Wonders of the Mysterious Lycian Civilization
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 15 มิ.ย. 2024
- Welcome to Street Gems!
This channel is all about history, world heritage, architecture, archaeology, and fascinating historical places around the world.
One of these fascinating places is Lycia, a region in modern Turkey.
In ancient times, the people who inhabited this region were the Lycians.
They were a distinct culture, but they were heavily influenced by the ancient Greeks, who were their neighbors and the more dominant culture in the area.
The Lycians do have their own unique cultural heritage however. They are most famous for the rock cut tombs that they carved out of the cliffs of their rugged landscape.
They were also well known in the ancient world for their coins, and they had their own alphabet, which they adopted from the Greeks and modified it for themselves.
If you haven’t been to Turkey, you probably haven’t heard of them before, but they have surprising connections to the present. Their political system under the Lycian League partly inspired the founding fathers of the United States when they were drafting their constitution and deciding how Congress would work.
One of their largest cities, Myra, was the home of the original Santa Claus, called Saint Nicholas, who was the bishop of that city in the early 4th century AD.
This video provides a big picture look at this long lost culture that didn’t quite make it into the history books. It covers their tombs, architecture, language, writing, and their place in the larger mediterranean context, such as the Greek world, the Persian Empire, the conquests of Alexander the Great, Roman expansion, and the spread of Christianity.
Written, Edited and Narrated by Jordan Amit
jordanamit.com
Credits:
Research Assistant: Anisa Mara
Ancient reconstruction drawings by Balage Balogh. Archaeologyillustrated.com archaeologyillustrated.com
Footage by: BlackBoxGuild, VideoKot, Pro-Stock, Yucelozel, Oleg Reulets
Image of scaffolding on cliff tomb by Ilyada Karabulut
Santa Claus the Lycian, by “Mim”
Public Domain Images:
docs.google.com/document/d/1C...
#lycianway #ancienthistory #history #turkey #türkiye #archaeology #archaeologicalfinds #ancientgreece #ancientgreek #ancientcivilizations #tombraider #tombs #ancientreligion #ancient #christianhistory #historydocumentary #documentary #ancientculture
I'm delighted the YT algorithm has offered your channel and this video. As many have said, it is engrossing, informative, and well produced. I've learned a lot in the past twenty+ minutes. Well worth a thumbs up and a subscription. I look forward to learning more!
Thank you Michael. Definitely check out my other documentaries, and I will have more coming in the future.
Your presentation style is beautiful. Your videos are very informative and captivating, while the personal touch makes them stand out from the crowd. Please keep them coming !
Thank you
I wouldnt use the word beautiful but I subbed it was good content
To know that one day there will be no remnant of the past just get me feeling this sense of sadness.
I think about that all the time. Especially when someone says something like "Their heroism on that battlefield will never be forgotten."
Oh yes... it absolutely will! And probably a lot sooner than you'd think!
Not if you are a Christian. This documentary (excellent) describes the explosive (going viral to use a modern expression) growth of Christianity. The sadness which you describe permeates all of Greek Literature and plays. Christianity heals this sadness because of the Resurrection and Life after Death. For a religion/philosophy such as Christianity to take hold, so fast in spite of serious and tortuous persecution, and the Roman and Greek common believe in many gods, says something about the Truth of Christianity. God bless.
@@Goodkidjr43 dude
@Goodkidjr43 ill never be a Christian because of shit like this
? What
One of the best videos I found on TH-cam in recent years. The narration, music, images, the amount of information, the presentation style to make it informative but engaging, all spot on. Congrats!
Wow, and that is among the best compliments I've received. Thank you! It'll be a while before I release my next one, as they take so long to make, but would love it if you follow me so you get to see future videos. I love enthusiastic viewers like yourself.
This one is your best coment of this video,,, it is a total misinformation video ,your paid by some organisation to produce such a lame videos, shame on you @@Street-Gems
And your friends are making this coments to suport your videos, this is a well known trick,, you are not the first to do it,, its very old trick
@@Agapi-dg7th I fronted the cost myself. Not paid by anyone. No agenda here.
@@Street-Gems where are you from, and what is your name, your real name, none makes videos without a reason, you must have a goal. Make money,get views,nothing to do,smear historic truth,or you are dislexic and ignorant totaly, wich of all are you?
