The Calendar's 10,000 Year History | World History | Extra History
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 8 ก.ย. 2024
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Join us as we journey through the history of timekeeping, from ancient civilizations to the Julian calendar introduced by Julius Caesar and how the inaccuracies in the led to Pope Gregory to an intervention! Resulting in the creation of the Gregorian calendar we use today.
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Artist: David Hueso | Writer: Jonathan D. Beer | Showrunner & Narrator: Matthew Krol | Video Editor: Devon House Creative | Audio Editor: Clean Waves | Studio Director: Geoffrey Zatkin | Social Media: Kat Rider | ♪ Music by Demetori: bit.ly/1EQA5N7 | "Extra History Theme" by Sean & Dean Kiner
#ExtraHistory #Calendar #History
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Thanks for Watching!
It’s my birthday
How did these ancient cultures know how long a year was? They didn’t have modern instruments to measure earth’s place, so I’m wondering how they knew.
This going to be good hoping link to Julian calendar
Can’t wait for that calendar.
For fence03: Anthropologist here. You do not need 'modern instruments' to measure earths place to determine how long a year is. As in - according to you and your specific cultural group. As is pointed out in this video, many past ancient cultures had their own calendars, or at the very least an understanding of time/a year progressing. Star positions, moon phases, equinox events, seasonal migrations, animal and plant life cycles, there are many ways to make measures of the passage of time, and, over 100's if not 1,000's of years, those measurements get refined into that culture's' understanding on the passage of time. Many ancient cultures and groups had (and still have) staggering complex understandings of these subjects and it is very incorrect to assume that just because they did not have the same technologies as modern times that they could not possibly understand the passage of time, or conceive of a the concept of a year. As is addressed in this video, there were (and still are) many different ideas about exactly how many days should go into a year - and this is culturally (and geographically determined) - there are some excellent academic and popular literatures out there that cover this idea - and your question - and I encourage you to explore this further if you are interested. Maybe ask a local librarian if there is a library near you and see where that takes you.
Fun fact: Sweden decided in 1699 to gradually change from the Julian to the Gregorian calender, by removing the leap day over 11 leap years. In 1700 they did this, but in both 1704 and 1708 they FORGOT to remove the leap day (well, the Great Northern War was raging, so I guess they were busy with other things). In 1712, they gave up and ADDED an extra day in Febuary to get into face with the Julian calender again, thus creating the date the 30th Febuary 1712. In 1753, they removed 11 days in one go and finally made the switch.
30 days hath September
April June and November
All the rest have 31
Except when Leap Year doth come by
Give to February 29
Or in Sweden in 1712
17 plus 12 = 29
29 + 1 other twenty-nine =
.......30?
Did it maths? 🫣
Wow
@darthparallax5207 I donno of that's right but props man.
What if February 30/31 existed?!
January 0
February 30/31
May 35
December 31.5 GMT
December 32
"The ancient Romans would occasionally add an extra month between February and March."
Ah yes... Smarch.
I hear it has lousy weather.
Do not touch.
- Willie
Good advice!@@wikiuser92
My favorite time of year!
Fmarch*
"Correcting time? But that is an impossible task, your Holiness!" - A friar towards the Pope.
"I got special people to help me...". - Pope Gregory.
(Time Squad theme starts to play)
Great. You just made me remember the intro song. Electric banger.
@@Primus1243 That's a nostalgic rush!
Most relevant time to quote this: through God all things are possible, so jot that down
For further ‘reading’, I recommend the Historia Civilis video “The Longest Year in Human History”. He goes in quite a bit more depth on Caesar’s impact on the calendar, including some fun anecdotes.
And oh boy, it was a long year!
Julius Caesar as Rome’s head priest was in charge of adding the extra days, but as he had been busy conquering for over a decade, he had forgotten to do it.
This resulted in an incredible scenario where he managed to cross from Italy to Greece to chase Pompey, because Pompey’s navy tought it was the winter and winter crossings were almost impossible, so they stopped blockading the sea and went ashore. It was actually late autumn and Caesar was the only one to know this, so he crossed unopposed and went on to crush Pompey.
So tldr; Caesar probably won the civil war due to a calendar drift that was his fault.
TWAS HIS GENIUS PLANNING MY LAD
oversimplification, they knew the seasons were a bit out of alignment from the official date, but merely didn’t understand the specifics as WELL as Caesar did, and underestimated just how FAR off it was.
