It's amazing some structures are still standing after thousands of years. A company fixed my porch less than two decades ago and its already falling apart.
The roof of the Parthenon disappeared in 1687 during the Morean war, the Venetian siege of the Acropolis. The Ottoman Turks used the Parthenon as a store for gunpowder, and the building was ignited by Venetian bombardment, resulting in the destruction of the roof, parts of the walls and the colonnade.
The Temple of Hephaestus (aka the Temple of Theseus) in Athens still has a roof. Coincidently there is a trope concerning the Ship of Theseus that can be applied to temple roofs. Is a ship that has been repaired over centuries until no original materials remain the same ship, or is it a new one? Greek temple roofs were constantly being repaired the same way.
somehow because those are castles that generals still need them after conquering the state, Japan castles are not Temples. Some remote castles loss their wooden structures because fall of the state general. Anyway Japan is the country preserving historical buildings the best, due to lack of foreign religion invasion, only China have invaded Japan for around 1500 years, and were 100% defeated.
@@PoorMedievalCat The roof would have looked very modern, being terracotta on wooden beams. Smoke would have escaped out of tryglyphs all constructed above the frieze or through a capped protruding hole in the roof which eventually become chimneys.
Yes. But you must speak truthfully. These are not Greek temples, but Hellenistic ones. Greeks should not be confused with Hellenes. These are completely two different nations. The Hellenes were Indo-Europeans, related to the Scythians (Slavics) and Celts, and the primitive Greeks were Semites. The Greeks came from the Middle East (Syria, Media) and, conquering the peninsula, they took over the Hellenic culture one by one, taking credit for their achievements.
@@MatthewTheWanderer This truth is slowly coming to light. This is done by independent researchers. For example, the Etruscan language is close to Old Polish and Old Serbian. What was discovered by Polish archaeologist Professor Wolański in the 19th century. The official science is false.
A fascinating presentation. I love it when a question I never thought to ask is answered! You get extra credit for doing your own narration without using text-to-speech.
You kind of hit the nail on the head as to why I made this video. I realized it's a question that no one thinks about, but is interesting once you know the answer. You're a very observant person. And yeah I would never use AI. The human touch is absolutely necessary.
First time I've seen your work. I must say very impressive. Great video shots, superb narration, good pacing and pleasant choice of music that wasn't BLARING in the foreground but, instead, stayed subdued in the background.
ok that's good feedback. Thank you. I was actually afraid the music in this video was a little bit too loud, and some people complained about it. But I wanted to bring out more of the music. In my other videos it's a bit more subtle.
Some of Classical Greeks wrote that trees used for beams in few hundred year old temples cannot be found any more in Greece. Some other guy mentioned there was still Theseus ship was still existing as exibit, like Nelson's Victory today. BTW, Cathedrral in Split, built around 300AD as mauselum for Emperor Diocletian had finally roof thoroughly repaired at end of 19th century. Old beams were replaced but about 2/3 of old Roman rooftiles were still good so they put them back.
It's tragic to think what kind of information might have been in that wooden roof... I bet there were inscriptions and the like going way back the time of the ancients.
I'm sure it did. Also a lot of the relief sculptures in marble blew up. Then from those that survived, Lord Elgin took half of them to England, so the Parthenon today is in a sad state of affairs 😥
I don't remember the details but I believe there were some sketches made of the Parthenon by an artist, perhaps artists, before the building was blown up and those sketches have survived. Not that all the detail could have been recorded that way.
The other reason a lot of ruins no longer feature rooves (or might seem to be missing stonework from areas that don't seem to have been affected by time, otherwise) is because it wasn't uncommon for people in the early middle ages (~ 500ADish and onward) to sort of take what they needed from various ruins... and an obvious place to start would be the roof, since taking from the base would be much more difficult _and_ potentially risk part of the structure collapsing onto you. Obviously wood doesn't last forever, but a Greek/Roman roof would have lasted well into the middle ages, especially on a structure built only a few hundred years prior. High quality roof tiles would have been in high demand after the fall of the empire, as resources became scarce and imperial infrastructure (roads, trade routes, etc) stopped being upkept.
@@tommoncrieff1154Not really. It’s actually an archaeological and "presentation" philosophy that has little if nothing to do with how much of the original monument would be lost. Yes, if it were to be restored using as many old parts and replacing the missing ones with part built to reflect the original materials, it would be just too expensive (even if using modern machinery). But it would not be as expensive if done by using modern materials to make up the missing parts (and without affecting the remaining ancient parts still standing, which is absolutely doable given how Greek temples were built). In reality, as far as I understand, it's the preservation/display philosophy that counts almost always in these types of decisions. The two majorly opposing philosophies being: (1) preserve/reassemble as close as possible to what the building looked like before last abandoned (i.e. without adding anything that isn't original or needs to be basically glued together from tiny pieces), and (2) fix back to look like it was (which implies asking a very big question, i.e. sure, when exactly in its over 2000 years of history). Very rarely preservation agencies go for option 2. I am a Greek and I would fully support option 2 as long as done this way: 1. Restore to the time it was first built (as much as possible, but without modifying what already modified by the time it was finally abandoned) 2. Add only new parts using modern materials (e.g. concrete blocks - possibly high strength/low weight options - instead of marble/stone blocks) 3. Make it obvious what the new parts are (e.g. paint them as they would be at the time it was first built, or a color that while not a punch in the eye makes it clear what parts are new, and leave the original parts as they are now) 4. And so on... This should not cost much. The Parthenon is not a huge building. Adding back the roof to the Parthenon would certainly help better preserve all the remaining parts if it. And it would be a sight to behold and cherish for everyone Greek and non Greek lucky enough to see it in person!
@@DavidWalls-sr1pg most ancient Greek temples are more stable than any modern building in the same area. They have been standing for over 2000 years, their foundations are very, very well consolidated. They were built like huge Lego and can very easily be "completed". In same cases of course it may not be ideal from an engineering perspective. But in most cases they are left as is because of one or both of two key factors: cost-benefits of "completing them" (or moving them and making copies on site) and preservation/display philosophy.
From the Mauryan era, Hindu and Buddhist temples were built using the post and lintel architecture but their roofs were made with stone, sometimes granite The downside was the lack of luminosity in the most interior sections Advances in arch buildings from the 11th century onwards allowed for more luminosity
Every photo or video I've seen of these ancient Greek Temples was taken on a beautiful day. Bright sunshine, puffy white clouds. One might think with such beautiful weather all the time they don't need roofs.