Very interesting historical information that i never heard about! Great editing and a straight to the point video. And good that the tempo is not to fast video as many youtubevideos are today. Yes keep more videos coming!)
Thanks for this feedback. I'm constantly questioning myself if my pace of speaking is too fast or too slow, or just right.
@@Street-Gems Amazing! This is all new to me
Your videos are so appreciated for the information you impart, and also the wonderful videography, so that we may go along with you! Blessings and thanks!
Thank you. I'm so glad you're enjoying them.
you channel is a treasure.
Wow a treasure ☺ Thank you!
Very original topic choices, shedding light on little known but fascinating ancient places. I particularly loved the alphabet superpositions to show how it evolved over time and throughout civilizations.
I love that you're watching all my videos.
@@Street-Gemsyou can meet your friend and give her regards ,she is only feet away from you😅😅😅😅 she is one of your best friends isnt she?
Dude, your presentation and storytelling is amazing! watched your entire Ephesus series in one go! Keep doing this please. Love your videos
Great video, very informative. Keep them coming, love your channel.
Thanks! Working on another good one now.
Another awesome video! Keep up the great work!
Incredible job. I went to visit Dalyan and the Lycian coast 30 years ago and drones were unknown. The footage is incredible. Keep up the great work!
Thank you. I'm glad my video brought back beautiful memories for you.
wow!!! and i saw lots of beautiful and strange places.
Great video! 😊
Will never forget travelling along that river turning a bend and seeing those tombs for the first time. Everyone on the boat fell silent in awe. Magical experience and Turkey is such a beautiful country. Its shame we never got to visit Ephesus but the journey was a little too long with a young family. Maybe one day.
Fantastic video and channel.
Thanks you. So that shot from the river looking up at the tombs, you've been on that same river looking at the same tombs?
Best Lycia video I found ! Please make more videos like this . Subscribed!
Thanks for subscribing. I'm working on one about Ephesus right now. Loved your comment!
This is fantastic. Super compelling narrative and I learned a lot!
Thanks! So glad I could teach something.
Οι Λύκιοι ήταν Ελληνικό φύλλο, όπως και όλοι οι Μικρασιάτες.
αντε εξηγησε τους το ο αλλος πιο πανω γραφει οτι ηταν ασσυριοι ...
@@solitarium01728
Ἐκ γλωσσας πελματος Σαουλ μετατρεπεται φυλλο σε σκονη,
κι᾽ας ο Καβαφης στον *Ιονικον* λεει οι θεοι εκει ειναι μονοι,
Σε παρελθον η στο παρον πμρος σε Σαουλ οι θεοι ειναι απων,
σχεση με Ραγαιδες δεν νοουν πηγαν στην επουρανια Δωδωνη.
Ἐκ γλωσσας πελματος Σαουλ φυλλο μεταβαλεται σε σκονη,
κι᾽ας ο Καβαφης στο *Ιονικον* λεει εκείθε οι θεοι ειναι μονοι,
Σε παρελθον η στο παρον μπρός σε Σαουλ *θεοι* ειναι απών,
φώτιση Ραγιάδων δεν μπορούν πήγαν στην ουρανια Δωδωνη.
Great overview of the Lycians. Brilliant use of drone footage (especially that epic, swooping introduction). The music is amazing. Your video editing skills are top notch; I especially love the way the names of places look like they are actually written on the buildings/cliffs etc. Already subbed and now off to check out your other videos!
Amazing man! This was probably my most labor intensive video. So glad you appreciate my work. It'll be a while till I release my next one, but in the meantime def check out my other ones.
I see a lot of similarities with Petra in Jordan. They must have been awe inspiring, and they are still worthy of awe. Beautiful footage. The trail that connects all the sites must be spectacular, as well. I'm running out of adjectives.
I will make a video on Petra one day.
Learned something new today. Thank you!
I discovered your channel recently, and i just wanted to say your work is very beautiful and you have good editing skills.
Thank you for saying it. I'm really glad you found me then.
You are turkified islamised Anatolians, not real Turkish from central Asia.
According to professor Celal Sengor: "Anatolians only have 7% genes from central Asia, we are Rums (Greek) Muslims" 🤫🤫😉
Wow what an amazing video! Thank you
Sooo good!. I repeat everything that everyone has said here. So watchable!!. Love this!. Thank you!.
