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Hello from Russia. There is an university of Ilyin - russian pro-nazy philosopher, and russia is the country that claims to fight fascism in Ukraine)))))
Two notable things that are not mentioned in the video. 1: At the time, Portugal had conscription in place. Creating a similar generation to the Vietnam generation in the U.S. 2: Portugal referred to its overseas territories internally as provinces. Despite the reality of the situation, Portugal used this as justification, that these colonies were actually part of Portugal proper. And as such decolonisation didn’t apply to them.
Never called colonies mate, Portugal even had it's Capital in Brazil...and proportionally, Portugal had more soldiers in three combat fronts, with much less resources.
@tekinfomedi Stanley Ho was originally from Hong Kong, but Susana Chou da Luz is a macanese politician and well she would be technically a Portuguese by all that
You should make a video about the "Central American Crisis" in the 1970s and 1980s. It was one of the main battle grounds in the latter half of the Cold War, with civil wars in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua.
The Portuguese Colonial War in Africa lasted from 1961 until the final overthrow of the Estado Novo regime in 1974. The Carnation Revolution of April 1974 in Lisbon led to the hasty decolonization of Portuguese Africa and to the 1975 annexation of Portuguese Timor by Indonesia.
Fun fact: Guinea was named after the Gulf of Guinea and used for multiple countries there, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea. Papua New Guinea was originally called Papua but explorers thought the natives looked like the natives from the Guinea part of the world in Africa.
Hello guys, I am the new editor for the channel, hope you guys enjoyed our latest production, I have also been doing the sound design for the past year (not every video, since I have 2 more awesome colleagues). Please let me know your thoughts about it and what you would like to see from us in the future.
I love it everything looks good whit a perfect amount of information whitout being overwhelming the sound is good and immersive I genuinely can't picture a flaw in the work whit that said congratulations hope you are proud of yourself because holy that's some amazing work keep it up!
Good to know, I love all the Armchair content! I'd like to see some Czech/o'Slovak 20th century themed vids We fought our own mini expeditionary war in Russia even before our state was formed, we almost started WW2 only to be swallowed by the Eastern bloc afterwards, there's the '68 invasion, the '89 Velvet revolution...pretty interesting perspective on world shaping events through Czech eyes!
@@grey_apache The music is taken from Epidemic Sounds, there are multiple songs but here are the more interesting ones used in this video: Pandemonium - Christoffer Moe / Still Rivals - Dream Cave / The Lost Forest - Dex 1200.
The only thing I think is "wrong" in this video is the fact that it doesn't mention the 1961 massacre by Congolese UPA members in Northern Angola, both Africans and Europeans were massacred with no distinction, that kicked off the colonial war. That aside , great video.
It isnt shown because it doesnt fit the narrative of this video. In case you didnt realize this video is biased AF against Portugal and for the brutal "independence movements" that, unlike what this video suggests, were even more brutal than Portugal.
@@greentuga691 Which is the correct narrative. Colonialism is absolutely abhorrent. I know you're proud of our history, but colonialism is not worth defending.
@@pashico7082white European nations i forgive your previous governments bad deeds but it would nice if all of Europe become a protectorate of a Greater China that’s allied with a unified Korea, Japan, we promise to keep Europe (Russia included) white remove the blacks and browns. As long as we get to breed with your surplus women.
The whole colonial war was initiated and funded by the Soviet Union. After Stalin's "socialism in one country" Nikita Khrushchev discovered a different approach by spreading Marxism in Africa, Asia and South America. Most rebel leaders were trained in Moscow and supplied with Russian weapons. Basically Portugal lost its colonies to the Soviet Union.
As a portuguese, I'm so happy that you made this video. I have been watching your channel for over 1 year and always wanted a video about our colonial war. Well, it was worth the wait since this video is pretty good :D
My grandfather (Sergent) lead a squad in Angola, in the 70's. (he was in the airborne forces of portugal) he has tons of war stories. i am very glad you made this episode!
My maternal grandpa was a doctor that treated injured soldiers in the Overseas War and I also have great uncles who also fought as soldiers in that war, it was a terrible war that killed thousands of people and caused many economical problems in our country, it's the main reason why the Estado Novo regime was easily overthrown on April 25th century
Not to mention the whole Retornados scenario...I have family members that were Retornados. I could have been one, if my grandfather had not had the foresight to leave before War broke out.
Yeah, even after all these years, you still occasionally meet veterans from that war, most are really scarred from it. People here these days seem to forget our country was in a Vietnam like 13 year war all over Africa not that long ago.
I know this video focuses mostly on portugals african colonies, but i think there should also be a mention of their other territories such is east timor or goa, which shows how foreign actors that are neither east or west also took advantage of the collapse.
@@kingace6186 fgs... I hope they ask Goans... real Goans that lived there or are descendents I'm tired of seeing videos about Goa with misconceptions. Neru never made a referendum about Goa, now guess why
@@lxportugal9343 there were no objections any where in any form from the local populance, plus there were rebel movements to join India, so yeah your guess is most probably wrong.
One thing should have been said, but it was not: yes, the Estado Novo denied political rights to the Portuguese African colonies - but the white population of Portugal was also denied the same political rights. Portugal was, let's not forget, a dictatorship.
It was a good dictatorship though. One that was based in Catholic values and truly represented the will of the Portuguese people. It’s a shame it came to and end earlier than it should’ve
My grandfather and his brother fought in Angola, during the colonial war. My grandfather survived, but he was traumatized by what he saw. His brother died in the war, stepping in a landmine. Everyone says he was a kind and serious man, and I wish I had met him. I am so sorry for every war, battle, conflict, etc, all over the world.
My grandfather fought in this war, won a praise for saving a colleague under fire and was a cooker in the army. One day he recooked caldo verde (portuguese soup) as there were no more ingredients for soup he had to scrape the soldiers bowls to make more caldo verde. The best part was that the officers said it was good. He told that the rebels ("turras") were so dark in skin that they attacked from the trees and were difficult to see. After the war he dedicated to making chocolate and helped people. With the money he saved with military service he bought the house I still live today. Had he died in that war I wouldn't be here. He did not like war but was conscripted to Angola. He's an example I want to follow and make proud. As a portuguese, I'm sorry for the atrocities commited, nobody wins with war.
@@NgolaNalane He (indirectly) benefits from the actions of colonization but he nevertheless had no hand in perpetuating it anyway. I wouldn't fault him for keeping the house when getting one is not easy. Also I suggest you look into the history of your ethnic group and see if you've displaced an indigenous minority of your country.
As a Portuguese person, I'm very disappointed with The Armchair Historian. In this video, events that happened after the Colonial War are mixed in with events that actually happened during the Colonial War, which makes the whole video confusing. For example, Operation Carlota (minute 9:57) has nothing to do with the Colonial War. That operation took place in 1975, while the Colonial War ended in 1974, Cuba did not intervene in the Colonial War. "Portuguese forces effectively stepped back" (minute 10:04) because the war was already over, this isn't clear in the video. The Cuban intervention and operation Carlota happened in the Angolan Civil war, not in the Colonial War! And South Africa, Rhodesia, and Zaire most definitely didn't support UNITA or FNLA during the Colonial War (minute 8:59). Those countries supported Portugal only. They only supported UNITA and FNLA during the Angolan Civil War, which took place AFTER the Colonial War was over. Overall, the video is very confusing and does a poor job of accurately teaching about the Colonial War. The mix-up of events that occurred after the war with those that happened during the war leads to a misleading and unclear narrative.
Indeed, I made a similar comment poiting this out. Or saying Rhodesia and SA supported UNITA pre-independence is not even misleading is just plain wrong... in the case of Angola there was definetly some confusion between decolonization and the start of the civil war. Also in Angola the war was pretty much over.
Cheers. It's a Great video that casts light on this critical history topic. I also enjoyed the video about the Rhodesian bush war, which is absolutely one of my favorites. The accurate and amazing art of your videos, the depictions of facts places, and people, and of course the weapons, the narration, the style everything else contribute to an enjoyable experience.
Thank you for covering this. This event doesn't get the coverage and attention it deserves, not even in Portugal. It is just taught as a sidenote, something else bad that happened during the Estado Novo.
Sounds like the American-Phillippino War, the difference being that the native revolution failed and the Philippines had to remain a colony for another 30+ years before being granted independence.
My grandpa fought in this war (as did so many other grandparents here in Portugal). In his case, it was in Mozambique where he spent most of the war; and while he never told me much about the war itself (and I never tried to force him to talk about it), he did tell me about how he and his buddies, with the war finished and waiting to go home, spent their last days on a "safari" of sorts, looking for and photographing every wild animal they could - elephants, lions, crocodiles... He loved those creatures, so different from what he saw in Portugal and knew that there was no going back to that land and that, with him living in a remote village in the North, far away from Lisbon, where there was the only zoo in Portugal, that would likely be his last chance to see them. He still remembers them fondly (contrary to the dictatorship, with him referring to Salazar as "filho da puta!" ("motherfucker") at dinner, when the topic arises. Thank you for this video and for shedding light on this often forgotten (maybe even here in Portugal) conflict.
Portugal alone fought Germany in Africa and destroyed the German desire of MittelAfrica. Germans fought for conquering Angola and Mozambique but Germans were defeated.