This story is actually just a myth, there is little to no actual sources to back it up and in fact we have issues knowing when exact Caesar set sail particularly because the calendar being used wasnt exactly defined so it’s not even certain Caesar set sail at what Roman’s thought were midwinter
It makes sense too if you think about it because ancient people weren’t stupid, their livelihoods quite literally relied on them knowing how the seasons worked, they weren’t stuck thinking it was winter even though it was warm out just because the calendar said so. If Caesar knew the calendar had drifted so would have a massive segment of the population and it only would have impacted the hosting of religious and holiday festivals
On top of all this Romans could actually sail in winter, there were ships and captains for exactly that purpose and it’s like Caesar used these experts to sail. On top of this Caesar didn’t escape unscathed, he was caught by Bibulus days after setting sail and had some of his ships sunk
All in all it’s a common internet myth but not actually true at all
Caesar was in charge of calendar but this is so oversimplified it’s inaccurate. I think long correction can be found in Askhistorians Reddit sub about this. But overall people were able to tell time even without official calendar and Caesar had a habit of starting his wars unseasonably soon (you waited till spring so you could feed the troops) and more importantly Caesar’s proconsulship wasn’t over yet. So the Senate didn’t expect him to start moving his troops so yearly. But it isn’t something to do with the calendar.
"Thank you, animated Matt".
Ok, it's official: In the EH "lore", there are two Matts, and one of them is animated.
That was the first time I saw Matt’s face, face reveal jump scare lol
I LOVE your use of the word "fix" for this subject, because he didn't just resolve the problem with the Julian calendar, but he FIXED the measurement of days in a year in the sense of setting it and locking it in place!
6:07 *looks at the top right of the screen*
Was it Walpole?
Me: *wheeze*
I'm surprised you didn't mention the Hebrew calendar, a luni-solar calendar with a 19 year cycle of 7 years of intercalated leap months that was created in order to keep Passover during the spring, the inspiration for Christianity's Computus. 12th century rabbi Maimonides noted the ancients also realized that the solar year must be slightly less than 365.25 days and presented the calculations of his contemporary Muslim scholar Avempace to prove it.
They didn't even acknowledge that you could measure a primitive day from sunrise _or sunset._
Same 😓
Unfortunately, they would've been heckled out of the conversation if they tried. Due to the rampant Anti-Semitism going on right now.
OK, OK, been a fan of the channel for ages, so I got the community level - I owe ya that. Keep perks, this is a shoulda done it thing. Worth it to ease my conscience. No more freeloading for me.
Thank you so much, the crew appreciates it all the help!
@@extrahistory I will say, no offense intended, that I thought Matthew was a bit older. In a good way, great pipes! I thought the artwork was doing him, er, um, favors, but if anything the art was what made me think that in the first place.
Hey Matt, I'm older than dirt (we were standing around, and God said, "I think I'll make dirt". We were like "You sure Boss? Isn't that going to be a bit....messy?". He said "I'm gonna do it". We said, "Hey, you da Man, God! (geez, the dry cleaning bills..) so good on you brother
Everybody have a good day!
Howdy
Thank you and same to you
You’re very kind but I’m in England. I have other plans
thinking that using a riddle for a sponsor?????
YOU GUYS DID IT AGAIN😂😂😂😂
Fun fact: scroll on your own calendar to 1582 in September and October and you see 10 days missing
Imagine waking up that one particular morning and you find out it's now ten days later. "Man, how much did I drink last night?"
Windows calendar only goes back 100 years :(
My calendar on apple just says: “1, 2, 3, 4, 15, 16, 17” for the fist week of the market
It literally doesn’t. On an iPhone, anyway. That’s five minutes of my life lost. 😂
@@MissusDelaneey Try to look on the internet. But sorry for the time 😂👍
Once watching this video, I remembered that I am in fact am in the People’s Republic of China because I’m a day later.
Not mentioning the Salamanca University, the one that literally created and helped intituting this calendary is kind of crazy ngl
Fun Fact: Salamanca University was named after Hector Salamanca, beloved uncle of famed philanthropist Tuco. Rumor has it, if you stand just outside the campus Los Pollos Hermanos at noon you can still hear his bell chiming.
They didn't mention non of the institutes or mathematicians or members of the papal commission for the calendar, not the ones who reviewed it.
Besides the Salamanca U proposed the change twice with their opinion (as many people had done, though not as professionally) but the actual final calendar was based on the designed by Aloysius Lilius and factchecked by Cristophorus Clavius who stablished the final draft.
I'm not saying the mathematicians of Salamanca didn't influence the development of the calendar, they did a lot, but many people did and non where credited. So I don't see why the special credits.