Agia/Saint Photini in 3:27 has a wholesome architecture. It mixes byzantine and ancient greek architecture in a way that I love. It was built in the 70s
I have often wondered why many of the ancient wonders aren’t restored. Every structure requires maintenance. Some have been damaged beyond repair but many could be put back to their former glory..
Money too. Where are you going to source the funds for the restoration? Taxpayers won’t like it all coming from them, maybe a little, but entirely funded by the money they’re forced to pay for government and public services? They’d rather at least 95% of it go to that instead of the big expensive restoration of vanity projects for things while impressive, aren’t in common use. Private funding is also a hassle unless you get huge donors, and you’d also need government permission which is another hassle and money drain.
A lot of it come from history, leaving them as they are make us realize how much history these building have. Restoring them is removing that past in favor of modernity, you losing that aspect that these building where there millennia ago and are still standing as a fading memory of our past.
Yeah it's Hellenistic, but it's reconstructed from the ruin that was there. And probably the roof has some modern reconstructions. It's not an original roof.
The temple completely collapsed in an earthquake in the 17th Century. What you see today is a reconstruction that was completed in 1975. The temple at Garni is only 50 years old.
Just to be clear, historically speaking: there were many many, many temples and communities devoted to various gods throughout the empire, as well as several completely unrelated religions. Overtime these wax and wane. Ceres gradually becomes less popular than Bacchus, Bacchus’s worshipers build new temples, Ceres’ temples fall into disarray, and so on. So very many of the temples and sites of worship in the Roman Empire were abandoned overtime even before the Christians came along. sometime these would get taken over by other groups, and sometimes they would simply be left to rot because they no longer fulfilled a function that anybody cared about. My point being that religion in the Roman Empire was not a steady state thing. Elements within it were continually shifting in importance, just like the Evangelical movement in the United States is the dominant one at the moment, and yet 100 years ago it barely existed. Or like 1000 years ago, the Catholic Church completely dominated western Europe, and now it has comparatively little power and plenty of competitors. Second note: there was a period of about 100 years give or take where Christians and pagans got along perfectly well, with Christian churches and pagan temples right next to each other, and this was just kind of accepted. It is worth knowing that during this period Attendance in pagan temples and religious ceremonies was declining, not through any persecution by Christianity, but simply because Christianity was actually really popular, and people were voluntarily joining. meanwhile, although there were many millions of pagans who still fervently believed and observed their religions, they were clearly declining already. This is much like in the United States, where we have gone from being 85% Christian in my lifetime to being about 60%. Peoples’ psychological and spiritual needs change over over time. By the time paganism actually became illegal, Paganism was a definite minority religion (no one would have made it illegal if it still had a lot of power) and many many many pagan temples were converted to Christian churches as we know. Some of these former temples were considered inappropriate for Christian worship services, mostly as a matter of architecture. Not because there was anything scary about them just, It didn’t lend itself to the way Christian services were observed (remember: most pagan believers never actually want inside their temples. Their services were outdoors ) The ones that were torn down were mostly torn down to reuse the land or gain construction materials for all manner of purposes.
@@Street-Gems I'm sure the investigation and willingness to report results is very similar to the 100+ churches in Canada that have been torched or vandalized yet nobody hears about it in mainstream media.
There's plenty of evidence of arson. For a start, thousands of churches have been burned in France over the past few years, usually by a bunch of weird anarchists.
French safety culture not on track?? i'd have LOVED to see job site photos (I take them daily) and even video of how the workers/contractors set up safety procedures when you've got enclosed space, scaffolding, and material . How about SECURITY and overisght on a multi=billion "franc" project??!
This is very interesting! Thank you for this great video, especially the cutaway drawings.👍 Have a nice Sunday (or whatever day there is where you are!)!
Roofs were made out of wood and tiles. When burning only the stones remains. And even if not burnt, we all know that roofs do not last for centuries when not maintained.
We know the exact cause of the fire at Notre dame though. A worker doing restoration on the cathedral didn’t properly put out a cigarette he’d been smoking and it caught fire. So in this case it genuinely was an accident even if that accident was frustratingly preventable.
@@SupahTrunks7 point to a source please. there is to the best of my knowledge no official cause of the fire. they ruled out arson claiming no accelerant found but no definitive cause has been listed.
@@yt.damian en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_fire - So there was at least no evidence of arson. Its just a right wing lie to recruit idiots. Most of those idiots probably haven't actually visited a church for mass in decades.
Mass migration of non Christians who admonish the church and are put to work doing menial jobs accidentally put his cigarette out in some dry timber of course it happens all the time in Europe.
Compare the numbers of cars burned down that night in that city with the average for the rest of the nights of that same year, what you will find is a statistical outlier, and an unprecedented one at that. 17 that night vs a consistent average of 3, and the number for a single night never went above 8 before that. And let's not forget the other buildings that were tried to be burned that same night before they were stopped and detained, all of them religious edifices too. There are police reports from the metropolitan if anyone is interested to know, of course, you will need to translate them if you don't speak the language.
@@SuperDeucen Boggles my mind that restoring something to its original condition is considered desecration. Only controversy would be an unfaithful restoration.
@@ProbablyNotAChicken It's mostly about what people are used to. The Notre Dame is rebuilt to the specs of the additions in the 1800s even though they mostly burned. I'd argue it'd be more controversial to rebuild it without those additions even though it's not the original state. Restoring these temples would desecrate it not in and by itself, but to everyone, their parents, grandparents, great grandparents etc
Yeah I think the controversy would be too great. Plus, I think only the temple of Hephaestos and temple of Concordia have enough of a body to support a roof. Most of the other ones are in too much ruin, their cellas aren't even intact anymore. However, in Nashville Tennessee they have a modern reconstruction of the Parthenon. That's probably the best idea, to just build a whole fake modern temple that's historically accurate, to show what they would have looked like.
Unfortunately, like so many wonderful structures, the Parthenon still had its roof until it was used as a powder magazine by the Turks during a war, and was accidentally blown up.
Many consider the United States to be the successor state to Greece and Rome, keeping their traditions, form of government, and politics alive. So in a way it does count.
@@JeremyBaconThe1st The U.S. Congress has a Senate (just like Rome). Many buildings throughout the U.S. have Greek/Roman architecture (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian columns, arches, etc.), Pizza and pasta are some of the most popular foods in America. Latin is used in medicine and legal documents in the U.S. Even American "imperialist" policies if you count it.