Things our European friends usually don't think when thinking about Portugal: - A lot of our population ("white" portuguese) with more then 50 years (so like, your boss at work, your father's friend, not "old people") were born in African or Asian countries when they were part of the Empire. I had a school colleague born in Macau. - A lot of our 65+ population has PTSD from the colonial wars... if you are around 20-25... those are our "fathers/uncles" generations, not our "grandfathers" generations. - When Portugal thinks of itself, it doesn't really see itself culturally or historically has an European country. Yes, we feel and are European, but our history happened outside of Europe, our international relations are still very much divided between EU, NATO and CPLP (Lusophone countries). The contrast can be "jokingly" seen in these factoids: The Portuguese language is the 17th most spoken language in Europe, between Czech and Catalan... at the same time, Portuguese is the most spoken language in the World's Southern Hemisphere.
@@diegorodrigovelasquezmeniz8026 Yeah also French and English are much more numerous outside, than inside their country... I don't see that as a good argument or a meaning of their culture.
@@FragLord its nothing Bad by itself...Buy try to explain that to The "Patriots". All african migrants on boat arriving at Italy and Spain speaks either English or French, why? Are french people eager to be brothers for life with Congo?... If all congolese people speaks french are they already french? Do You know that Congo (french speaker) and Nigeria (English speakers) Will explode on demographics...both Will have more than 300 million people by 2050... Are english-men and nigerians The same?
@@diegorodrigovelasquezmeniz8026 That's exactly what I meant to say. I don't agree with the statement that Portuguese people don't have a continental & cultural European history. And for most colonial nations, their language is bigger outside than inside their country.
I have so many stories... My great-uncle fled to the USA, a great-aunt to France, my grandma's cousin to Brazil... Another great-uncle died fighting in Angola. My paternal grandad (whose parents were, funnily enough, Brazilian, from Belém do Pará) was already living in Guinea-Bissau when the war started. He owned a restaurant the soldiers frequented. My grandma was Guinean and so is my dad. My maternal grandad fought in Guinea-Bissau, coincidentally, and, thankfully, made it back to Portugal, where he met my grandmother.
As a portuguese man who lives in Angola this video is incredible, the way you explained it made it much more interesting then when I was taught this is school
It's good so see a video from this channel about this war. Even in Portuguese history class, the topics of this conflict are very on the surface level. Also, one of my grandfathers served in Guinea and came back from there sick on board an hospital ship but that's all I know. My father once told me my grandfather never liked to share much about it. I am yet to try to ask it myself. Once again, thanks for making a video about this War.
There was great investment in the colonies. Specially Mozambique and Angola. Their main cities were easily more developed than the european Portugal ones.
@@hugoandrade3551Nada. Perhaps 300 years ago they were yes. But South Africa is the most developed country in Africa by far. Thanks to the European settlers.
YOOOOO I'VE BEEN WAITING FOR THIS FOR YEARS LESS GOOOO But seriously, thanks for doing this! Portuguese history is very overshadowed and i love to see my country getting the recognition it deserves!
Military experts and general historians claim a Portuguese military success and general victory in Angola and Mozambique and a stalemate in Guiné Bissau, but according to this video, it seems like they were defeated everywhere
It was a success everywhere but Bissau like you mentioned. We halted the war altogether because of our anti-colonial revolution that agreed to grant independance to the colonies, otherwise we'd have probably supressed the Angolan and Mozambican uprisings, not Guiné Bissau tho. Fortunately the revolution did happen and there weren't any more men sent to the slaughterhouse
@@miguelpadeiro762that's an interesting story you got there but don't kid yourself mate😂 As long as the hope and desire for liberty and freedom still beats in the hearts of people. Victory will always be certain. You had neither. So failure was ultimately guaranteed in the end, so don't be a sour loser and make up *"well, we could have if we had only..."* crap lmao. Just take the L and move on with your life. Just ask your friends the Americans about their tales in Vietnam and Afghanistan😂. I'm sure it must have have been victory in their heads as well.
@@nyashasamuriwo-bp2mv he isn't coping about anything, Portugal had essentially won the war in Angola and Mozambique however the Guinea Bissau front was a failure due to the terrain and geography making its environment similar to Afghanistan as in ungovernable for an invading army.
Nunca ouvi ninguém na minha vida falar que Portugal venceu a guerra. Guerrilha é assim mesmo, n importa quanta gente tu mata, no final a pressão foi grande de mais e Portugal não aguentou. Guerra é só extensão da política de qualquer forma
@@nyashasamuriwo-bp2mv Using gamer lingo when talking about very real wars is so weird. I am simply speaking the facts. If the war raged on, we'd have won in most theatres. I don't think you can compare Vietnam and Afghanistan here. They were foreign interventions of the US, getting in the middle of civil wars (the latter which they helped start, as they funded the Taliban mujahideen into existance to battle the Soviet satellite state). Meanwhile, the Colonial War was a native insurection to liberate the colonies from Portuguese rule. Portugual's investment in the colonial war was nothing like American investment in your mentioned wars. They could at the end of the day just bail...which they did, nothing lost to the US at large. Meanwhile, the Portuguese regime's entire legitimacy, domestic and international, was built around its colonial empire. "We are not like the others! We are special! Our empire is legitimate!" Losing the war was unthinkable for the Estado Novo, and as such they invested in it severely. The result was thousands of Portuguese men dead, thousands of natives butchered, general suffering. Portugal couldn't afford to "just dip out" alá Vietnam or Afghanistan. Fortunately we had a revolution. This revolution toppled the afformentioned regime, Estado Novo, and was vehemently anti-colonial. So, in constrast with the previous government, they were very open to outright end the conflict, which they did. This is why the conflict ended. Fortunately so. Would Portugal cling to its colonies forever? Unlikely. Rhodesia fell. Apartheid fell. Even Franco back in Europe, a close ally of the Portuguese Estado Novo, also fell alongside his own Fascist regime in Spain. Sooner or later, Portugal would be completely isolated, and would have to consede to the native demands for liberty. This isn't a CoD lobby, if that's how you want to talk about the topic, I'm not interested. And no, the hearts of the people won't win a war. As unfortunate as that is. Taliban rules over Afghanistan. Where are the hearts of the people seeking freedom? Quenched under a boot.
there was a series of errors, a few i noticed: South Africa and Rodesia supported Portugal, they started supporting UNITA only after the portuguese left in 1975. And Portugal wasn't actually struggling in Angola since the independence movements were more focused in attacking each other than the portuguese.
While Angola independence was in 1975 the war pretty much ended after the 25 of April of1974 revolution in Portugal, so it's a bit misleading talking about Cubans, south africans and soviets during the independence fighting since they never fought the portuguese. Quinfango also, the portuguese stopped fighting after the 25 April revolution in 74... the last thing they wanted to is to get killed in a territory they were leaving.
Fantastic video! Just a small note, as a Portuguese I think you missed some details about the conflicts, for example you forgot to mention the duration of the conflict (13 years!), the huge amount of Portuguese people that fought directly or indirectly in the war over that period (more than 1 million, for a country with 6/7 million people at the time), the economical costs of the conflict for the Portuguese state and the consequences of the independence treaties that displaced more than a million Portuguese people from the colonies. I'd like to add another thing, today is very common for young people in their 20s/30s to have at least one grandfather who fought in the war. My paternal grandfather fought in Guinea Bissau for a couple of years and sometimes tells me stories that would give anyone PTSD nowadays, such as seeing his friends getting eaten by crocodiles after a native soldier blew a raft with a bazooka, throwing almost a dozen guys in a river during some sort of operation. Of course he hated the war and the military, and that made him a communist sympathiser which later was involved with the Portuguese Communist Party, who he votes for in every election until today.
Most "liberation" movements in Africa basically just traded in white dictatorship into black dictatorships. Few Africans really benefited from "independence".In fact many African nations regressed after independence but we are not allowed to talk about that.
Going from a tribal system to a democratic system is not a easy task. The west was far ahead in theology, science and technology. Borders where drawn in a continent with different tribes. For Africa Learning pains are included. If these people looked like "white, blond and blue eyes" the west would invest more in their education under colonization..but for now they have to do it for them selves..is their ancestral land. I hope they succeed.
The main objective for the operation “Green Sea” was to free Portuguese pilots POWs there were being held in Conacri. They were successful on that main goal.
My grandfather was sent to Guinea-Bissau, from 1965 to 67, he told me it was a very horrific front and told me many atrocities made by both sides. If the regime didn’t fell and the war didn’t end, my grandparents would have fled Portugal with my father to France so he couldn’t be drafted.
Thank you for doing a video on one of the most underrated wars of all the 3 stages of decolonization. Good of you to note "Portugal´s Vietnam" but some of the things you claim are not true or are simply missing. On a side note: South Africa and Rhodesia were Portuguese Allies they actively supported Portuguese Operations troughout the War. SAAF Helicopters assisted numerous operations. Portugal also assisted Rhodesia in their movements to break free from Britain. It is widely accepted by Historians by a vast majority that militarily the War was won in Angola and Mozambique by 1973, while a stalemate existed in guinea and all our posessions in Asia with the exception of Macau and Timor were lost in 1961.
"militarily the War was won" wdym bro, they kicked us out in a war of atrition, they achieved their goal and the estado novo lost. Why does your little portuguese pride gotta require you make up some copium logic so that you can tell yourself that Portugal is great and that Portugal won at something.