He didn't mentionned Sosigenes either, the alexandrian astrologist that designed the julian calendar for Caesar, based on the egyptian calendar ^^
@@d.esanchez3351 Se constituyó la "Comisión del Calendario", en la que destacaron los astrónomos Cristóbal Clavio[7] y Luis Lilio. Clavio, quien pertenecía a la orden jesuita, era un reputado matemático y astrónomo a quien Galileo Galilei requirió como aval científico de sus observaciones telescópicas. En cuanto a Lilio, sabemos que fue el principal autor de la reforma del calendario. Murió en 1576 sin ver culminado el proceso. En las Tablas alfonsíes, realizadas por iniciativa del monarca Alfonso X de Castilla, fue asignado al año-trópico un valor de 365 días 5 horas 49 minutos y 16 segundos el cual fue tomado como correcto por la Comisión del Calendario. Pedro Chacón, matemático español, redactó el Compendium con el dictamen de Lilio, apoyado por Clavio, y se aprueba la reforma el 14 de septiembre de 1580, para llevarla a la práctica en octubre de 1582. Literally where the creators and the biggest country to institute it at the time, helping it being use globally, that's why the especial shout out would have been appreciated
@@krankarvolund7771 But he did... He's even illustrated at one point!
Fun Calendar fact! Many languages associate the days of the week with the 7 "classic" Celestial bodies. Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn. There's remnants of that in English with Sunday, Monday, and Saturday-the other days are named after Norse gods (but gods that align with the Roman gods. Mars = Tyr gods of War, Mercury = Odin trickery gods, Thor = Jupiter gods of thunder, Frig = Venus goddesses of fertility). This is generally Latin in origin but the most interesting thing is that Japanese also draws the same association. This is assumed to be tied to Europe, but unlike other loanings they don't use the Roman gods, but instead directly translate to their names for the planets, which are all named after the 5 Chinese elements. Fire, Water, Wood, Metal, Earth.
However, China doesn't use these names for the days. They do for the planets, but last I checked, they just number the weekdays.
Anyways, Japan's adoption of the 7 day week is an intersection of the two outside cultures most influential on them, China and The West.
I spent 10 minutes of my day for an elaborate add? Im not disappointed!
So the orthodox church still uses the Julian calendar to calculate easter. Does anyone know why they didn’t see the shift in days as a problem?
The calendar in the Orthodox Church is a weird thing. Like the Greeks and Romanians will calculate Christmas with the Gregorian but Easter with the Julian. And the Russians and Serbs use the Julian for everything, which is why they celebrate Christmas January 7th. Which is still December 25th on the Julian calendar. And the Armenians use the Gregorian calendar but rather than celebrate Christ nativity the 25th the group it with epiphany, his baptism which is the 6th of January.
There’s rumors the Greeks will move completely to the Gregorian calendar next year on the 1700th anniversary of the council of Nicaea .
Edit
At mount " Athos" the monastic self governing region
They actually use the byzantine day schedule that makes things even more weird for the uninitiated ones 😁
Correction, none of Orthodox Churches moved to Gregorian calendar. Those that abandoned Julian calendar, switched to Revised Julian calendar, which is even more accurate than Gregorian (and essentially the same for next 800 years).
@@player1_fanatic oh really?? I got look this over.
It's not Gregorian, it's reformed Julian calendar - it's different from Gregorian, made by astrophysicist Milutin Milankovitch.
6:31 Small but important correction: Not all Muslim countries follow the (Lunar) Islamic calendar.
In Iran, their calendar, the Solar Hijri calendar, is the Islamic calendar based on a solar year. In addition, the first day of the year is the first day of spring (Norooz) in the Iranian calendar.
This is because the ancient Persian/Zoroastrian calendar was also solar. Norooz, the biggest holiday of the year for Persian-related groups, also originates from Zoroastrian and ancient Persian traditions.
0:42 Waaaiiiit... You are one of the people from The Getaway?! I never realized!!
Ah the story of how a bunch of Monks hammered out the calendar.
😅😂
10,000 years of history all explained wonderfully in 10:05 minutes
They remind me of Kurzgesagt
So wait Pope Gregory is actually Father Time???
The consuls of Rome couldn't just give themselves extra days when in office. The calendar was the _jus divinum_ of the pontifex maximus, which was a lifetime position when appointed. Only they could add days and realign the calendar. Also that consul is wearing *a lot* of purple.
The consul is wearing a lot of purple while Caesar somehow is not
Orthodox churches still use the Julian calendar, which is why christmas and easter are on different days for catholics as opposed to orthodox.
What an amazing surprise! Thanks For this Guys 😊😊😊😊😊
My grandfather used to joke that the reason he converted from Catholicism to Methodism was because the Pope canceled his birthday (October 5th)
3:10 Even the Hindu Calendars of Vikram Samvat also adds an extra month
It's about time for this video
7:38 is that a random Gustavus Adolphus in today's episode ? neat!