Thank you 🙂
This video was definitely worth subscribing to.
Hope to see a lot more great historical content from you
Thank you. You will. My next one won't be out till July though. But in the meantime check out my other videos.
Fascinating, thank you!
I truly love the way you are able to tell these wonderful historic tales. I m eager to jump on a plane and see this with my own eyes. Thank you very much.
Really great job on this video!!! 🤗 Looking forward to watching many more of your others!!! 👍🏻😉👍🏻
Awesome! Thank you. I'm glad you found me.
excellent presentation -first video in a while that I thoroughly enjoyed and watched straight through cheers and may the Gods bless you
Thank you. I'm glad you stuck until the end.
Lovely video. Brilliant how everything in this little-known culture is connected to more cokmonly known history to aid understanding
Excellent video. You have a calming voice.
This is an insanely high quality documentary, it's crazy that you don't have more subs.
Keep going at it, you'll be growing rapidly for sure!
Thank you so much! Real compliment. This was the 3rd video in my channel, so I'm still new in the TH-cam space. I hope you are right and that my subs will continue growing.
Thank you! I found this very informative.
Glad you liked it :)
Well done - this is truly a remarkable way of showing our past visually and in context.
Did you know about the Lycians before you stumbled upon my video?
@@Street-Gems Yes, I knew of them, their rock tombs and I suppose that they were a Luwian people, like the Pisidians and Carians etc ... and almost inscrutable to me. However your videos are on a very high level particularly the geographical presentation which has really opened my eyes and mind. By far the best made I have ever seen.
@@Street-Gems Dr Eberhard Zangger's videos on Hittite civilisation are very good, especially the one on their celestial temples. I hope your channel really takes off.
@@kayharker712 Oh cool thanks for the recommendation, and the encouragement too.
@@kayharker712 Thank you! I really love using maps because I know that a basic geographical orientation of a place really helps to understand it more deeply.
Thank you especially for explain of Santa Klaus part. Great work.
Excellent video . Cheers 😎🥃
Great videos, and channel, thx
Thank you
The video is great but I do wish to provide some additional information on the names and words of this culture.
The Λύκιοι (Lúkioi̯) is a name given to them by outside sources; supposedly an Athenian Aristocrat "Λύκος" and his people settled there. Their endonym of Trm̃mili (Τερμίλαι Hellenized form, Termílai) was used interchangeably once west Greek settlers had intermixed with them. In the 500-200BCE time period this happened over, the name of Λύκιοι would've been said as Lew-ki-oi with an emphasis on whichever position the acute is placed on (it's differently placed with each dialect of Ancient Greek). It's probably heavily engrained in your own mind because of miscommunication within modern schools, but placing our perceived pronunciations onto external words tends to mispronounce them. They are not Lɪçíans (as you are saying) but rather Lúkions or Lúkioi̯.
13:02 is another example of this, as Μύρᾱ is not Mira in pronunciation (and Ξᾰνθός which would be said as Ksăntʰós).
13:59 is another that sparked my ear. Λητώ (Lētǫ́, lɛː.tɔ̌ː) is not said as Lito, but rather as Lē-táw. This is shown in the Greek name of the sanctuary: Λητῷον (Said as Lē-táw-on).
18:46 is the last I wanted to chat about. It's a nearly globally unrecognized mispronunciation, by external English speaking Christians, that Nicaea is pronounced as Naiçia as you say. This then creates other terms like the Nicene Creed that is said in nearly the same way (i.e. Naiçīn). The city's name was Νῑ́καιᾰ in 301 BCE (Nī́kaiă, or Nǐː.kai̯.a) named after a nymph similar in name to the personified Goddess of Victory, Νῑ́κη (before it was named Ἀντιγονεία). By the time of the first Council it had come to be pronounced as Ni.cɛ.a but with a still hardened c sound (a shift from Voiceless Velar Plosive to a Voiceless Palatal Plosive) that is still present in Greek, not an s or ç one English speakers tend to place on C's (a product of French entering the language).
As I said before this is just extra provided information if you ever want to dive into languages of the area and not heavy criticism of anything said here. Most of the names were passable and so I won't remark on them; the information provided is well put together. Thanks for the video.
Thank you. You're Greek right?