@@artonio5887 Its accepted by Historians everywhere that the several guerrila groups had been sucessfully contained in Angola and Mozambique but lost in Guinea. So a military Victory was indeed achieved in Angola and Mozambique. Popular unrest in Portugal and armed forces officers´discontent led to the Carnation Revolution wich then led to the withdrawal from our colonies in Africa. It´s not "coping", its facts... Africa was our "Vietnam" and like the Americans events at home dictated the course of the War, a defeat, in both cases My Point, and an accepted one is that Portugal lost the war even though it had triumphs in the field. why is this so hard to understand
in my opinion portugal is the most important country of the old world, since they manage to create the most advanced tecnology to go overseas, they go all the way from south america to the asia, real manaces, huge respect to my fellows portugueses from brazil
Éra militar graduado e fui um dos intervenientes nessa guerra colonial mais precisamente em Moçambique, passei posteriormente pela revolução dos cravos em 25 de Abril de 1974 . Uma guerra de guerrilha é sempre difícil de combater, estava no cumprimento do serviço militar e como todos fui obrigado a ir para aquela frente de combate . Portugal já fazia parte da OTAN mas ninguém nos apoiava à excepção da antiga Rodésia e África do Sul.
I’m not sure if this is a major correction, but Portugal did use a lot of old WW2 gear prior to the start of the conflict. German and Italian weapons from WW2 were used until better weapons were available by the late 1960s
@@Zoomer-PhilosophyAnd maybe in a few years if they add significant amounts of flavour and completely re-do the terrible war system they have in place, it'll live up to Vicky 2.
@@Zoomer-Philosophy I really like vicky 3 but their colonialism mechanic is still overall awful, vic2's honestly just worked. Establish protectorates of military authority no matter the population dynamics. In vicky 3 such a small nation as Portugal has no hopes of making its historical colonies from how little population they have to expand their colonial growth, as if the colonization of Africa was a matter of settlement and not establishment of military oversight for economic exploitation
Not a bad primer! Fyi, CUF is now the leading private healthcare provider in the country. I worked for them when I was younger - still paying poverty wages, but the workers don't live in union-proof campuses anymore. It would have been interesting to put into perspective the yields of that relentless exploitation of people and natural resources in the colonies, and how it fit into Salazar's economic model, since he is still widely perceived - even by some detractors - as some sort of financial wizard. Also worth exploring is the interplay between the Estado Novo regime, national and international corporate and financial interests, and the geopolitics of cooperation between settler-colonial states in southern Africa in the context of the Cold War. The Cahora Bassa dam, in Mozambique, is a fascinating case study. I wrote the English subtitles for a documentary series by Portugal's RTP titled "History in Stories: Africa" ("História a História África"). I can't find it anywhere, but you're probably the better sleuth :) cheers
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07:51 Translating "caçadores" as in the military unit for "hunters" is super misleading. "Light Infantry" better.
In Portuguese Guinea, Portuguese general Antonio de Spinola distinguished himself during his command there (1968 - 1972) by his adoption of a "hearts and minds" campaign with the civilian population, building roads, cattle dips, schools, and other civilian infrastructure. He also recruited African Commandos to fight against PAIGC. The strategy was sufficient to bring about a stalemate.
@@KonradAdenauerJr Yes I know. Big oil didn't like that. Paying fair taxes was a bad example to the Reaganites. They crushed the smaller oil companies that did business with the MPLA. Then ended the arms embargo on Angola and armed the near defunct UNITAs.
@ No, the oil corporations liked that. They lobbied intensely against assistance to UNITA. MPLA made lots of money as a result but squandered much of it through inefficiency and corruption.
My Great Great Grandfather was a professor in Huambo (Angola), and lives there a few years with my Great Grandmother, and my Cousin fougth in Angola in the Combatentes, Paraquedistas regiment, I am pround to be portuguese and all of my history country.
Two notable things that are not mentioned in the video. 1: At the time, Portugal had conscription in place. Creating a similar generation to the Vietnam generation in the U.S. 2: For a long time, Portugal had referred to its overseas territories internally as provinces. Despite the reality of the situation, Portugal used this as justification, that these colonies were actually part of Portugal proper. And as such decolonisation didn’t apply to them.
They were never colonies. They were always referred to as provinces because that's what they were. Cape Verde was found and occupied by the Portuguese in the 1400s the same way Algarve was conquered in the 1200s. Another example: Goa was already Portuguese in 1510. India is a country which was founded in 1947. What rights should it have to that Portuguese territory? Goans never asked to be "liberated". Mass migration to Portugal, Angola and Mozambique after the annexation should have given people a hint that those were, indeed, Portuguese nationals who didn't want to become Indian citizens.
One thing you overlooked in your video was that the colonies actually enjoyed much more civil liberties than Continental Portugal during the Estado Novo where the secret police PIDE held the population under a tight grip as you said with surveillance, censorship and the imprisonment of intellectuals or any who would dare dissent against the regime.
The Iberian Union in a nutshell: Spain: "The Pope says that I get all of the resource rich Americas, and you get all the old world that's populated by civilizations that have been well accustomed to war. Sound good?" Portugal: "🥰"
Funny enough, at the time they thought Portugal got the better deal since it was guaranteed profits with the spice trade while spain didn't know so much about the america riches
@@crow624 Especially once Portugal discovered that a decent chunk of South America was actually on their side of the dividing longitude line. Meanwhile... United Kingdom: We're a Protestant country that doesn't recognize the Pope, so we're going to start colonizing the Eastern seaboard of North America, eventually kick out the Dutch, and gradually move inward, followed by kicking out the French and moving even further inland. What could go wrong after that?
A friend of my dad was called to the war, very young. He went to the helicopter divisions, transporting soldiers to the battle field and from the battle field. He got to transport wounded soldiers or worse, from the battlefield. He is a good person. A bit paranoid and sometimes he can be slightly aggressive but not over the top. Unfortunately something that really stuck to him is the fact that he doesn't feel comfortable around black people (he picked it up from the war, he wasn't like that before). I have never ever eeeever heard him mention anything about the war. But my dad says he mentioned things to him that were undescribable. In the words of my dad, "you can't and don't want to imagine the things that guy saw in the war...".
What an interesting take on the entire thing. The reality is so complicated and convoluted that has little relation to the exposed, and could not conceivebly be expressed in such a short video. It''s an exceptional set of wars the colonial wars, lasting a full 14 years. It's nice seeing it's song sang though.
A little correction: the Carnation Revolution came about primarily due to extreme concerns amongst the career officers within the portuguese armed forces.They felt threatened by new conscription laws which imposed shortened training and preparation semesters for newly drafted junior officers, and their potential integration to the permanent cadre of career officers in the army. Thus, in order to safeguard their status, clandestine groups of officers began planning for a potential takeover, there was a failed attempt at a coup in Caldas da Rainha and the movement became "politicized" since they were mostly aware that the stalemate in Africa would eventually drain the portuguese economy and manpower dry (and the armed forces would most likely be blamed and officers would be prosecuted), naturally they didn't want any of this (the repression by the DGS (the "final form" of PIDE) also antagonized the movement against the regime)
exatamente 👍 I don’t know why this video makes it seem as if the Carnation Revolution was due to public discontentment with the regime when it really wasn’t. They didn’t like the forced conscription but that didn’t necessarily mean they wanted to overthrow the Estado Novo.
Salazar made Portugal economically rich during his reign, but the accumulated wealth was spent on senseless colonial wars instead of internal development. 😢
Rich ... yeah ... for who? Not for the vast majority of the population who lived in squalor without access to basic sanation, health or education. Forced to abandon education to work the fields and the mines to reinforce their family's income, or sent to die in a pointless war oversees for the profits of our corporate overlords. Hunted by the PIDE, always fearfull of being told on to the police by your neighbours and friends. That's the reality of the Estado Novo regime. Maybe do a less fantasizing about fascists and talk to real portuguese men and women who lived outside of Porto and Lisbon during that time.
Hello from Russia. There is an university dedicated to Ilyin - russian pro-nazy philosopher, and russia is the country that claims to fight fascism in Ukraine)))))
@@Maliers Yeah, it was absolute chaos then, especially in eastern Europe Like there was the Ukrainian People’s Republic fighting for independence And a West Ukranian people’s Republic And a Belorussian People’s Republic So on and son.
I feel like anything outside the western front is covered too little. Gallipoli is famous but no one actually covers the details. The ottomans collapsed because of a middle eastern front that is practically unknown outside of Lawrence of Arabia. Russias Turkish front, Austrian front and Baltic front is ignored as well, once Tannenberg is mentioned nothing is really talked about after until Russias collapse
Both my grandfathers were conscripted into the Portuguese army. Luckily they were both asigned in non-combat roles so none of them got maimed or killed in this pointless war. One of them had the job of getting supplies of food and medicine to the troops.
To be honest I suggested this topic because it’s such an interesting one but I must say you missed some points more specifically in the Bissau colony. The reason the paigc was so effective is 1. After taking locals resources for the war like food , they would often return the favour by offering villagers farming tools and knowledge and when they returned the locals would have a bounty of food and were more then happy to provide for the paigc fighters 2nd is that the terrain in guinea is swampy much like the Florida Everglades , making it hard for the Portuguese to navigate 3rd the Portuguese military leadership was so incompetent that the only improvement they decided to give the Portuguese fighters in guinea was rafts to get up and down rivers almost no swamp-marsh terrain training
Cristiano Ronaldo's father was conscripted to fight in these wars, and the resulting PTSD caused him to become alcoholic later in life. This eventually killed him. Ronaldo has been quite candid about this over the years.
My grandfather served in the military during the 60s. He told me stories from his friends, who served in the colonial wars, especially in guinea-bissau. The war crimes comitted by portuguese forces were absolutely disgusting. One story that had an impact on me was how the soldiers would kill an entire village, and then play football with baby heads. May the souls who were lost in the brutality of war never be forgotten.