Well in a way they can. The Parthenon's south side is mostly reconstructed and they made the reconstructed pieces white so you can tell which is which. It probably depends on the local decisions they make.
@Street-Gems Even if I understand the logic behind the process, nobody complains about Viollet-Le-Duc's restoration works on Notre-Dame and Carcassonne If restoration works were done according to 19th century standards, Greek temples wouldn't be roofless today and Konark's sun temple's shikhara would have been reconstructed
@@varoonnone7159 Right I get you. I think that Anastylosis is a bit of a controversial method in its own right. Some love it, some hate it. If you've seen my video on the best preserved Greek temples, I talk about one temple in Selinunte which was reconstructed using anastylosis, using the original materials and adding modern pieces in a different color. Apparently that alone was controversial.
Even many early cars had wooden rooves. Though this was due to simple economics. Sheets of metal that large weren't economical enough to make 100someodd years ago. (I've heard some people claim that "they couldn't be made" at the time, but this is patently and demonstrably false)
Its very simple. The state doesnt care enough to fix them. I went to Athens over 20 years ago yet to this day in 2025, the parthenon STILL has scaffolding all over but you NEVER see a single workers fixing anything. It looks pretty much just as it was in the early 2000's plus modern scaffolding.
@@Street-Gems Sorry I must have missed that part! I presume there would be no roofs anywhere from any ancient time period that have survived - the Egyptian temples have lost their roofs as well and they are much much older of course. Only wood that can survive is probably wood that is planted in mud like the piles on which Venice is built.
@@Street-Gems I keep thinking of Persepolis in ancient Persia that had such magnificent beamed roofs - we have to blame Alexander the great for having burnt it down. There is a method of building domed roofs called corbelling where you gradually complete the roof by edging the stones closer with each circle until you get to the top and there would be hundreds of these surviving like the Mycenae tombs which I think are corbelled but you can't cover big spaces with this method.
@@kaloarepo288 Yeah the concept of corbeling kind of works like arches and vaults, the weight of everything compresses itself into stability. Where are you saying are hundreds of examples of corbeled roofs?
I would be interested in your take of the roof structure above the stage and stage house of the theaters. Since for presentation of plays and religious events, these would be used. In some cases only the skene is still standing, without the stage house. However since the area above the stage is always a clear space, it would be to large for any type of post and lintel and very difficult for an unsupported truss, even one that would have the top rise of the roof above the skene, as the half above the stage would have no end support.
They only had 30-year shingles and the cheap owners didn’t want to pay for a new roof when it was time. Also, they haven’t invented tar paper yet. Trusses and underlayment rotted. The rest is history.
@@shaun8256 My exact words at 1:33: "Wood is not only lighter, but it can also take a lot more tension, so you can lay long beams across wide open gaps". Meaning that wood can handle more tension than stone.
It didn't survive, it used to be a pile of ruins. They restored and rebuilt the entire structure in the 1970s. It's also now thought to likely have been a mausoleum of one of the Romanized kings of Armenia rather than a temple
The interior of the "Tomb of Agamemnon" (aka "Treasury of Atreus") near Mycenae looks an awful lot like a real dome. It is not simply chiseled from "live" rock, but consists of cut stones that support the ceiling based on compressive strength, limiting tension, which can crack stone. Given the tomb's age, built around 1,300 BC, roughly 900 years before the now roofless Parthenon, this should be astonishing. Why was the technology forgotten? Why did arches or domes not reappear until Roman times? Did they ever appear in ancient India or China at all? Please explore this.
Yes the Treasury of Atreus is a corbelled dome. Not exactly like an arch or a round dome, but same principle. I'd like to explore corbelled architecture in the future.
@@Street-Gems Good question...however, earthquakes didn't damage the temple of Zeus in Athens, but did damage the temple of Zeus at Olympia. From Wikepedia "Fifteen columns remain standing today and a sixteenth column lies on the ground where it fell during a storm in 1852"
@@jjgreek1 Yes you're right. I just went to that wikipedia article. Those are massive columns. Each drum probably weight 5-6 tons or something. Maybe the fact that it was standing alone made it more vulnerable to the wind, but still, that's one hell of a storm as you say. BTW, I cheated a bit. That temple of Zeus was built in the Roman period, so not Greek Greek, but still I needed something to show a temple destroyed by an earthquake. But I was wrong about that too. Do you live in Athens?
👍 knew it! Wrote a paper on the Parthenon in grade school. Yea, ive been fascinated by these , and ancient structures for a long time!!. And, looking forward to the Parthenon video!. Cant wait, Jordan!!. 👍😁
@@Street-Gems Ooooo, a Christmas present!!. 🎄 Yaaayyy!. (Giddy, jumping up n down like a 5year old) 👏👏 Hey, my gift to you is that I'll watch!!!!. 👀❣️😁
@@nobodyuknow4911 And I'm sure you're in possession of clear empirical evidence which the chief Paris prosecutor does not have... When will you mail it to him?
@@Sebastian_Terrazas Well, yes, I can say and testify with personal and tautological certitude that Venetian ships didn't bombard Notre-Dame... You pedantic lefTARD...
Can you do a video on the Giant Cities of Bashan? Authored by a priest (JL Porter) who went to that area of the world in the 1800s. Would be amazing to see footage of what he saw...he also mentions Caesarea.
@@Street-Gems: well yes, if enough water, ice and snow gets tracked inside, it has to be bad for the floorboards and such in some areas of the bridge. But if traffic is light enough and there is air blowing through to dry it off and such, it might do well. Natural ventilation might be key. Much better than being 100 percent out in the weather.
I understand Architecture. 😮But one man had a idea to build a building. As workers began they realized that it takes money . The Man put pressure on the surrounding Countryside that resulted in a Rebellion War . The Man said ; "I will kill you all and use your money to build my building." One day the chief Builder came to say 'we are finished building the building" The Man said ; "now I can die a happy man". But few short years later Another War destroyed the building .
1 the roofs were either wood or stone. 2 if the roofs were wood then the wood disentigrated over time but if the roof was made of stone then the stone was removed/stolen for other things
According to the articles I've seen, yes. That said, there are hundreds if not thousands of wooden roofs as old as that of Notre Dame across Europe and none of them are protected by anything other than lightning rods.