@@Street-Gems Can't say that I am; though an extensive erudite of the area, not only of Hellắs, but Tʰrā́ikē, Anatolḗ, Sakʰartʰvelo, Osetʰi and Hayer too.
Two things I forgot to mention in the original:
First, the Μύρᾱ's pronounciation was (Mý.raː), said as Mew-rā. The further back you go there may have even been a time it was said as Mūrá (Muː.ra) using ὖ's original sound.
Secondly, Λητῷον shows off a feature of early Ancient Greek known as vocalic offglide in which transitions from old sounds to new ones can drop letters that are still included within early lexigraphy. We in theory could write this word in English as Lētâʷi-on or Lētɔi-on, though only in early versions of Greek would the i be said at all. The loss of this letter and placement of Ἰῶτα underneath the ὦ is to show its past sound is now lost. This is present in the name of a Θρᾷξ as well (Tʰrã[i]ks, Thracian). This presents the transliteration individual with a choice of whether to write these as Lētâʷi-on or Lētâʷ-on, and Tʰrãiks or Tʰrãks (Both of which fairly significantly change their pronounciation).
quality videos! subscribed.
Thanks for subscribing!
Incredibly interesting video! Let alone I wasn't even aware of this extinct culture and its history.
Thanks Or. It's a pretty incredible culture that's surprisingly unknown.
Beautiful video, thank you so much. Are we sure those are tombs, though
Fantastic! I will share this.
Thanks for sharing!
Very good, subscribed
Thanks for subbing!
Great work! What an informative video that also is interesting!
Thank you Timmy
Found my new favorite channel! Great presentation and reconstructions of ancient places. Absolutely hooked.
Wow new favorite channel ❤ Thank you. My next won't be for a while, but stay tuned.
Amazing video! Thanks! What the music at the beginning?
Hi, thank you. The song I got from a website that has music for TH-cam videos. I don't think it's a public song.
awesome presentation, love from east timor
Wow East Timor. You're the first person that writes me from there. Nice to see that my video is watched from all around the world.
I wish I could take the time to put vids like this together... you're awesome!
Thank you! Great compliment! And yes they take a TON of time. They consume my life.
@@Street-Gems it's appreciated.
Again ty
@@Kaz.Klay. Thank you. I love the fact that people like you appreciate my content.
Really great
Been looking for a new channel to follow about these types of subjects! Love it brother and looking forward to more of your videos!! Very informative! I thought I learned it all.. and you just blew me away with this.
Wow such a cool comment. I'm really glad you like my stuff.
Wow May God Almighty bless you for all I just heard ❤ nice presentation 👌
Fabuloase constructii , lumea e plina de locuri minunate 🥇💎👍
这里过去不就是希腊的城邦，或者后来还经历了一段罗马统治。
amazing!
Excellent video. Just one thing though... Same as with the pyramids, you describe those Lycian cliff facades as tombs!
Where did you get that?
I personally visited many of them and there is no place for burial, not even placing a body somewhere, since there is literally no room for this purpose. They are face sculptured on the rock, no room behind them.
At last, we must stop considering that the ancients were only building tombs and theatres
the only comment here actually making sense
Maybe he got that from the fact that most other places with such cliff facades are tombs
Also, you can clearly see that some does have rooms behind the facade, so I’d say he’s probably right and you got something mixed up. Maybe some you know are just unfinished ones
what do you think they are
I went there and walked The Way - I wish you had talked about Pegasus & Homer's Iliad Mount Olympus but good work, the place is so special
What a fantastic presentation, all around! Greetings from Attalia!
Is Attalia the Turkish name for Antalya? Is that where you live?
@@Street-Gems Yes, indeed:) And I really enjoyed seeing all those familiar places with great narration and video editing...keep up the great work!
@@davidgriffith902 Right in your neighbourhood.
You are a good story teller.
Thank you! I love getting that feedback on my storytelling.
Very good 👍
Very well done!
Informative, beautiful and some rare analysis like the influence of the Lycia in american voting system!
Impressive!
Thank you! I always try to find the interesting connections to the present. Love the hoplite helmet on your profile pic.
@@Street-Gems Thank you!
Good video
thk you!
3:10 - Three mins into it...not only do you have a new sub, but a new fan. Bless the algorithm!
Thanks Kathryn. I bless the algorithm as well.