Operation Green Sea was not a total failure. The main objective, to rescue 26 Portuguese prisoners of war in Conakry’s prision, was achieved succesfully. All Portuguese prisoners returned home safe and sound. PAIGC and Guinean navy patrol boats recently acquired from the Soviets were totally destroyed. Where the Portuguese failed was the assassination of Amilcar Cabral (done later succesfully). The Guinean exiles that were supposed to topple the government failed but the consequences of this brillant military operation on Sekou Toure’s regime was enormous. Hundreds of innocent Guineans were executed by Conakry in a paranoia that struck the regime. Although protected by Cubans, Soviet bloc advisers, PAIGC and its own Army, the Portuguese easily entered Conakry killing over 500 enemies with the loss of only 4 of its members. A group of Guineans exiles surrendered to the Guinean authorities and were executed by order of Sekou Toure. Those that claim that operation Green Sea was a failure are just sore loosers.
@@NayuzAqua Loosers because Portuguese decided when to leave, not forced to leave. The Armed Forces decided to end the war because they realised that it was costing too many innocent lives and the war was unpopular in Portugal. Polititians on both sides (Portuguese and Nationalists) couldn’t reach an agreement and that’s why Portuguese ex-colonies are such a f**kup!
my mother and I are Portuguese [azorean]. .and we've had discussions about Portugal's influence in the world through colonization. Mother was born in 1950 and her mother in the 1920s [1927 I think]. We try to piece together what Portugal influence went through in our respective times. As we all know, all Portuguese men had to enlist into armed services by age 19, and my mother's brother did. .he served his service time in Mozambique area during the 70s. I'm thinking my mother and I moved to the states as part of the great migration of Portuguese to the states and Canada. . .but we were on the tail end of that movement. I think it started around 1940s when the islands had active volcanoes that displaced the natives. And I can see from google maps the added land mass to Pico [azores] island on the west coast where a massive volcano overflowed. What Portugal's current ambitions. .we don't know. .but perhaps we'll learn in future videos? :)
Happy you addressed the fact more Africans were killed by their internal ideological and political fighting than in the actual war with Portugal. In Angola the internal fighting is still going on in 2024. Portugal has been out of that country for almost 50 years...
The notion that the angolan and mozambican fronts were lost are incorrect. Our military forces subdued the african movements, keeping them away from the populations, and the situation was under countrol. There are reports from the american secret services claiming this. In Guinea Bissau, however, the situation was dire, PAIGC had better weapons due to the Soviet Union and the terrain being composed by swamps made waging a war there an nightmare. So the situation was very difficult there. Putting political opinions aside, i am very proud the way pur armed froces fought, with three different theaters so far way from Portugal. Our empire died but it died well, we should have no hard feelings about it. As for the countries that succeed it, i hope our african brothers could find their way to progress, as we try to find our way to be a modern western european country with a funcional economy, which it is not yet completely achieved.
@@pedrorexSWG propaganda is what communists have been spewing all these years. I don't want another Salazar, but I don't want a Fidel Castro either. And Portugal was destroyed for the profit of China and the USSR. Those former overseas Portuguese citizens have been vampirised by those countries and others (like Cuba and Senegal) ever since their "independence".
@@pedrorexSWGregardless of how you feel it’s true. Like if one acknowledges that the Soviets were in the process of successfully subduing Afghanistan before American support arrived does that make someone a communist then?
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Hello from Russia. There is an university of Ilyin - russian pro-nazy philosopher, and russia is the country that claims to fight fascism in Ukraine)))))
@@Russia_is_going_to_nuke_usashut up
Victoria 3 my beloved (I haven't even played it, I just have it in my library)
@@Potato55654 you really think ukraine is ruled by nazis? Imagine falling for russian propaganda
Like video
The Estado Novo era of Portugal must be one of the most unheard parts of European history
As well as most parts of Portuguese history!
The republican era is completely forgotten
@@joaotomas9430 Then again... That era is what gave birth to the Estado Novo era due to how much they bungled it...
@@joaotomas9430 estado novo was republican, monarchy was abolished in 1910
Yeah, Spain and Portugal were the only fascist countries that survived beyond WW2
Two notable things that are not mentioned in the video.
1: At the time, Portugal had conscription in place. Creating a similar generation to the Vietnam generation in the U.S.
2: Portugal referred to its overseas territories internally as provinces. Despite the reality of the situation, Portugal used this as justification, that these colonies were actually part of Portugal proper. And as such decolonisation didn’t apply to them.
They were never called colonies as far as I remenber.
Never called colonies mate, Portugal even had it's Capital in Brazil...and proportionally, Portugal had more soldiers in three combat fronts, with much less resources.
@@lxportugal9343 Provincias Ultramarinas. At least in the modern era.
In the last years of the war in Angola and Mozambique the majority of conscripts were local africans, but in Guinea it was majority white conscripts.
@tekinfomedi Stanley Ho was originally from Hong Kong, but Susana Chou da Luz is a macanese politician and well she would be technically a Portuguese by all that
“Portugal was getting a bit chummy with the allies behind the scenes, and Germany didn’t like that one bit.” Oversimplified
thats WW1
How is that related?
@@zayedbinimran957 Yeah. GB did not want Portugal in WW1.
@@peterschutzek325 im pretty sure they did
Germany fought Portugal on the border of Angola and Namibia, each other's colonial territory on WW1
It reminded me of "DEATH TO THE MPLA" quote
Same.
OUR JOURNEY TO VICTORY HAS BEGUN
Stop watching this, Brother. We must fight the MPLA
"Here they come! Here they come, my brothers! Fiight my brotherrrs!!"
Savimbi Quote
You should make a video about the "Central American Crisis" in the 1970s and 1980s. It was one of the main battle grounds in the latter half of the Cold War, with civil wars in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua.
Shining Path would be a cool one too
Thanks, USA, for destabilizing the region. -Mexican American
Hopefully there is a section in that video for Iran Contra. Reagan's evils are endless.
@@kingace6186Economic growth and he opposed a dictatorship. What and evil man!!!
Oh God, speaking of Guatemala, I hope that Armchair Historian will speak about its civil war especially the Mayan genocide.😢
The Portuguese Colonial War in Africa lasted from 1961 until the final overthrow of the Estado Novo regime in 1974. The Carnation Revolution of April 1974 in Lisbon led to the hasty decolonization of Portuguese Africa and to the 1975 annexation of Portuguese Timor by Indonesia.
Fun fact: Guinea was named after the Gulf of Guinea and used for multiple countries there, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea. Papua New Guinea was originally called Papua but explorers thought the natives looked like the natives from the Guinea part of the world in Africa.
@@paulocorreia7942Not at all, it's French Guyana,
not really. guiné was the portuguese n word equivalent during the exploration age. so gulf of guinea really means gulf of n*****s
I am obsessed with Portuguese history. Thank you for making this video
Hello guys, I am the new editor for the channel, hope you guys enjoyed our latest production, I have also been doing the sound design for the past year (not every video, since I have 2 more awesome colleagues). Please let me know your thoughts about it and what you would like to see from us in the future.
I love it everything looks good whit a perfect amount of information whitout being overwhelming the sound is good and immersive I genuinely can't picture a flaw in the work whit that said congratulations hope you are proud of yourself because holy that's some amazing work keep it up!
Good to know, I love all the Armchair content!
I'd like to see some Czech/o'Slovak 20th century themed vids
We fought our own mini expeditionary war in Russia even before our state was formed, we almost started WW2 only to be swallowed by the Eastern bloc afterwards, there's the '68 invasion, the '89 Velvet revolution...pretty interesting perspective on world shaping events through Czech eyes!
Very cool video, where is the music from?
Great job!
@@grey_apache The music is taken from Epidemic Sounds, there are multiple songs but here are the more interesting ones used in this video: Pandemonium - Christoffer Moe / Still Rivals - Dream Cave / The Lost Forest - Dex 1200.
Portuguese history needs more love. I'm glad to see you cover this. Much thanks 🇵🇹🇵🇹🇵🇹
Portuguese imperialism
@caven7056 that is portuguese history. Thank you, captain obvious.
It's a beautiful country Portugal, friendly people as well, all the best from the UK 🇬🇧🇵🇹
@@CalasTyphon488 LONG LIVE THE ALLIANCE. I hope you know what I'm talking about!!
@@paulocorreia7942 oldest alliance in the world my friend 💪
The only thing I think is "wrong" in this video is the fact that it doesn't mention the 1961 massacre by Congolese UPA members in Northern Angola, both Africans and Europeans were massacred with no distinction, that kicked off the colonial war. That aside , great video.
RTP has arquive images of that, everybody can see them
But if someone puts them here on YT , the video desapairs in a heart beat
It isnt shown because it doesnt fit the narrative of this video. In case you didnt realize this video is biased AF against Portugal and for the brutal "independence movements" that, unlike what this video suggests, were even more brutal than Portugal.
@@greentuga691 Which is the correct narrative. Colonialism is absolutely abhorrent. I know you're proud of our history, but colonialism is not worth defending.
@@pashico7082white European nations i forgive your previous governments bad deeds but it would nice if all of Europe become a protectorate of a Greater China that’s allied with a unified Korea, Japan, we promise to keep Europe (Russia included) white remove the blacks and browns. As long as we get to breed with your surplus women.
The whole colonial war was initiated and funded by the Soviet Union. After Stalin's "socialism in one country" Nikita Khrushchev discovered a different approach by spreading Marxism in Africa, Asia and South America. Most rebel leaders were trained in Moscow and supplied with Russian weapons.
Basically Portugal lost its colonies to the Soviet Union.