Before it even started,
"Because they were wood?" Lol
That was my assumption as well because that’s why most castles are missing their upper floors.
yep and it rotted out.
It's amazing some structures are still standing after thousands of years. A company fixed my porch less than two decades ago and its already falling apart.
🤣
they were not greece or roman i bet/ haha
Isn't it because porches are usually made of wood?
@@okamijubei the roofs yes
My dad was born 90 years ago and he's falling apart too, and he's mostly made of windbag.
The roof of the Parthenon disappeared in 1687 during the Morean war, the Venetian siege of the Acropolis. The Ottoman Turks used the Parthenon as a store for gunpowder, and the building was ignited by Venetian bombardment, resulting in the destruction of the roof, parts of the walls and the colonnade.
Wow, so the roof lasted that long?
@@joshuab2437 Yup
The Temple of Hephaestus (aka the Temple of Theseus) in Athens still has a roof. Coincidently there is a trope concerning the Ship of Theseus that can be applied to temple roofs. Is a ship that has been repaired over centuries until no original materials remain the same ship, or is it a new one? Greek temple roofs were constantly being repaired the same way.
@@charlesyoung7436 It's not the original roof though, so it doesn't count.
@@MommyLongLegs-le2xh Wait for my next video on the Parthenon. I'll talk about all that, and much much more.
Some Japanese wooden temples are destroyed and rebuilt every generation, to keep the skills alive, and to purify the sacred site.
Not some, but literally all.
But the temple builders in Athens forgot their skills, or were captured by the Spartans.
Amazing
:D Yesterday, I was watching The Last Samurai. Katsumoto said: 'This temple was build by my ancestors thousand years ago...'
Oh Hollywood :D
somehow because those are castles that generals still need them after conquering the state,
Japan castles are not Temples.
Some remote castles loss their wooden structures because fall of the state general.
Anyway Japan is the country preserving historical buildings the best, due to lack of foreign religion invasion, only China have invaded Japan for around 1500 years, and were 100% defeated.
Never wanted to see a roof more in my entire life.
@@PoorMedievalCat The roof would have looked very modern, being terracotta on wooden beams. Smoke would have escaped out of tryglyphs all constructed above the frieze or through a capped protruding hole in the roof which eventually become chimneys.
This is a great upload! Educating people instead of rotting their brains. We need more of this online.
Thank you for this compliment.
Yes. But you must speak truthfully. These are not Greek temples, but Hellenistic ones. Greeks should not be confused with Hellenes. These are completely two different nations. The Hellenes were Indo-Europeans, related to the Scythians (Slavics) and Celts, and the primitive Greeks were Semites. The Greeks came from the Middle East (Syria, Media) and, conquering the peninsula, they took over the Hellenic culture one by one, taking credit for their achievements.
@@ABCPoland WTF!? That is ABSOLUTE NONSENSE!
@@MatthewTheWanderer This truth is slowly coming to light. This is done by independent researchers. For example, the Etruscan language is close to Old Polish and Old Serbian. What was discovered by Polish archaeologist Professor Wolański in the 19th century. The official science is false.
@@ABCPoland Nope, you are peddling insane crackpot fringe theories.
Very good video. Short, to the point, and the pics match the narrative. 💯
Excellent! Thanks Sam
Well presented video, interesting, nicely paced and narrated. Thank you!
Thank you very much
A fascinating presentation. I love it when a question I never thought to ask is answered! You get extra credit for doing your own narration without using text-to-speech.
You kind of hit the nail on the head as to why I made this video. I realized it's a question that no one thinks about, but is interesting once you know the answer. You're a very observant person. And yeah I would never use AI. The human touch is absolutely necessary.
I'm binge watching all of your videos. The production quality, story telling and information provided is top tier!
First time I've seen your work. I must say very impressive. Great video shots, superb narration, good pacing and pleasant choice of music that wasn't BLARING in the foreground but, instead, stayed subdued in the background.
ok that's good feedback. Thank you. I was actually afraid the music in this video was a little bit too loud, and some people complained about it. But I wanted to bring out more of the music. In my other videos it's a bit more subtle.
In any structure, antique or recent, the roof is the first thing to go.
True
Some of Classical Greeks wrote that trees used for beams in few hundred year old temples cannot be found any more in Greece. Some other guy mentioned there was still Theseus ship was still existing as exibit, like Nelson's Victory today. BTW, Cathedrral in Split, built around 300AD as mauselum for Emperor Diocletian had finally roof thoroughly repaired at end of 19th century. Old beams were replaced but about 2/3 of old Roman rooftiles were still good so they put them back.
So you're saying the Greeks reported that they over-extracted the forests by a certain point?
Where was this supposed Theseus ship?
Interesting if the last surviving roof still had decorations till 1600s
It's tragic to think what kind of information might have been in that wooden roof... I bet there were inscriptions and the like going way back the time of the ancients.
I'm sure it did. Also a lot of the relief sculptures in marble blew up. Then from those that survived, Lord Elgin took half of them to England, so the Parthenon today is in a sad state of affairs 😥
I don't remember the details but I believe there were some sketches made of the Parthenon by an artist, perhaps artists, before the building was blown up and those sketches have survived. Not that all the detail could have been recorded that way.
@@takashitamagawa5881 yes you are absolutely right. His name was Jacques Carrey if you wanna look it up.
'til*
Good video. Keep up the good work.
Those reconstructions were excellent! Good job, Marco!
Thank you very much! I learned a lot and got to see some beautiful footage!
Great video! Really like the helpful, yet simple, illustrations
Great thanks Jason. You should watch my next one on the Parthenon that'll come out in a couple of days.
The other reason a lot of ruins no longer feature rooves (or might seem to be missing stonework from areas that don't seem to have been affected by time, otherwise) is because it wasn't uncommon for people in the early middle ages (~ 500ADish and onward) to sort of take what they needed from various ruins... and an obvious place to start would be the roof, since taking from the base would be much more difficult _and_ potentially risk part of the structure collapsing onto you.
Obviously wood doesn't last forever, but a Greek/Roman roof would have lasted well into the middle ages, especially on a structure built only a few hundred years prior. High quality roof tiles would have been in high demand after the fall of the empire, as resources became scarce and imperial infrastructure (roads, trade routes, etc) stopped being upkept.
Im surprised some of these havent been restored as close to original as possible.
Because they would require so much alteration of the surviving fabric and the result would be 90% a modern copy and we’d lose so much of the original.
