodness but you have a wide variety of skills!
I like your idea of small bits from each day, makes for more interesting videos. That new grain hopper will make feeding those calves a whole lot easier. Great video, keep them coming.
You can add another rope to the other side of the lid with a rubber strap at the bottom. Don't have to climb and can tie it down. My dad has the same bin
Hey Eric that lid is designed to have a rope to open and a rope to pull it closed. The rope to close can then be fastened to the ladder to keep the lid from opening. I love my polydome bins
Instead of the latch on the bin, how about putting another rope on that side, to close the bin, and then fastening the rope to the side of the structure like you would with the rope from the flag pole? That would be negate the need to climb the bin. Just a thought. Great video! Thanks, Eric.
I like the poly bin you bought, easy to assemble and easy to use, good buy. I like your idea of the old timber for the mantle, we used cultured stone with our fireplace furnace and insert shelf. Good idea putting the strapping around the corners for the grain cart, nice job. I really enjoyed your video, thanks Eric. I hope everyone has a great Friday and awesome weekend.
Nicely done mate you can put some sort of a bag like the ones seed is being delivered into over the bin you made so when you empty it you can lift the bag so you don’t have to scrape the bin
Glad to see Dennis back. I bet it’s great to take a day off here and there to get rid of some stress. Now it’s your turn Eric. Take a few days off so you and your bride can furniture shop. No stress there right. Lol. The new feed bin should be a time saver.
Hey Eric. I have a similar rough mantle, only out of chunky redwood. I finished it off with matt urethane, which sealed the pours 3-4 coats). You can use an oil product too. But sealing it makes it a lot easier to dust and keep clean. It also shows the wood off more, leaving a deeper, clear finish. There are a lot of products you can use, but sealing really makes a difference. I've seen clear epoxy used also too, but it does not look as natural.
Great job on the feed container!! The mantle looks really good and will be a nice reminder of the old home too! I like the weekly videos, get to see more all in 1 video. Thanks for sharing your family's Dairy Farm!!
Try to find SS hardware to swap out a few of the taller ones that you have replace especially on the top of grain bin. Buy them by the box you get them for a cheaper price and nylon flat washers. Use a dark color silicone and use a small amount to seal the flat areas to seal the water out. That away nothing on the outside will rust. Remember that plastic will last forever.
As a retired construction worker, never understood why ladders always have to be installed at right angles, they're very difficult to climb, especially when you have to carry something up or down the ladder.
I would say coat the inside of the new feed box with a food grade epoxy to keep the feed fresh at the bottom since plywood pulls moisture like a candle wick.
Eric in the rafters of the basement of your house put the date the house was completed , do the same in the barns and new additions like the new bin. This is cool for future generations info.
Great video, Eric. You and your pops are always finding ways to improve your dairy. I really enjoy your content, especially at harvest time, when your hard work gives you back the bounty of silage for your animals. Aloha brother 🤙🏼
Definitely enjoyed the week-long video. Thanks for taking the time to put it all together for us. Hope the new bin makes life easier for you and saves you some money. Look forward to the house update.
I would consider adding a pad to the end of the angle iron that hits the top of the plastic when you open the lid on your bin. Over time those bins will get alittle on the brittle side and that will eventually break the plastic at the top from opening it. Don’t have to be anything special. Maybe a 4 x 4 pad or something like that. Great video!
You and your dad work very well together. I like the new feed bin and how easy it took you two to assemble it. You two are Jack's of all trades. Stay safe.
I really, really enjoyed this vid. Just the everyday variety of tasks that need to get done to make your operation work. Such variety of skills necessary! Makes me miss my grandparents ranch from my youth so much..
Very nice video, I would recommend putting silicone around the bolts you do not want any moisture in your feed unless the grain bin is going to sit inside somewhere. Hope you're enjoying your day
Mount a spring to the lid so that it holds the lid closed. When you want to open it, either tie the rope to hold it open or put a clip on it to clip to something.
I hope your cows love their pedicures as much as I love mine. Kind of surprised that the bin company did not design a latch for the lid. In your "spare" time you could build houses. Great job on the tote. Looking forward to seeing the house progress. This video was great as usual. See you on the next one, thanks , Eric.
Those are the things I miss most from dairy farming. Working with my dad and my siblings. Brings back wonderful memories! Best to you and your family always!
I would put fillets in each internal corner. Then paint it with a two pack epoxy. This will let you keep really clean. I believe that as it stands residual feed will biuld up in the corners and eventually contaminate the feed. Good strong box just needs finishing!!