As a portuguese, I'm so happy that you made this video. I have been watching your channel for over 1 year and always wanted a video about our colonial war. Well, it was worth the wait since this video is pretty good :D
And there will be one more Portuguese video coming in the following weeks, but it will be an Armchair Exclusive on Armchair Historian TV.
Você é português? Eu sou brasileiro, gosto de trocar mensagens com aqueles que compartilham do mesmo idioma.
@@joaopedrobaggio4475 A história de Portugal é também a vossa história amigos :)
@@ghost7344Is it about their golden age of colonialism?
@@SiPakRubah It will be the invasion of Goa
My grandfather (Sergent) lead a squad in Angola, in the 70's. (he was in the airborne forces of portugal) he has tons of war stories. i am very glad you made this episode!
A colonizer
@@NgolaNalane womp womp
@@NgolaNalanea soldier
@@NgolaNalane Based
@@tomasmontalto9465 an oppressor
My maternal grandpa was a doctor that treated injured soldiers in the Overseas War and I also have great uncles who also fought as soldiers in that war, it was a terrible war that killed thousands of people and caused many economical problems in our country, it's the main reason why the Estado Novo regime was easily overthrown on April 25th century
We have the same last name, even though i'm brazilian.
Not to mention the whole Retornados scenario...I have family members that were Retornados. I could have been one, if my grandfather had not had the foresight to leave before War broke out.
My grandfather fought in Angola, unfortunately when he came back he was not the same person that he used to be
*he used to be
@@antoniof9756dude don’t be a prick
@@you_forgot_somethingdumbpo5647 You already are, apparently.
@@antoniof9756 yhe i don't care im not english
Yeah, even after all these years, you still occasionally meet veterans from that war, most are really scarred from it.
People here these days seem to forget our country was in a Vietnam like 13 year war all over Africa not that long ago.
I know this video focuses mostly on portugals african colonies, but i think there should also be a mention of their other territories such is east timor or goa, which shows how foreign actors that are neither east or west also took advantage of the collapse.
Soon, stay tuned!
Especially Goa.
Indonesia under Suharto was very much on the side of the West
@@kingace6186 fgs... I hope they ask Goans... real Goans that lived there or are descendents
I'm tired of seeing videos about Goa with misconceptions. Neru never made a referendum about Goa, now guess why
@@lxportugal9343 there were no objections any where in any form from the local populance, plus there were rebel movements to join India, so yeah your guess is most probably wrong.
20:42 And Timor-Leste. Dont forget them, even if they would later be invaded by Indonesia.
Thank you for not forgetting us
@@f4bertaleixo hello from Indonesia.
@@IslamistSocialist371 Oh hi there
Hello from a Portuguese (GNR) that has lived 1y and 7m in Timor-Leste. Some of the best memories of my life come from there.❤
One thing should have been said, but it was not: yes, the Estado Novo denied political rights to the Portuguese African colonies - but the white population of Portugal was also denied the same political rights.
Portugal was, let's not forget, a dictatorship.
It was a good dictatorship though. One that was based in Catholic values and truly represented the will of the Portuguese people. It’s a shame it came to and end earlier than it should’ve
Only one of those groups was subjected to forced labour and denied the right to even speak their own language
@@bjehulk WILD TAKE
@@tiagoalmeida3271
The correct take
@@bjehulk CHEGA voter, waste of oxygen
My grandfather and his brother fought in Angola, during the colonial war. My grandfather survived, but he was traumatized by what he saw. His brother died in the war, stepping in a landmine. Everyone says he was a kind and serious man, and I wish I had met him. I am so sorry for every war, battle, conflict, etc, all over the world.
My grandfather fought in this war, won a praise for saving a colleague under fire and was a cooker in the army. One day he recooked caldo verde (portuguese soup) as there were no more ingredients for soup he had to scrape the soldiers bowls to make more caldo verde. The best part was that the officers said it was good. He told that the rebels ("turras") were so dark in skin that they attacked from the trees and were difficult to see. After the war he dedicated to making chocolate and helped people. With the money he saved with military service he bought the house I still live today. Had he died in that war I wouldn't be here. He did not like war but was conscripted to Angola. He's an example I want to follow and make proud. As a portuguese, I'm sorry for the atrocities commited, nobody wins with war.
Que grande história, e que grande pessoa que o teu avó é!
You're grandpa is a colonizer. In Africa we despise his kind
Good story. May your grandfather rest in peace.
@@ReiPago colonizer
@@NgolaNalane He (indirectly) benefits from the actions of colonization but he nevertheless had no hand in perpetuating it anyway. I wouldn't fault him for keeping the house when getting one is not easy.
Also I suggest you look into the history of your ethnic group and see if you've displaced an indigenous minority of your country.
As a Portuguese person, I'm very disappointed with The Armchair Historian. In this video, events that happened after the Colonial War are mixed in with events that actually happened during the Colonial War, which makes the whole video confusing.
For example, Operation Carlota (minute 9:57) has nothing to do with the Colonial War. That operation took place in 1975, while the Colonial War ended in 1974, Cuba did not intervene in the Colonial War. "Portuguese forces effectively stepped back" (minute 10:04) because the war was already over, this isn't clear in the video. The Cuban intervention and operation Carlota happened in the Angolan Civil war, not in the Colonial War!
And South Africa, Rhodesia, and Zaire most definitely didn't support UNITA or FNLA during the Colonial War (minute 8:59). Those countries supported Portugal only. They only supported UNITA and FNLA during the Angolan Civil War, which took place AFTER the Colonial War was over.
Overall, the video is very confusing and does a poor job of accurately teaching about the Colonial War. The mix-up of events that occurred after the war with those that happened during the war leads to a misleading and unclear narrative.
Indeed, I made a similar comment poiting this out. Or saying Rhodesia and SA supported UNITA pre-independence is not even misleading is just plain wrong... in the case of Angola there was definetly some confusion between decolonization and the start of the civil war. Also in Angola the war was pretty much over.
Most dont know that Portugal was a major power in colonial Europe. They had a huge navy and explored all over the world.
"power" is a stretch lmao
@@nostro1940 Hes talk about portugal back in the 15th century.
16th and 17th @@hangonsapto2338
Cheers. It's a Great video that casts light on this critical history topic. I also enjoyed the video about the Rhodesian bush war, which is absolutely one of my favorites. The accurate and amazing art of your videos, the depictions of facts places, and people, and of course the weapons, the narration, the style everything else contribute to an enjoyable experience.
I’m glad you are making videos about topics that arent well known, its very cool!
Cristiano Ronaldo's father was a soldier in these wars. He suffered PTSD as a consequence and died of alcohol related illness.
There's an interesting documentary about the decolonization of Africa titled "Africa Addio". Worth a watch
I have that on dvd it is a interesting documentary
Is it on TH-cam?
@@theemirofjaffa2266 It is, there are English subtitles available on the Italian documentary and also an English dub available
Thanks for this!
There are various versions/editions. You must try get the better uncut version
Thank you for covering this. This event doesn't get the coverage and attention it deserves, not even in Portugal. It is just taught as a sidenote, something else bad that happened during the Estado Novo.
A Guerra do Ultramar é um dos eventos históricos mais falados em Portugal, certamente
Sounds like the American-Phillippino War, the difference being that the native revolution failed and the Philippines had to remain a colony for another 30+ years before being granted independence.
Glad to see someone cover this topic!
>Portuguese History video
Billions must subscribe
thanks for showing my country's history some love
ps: if you see an S in the middle of a word, use the "shh" sound to pronounce it. "e-sh-tado"
mas ele nunca falou sobre o começo do primeiro imperio
😂😂😂😂😂😂😂
@@MikeMyers-th1rk ???
God bless Ameri- I mean Portugal and God bless The Enclave !
My grandpa fought in this war (as did so many other grandparents here in Portugal). In his case, it was in Mozambique where he spent most of the war; and while he never told me much about the war itself (and I never tried to force him to talk about it), he did tell me about how he and his buddies, with the war finished and waiting to go home, spent their last days on a "safari" of sorts, looking for and photographing every wild animal they could - elephants, lions, crocodiles... He loved those creatures, so different from what he saw in Portugal and knew that there was no going back to that land and that, with him living in a remote village in the North, far away from Lisbon, where there was the only zoo in Portugal, that would likely be his last chance to see them. He still remembers them fondly (contrary to the dictatorship, with him referring to Salazar as "filho da puta!" ("motherfucker") at dinner, when the topic arises.
Thank you for this video and for shedding light on this often forgotten (maybe even here in Portugal) conflict.
Thankful for your grandpa's service
As him what he did to the locals he invaded and terrorized
@@nicholasmwangangi6257Well these "locals" you refer to are actually not even indigenous to Southern Africa themselves.
Obrigado (thank you) for this! Cheers from Portugal 🟦👑⬜
Cheers from England! Portugal is our longest ally.
Ngl the blue white flag looked really epic
@@ANUBISseyes2 absolutely 💪
⬜️👑⬜️
@@scottanno8861 pink map
Portugal alone fought Germany in Africa and destroyed the German desire of MittelAfrica. Germans fought for conquering Angola and Mozambique but Germans were defeated.
Lol watch how the colonies were looted by the lion of africa
When was this? What year were these wars?
Things our European friends usually don't think when thinking about Portugal:
- A lot of our population ("white" portuguese) with more then 50 years (so like, your boss at work, your father's friend, not "old people") were born in African or Asian countries when they were part of the Empire. I had a school colleague born in Macau.
- A lot of our 65+ population has PTSD from the colonial wars... if you are around 20-25... those are our "fathers/uncles" generations, not our "grandfathers" generations.