@@tommoncrieff1154Not really. It’s actually an archaeological and "presentation" philosophy that has little if nothing to do with how much of the original monument would be lost.
Yes, if it were to be restored using as many old parts and replacing the missing ones with part built to reflect the original materials, it would be just too expensive (even if using modern machinery).
But it would not be as expensive if done by using modern materials to make up the missing parts (and without affecting the remaining ancient parts still standing, which is absolutely doable given how Greek temples were built).
In reality, as far as I understand, it's the preservation/display philosophy that counts almost always in these types of decisions. The two majorly opposing philosophies being: (1) preserve/reassemble as close as possible to what the building looked like before last abandoned (i.e. without adding anything that isn't original or needs to be basically glued together from tiny pieces), and (2) fix back to look like it was (which implies asking a very big question, i.e. sure, when exactly in its over 2000 years of history).
Very rarely preservation agencies go for option 2.
I am a Greek and I would fully support option 2 as long as done this way:
1. Restore to the time it was first built (as much as possible, but without modifying what already modified by the time it was finally abandoned)
2. Add only new parts using modern materials (e.g. concrete blocks - possibly high strength/low weight options - instead of marble/stone blocks)
3. Make it obvious what the new parts are (e.g. paint them as they would be at the time it was first built, or a color that while not a punch in the eye makes it clear what parts are new, and leave the original parts as they are now)
4. And so on...
This should not cost much. The Parthenon is not a huge building.
Adding back the roof to the Parthenon would certainly help better preserve all the remaining parts if it. And it would be a sight to behold and cherish for everyone Greek and non Greek lucky enough to see it in person!
The building has to be stable enough to support the roof.
@@tommoncrieff1154 not true. Especially not true of ancient Greek temples which were all built with large stone or marble blocks like a Lego.
@@DavidWalls-sr1pg most ancient Greek temples are more stable than any modern building in the same area. They have been standing for over 2000 years, their foundations are very, very well consolidated. They were built like huge Lego and can very easily be "completed". In same cases of course it may not be ideal from an engineering perspective. But in most cases they are left as is because of one or both of two key factors: cost-benefits of "completing them" (or moving them and making copies on site) and preservation/display philosophy.
Interesting! I didn't realize they use wood for their roofs
I'm glad you said it, because a lot of people are saying it's obvious, and I don't think it is.
It’d been hard to lift a solid slab of rock that size back then for a full sized building temple
From the Mauryan era, Hindu and Buddhist temples were built using the post and lintel architecture but their roofs were made with stone, sometimes granite
The downside was the lack of luminosity in the most interior sections
Advances in arch buildings from the 11th century onwards allowed for more luminosity
Its almost like those beautiful marble tiles just walked off.
Every photo or video I've seen of these ancient Greek Temples was taken on a beautiful day. Bright sunshine, puffy white clouds. One might think with such beautiful weather all the time they don't need roofs.
Agia/Saint Photini in 3:27 has a wholesome architecture. It mixes byzantine and ancient greek architecture in a way that I love. It was built in the 70s
Have you been there? You're probably one of the few viewers who knows that building.
I have often wondered why many of the ancient wonders aren’t restored. Every structure requires maintenance. Some have been damaged beyond repair but many could be put back to their former glory..
It would be very controversial. Many would see it as an abomination.
Money too. Where are you going to source the funds for the restoration? Taxpayers won’t like it all coming from them, maybe a little, but entirely funded by the money they’re forced to pay for government and public services? They’d rather at least 95% of it go to that instead of the big expensive restoration of vanity projects for things while impressive, aren’t in common use.
Private funding is also a hassle unless you get huge donors, and you’d also need government permission which is another hassle and money drain.
@@Sgtnolisten Yeah just conservation alone can be very expensive.
China makes fake ruins.
The Great Wall sites are actually recreations.
Interesting, but fake.
Most of the wall is just a pile of stones.
A lot of it come from history, leaving them as they are make us realize how much history these building have. Restoring them is removing that past in favor of modernity, you losing that aspect that these building where there millennia ago and are still standing as a fading memory of our past.
Prior to the explosion inside the parthenon, that structure looked immaculate for centuries after it was built.
Temple of Hephaestus is amazing. Been there a few years ago and was surprised by how well-preserved it is
The temple at Garni, Armenia still has a roof. I'm not sure it's technically Greek, but it is Hellenistic. Absolutely worth reviewing.
Yeah it's Hellenistic, but it's reconstructed from the ruin that was there. And probably the roof has some modern reconstructions. It's not an original roof.
Garni temple looks fantastic. Given all the earthquakes in the region, I can see why roofs can be damaged over the millennium.
The temple completely collapsed in an earthquake in the 17th Century. What you see today is a reconstruction that was completed in 1975. The temple at Garni is only 50 years old.
Greek Hellenistic is the same. Hellenes is the Greek word for Greek
@@chm5750 No I meant Hellenistic as in the historical period of 323 - 30 BC
Just to be clear, historically speaking: there were many many, many temples and communities devoted to various gods throughout the empire, as well as several completely unrelated religions. Overtime these wax and wane. Ceres gradually becomes less popular than Bacchus, Bacchus’s worshipers build new temples, Ceres’ temples fall into disarray, and so on. So very many of the temples and sites of worship in the Roman Empire were abandoned overtime even before the Christians came along. sometime these would get taken over by other groups, and sometimes they would simply be left to rot because they no longer fulfilled a function that anybody cared about. My point being that religion in the Roman Empire was not a steady state thing. Elements within it were continually shifting in importance, just like the Evangelical movement in the United States is the dominant one at the moment, and yet 100 years ago it barely existed. Or like 1000 years ago, the Catholic Church completely dominated western Europe, and now it has comparatively little power and plenty of competitors.
Second note: there was a period of about 100 years give or take where Christians and pagans got along perfectly well, with Christian churches and pagan temples right next to each other, and this was just kind of accepted. It is worth knowing that during this period Attendance in pagan temples and religious ceremonies was declining, not through any persecution by Christianity, but simply because Christianity was actually really popular, and people were voluntarily joining. meanwhile, although there were many millions of pagans who still fervently believed and observed their religions, they were clearly declining already. This is much like in the United States, where we have gone from being 85% Christian in my lifetime to being about 60%. Peoples’ psychological and spiritual needs change over over time.