Absolutely love your videos! Discovered your channel few weeks back and have watched all your vids. Great content. Informative & entertaining with a touch of humor. The calves are just to darn cute! You are, in my book, one of the top 5 content providers. I am glad I stumbled across that 1st vid I watched. Look forward to watching more of your farm life adventures. Keep up the great work.
I just asked my 81 year old Dad what he thought it would have been like if we'd have ran a farm together. "We'd have got nothing done as you'd have spent half the time pratting about!" hahaha
i'm sure somebody's said something by now but... Torx or Robertson deck screws and not phillips heads maybe for that wood box. Also just finding a pallet in that good of condition is... magic.
I sure enjoy watching what you folks are up to on the farm. Great idea with the bulk feeder. I have watched another farmer that uses this type of storage.
@@10thgenerationdairyman61 the only thing you’d need to do was slice the top off it just like the box you’ve made, this is in no way a criticism of your operation merely an observation. Keep up the great videos 👍
Thank you for the video. I always enjoy seeing the display of skills you have. Not only as a dairy farmer but also as a mechanic, carpenter, or just coming up with new ideas for improvements.
Wheel barrow would be easier then just scoop it from the wheel barrow. Eric all you need now is wheels and a tong to pulls it if that is what your putting in it feed.
Tie another string to the lid, and drop it off the other side of the bin. Tie it off somewhere on the steel frame, and the lid will never come open. Worked good for my dad.
Great video Eric, it’s great to see that you are finding ways to improve the farm and your livestock and trying to keep the costs down but improving the health of the cows, we all can’t wait to see the next house tour and the way you are using some of the old house to tie into the new house so as to keep the memories alive
Love the longer videos. I know it’s a lot of work to make them, but the longer ones are definitely what I look forward to. Great job on the new grain feeder/bin. Can’t wait for more videos!
find a torsion spring to put on the pivot of the bin lid to hold it down and then put a tie off down low on the leg to tie the string to to hold the lid open when filling
You and your dad are awful handy and such hard workers I thoroughly enjoy your videos look forward to the house update also take care be safe god bless
Hey Eric, if you haven't already thought of it, you could take an IBC tote & cut the cage & top off however high you need if you need a bin in the future. I don't know what the feed "flows" like but it might even come out the 2" valve that's in the bottom of an IBC tote.
That’s what we all say when we successfully build a box I do it for concrete when I redo storm inlets and think to myself I can build a house or shed lol great job Eric
Enjoy the video thank you for all the hard work that you guys put into making them. I wish all young people had half of the work ethic that you and your father do you guys never fail to get the job done, regardless of the situation. I’m proud to recommend your channel to anyone
There is a way to close the top to that bin just take the rope around to the ladder side and pull it down it should work just like the way when you open the top cover
Definitely want some sort of latch or tie down to hold that top lid shut. My hog feed bins have only springs and they aren't enough when the wind gets blowing from the wrong direction. Then you have wet feed.
I'm glad you decided to strengthen the corners of that new feed box you built. Eventually those screws would rip out of the plywood endgrain.
Screws don't really hold up too well when being screwed into the end grain of wood like that. That's why a lot of times you'll see when something like that has to be done they'll either use pocket hole screws to get a better bite on the wood or they will strengthen it in another way such as 45 degree angle bracing.
Put some sort of soft flap boot to deflect the grain down into the bucket. Thanks Eric
Cutting the top off an ICB tote would be a cheap, easy way of making a calf feed bin! They usually are plastic pallets (or metal) with plastic totes caged in aluminum. I think the longevity and durability are there for the price.
I think you;re right Eric. After managing the dairy and maintaining/updating the farm, I think you have time to build your own house lol. 1 person concrete work would be a sight to see.
Eric.i dont mix TMR since im in the construction business, but i did mix Tarmac and concrete a lot...
Think about the sequence of adding the ingerediences to your TMR.
Just from my personal gut feeling i would drop the biggest ammount the corn silage in the feed wagon first
and drop the grains minerals and the molasses last. the Mixer mixes and the gravity will do its job to get the Toplayer down.
And the sticky molasses .. spread it over the lengh mixer and dont drop it on one point.
Its the same on a tarmac plant, the diffrent diameters of gravel get mixed on the conveyor and the preheater and when comes the sticky tar..
Hey Eric, how about hanging a cloth or canvas bag from the bottom of your new calf feed bin. cut the bottom of the bag and it will make a nice funnel to get the feed into your pail, tote, or wheel barrow.