- When Portugal thinks of itself, it doesn't really see itself culturally or historically has an European country. Yes, we feel and are European, but our history happened outside of Europe, our international relations are still very much divided between EU, NATO and CPLP (Lusophone countries).
The contrast can be "jokingly" seen in these factoids: The Portuguese language is the 17th most spoken language in Europe, between Czech and Catalan... at the same time, Portuguese is the most spoken language in the World's Southern Hemisphere.
Spanish is more spoken.
@@diegorodrigovelasquezmeniz8026 Yeah also French and English are much more numerous outside, than inside their country... I don't see that as a good argument or a meaning of their culture.
@@FragLord its nothing Bad by itself...Buy try to explain that to The "Patriots". All african migrants on boat arriving at Italy and Spain speaks either English or French, why? Are french people eager to be brothers for life with Congo?... If all congolese people speaks french are they already french? Do You know that Congo (french speaker) and Nigeria (English speakers) Will explode on demographics...both Will have more than 300 million people by 2050... Are english-men and nigerians The same?
@@diegorodrigovelasquezmeniz8026 That's exactly what I meant to say. I don't agree with the statement that Portuguese people don't have a continental & cultural European history.
And for most colonial nations, their language is bigger outside than inside their country.
@@diegorodrigovelasquezmeniz8026 in the southern hemisphere? The most spoken language is portuguese, not spanish.
My Portuguese grandfather fled the country to Brazil as he didn't want to fight a colonial war, he met a Brazilian lady n settled down
vovô esperto :)
A better ending than ending up dead in the jungle.
Montou uma padaria? 😂😂😂
@@Ramondenner1991quem sabe, e de certeza que se deu bem
I have so many stories... My great-uncle fled to the USA, a great-aunt to France, my grandma's cousin to Brazil... Another great-uncle died fighting in Angola. My paternal grandad (whose parents were, funnily enough, Brazilian, from Belém do Pará) was already living in Guinea-Bissau when the war started. He owned a restaurant the soldiers frequented. My grandma was Guinean and so is my dad. My maternal grandad fought in Guinea-Bissau, coincidentally, and, thankfully, made it back to Portugal, where he met my grandmother.
It is crazy how good these animations have become. Anyways, thanks for uploading, Mr Johnson.
As a portuguese man who lives in Angola this video is incredible, the way you explained it made it much more interesting then when I was taught this is school
It's good so see a video from this channel about this war. Even in Portuguese history class, the topics of this conflict are very on the surface level. Also, one of my grandfathers served in Guinea and came back from there sick on board an hospital ship but that's all I know. My father once told me my grandfather never liked to share much about it. I am yet to try to ask it myself. Once again, thanks for making a video about this War.
There was great investment in the colonies. Specially Mozambique and Angola. Their main cities were easily more developed than the european Portugal ones.
Lourenço Marques e Luanda eram sim as cidades mais desenvolvidas de Africa, ainda hoje tem algumas facilidades deixadas lá pelos Portugueses...
@@hugoandrade3551Nada. Perhaps 300 years ago they were yes. But South Africa is the most developed country in Africa by far. Thanks to the European settlers.
YOOOOO I'VE BEEN WAITING FOR THIS FOR YEARS LESS GOOOO
But seriously, thanks for doing this! Portuguese history is very overshadowed and i love to see my country getting the recognition it deserves!
Ah yes, a Portugal video right when my obsession with Portuguese History starts.
Thank for taking a interest in Portuguese btw
@@AirsoftPistachio 👍
Military experts and general historians claim a Portuguese military success and general victory in Angola and Mozambique and a stalemate in Guiné Bissau, but according to this video, it seems like they were defeated everywhere
It was a success everywhere but Bissau like you mentioned. We halted the war altogether because of our anti-colonial revolution that agreed to grant independance to the colonies, otherwise we'd have probably supressed the Angolan and Mozambican uprisings, not Guiné Bissau tho. Fortunately the revolution did happen and there weren't any more men sent to the slaughterhouse
@@miguelpadeiro762that's an interesting story you got there but don't kid yourself mate😂
As long as the hope and desire for liberty and freedom still beats in the hearts of people. Victory will always be certain. You had neither. So failure was ultimately guaranteed in the end, so don't be a sour loser and make up *"well, we could have if we had only..."* crap lmao. Just take the L and move on with your life.
Just ask your friends the Americans about their tales in Vietnam and Afghanistan😂. I'm sure it must have have been victory in their heads as well.
@@nyashasamuriwo-bp2mv he isn't coping about anything, Portugal had essentially won the war in Angola and Mozambique however the Guinea Bissau front was a failure due to the terrain and geography making its environment similar to Afghanistan as in ungovernable for an invading army.
Nunca ouvi ninguém na minha vida falar que Portugal venceu a guerra. Guerrilha é assim mesmo, n importa quanta gente tu mata, no final a pressão foi grande de mais e Portugal não aguentou. Guerra é só extensão da política de qualquer forma
@@nyashasamuriwo-bp2mv Using gamer lingo when talking about very real wars is so weird. I am simply speaking the facts. If the war raged on, we'd have won in most theatres.
I don't think you can compare Vietnam and Afghanistan here. They were foreign interventions of the US, getting in the middle of civil wars (the latter which they helped start, as they funded the Taliban mujahideen into existance to battle the Soviet satellite state).
Meanwhile, the Colonial War was a native insurection to liberate the colonies from Portuguese rule.
Portugual's investment in the colonial war was nothing like American investment in your mentioned wars. They could at the end of the day just bail...which they did, nothing lost to the US at large.
Meanwhile, the Portuguese regime's entire legitimacy, domestic and international, was built around its colonial empire. "We are not like the others! We are special! Our empire is legitimate!"
Losing the war was unthinkable for the Estado Novo, and as such they invested in it severely. The result was thousands of Portuguese men dead, thousands of natives butchered, general suffering.
Portugal couldn't afford to "just dip out" alá Vietnam or Afghanistan.
Fortunately we had a revolution. This revolution toppled the afformentioned regime, Estado Novo, and was vehemently anti-colonial. So, in constrast with the previous government, they were very open to outright end the conflict, which they did.
This is why the conflict ended. Fortunately so.
Would Portugal cling to its colonies forever? Unlikely. Rhodesia fell. Apartheid fell. Even Franco back in Europe, a close ally of the Portuguese Estado Novo, also fell alongside his own Fascist regime in Spain. Sooner or later, Portugal would be completely isolated, and would have to consede to the native demands for liberty.
This isn't a CoD lobby, if that's how you want to talk about the topic, I'm not interested.
And no, the hearts of the people won't win a war. As unfortunate as that is. Taliban rules over Afghanistan. Where are the hearts of the people seeking freedom? Quenched under a boot.
there was a series of errors, a few i noticed: South Africa and Rodesia supported Portugal, they started supporting UNITA only after the portuguese left in 1975. And Portugal wasn't actually struggling in Angola since the independence movements were more focused in attacking each other than the portuguese.
They struggled don't lie. How do you think you lost
also "Flechas" while used in Mozambique, they were initially deployed and mostly used in Angola.
While Angola independence was in 1975 the war pretty much ended after the 25 of April of1974 revolution in Portugal, so it's a bit misleading talking about Cubans, south africans and soviets during the independence fighting since they never fought the portuguese. Quinfango also, the portuguese stopped fighting after the 25 April revolution in 74... the last thing they wanted to is to get killed in a territory they were leaving.
@@NgolaNalane we "lost" because of the carnation revolution, 1974, when we gave independence to these territories.
@@francisco_colimao lol you think you gave the independence?
As Portuguese, I say you did a good job with this video!
Keep it up!
THANK YOU!
This subject is soooo underrated. It's good to know you posted this!❤
Waited a good 2 months 🙏
"Those who are left the battlefield have won" - Michael J Collins
Fun fact: Salazar Slytherin in Harry Potter was named after António de Oliveira Salazar
No wonder he’s the best character
@@bjehulk nao tens mesmo nada pra fazer da vida mongo
Fantastic video! Just a small note, as a Portuguese I think you missed some details about the conflicts, for example you forgot to mention the duration of the conflict (13 years!), the huge amount of Portuguese people that fought directly or indirectly in the war over that period (more than 1 million, for a country with 6/7 million people at the time), the economical costs of the conflict for the Portuguese state and the consequences of the independence treaties that displaced more than a million Portuguese people from the colonies.
I'd like to add another thing, today is very common for young people in their 20s/30s to have at least one grandfather who fought in the war. My paternal grandfather fought in Guinea Bissau for a couple of years and sometimes tells me stories that would give anyone PTSD nowadays, such as seeing his friends getting eaten by crocodiles after a native soldier blew a raft with a bazooka, throwing almost a dozen guys in a river during some sort of operation. Of course he hated the war and the military, and that made him a communist sympathiser which later was involved with the Portuguese Communist Party, who he votes for in every election until today.
Thank you for sharing your grandfather's story
Portugal had 22 million people in those times.....
@@br3menPT the indigenous people in the colonies obviously don't count, though.
@@cavalex LOL why? In Mozambique 52% of the troops fighitng for Portugal were natives..."chama-se recrutamento local"
Fantástico só se for pelos gráficos. De histórico isto tem muito pouco, é mais uma arma de propaganda política que qualquer outra coisa.
Thank you AH team , we Portugues lost yesterday on football , but you guys gave us a victory today.🐓🇵🇹
Finally a video about the last colonial Empire and a forgotten war
Most "liberation" movements in Africa basically just traded in white dictatorship into black dictatorships. Few Africans really benefited from "independence".In fact many African nations regressed after independence but we are not allowed to talk about that.