By the time paganism actually became illegal, Paganism was a definite minority religion (no one would have made it illegal if it still had a lot of power) and many many many pagan temples were converted to Christian churches as we know. Some of these former temples were considered inappropriate for Christian worship services, mostly as a matter of architecture. Not because there was anything scary about them just, It didn’t lend itself to the way Christian services were observed (remember: most pagan believers never actually want inside their temples. Their services were outdoors ) The ones that were torn down were mostly torn down to reuse the land or gain construction materials for all manner of purposes.
Notre Dame fire was ‘clearly an accident’??
That’s pretentious. We may never know
Sure, but no evidence of arson. By the way I didn't say "clearly", but I should have been more careful with my statement.
@@Street-Gems I'm sure the investigation and willingness to report results is very similar to the 100+ churches in Canada that have been torched or vandalized yet nobody hears about it in mainstream media.
There's plenty of evidence of arson. For a start, thousands of churches have been burned in France over the past few years, usually by a bunch of weird anarchists.
French safety culture not on track?? i'd have LOVED to see job site photos (I take them daily) and even video of how the workers/contractors set up safety procedures when you've got enclosed space, scaffolding, and material . How about SECURITY and overisght on a multi=billion "franc" project??!
Love the music (beside of course loving the video) ❤❤
It's a good song.
The Parthenon had its roof blown off.
They were using it for a garrison and stored the powder there. Fire. Roof blew off.
Wait for my next video ;)
This is very interesting! Thank you for this great video, especially the cutaway drawings.👍 Have a nice Sunday (or whatever day there is where you are!)!
Thank you. Yeah I had the cutaway drawing custom made so that it's crystal clear to viewers. Have a nice sunday too 🙂
Roofs were made out of wood and tiles. When burning only the stones remains. And even if not burnt, we all know that roofs do not last for centuries when not maintained.
Great explanation. Any more of this, and I might get interested in architecture...
"this was an accident of course"... how many churches were burnt in France in 2019? 2/3rds were due to arson.
We know the exact cause of the fire at Notre dame though. A worker doing restoration on the cathedral didn’t properly put out a cigarette he’d been smoking and it caught fire. So in this case it genuinely was an accident even if that accident was frustratingly preventable.
@@SupahTrunks7 point to a source please. there is to the best of my knowledge no official cause of the fire. they ruled out arson claiming no accelerant found but no definitive cause has been listed.
@SupahTrunks7 French people are stubborn when it comes to entitlements.
That’s why they have more unions then the rest of the world.
@@yt.damian en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_fire - So there was at least no evidence of arson. Its just a right wing lie to recruit idiots. Most of those idiots probably haven't actually visited a church for mass in decades.
Mass migration of non Christians who admonish the church and are put to work doing menial jobs accidentally put his cigarette out in some dry timber of course it happens all the time in Europe.
It’s actually soo sad that these temples aren’t restored to their original glory, roof and all.
"Accident". Of course it was...
Arson.
Compare the numbers of cars burned down that night in that city with the average for the rest of the nights of that same year, what you will find is a statistical outlier, and an unprecedented one at that. 17 that night vs a consistent average of 3, and the number for a single night never went above 8 before that.
And let's not forget the other buildings that were tried to be burned that same night before they were stopped and detained, all of them religious edifices too. There are police reports from the metropolitan if anyone is interested to know, of course, you will need to translate them if you don't speak the language.
*There appears to be a lot of "accidents" involving French churches burning down.* 🤔
Hirka Dirka Dirka
@@yonidellarocha9714 Notice how he’ll never respond to this comment.
It seems to me that rebuilding The Parthenon to how it was originally would be great to see and help with tourism.
Best to preserve the original and build a replica close by. Do not want to lose integrity of original structure. Or its history. 😊
They hire a bunch of Mexicans* from Home Depot to rebuild it. 😂
[*whatever Greek version of Mexicans is.]
I don’t see why at least one isn’t rebuilt and restored to see how they would hav looked in person…
Its controversial. Some would see it as a desecration. Plus, even if they wanted too, Greece is pretty broke.
@@SuperDeucen Boggles my mind that restoring something to its original condition is considered desecration. Only controversy would be an unfaithful restoration.
@@ProbablyNotAChicken It's mostly about what people are used to. The Notre Dame is rebuilt to the specs of the additions in the 1800s even though they mostly burned. I'd argue it'd be more controversial to rebuild it without those additions even though it's not the original state. Restoring these temples would desecrate it not in and by itself, but to everyone, their parents, grandparents, great grandparents etc
@@Sco10 I am always playing devil's advocate. You're absolutely right.
Yeah I think the controversy would be too great. Plus, I think only the temple of Hephaestos and temple of Concordia have enough of a body to support a roof. Most of the other ones are in too much ruin, their cellas aren't even intact anymore. However, in Nashville Tennessee they have a modern reconstruction of the Parthenon. That's probably the best idea, to just build a whole fake modern temple that's historically accurate, to show what they would have looked like.
Marble tiles for the roof is crazy. It must've looked spectacular.
Unfortunately, like so many wonderful structures, the Parthenon still had its roof until it was used as a powder magazine by the Turks during a war, and was accidentally blown up.
Accident?
the so called Parthennon was an ottoman mosques, repurpose after 19th A.D.
Many of the oldest structures had wooden beams for support of the roof.
Without periodical maintenance, wood doesn't last forever.
Because throughout the entirety of human history, roofing companies have ALWAYS been crooked!!
100% roofers and pavers the biggest crooks
The Greek temple in Nashville still has a roof. ;)
🤣 good one!
Many consider the United States to be the successor state to Greece and Rome, keeping their traditions, form of government, and politics alive. So in a way it does count.
@@Nutty151 Symbolically of course, not as an ancient roof obviously. One day I'd love to visit that Parthenon.
Which traditions and politics? @@Nutty151
@@JeremyBaconThe1st The U.S. Congress has a Senate (just like Rome). Many buildings throughout the U.S. have Greek/Roman architecture (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian columns, arches, etc.), Pizza and pasta are some of the most popular foods in America. Latin is used in medicine and legal documents in the U.S. Even American "imperialist" policies if you count it.
"accident"
Great video, thanks. I guess these days the beautiful marble tiles would be covered by solar panels….
Lol, you mean modern buildings or Greek temples?
They should definitely restore a roof to the Parthenon temple.
Doing that would also help preserve the stone inside from weather. It's a win/win for tourism and preserving.