You could put another rope on the lid on the other side and tie it down to keep the lid shut when you are not filling it
Buying your calf feed in bulk is definitely the best way to go. Not only will you save on the price of the feed, you will also save on time spent away from your farm. You won’t have to be going to the feed mill to get less quantities of the feed anymore. That will save you numerous trips per year saving you even more money.
Your definitely a good farmer..your comment says alot👏👍
Absolutely 👋🏻🤠🐮🐮🐮🇹🇷🇹🇷
Nice bin ,we cut the top of an IBC and use that as a tote,leave 1 side full height and cut the other down a bit to make it easy to bucket out 👍
Find a nice clean IBC tote….. cut it down a little and you should be able to fork it right under the hopper bottom. Then you can use the skid loader to take it to the calf barn for feed. Just a thought but you and your dad will figure out a system that works best for you. Keep up the great work Eric. Love to see improvements on the farm!
For about four years we’ve been making our own calf feed. Our nutritionist made us a ration. Chopped straw, dry hammered corn, canola meal and heifer mineral. We mix a batch (2000lbs) in our mixer every two weeks and store it in a gravity wagon. Saves us quite a bit over pelleted calf feeds. Use our own ingredients. Just a suggestion to any dairy guys. Thanks for the video.
It was great watching you & your dad building the feed bin. It brought back fond memories for me of when my dad & I worked together on projects years ago on our dairy farm. I really like your idea of making your videos based on a week of activities. And hopefully this format will also save you some time. Also, thanks for including some footage of the hoof trimming activities. This will help me explain to my grandkids how this job is done. I haven’t seen Dutches in awhile. Hopefully she is ok. Thanks for making such great videos, with educational and fun content for all of us viewers. Have a blessed weekend!
Nice job on the Bin Eric! How about just a piece of canvas around the inside of opening to direct grain to bucket. Like seeing you do all the different projects. Great work! 👍👍👍
Calf bin like Christmas toys - “some assembly required”. Farming keeps the brain working. You guys have to figure out new thing everyday.
Well done Eric. Nice to hear your Dad adding in some great commentary again. The old beam looks like it will be a beautiful mantle piece. Looking forward to the house update. The calf grain bin will serve you well. Thanks for the video!
They have these metal dump buckets. Or get a concrete buggy. It has a poly hopper, and tracks for snow and muck. Nice bin.
Ooooo house looks really nice, 2 more weeks !! Nice to see the up grades to the farm.
You sir are a " jack of all trades" from dealing with the cows, to wood working to even shaping metal brackets. My goodness but you have a wide variety of skills!
I like your idea of small bits from each day, makes for more interesting videos. That new grain hopper will make feeding those calves a whole lot easier. Great video, keep them coming.
You can add another rope to the other side of the lid with a rubber strap at the bottom. Don't have to climb and can tie it down. My dad has the same bin
Hey Eric that lid is designed to have a rope to open and a rope to pull it closed. The rope to close can then be fastened to the ladder to keep the lid from opening. I love my polydome bins
Also that dispenser can have some kind of sleeve so the wind does not blow away the feed.
Saving $1,200 in feed a year plus all the time to travel there and back plus gas that adds up really quick great choice.
Instead of the latch on the bin, how about putting another rope on that side, to close the bin, and then fastening the rope to the side of the structure like you would with the rope from the flag pole? That would be negate the need to climb the bin. Just a thought. Great video! Thanks, Eric.
Brought back memories of the feed truck visiting our farm.
The "Week in Review" concept works good for me. Cheers 🇨🇦
I like the poly bin you bought, easy to assemble and easy to use, good buy. I like your idea of the old timber for the mantle, we used cultured stone with our fireplace furnace and insert shelf. Good idea putting the strapping around the corners for the grain cart, nice job. I really enjoyed your video, thanks Eric. I hope everyone has a great Friday and awesome weekend.
Nicely done mate you can put some sort of a bag like the ones seed is being delivered into over the bin you made so when you empty it you can lift the bag so you don’t have to scrape the bin
Glad to see Dennis back. I bet it’s great to take a day off here and there to get rid of some stress. Now it’s your turn Eric. Take a few days off so you and your bride can furniture shop. No stress there right. Lol. The new feed bin should be a time saver.
I loved when you moved the bin back into the shop. Dad and a forklift lifting one side, Eric lifting the other. 😂😂
Hey Eric. I have a similar rough mantle, only out of chunky redwood. I finished it off with matt urethane, which sealed the pours 3-4 coats). You can use an oil product too. But sealing it makes it a lot easier to dust and keep clean. It also shows the wood off more, leaving a deeper, clear finish. There are a lot of products you can use, but sealing really makes a difference. I've seen clear epoxy used also too, but it does not look as natural.