Going from a tribal system to a democratic system is not a easy task. The west was far ahead in theology, science and technology. Borders where drawn in a continent with different tribes. For Africa Learning pains are included. If these people looked like "white, blond and blue eyes" the west would invest more in their education under colonization..but for now they have to do it for them selves..is their ancestral land. I hope they succeed.
@@fredrikr6280✅
@@fredrikr6280Africa's colonial history is most definitely not your strong suit.
It would appear you have never actually visited Africa.
New episodes been going hard, Keep it up!
The main objective for the operation “Green Sea” was to free Portuguese pilots POWs there were being held in Conacri. They were successful on that main goal.
A good family friend was from the azores. He served in the Portuguese army in Africa. I’m glad to be learning more about this. Thanks!
My grandfather was sent to Guinea-Bissau, from 1965 to 67, he told me it was a very horrific front and told me many atrocities made by both sides. If the regime didn’t fell and the war didn’t end, my grandparents would have fled Portugal with my father to France so he couldn’t be drafted.
there’s not enough videos on YT about Portugal’s colonial conflicts. thankyou for making this for us!
Thank you for doing a video on one of the most underrated wars of all the 3 stages of decolonization.
Good of you to note "Portugal´s Vietnam" but some of the things you claim are not true or are simply missing.
On a side note:
South Africa and Rhodesia were Portuguese Allies they actively supported Portuguese Operations troughout the War.
SAAF Helicopters assisted numerous operations.
Portugal also assisted Rhodesia in their movements to break free from Britain.
It is widely accepted by Historians by a vast majority that militarily the War was won in Angola and Mozambique by 1973, while a stalemate existed in guinea and all our posessions in Asia with the exception of Macau and Timor were lost in 1961.
"militarily the War was won"
wdym bro, they kicked us out in a war of atrition, they achieved their goal and the estado novo lost.
Why does your little portuguese pride gotta require you make up some copium logic so that you can tell yourself that Portugal is great and that Portugal won at something.
@@artonio5887 Its accepted by Historians everywhere that the several guerrila groups had been sucessfully contained in Angola and Mozambique but lost in Guinea.
So a military Victory was indeed achieved in Angola and Mozambique. Popular unrest in Portugal and armed forces officers´discontent led to the Carnation Revolution wich then led to the withdrawal from our colonies in Africa.
It´s not "coping", its facts...
Africa was our "Vietnam" and like the Americans events at home dictated the course of the War, a defeat, in both cases
My Point, and an accepted one is that Portugal lost the war even though it had triumphs in the field. why is this so hard to understand
in my opinion portugal is the most important country of the old world, since they manage to create the most advanced tecnology to go overseas, they go all the way from south america to the asia, real manaces, huge respect to my fellows portugueses from brazil
Éra militar graduado e fui um dos intervenientes nessa guerra colonial mais precisamente em Moçambique, passei posteriormente pela revolução dos cravos em 25 de Abril de 1974 . Uma guerra de guerrilha é sempre difícil de combater, estava no cumprimento do serviço militar e como todos fui obrigado a ir para aquela frente de combate . Portugal já fazia parte da OTAN mas ninguém nos apoiava à excepção da antiga Rodésia e África do Sul.
não está legal, em guiné-bissau, muito menos na rodésia...
africa do sul, pegue o sangue azul, mande para as cucuias!
tim maia
ttttttttttwtwtwt
I’m not sure if this is a major correction, but Portugal did use a lot of old WW2 gear prior to the start of the conflict. German and Italian weapons from WW2 were used until better weapons were available by the late 1960s
Portugal used weapons from USA France Germany UK and NATO
This video mightve convinced me to play a Victoria 2 game as Portugal
You made me start up vic 2 again!
Give Vicky 3 a try sometime. It gets better every month.
@@Zoomer-PhilosophyAnd maybe in a few years if they add significant amounts of flavour and completely re-do the terrible war system they have in place, it'll live up to Vicky 2.
@@Zoomer-Philosophy I really like vicky 3 but their colonialism mechanic is still overall awful, vic2's honestly just worked. Establish protectorates of military authority no matter the population dynamics.
In vicky 3 such a small nation as Portugal has no hopes of making its historical colonies from how little population they have to expand their colonial growth, as if the colonization of Africa was a matter of settlement and not establishment of military oversight for economic exploitation
Not a bad primer! Fyi, CUF is now the leading private healthcare provider in the country. I worked for them when I was younger - still paying poverty wages, but the workers don't live in union-proof campuses anymore. It would have been interesting to put into perspective the yields of that relentless exploitation of people and natural resources in the colonies, and how it fit into Salazar's economic model, since he is still widely perceived - even by some detractors - as some sort of financial wizard. Also worth exploring is the interplay between the Estado Novo regime, national and international corporate and financial interests, and the geopolitics of cooperation between settler-colonial states in southern Africa in the context of the Cold War. The Cahora Bassa dam, in Mozambique, is a fascinating case study. I wrote the English subtitles for a documentary series by Portugal's RTP titled "History in Stories: Africa" ("História a História África"). I can't find it anywhere, but you're probably the better sleuth :) cheers
07:51 Translating "caçadores" as in the military unit for "hunters" is super misleading. "Light Infantry" better.
In Portuguese Guinea, Portuguese general Antonio de Spinola distinguished himself during his command there (1968 - 1972) by his adoption of a "hearts and minds" campaign with the civilian population, building roads, cattle dips, schools, and other civilian infrastructure. He also recruited African Commandos to fight against PAIGC. The strategy was sufficient to bring about a stalemate.
The MPLA was a legally elected government in Angola. Big oil didn;t want them in power for they were socialist.
@@redwater4778 Actually, MPLA government cut deals with foreign oil companies, charging them royalties to extract Angolan oil.
@@KonradAdenauerJr Yes I know. Big oil didn't like that. Paying fair taxes was a bad example to the Reaganites. They crushed the smaller oil companies that did business with the MPLA. Then ended the arms embargo on Angola and armed the near defunct UNITAs.
@ No, the oil corporations liked that.
They lobbied intensely against assistance to UNITA. MPLA made lots of money as a result but squandered much of it through inefficiency and corruption.
Great documentary, accurate and extremely informative 👌🏾
My Great Great Grandfather was a professor in Huambo (Angola), and lives there a few years with my Great Grandmother, and my Cousin fougth in Angola in the Combatentes, Paraquedistas regiment, I am pround to be portuguese and all of my history country.
Two notable things that are not mentioned in the video.
1: At the time, Portugal had conscription in place. Creating a similar generation to the Vietnam generation in the U.S.
2: For a long time, Portugal had referred to its overseas territories internally as provinces. Despite the reality of the situation, Portugal used this as justification, that these colonies were actually part of Portugal proper. And as such decolonisation didn’t apply to them.
They were never colonies. They were always referred to as provinces because that's what they were. Cape Verde was found and occupied by the Portuguese in the 1400s the same way Algarve was conquered in the 1200s. Another example: Goa was already Portuguese in 1510. India is a country which was founded in 1947. What rights should it have to that Portuguese territory? Goans never asked to be "liberated". Mass migration to Portugal, Angola and Mozambique after the annexation should have given people a hint that those were, indeed, Portuguese nationals who didn't want to become Indian citizens.
@@lucasribeiro7534Yapper.
I'm portuguese, my grandfather is a veteran fighter pilot, and my great-grandfather is a veteran soldier of the Ultramar war.
One thing you overlooked in your video was that the colonies actually enjoyed much more civil liberties than Continental Portugal during the Estado Novo where the secret police PIDE held the population under a tight grip as you said with surveillance, censorship and the imprisonment of intellectuals or any who would dare dissent against the regime.
The Iberian Union in a nutshell:
Spain: "The Pope says that I get all of the resource rich Americas, and you get all the old world that's populated by civilizations that have been well accustomed to war. Sound good?"
Portugal: "🥰"
Funny enough, at the time they thought Portugal got the better deal since it was guaranteed profits with the spice trade while spain didn't know so much about the america riches
@@crow624 Especially once Portugal discovered that a decent chunk of South America was actually on their side of the dividing longitude line.
Meanwhile...
United Kingdom: We're a Protestant country that doesn't recognize the Pope, so we're going to start colonizing the Eastern seaboard of North America, eventually kick out the Dutch, and gradually move inward, followed by kicking out the French and moving even further inland. What could go wrong after that?
They got the best fotboll colony in Brazil at least. 😊
A friend of my dad was called to the war, very young. He went to the helicopter divisions, transporting soldiers to the battle field and from the battle field.
He got to transport wounded soldiers or worse, from the battlefield.
He is a good person. A bit paranoid and sometimes he can be slightly aggressive but not over the top. Unfortunately something that really stuck to him is the fact that he doesn't feel comfortable around black people (he picked it up from the war, he wasn't like that before).
I have never ever eeeever heard him mention anything about the war. But my dad says he mentioned things to him that were undescribable. In the words of my dad, "you can't and don't want to imagine the things that guy saw in the war...".
Amazing video! ❤️
What’s really weird is all day I was thinking how cool it’d be if you made this video, and then you did…. I’m scared…
This is Fr
We got a psychic right here
What an interesting take on the entire thing. The reality is so complicated and convoluted that has little relation to the exposed, and could not conceivebly be expressed in such a short video. It''s an exceptional set of wars the colonial wars, lasting a full 14 years. It's nice seeing it's song sang though.