Makes the megalithic sites with spanned roofs with stone that much more impressive.
It's a pity anastylosis doesn't allow for full reconstruction unless the original materials are found
Well in a way they can. The Parthenon's south side is mostly reconstructed and they made the reconstructed pieces white so you can tell which is which. It probably depends on the local decisions they make.
@Street-Gems
Even if I understand the logic behind the process, nobody complains about Viollet-Le-Duc's restoration works on Notre-Dame and Carcassonne
If restoration works were done according to 19th century standards, Greek temples wouldn't be roofless today and Konark's sun temple's shikhara would have been reconstructed
@@varoonnone7159 Right I get you. I think that Anastylosis is a bit of a controversial method in its own right. Some love it, some hate it. If you've seen my video on the best preserved Greek temples, I talk about one temple in Selinunte which was reconstructed using anastylosis, using the original materials and adding modern pieces in a different color. Apparently that alone was controversial.
With all the nationalist and pagan revivals why no one build a replica? Imagine a modern Helenistic temple built with modern space age materials 😅
Even today, most masonry houses have timbered trusses. So, the answer to the question came immediately to my mind.
Norte Dame the fire an accident???
I always wondered how they roofed, put a roof on it, the Acropolis. I guess that would be the same for ancient Egyptian temples. Thabk you!
I'm actually not sure about the Egyptian ones.
Because the roof must be lighter weight, so they are made out of wood - which burns.
great video, always wondered about that
Nice. That makes me happy to hear that you actually pondered that question before. I got a lot of pushback that apparently it's obvious.
An accident to notre dame? No this was no accident.
State Farm would say it is because they were sagging a half inch and used ashphalt shingles, causing the Greeks to eventually abandon the properties.
This is why they wrote that ancient greek song ...the roof the roof the roof is on fire
Lol. forgot about that song
Really nice presentation.
Even many early cars had wooden rooves. Though this was due to simple economics. Sheets of metal that large weren't economical enough to make 100someodd years ago. (I've heard some people claim that "they couldn't be made" at the time, but this is patently and demonstrably false)
Our 1939 dodge had a canvas roof painted dark green.
Its very simple. The state doesnt care enough to fix them. I went to Athens over 20 years ago yet to this day in 2025, the parthenon STILL has scaffolding all over but you NEVER see a single workers fixing anything. It looks pretty much just as it was in the early 2000's plus modern scaffolding.
As a waterproofer and roofer if I offered a 2000 year guarantee I’m sure I’d get the job. This for workmanship and materials only of course. 🇿🇦👍
Lol, a 2000 year warranty. Definitely would be a no brainer to purchase.
Would be nice to see the roof put back on Stonehenge. Considering what it costs to get in, it's not much to ask.
A roof, on Stonehenge ??
Yes, and they need to restore the Druidic rites as well. Pick a volunteer from the tour group to be human sacrifice for that day!
@@EricMcConnaughey Why not? It has lintels and it friggin rains all the time in Wiltshire.
@@nordicexile7378 Druids weren't involved in any of that sort of ting.
For the same reason about the basement under the Alamo in Texas, right?
There is a cathedral in Syracuse, Sicily that has parts of a Greek temple inside it - not sure if the roof is still there though!
Yes I covered it briefly in this video: th-cam.com/video/Rqh_i0TBs6E/w-d-xo.html
The roof is that of the church, not the original temple roof.
@@Street-Gems Sorry I must have missed that part! I presume there would be no roofs anywhere from any ancient time period that have survived - the Egyptian temples have lost their roofs as well and they are much much older of course. Only wood that can survive is probably wood that is planted in mud like the piles on which Venice is built.
@@kaloarepo288 Some Roman roofs survived, but because they are from concrete and are domed, like the Pantheon.
@@Street-Gems I keep thinking of Persepolis in ancient Persia that had such magnificent beamed roofs - we have to blame Alexander the great for having burnt it down. There is a method of building domed roofs called corbelling where you gradually complete the roof by edging the stones closer with each circle until you get to the top and there would be hundreds of these surviving like the Mycenae tombs which I think are corbelled but you can't cover big spaces with this method.
@@kaloarepo288 Yeah the concept of corbeling kind of works like arches and vaults, the weight of everything compresses itself into stability. Where are you saying are hundreds of examples of corbeled roofs?
I would be interested in your take of the roof structure above the stage and stage house of the theaters. Since for presentation of plays and religious events, these would be used. In some cases only the skene is still standing, without the stage house. However since the area above the stage is always a clear space, it would be to large for any type of post and lintel and very difficult for an unsupported truss, even one that would have the top rise of the roof above the skene, as the half above the stage would have no end support.
There is an old say - I can build a wall from Europa to China but cant build a corner!
They only had 30-year shingles and the cheap owners didn’t want to pay for a new roof when it was time. Also, they haven’t invented tar paper yet. Trusses and underlayment rotted. The rest is history.
Because in ancient times, the Greeks new how to make roofs out of thin air.
Wood burns that’s why
Design and age.
Time saved: 5 minutes 30 seconds.
The wood is not taking more tension it's lighter meaning less tension!
I wasn't saying wood creates more tension. I was saying it can take more tension, which is why you can span it over a wider distance.
@Street-Gems in the video I heard that wood is taking more tension over a greater distance!
@@shaun8256 My exact words at 1:33: "Wood is not only lighter, but it can also take a lot more tension, so you can lay long beams across wide open gaps". Meaning that wood can handle more tension than stone.
@@shaun8256 It can take more tension than stone, which is the reason it can span over a greater distance.
In Armenia in Garni there is a Greek temple with a roof that survived.
It didn't survive, it used to be a pile of ruins. They restored and rebuilt the entire structure in the 1970s. It's also now thought to likely have been a mausoleum of one of the Romanized kings of Armenia rather than a temple
Yeah they used Anastylosis to reconstruct it.
@@valeria5655 Which means that neither the Greeks nor the Romans made it, but the Armenians. And twice.
Just visited parthanon and they showed the roof had terracotta tiles and that's what they are using in the rebuild
I read on it a while back that they were made of Parian marble, meaning marble from the island of Paros.
I'm guessing they were made of wood😊
Yes correct
Imagine the cost of building one of these buildings now?