You might add a large flex tube on the bottom to contain the product for different sized carry containers, wheelbarrow, 5 gal. bucket or large tote
Great job on the feed container!! The mantle looks really good and will be a nice reminder of the old home too! I like the weekly videos, get to see more all in 1 video. Thanks for sharing your family's Dairy Farm!!
Try to find SS hardware to swap out a few of the taller ones that you have replace especially on the top of grain bin. Buy them by the box you get them for a cheaper price and nylon flat washers. Use a dark color silicone and use a small amount to seal the flat areas to seal the water out. That away nothing on the outside will rust. Remember that plastic will last forever.
As a retired construction worker, never understood why ladders always have to be installed at right angles, they're very difficult to climb, especially when you have to carry something up or down the ladder.
I like how you guys change up your equipment to make your work a little easier and more efficient
Awesome job gentlemen. Farm is looking better every video.
I would say coat the inside of the new feed box with a food grade epoxy to keep the feed fresh at the bottom since plywood pulls moisture like a candle wick.
Eric in the rafters of the basement of your house put the date the house was completed , do the same in the barns and new additions like the new bin. This is cool for future generations info.
Great video, Eric. You and your pops are always finding ways to improve your dairy. I really enjoy your content, especially at harvest time, when your hard work gives you back the bounty of silage for your animals. Aloha brother 🤙🏼
Definitely enjoyed the week-long video. Thanks for taking the time to put it all together for us. Hope the new bin makes life easier for you and saves you some money. Look forward to the house update.
I would consider adding a pad to the end of the angle iron that hits the top of the plastic when you open the lid on your bin. Over time those bins will get alittle on the brittle side and that will eventually break the plastic at the top from opening it. Don’t have to be anything special. Maybe a 4 x 4 pad or something like that. Great video!
You and your dad work very well together. I like the new feed bin and how easy it took you two to assemble it. You two are Jack's of all trades. Stay safe.
I really, really enjoyed this vid. Just the everyday variety of tasks that need to get done to make your operation work. Such variety of skills necessary! Makes me miss my grandparents ranch from my youth so much..
This kind of video is great. Shows all the stuff going into being a dairy/crop farmer!
Very nice video, I would recommend putting silicone around the bolts you do not want any moisture in your feed unless the grain bin is going to sit inside somewhere. Hope you're enjoying your day
Mount a spring to the lid so that it holds the lid closed. When you want to open it, either tie the rope to hold it open or put a clip on it to clip to something.
0:16 😂😂😂 Thank you, that brightened my day so so so much!
It's great to hear your Dad explaining things!! My Dad and I used to work like that too!!
I hope your cows love their pedicures as much as I love mine. Kind of surprised that the bin company did not design a latch for the lid. In your "spare" time you could build houses. Great job on the tote. Looking forward to seeing the house progress. This video was great as usual. See you on the next one, thanks , Eric.
Those are the things I miss most from dairy farming. Working with my dad and my siblings. Brings back wonderful memories! Best to you and your family always!
You are a very good hard-working young man keep up the good work on your farm and house
I really like that feed bin! Every penny counts at the price of livestock feed! Your house looks so beautiful💙
I would put fillets in each internal corner. Then paint it with a two pack epoxy. This will let you keep really clean. I believe that as it stands residual feed will biuld up in the corners and eventually contaminate the feed.
Good strong box just needs finishing!!
Absolutely love your videos! Discovered your channel few weeks back and have watched all your vids. Great content. Informative & entertaining with a touch of humor. The calves are just to darn cute! You are, in my book, one of the top 5 content providers. I am glad I stumbled across that 1st vid I watched. Look forward to watching more of your farm life adventures. Keep up the great work.
Maybe you can put a spring on the lid to close the it automatically when you are done.
I just asked my 81 year old Dad what he thought it would have been like if we'd have ran a farm together. "We'd have got nothing done as you'd have spent half the time pratting about!" hahaha
i'm sure somebody's said something by now but... Torx or Robertson deck screws and not phillips heads maybe for that wood box.
Also just finding a pallet in that good of condition is... magic.
Great improvements cost and efficiency known pay pay back all good stuff. Keep it going.
I sure enjoy watching what you folks are up to on the farm. Great idea with the bulk feeder. I have watched another farmer that uses this type of storage.