A little correction: the Carnation Revolution came about primarily due to extreme concerns amongst the career officers within the portuguese armed forces.They felt threatened by new conscription laws which imposed shortened training and preparation semesters for newly drafted junior officers, and their potential integration to the permanent cadre of career officers in the army. Thus, in order to safeguard their status, clandestine groups of officers began planning for a potential takeover, there was a failed attempt at a coup in Caldas da Rainha and the movement became "politicized" since they were mostly aware that the stalemate in Africa would eventually drain the portuguese economy and manpower dry (and the armed forces would most likely be blamed and officers would be prosecuted), naturally they didn't want any of this (the repression by the DGS (the "final form" of PIDE) also antagonized the movement against the regime)
It was a communist revolt
exatamente 👍 I don’t know why this video makes it seem as if the Carnation Revolution was due to public discontentment with the regime when it really wasn’t. They didn’t like the forced conscription but that didn’t necessarily mean they wanted to overthrow the Estado Novo.
It was also encouraged by the liberal western order because Portugal was one of the few remaining right wing states in existence
Salazar made Portugal economically rich during his reign, but the accumulated wealth was spent on senseless colonial wars instead of internal development. 😢
Portugal wasn't rich, he merely turn around the decline.
not true at all.....Portugal´s economy had their best result precisely during the colonial war....
Rich ... yeah ... for who? Not for the vast majority of the population who lived in squalor without access to basic sanation, health or education. Forced to abandon education to work the fields and the mines to reinforce their family's income, or sent to die in a pointless war oversees for the profits of our corporate overlords. Hunted by the PIDE, always fearfull of being told on to the police by your neighbours and friends. That's the reality of the Estado Novo regime. Maybe do a less fantasizing about fascists and talk to real portuguese men and women who lived outside of Porto and Lisbon during that time.
@@marcel-ifc17 poor darling...Thats all you know about it?? "steel the colonies" LOL...educate yourself
@@marcel-ifc17 This was Mozambique as a Portuguese Oversea Province...."stolen they say" lol th-cam.com/video/2UlwMWZhbGY/w-d-xo.html
Can we have a video about the brusilov offensive or Russian civil war? I feel like Russia between 1914-1923 is just talked about too little
You're right, the absolute craziness that was eastern europe and the middle east from 1918-1922 were absolutely crazy
Hello from Russia. There is an university dedicated to Ilyin - russian pro-nazy philosopher, and russia is the country that claims to fight fascism in Ukraine)))))
@@Maliers Yeah, it was absolute chaos then, especially in eastern Europe
Like there was the Ukrainian People’s Republic fighting for independence
And a West Ukranian people’s Republic
And a Belorussian People’s Republic
So on and son.
I feel like anything outside the western front is covered too little. Gallipoli is famous but no one actually covers the details. The ottomans collapsed because of a middle eastern front that is practically unknown outside of Lawrence of Arabia. Russias Turkish front, Austrian front and Baltic front is ignored as well, once Tannenberg is mentioned nothing is really talked about after until Russias collapse
@@generaltom6850the Belarusian People's Republic still has a government in exile
Forgot Portugal had an empire.
I blame the education system only talking about the British, Spanish and French empires.
Both my grandfathers were conscripted into the Portuguese army. Luckily they were both asigned in non-combat roles so none of them got maimed or killed in this pointless war. One of them had the job of getting supplies of food and medicine to the troops.
My granddad also was assigned in non combat role
I wished I had more time with him to hear his stories
Portugese are very tough soldiers met a few in B.C Canada excellent 👌 excellent hunters and bush trackers very good and not mouthy
good choice of topic, can you do an unbiased version?
No because this channel promotes liberalist propaganda
12:43 - Why are South Africa and Rhodesia emblazoned with the Portuguese flag?
Thank you sir!!! I am super gratefull that you made a video about our history!
To be honest I suggested this topic because it’s such an interesting one but I must say you missed some points more specifically in the Bissau colony. The reason the paigc was so effective is 1. After taking locals resources for the war like food , they would often return the favour by offering villagers farming tools and knowledge and when they returned the locals would have a bounty of food and were more then happy to provide for the paigc fighters 2nd is that the terrain in guinea is swampy much like the Florida Everglades , making it hard for the Portuguese to navigate 3rd the Portuguese military leadership was so incompetent that the only improvement they decided to give the Portuguese fighters in guinea was rafts to get up and down rivers almost no swamp-marsh terrain training
Espn FC will still find a way to blame Cristiano Ronaldo even here.
Underrated 😂😂
Penaldo is worth the blame. It’s like playing with one man down. Everyone knows he’s a drama queen.
😭🙏🏽
Where was he during the conflict? And why his African island still part of Portugal? I have no option but to agree with ESPN
Fora Ronaldo
Cristiano Ronaldo's father was conscripted to fight in these wars, and the resulting PTSD caused him to become alcoholic later in life. This eventually killed him. Ronaldo has been quite candid about this over the years.
My grandfather served in the military during the 60s. He told me stories from his friends, who served in the colonial wars, especially in guinea-bissau. The war crimes comitted by portuguese forces were absolutely disgusting. One story that had an impact on me was how the soldiers would kill an entire village, and then play football with baby heads. May the souls who were lost in the brutality of war never be forgotten.
Did he told aswell the war tacticts of the blacks how they kill rape and use of Katanas??
Operation Green Sea was not a total failure. The main objective, to rescue 26 Portuguese prisoners of war in Conakry’s prision, was achieved succesfully. All Portuguese prisoners returned home safe and sound. PAIGC and Guinean navy patrol boats recently acquired from the Soviets were totally destroyed. Where the Portuguese failed was the assassination of Amilcar Cabral (done later succesfully). The Guinean exiles that were supposed to topple the government failed but the consequences of this brillant military operation on Sekou Toure’s regime was enormous. Hundreds of innocent Guineans were executed by Conakry in a paranoia that struck the regime. Although protected by Cubans, Soviet bloc advisers, PAIGC and its own Army, the Portuguese easily entered Conakry killing over 500 enemies with the loss of only 4 of its members. A group of Guineans exiles surrendered to the Guinean authorities and were executed by order of Sekou Toure. Those that claim that operation Green Sea was a failure are just sore loosers.
How they are loosers if Portugal lost the colonies in the end of the war? Lmao
@@NayuzAqua Loosers because Portuguese decided when to leave, not forced to leave. The Armed Forces decided to end the war because they realised that it was costing too many innocent lives and the war was unpopular in Portugal. Polititians on both sides (Portuguese and Nationalists) couldn’t reach an agreement and that’s why Portuguese ex-colonies are such a f**kup!
@@NayuzAqua Portugal gave Independence, didnt lost the war. Different things...
My family from m dad’s side lived in Angola! We have good memories from those times! Ofc not talking about the war time
Wondering about the French Algiers war.
my mother and I are Portuguese [azorean]. .and we've had discussions about Portugal's influence in the world through colonization. Mother was born in 1950 and her mother in the 1920s [1927 I think]. We try to piece together what Portugal influence went through in our respective times. As we all know, all Portuguese men had to enlist into armed services by age 19, and my mother's brother did. .he served his service time in Mozambique area during the 70s. I'm thinking my mother and I moved to the states as part of the great migration of Portuguese to the states and Canada. . .but we were on the tail end of that movement. I think it started around 1940s when the islands had active volcanoes that displaced the natives. And I can see from google maps the added land mass to Pico [azores] island on the west coast where a massive volcano overflowed. What Portugal's current ambitions. .we don't know. .but perhaps we'll learn in future videos? :)
Love the vids ❤
I love the sponsor. Next medieval vid should be sponsored by crusader kings
Let's go! Thanks for the content and incredible illustration.
Thank you, we worked hard to get this out.
@@ghost7344 thank you for the hard work. Keep it up 💪
I worked with a Portuguese guy. And he said his Dad was in one of the colonial wars and he said his dad was just messed up.
Happy you addressed the fact more Africans were killed by their internal ideological and political fighting than in the actual war with Portugal. In Angola the internal fighting is still going on in 2024. Portugal has been out of that country for almost 50 years...
My father fought in the war and soon after came to Canada. Never been back to sao miguel since
The notion that the angolan and mozambican fronts were lost are incorrect.
Our military forces subdued the african movements, keeping them away from the populations, and the situation was under countrol. There are reports from the american secret services claiming this.
In Guinea Bissau, however, the situation was dire, PAIGC had better weapons due to the Soviet Union and the terrain being composed by swamps made waging a war there an nightmare. So the situation was very difficult there.
Putting political opinions aside, i am very proud the way pur armed froces fought, with three different theaters so far way from Portugal. Our empire died but it died well, we should have no hard feelings about it.
As for the countries that succeed it, i hope our african brothers could find their way to progress, as we try to find our way to be a modern western european country with a funcional economy, which it is not yet completely achieved.
Babe wake up, conservatives are spreading fascist propaganda again
@@pedrorexSWG propaganda is what communists have been spewing all these years. I don't want another Salazar, but I don't want a Fidel Castro either. And Portugal was destroyed for the profit of China and the USSR. Those former overseas Portuguese citizens have been vampirised by those countries and others (like Cuba and Senegal) ever since their "independence".
@@pedrorexSWGregardless of how you feel it’s true. Like if one acknowledges that the Soviets were in the process of successfully subduing Afghanistan before American support arrived does that make someone a communist then?
Modern European Country= being under the yoke of Brussels, Paris and Berlin.
It ended with the single, Feel It Still
A nice weekend lunchtime gift. An armchair historian video. This goes great with my turkey sandwich.
funny the "pic" of the Portuguese soldier holding a G3 is General 4 star Ramalho Eanes, who also became Portugal's President