There’s holes for wooden post. Let’s put roofs back on them, clay tiles wooden beams pretty cool
Call one of those companies that are always advertising a free metal roof "if you qualify." 😂
The interior of the "Tomb of Agamemnon" (aka "Treasury of Atreus") near Mycenae looks an awful lot like a real dome. It is not simply chiseled from "live" rock, but consists of cut stones that support the ceiling based on compressive strength, limiting tension, which can crack stone. Given the tomb's age, built around 1,300 BC, roughly 900 years before the now roofless Parthenon, this should be astonishing. Why was the technology forgotten? Why did arches or domes not reappear until Roman times? Did they ever appear in ancient India or China at all? Please explore this.
Yes the Treasury of Atreus is a corbelled dome. Not exactly like an arch or a round dome, but same principle. I'd like to explore corbelled architecture in the future.
It was an "accident"... of course
Can't even tell truth these days
The oldest wooden structure on Earth is the Horyu-ji Temple in Nara, Japan, built in 607CE
Notre Dame was not accident!
But?
The column you show collapsed at 3:38 was not knocked down by an earthquake- but by lightning in the 1870s
I looked up if the temple of Zeus in Athens had damage from earthquakes and it did. How can a column get toppled by a lightning bolt?
@@Street-Gems Good question...however, earthquakes didn't damage the temple of Zeus in Athens, but did damage the temple of Zeus at Olympia. From Wikepedia "Fifteen columns remain standing today and a sixteenth column lies on the ground where it fell during a storm in 1852"
@@jjgreek1 ok interesting, then I admit I made a mistake. But still how can a storm topple such a heavy column?
@ yes it’s bizarre - must’ve been a hell of a storm
@@jjgreek1 Yes you're right. I just went to that wikipedia article. Those are massive columns. Each drum probably weight 5-6 tons or something. Maybe the fact that it was standing alone made it more vulnerable to the wind, but still, that's one hell of a storm as you say. BTW, I cheated a bit. That temple of Zeus was built in the Roman period, so not Greek Greek, but still I needed something to show a temple destroyed by an earthquake. But I was wrong about that too. Do you live in Athens?
I can work them up an estimate with white corregated sheet metal
How much would that cost? lol
@@Street-Gems Well, Arty would need the dimensions of the building to generate an accurate quote
@@StrangeScaryNewEngland would definitely last longer than wood haha
Anodized aluminum was all rage when they built Parthenon.
👍 knew it! Wrote a paper on the Parthenon in grade school. Yea, ive been fascinated by these , and ancient structures for a long time!!. And, looking forward to the Parthenon video!. Cant wait, Jordan!!. 👍😁
It's gonna be epic that one.
@@Street-Gems Cool!. When might we look forward to seeing it?
@@dmd5645 I think in a few weeks. I hope by early December. You will love it.
@@Street-Gems Ooooo, a Christmas present!!. 🎄 Yaaayyy!.
(Giddy, jumping up n down like a 5year old) 👏👏 Hey, my gift to you is that I'll watch!!!!. 👀❣️😁
@@dmd5645 And a comment too! Don't forget. I love getting your comments.
Why no roof? There were supply chain issues and they are still waiting on the trusses which remain lost in shipment. 😂
😂😂
I know it is a joke, but that certainly happened back then too.
Alexander King Macedon never kept his promise to the Achaeans.😂😂
Witty 😂. Seems to be a centuries long issue.
I assume much like with most castle floors and support beams they are missing because they are wooden
2:45 "accident"
Destroyed "accidentially" by Venetian ships bombarding the city.
@@ugurugurel1769 Not a lot of Venetian ships in Paris bombarding Notre-Dame...
@@nobodyuknow4911 And I'm sure you're in possession of clear empirical evidence which the chief Paris prosecutor does not have... When will you mail it to him?
@@Sebastian_Terrazas Well, yes, I can say and testify with personal and tautological certitude that Venetian ships didn't bombard Notre-Dame...
You pedantic lefTARD...
We all know it was muslims.
Can you do a video on the Giant Cities of Bashan? Authored by a priest (JL Porter) who went to that area of the world in the 1800s. Would be amazing to see footage of what he saw...he also mentions Caesarea.
Interesting. What are the most prominent cities of Bashan?
The Notre Dame fire was not an "accident" as this video claims.
They never used colour steel roofing... That's why.
This is why you never go with the lowest bid subcontractor.
lol
the rooves would be shingles over timber beams, but would the shingles be stone or timber ?
Vitrified clay
I'm not sure shingles is the best word. They were tiles, and made of different types of stone, depending on the temple.
stone harder than wood...
Stone is harder than air...
I read that the temples were actually electrical conductor structures.
Wood does not always need paint, sometimes painting is the worse thing you can do. Roofbeams certinly don't need painting.
Wood needs a good roof over it to last. That is why covered bridges still exist. While an unpainted deck may only last 15 years in good condition.
Yeah if they're nice and cozy inside and the ones above protect it. But I wonder if general moisture can still damage those over time.
@@Street-Gems: well yes, if enough water, ice and snow gets tracked inside, it has to be bad for the floorboards and such in some areas of the bridge. But if traffic is light enough and there is air blowing through to dry it off and such, it might do well. Natural ventilation might be key. Much better than being 100 percent out in the weather.
I understand Architecture. 😮But one man had a idea to build a building. As workers began they realized that it takes money . The Man put pressure on the surrounding Countryside that resulted in a Rebellion War . The Man said ; "I will kill you all and use your money to build my building." One day the chief Builder came to say 'we are finished building the building" The Man said ; "now I can die a happy man". But few short years later Another War destroyed the building .
The fire at Notre Dame was arson.
who did it?
Are there evidence?
@@okamijubeiDid they really investigate? Doubt it.
@@thebes118 did you?
1 the roofs were either wood or stone. 2 if the roofs were wood then the wood disentigrated over time but if the roof was made of stone then the stone was removed/stolen for other things
As soon as I saw the title I thought "They most likely made them out of wood. After all, we still do that today." Not exactly rocket science?
What building is that at 3:27?? I'm intrigued!
It is intriguing indeed. It's the Byzantine church of Agia Fotini Mantineias, in the ancient site of Mantineia, in Greece.
Have they now added a fire suppression system in Notre Dame?
According to the articles I've seen, yes. That said, there are hundreds if not thousands of wooden roofs as old as that of Notre Dame across Europe and none of them are protected by anything other than lightning rods.
They need to protect it by deporting foreign arsonists.
@@Nakaska And for some reason only the ones on Christian churches in France have “accidentally” burnt down in the period of a few years.