The Dutch totally agree on this Santa origin story. Saint Nicholas became our Sinterklaas, who was brought to New Amsterdam, and after it become New York, became Santa Claus. We all learn he was born in Turkey, was bishop of Myra and, here we learn wrong, he later moved to Spain.
Excellent! Lycia is also the origin of the name for botanical genus Lycium and Xanthos is the source of the chemical term xanthophyll for certain carotenoids.
Very interesting. Is that connected to Xanthan gum?
@@Street-Gems Xanthos means yellow, after the river Xanthos in Lycia; however, Xanthomonas campestris is a bacteria used to ferment simple sugars to produce xanthum gum. Can you guess the colour of the bacterium?
Good history
many of these tombs are pre flood later inhabited by greeks then persians then romans and finally greeks and turks again. much like crete, egypt and troy, much of the landscape is faaaaaar older than it appears.
The oldest church hymn in Old English that we know about was about St. Nickolas from 1100s by St. Godric of Finchale. It still used the 2 different letters for hard and soft "th" found in Old Norse-Icelandic. "Sainte Nicholaes, godes drud(th-soft)" . On youtube it is under "Ensemble Sequentia: Three medieval songs by St. Godric of Finchale". One of the larger churches in Amsterdam is the Church of St. Nicholas near the harbor and (somewhat across the plaza and canal from the Centraal Train Station).
How awkward & ironic that almost all ancient archeology in anatolia has nothing to do with the modern Turkey.
One would feel ashamed & insecure if they were a current day citizen there boasting the ancient culture of their lands.
Yes, there weren't any Turks there in ancient times
Thanks
Lycia was probably an half island, because you can see even on the right of Lycia its been silted up. Imagine if that could be restored to how it looked like in the past, how beautiful it would be, and how beautiful it was. Very imposing sitting on a peace of land sticking out surrounded by water on both sides. x
you can get a bit of everything in Turkey! one of the best place to visit as a history enjoyer
Great video. Beautiful imagery and abundant information. The only feedback I’d have is your description of « arabs » invading the coast which is a bit too generic. Aside from that well done
Your feedback is taken. I actually did it again in my 4th Ephesus video, just a heads up if you watch it. I see you're also Canadian. I'm from Vancouver.
@@Street-Gems beautiful city ! I will watch your other videos for sure!
@@canadiancontent352 Oh also watch my very first video in the channel. It's about an abandoned Jewish colony from 100 years ago in the middle of Saskatchewan. It's super fascinating.
I curiously decided to watch your documentary. I was amazed at how similar the Lycians are to our Phoenician ancestry that I could provide you with so much more information. I had to interrupt to send you my substantiated commentary. They are certainly one of the offshoots of the Phoenicians. The alphabet, the mountain-carved structures (Petra), the rising Phoenix, Aramaic & Syriac, seafarers, relentless warriors (Tyre against Alexander & Hannibal against Rome), well-organized, traditional, & the list goes on...we were not conquerors, we were traders-explorers. We discovered Spain to mine silver & mint the 1st coins for our trade. We discovered the alphabet & wrote it on scrolls (ordered from Egypt), but we never wrote our history. We are the most influential yet silent civilization! Thank you for an inspiring video.
I would love to make a full video about the Phoenicians, but it's difficult to find footage of their sites. Maybe a full video is for the long term future, but I will actually talk about them a bit in my next video, in the next few months. So subscribe to my channel so you don't miss it. The focus will be on a city that was once Phoenician, but today is fully covered up by much later architecture. But I will touch on them.
😂 it's Greek tribe not Phoenician
All the tombs remind me of the Latin phrase “et in Arcadia ego” such a magical landscape.
Turkey must be the most archaeology rich country on the planet, covering 10M yrs of culture.... Amazing.
In my opinion it is. I've always thought it's the richest archaeologically.
Me too... how dearly I would have loved to explore Turkey.
@@LindaGrey-wm9uc Maybe one day you will.
@@LindaGrey-wm9uc For those of us that will never visit Turkey, at least we have great content creators and drones.
Is that ten million? Are we including dinos?
Woow so interesting !! Looks like Petra !
Yes there is a similarity. Probably the same influence in the region. One day I'll make a video about Petra.