Nice to hear a couple of good Eric jokes! Love your sense of humor!
Great video again! That bin will save you time and money in the long run!!
Nice to get those projects completed
That IBC container sitting next to the new feed bin would adapt perfectly for your needs 👍
That would work but would be a little unhandy to get the bottom completely emptied out.
@@10thgenerationdairyman61 the only thing you’d need to do was slice the top off it just like the box you’ve made, this is in no way a criticism of your operation merely an observation. Keep up the great videos 👍
Another great video. For a city boy I’m learning a lot about farming. Keep up the awesome videos.
Thank you for the video. I always enjoy seeing the display of skills you have. Not only as a dairy farmer but also as a mechanic, carpenter, or just coming up with new ideas for improvements.
Wheel barrow would be easier then just scoop it from the wheel barrow. Eric all you need now is wheels and a tong to pulls it if that is what your putting in it feed.
look up to you a lot eric, im a young dairy farmer myself and know there’s never enough you can learn. keep up the great videos man
Tie another string to the lid, and drop it off the other side of the bin. Tie it off somewhere on the steel frame, and the lid will never come open. Worked good for my dad.
Filming however you want works for me. Thanks
Feed box is how I started into building homes. 😉
Great video Eric, it’s great to see that you are finding ways to improve the farm and your livestock and trying to keep the costs down but improving the health of the cows, we all can’t wait to see the next house tour and the way you are using some of the old house to tie into the new house so as to keep the memories alive
I am amazed you found a SQUARE pallet!!! Every one I've ever tried this with was way out of square.
Love the longer videos. I know it’s a lot of work to make them, but the longer ones are definitely what I look forward to.
Great job on the new grain feeder/bin. Can’t wait for more videos!
Thanks for sharing. That sky was lovely, has been pretty gloomy here in WI lately
Perfect sir...thank you for taking us along...enjoyable and informative...🙏🙏🌠🌠👨🌾🚜👨🌾
awesome video Eric. So glad you and your dad are getting things worked on and finish. Thank you so so very much. Great
Always enjoyable watching your videos and learning something new about your farm
find a torsion spring to put on the pivot of the bin lid to hold it down and then put a tie off down low on the leg to tie the string to to hold the lid open when filling
This video left me hanging... wished to see more 😢
You might could try making a burlap. Shoot on the new feed to funnel your grain into the buckets that may work for ya!👍🤟🙏✝️
Put a spring on the hinge for the top. It will close by itself and it will stay closed.
Another great video sir, thank you
Have you considered adjusting the order that you add ingredients to the TMR mixer until you find an order that produces a more consistent mix?
Wonderful and wholesome. Love watching your farm and your family grow. 👍🏼❤️
You need to put some runner wheels on the bottom of it mate and then you can put it down and slide it in on your pallet forks👍
You and your dad are awful handy and such hard workers I thoroughly enjoy your videos look forward to the house update also take care be safe god bless
Tie a line on the front side of that lid. Use it to close it and tie it off to keep it shut.😁
Yea a nice little soft funnel on the silo outlet would make if easier.... big lay flat hose bolted on the bottom?
Hey Eric, if you haven't already thought of it, you could take an IBC tote & cut the cage & top off however high you need if you need a bin in the future. I don't know what the feed "flows" like but it might even come out the 2" valve that's in the bottom of an IBC tote.
That’s what we all say when we successfully build a box I do it for concrete when I redo storm inlets and think to myself I can build a house or shed lol great job Eric
Enjoy the video thank you for all the hard work that you guys put into making them. I wish all young people had half of the work ethic that you and your father do you guys never fail to get the job done, regardless of the situation. I’m proud to recommend your channel to anyone
I would attach two pieces of Steel up higher to the building for more stability and safety
A meyer isn't as good as a Trioliet, that might be the problem
There is a way to close the top to that bin just take the rope around to the ladder side and pull it down it should work just like the way when you open the top cover
Definitely want some sort of latch or tie down to hold that top lid shut. My hog feed bins have only springs and they aren't enough when the wind gets blowing from the wrong direction. Then you have wet feed.
When your box wears out get a 275 gallon chemical tote (washed out good) and cut it down.
always ring your carriage bolts with silicone sealant and smooth them off. the poly contracts and expands a little
Love the project. Will work for me on a smaller scale. Building this weekend.
رمضان كريم ومبارك لكل المسلمين في العالم، أُحييكم بهذا الشهر الفضيل من العراق 🇮🇶🙏😍❤
NOTE: Some Assembly Required