The graffiti on these incredible sites is so heartbreaking
Arabia has almost no graffiti, and petty theft. The punishment is still _Off with Their Hands!_
I know! I hate it too. It's so ugly on these ancient monuments.
beautiful material, may suggest meltology, much respect to all
what's meltology?
cool shots
I doubt any of those are tombs. The mainstream calls everything a tomb, whether it is or not.
ive sailed the river beneath it. its breathtaking and its full of seaturtles
Very interesting, I ignored the existence of this place. I saw in Jordan monuments and tombs carved I the stone (Petra)
S Nicolas of Myra is also my family patron saint... but then very many families also have him as patron. By the way, a temple of Leto, a Letoon, is 3 syllanles, the first two with long vowels, the final -on having a short o: Le- to- on. You're welcome. (Very nice vidja!)
Nice presentation, thank you. How do we know that we are looking at tombs? Just like the Giza pyramids, nothing was found inside.
That's a good question. Probably because the structure inside accommodated burials spots, and what else would it be. There are hundreds and hundreds of them. I can't see any other purpose.
@@Street-Gems Don’t know bud, another rabbit hole!😂The Sarcophagus’s also look to be made from concrete/ geopolimer; Thanks for a great explore!✌🏻
Do India next. Lots and lots of wonders that really should be much much more famous but aren't. My suggestions :
1) Ellora Caves, especially the Kailash Temple in Ellora caves, largest monolithic rock cut structure in the world.
2) Ajanta and Elephanta caves
3) Baraber caves
4) Brihadeshwara Temple
5) Beautiful temples of South India
6) Hoyleshwara temple
7) Konark Sun temple
8) Nalanda and Taxaxila Universities
9) Indus valley civilization ( ancient Indian civilization) sitez like Dholavira, Bhirrana, Lothal, Rakhigiri, Harrappa, Mohenjodaro, etc etc etc. Some sites are now in present day pakistan, a newly formed nation, which was formed by partition of India.
There are so many more like hundreds of forts, stepwells, etc etc which you can find online.
Wow that is a lot of suggestions. I don't know enough about India though. I'll see if I can find footage of those sites.
Where in India do you live? I've been to Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
How fitting it is that St Nicholas (a Lycian bishop) became patron saint of sailing and archery the two things Lycia was known for at least back to Herodotus.
For sure not a coincidence.
Starting up my time machine. Must see this when it was people living there.👍
Can I have a ride in your time machine?
what is the name of the song in the opening?
Thank you for NOT excluding the widespread and powerful impact that Christianity had on ancient cultures. So many "modern" scholars dismiss Christianity as a minor influence when ALL of history says just the opposite. God bless
7:38 what a shame. Littering the beautiful nature with ugly tombs that served only to stroke the false beliefs of an afterlife.
Sp beautiful
Que bonito! That’s so beautiful, I share my travel videos on my channel too. I hope everyone can enjoy views like this 🌈
I’m not even a minute into this yet and I just got done playing Fortnite and they have the Wings of Icarus…those drone shots made me kinda feel like I was flying. I mean, I am flying pretty high rn but that’s besides the point. 🤣 I LOVE learning about ancient stuff so I’m stoked to watch this. Have an amazing rest of your week! P.S @20:23 I just pictured the priest (or pope or whoever) yelling “You had 1 job!” 😂
yeah the 2nd shot really makes you feel like you're flying
@@Street-Gems The whole thing was an experience! The real story of Saint Nicholas was way unexpected which was cool. Glad I came across your channel. 😁
@@SeidrVaenir Glad you found my channel!
ive been watching history docs all my life but i never heard or scene these places
Yeah the Lycians are not well known.
greek city lykia for sure
Who is music by?
I believe these have been there, going back to over 10,000 BCE. This site, Petra, and Peru share the "carving of doors that go nowhere".
I truly feel they were there when the people arrived.
Theres more Ancient to the Ancients in Greece, thats nit addressed.
The Seljuk Turks came on horseback and killed most of the population when they conquered those regions.
Later the Crusaders came and in the end nothing survived.
Turkey is a beautiful ancient land!
They also inhabited the best parts of the turquoise coast in my opinion. Patara beach is almost 20kms long golden sand beach with dunes and everything.
Yeah I've taken a boat that went along its length. Although I suspect ancient people didn't have the appreciation that us moderns do for sandy beaches. They probably valued good harbors the most, which Patara did have.