Why didn’t you mention the Hebrew calendar? I think it’s history of judges deciding when the new month is and having a leap month is really interesting
What about the Ethiopian calendar?What are the jewish calendar
It is interesting to note that the islamic calendar is used for cultural and religious purposes next to the Julian and later Gregorian calendar that is used for practical purposes. So while incorrect, it didn't hamper the societies that used it.
0:32 "He's going to fix the calendar." Maybe start with adding a couple more to the 28 days in June?
I am learning how to make my own calenders for my fantasy world that I am making
Another fun quirk of the romans messing with their calendar is that October, November, and December are miss named now. Oct- 8, instead now is the 10th month, nov-9, now the 11th month, and dec- 10, now the 12th month
THIS. It irritates me so much when I immediately think October is the 8th month, only to recalculate that it's the 10th >_
How did you exclude SEPTember
okay I just had a little laugh, talking about the Gregorian calendar and using Before Common Era as the notation.
History of the Calendar? JUST what I wanted!!!
Please do the Greek war of independence of 1821 against the ottoman empire next
I've been asking for this since the first episodes of the sengoku Jidai!!.
1:25 Elected?
Yes
Yes
kings were elected in some cultures
That calendar is FIRE 🔥 😍 Great job, Extra History crew
Thanks! A lot of love has gone into it!
If you will talk about the Gregorian Calendar, you should talk in terms of BC/AD, not BCE/CE, such as in 2:46
A program I used to maintain determined if a date was a work day or a bank holiday. It used an internal calendar that mapped all years into a series of twelve 40 day months. It was written in assembler so indexing from the first day of the month always began at a double word boundary.
I wish you had mentioned the leap century (or I suppose it would be an anti-leap century) every four centuries we skip a leap year, it's my favourite calendar fact.
Didn't think having a proper calendar would be such a headache for even the future civilisation. Its just like delaying the inevitable end of a calendar's lifetime .
WOAH!! Wasn't expecting this so early! You just made my morning! 😊
P.S. Super excited for Saturday's Extra History video!!! ❤️😊
I pledged for that calendar, this is the first time I've done something like this. I feel like it's fitting. Extra History has taught me so much over the years, I'm lucky to have found this channel years ago. Thank you so much everyone on the EH team.
i got a membership!! i'm really liking the one-offs! even though usually they're for a sponsor or ad, they tend to be very interesting
I couldnt even imagine the topics these guys come up with. This is great
That year with an extra day in February in Greek folk superstitions is known as a " disektos" year ( two 6th of February) that it's considered a very unlucky one
In olden days people wouldn't marry or start a business that year out of superstition
This one was fun; thank you. The thumbnail was excellent, lol. It's funny how all those slight deviations from the true year add up over time to get way off.
God be with you out there, everybody. ✝️ :)
TIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIME POOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPE!!! ⏰️
That's a show I wanna watch!
Not going to lie, the thumbnail goes hard
David made a special one just for it! It turned out AMAZING!!
@@extrahistory thanks for replying :]
5:53 Russian historians have it easy. People who study Ottoman history have to keep 2 or 3 date systems. Islamic calendar, Gregorian calendar and Rumi calendar, which is like a synthesis of the first two. Even what they are based on are different. Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar, while Gregorian and Rumi calendars are sonar.
8:25 on the 22'nd of January, the "Portugeuse Royal Family Arrives in Brazil"
MINOR SPELLING MISTAKE
The indigenous people of New Zealand (tangata Māori), use a lunar calendar system called “Maramataka”. Each day of the lunar cycle has a name, and an associated energy level, high energy: a time for productivity, low energy: a time for rest and recovery, and neutral (each adapted day by day according to weather, social needs, etc).
The year is measured not by the solar rotation, but by the emergence of the Pleiades star cluster (called Matariki) (some Iwi/tribes use different star markers based on how easy it is to see the constellation, as we have had to adapt it from our ancestors farther north in the pacific), a custom seen throughout the pacific. Because Matariki disappears for some time at roughly autumn - early winter, its return is actually a highly accurate annual marker (due to its presence being based on the rotation of earth).
Because the calendar is loose, Matariki is both a very long celebration (lasting multiple weeks) but is calculated in accordance with Maramataka. The last quarter of the moon cycle since the rise of Matariki is considered the start of the new year, and celebrations begin. It is a time for mourning those who have passed, setting goals and wishes, and spending time with family.
thumbnail goes hard 🔥
Can’t wait for more historical content from this channel!
you forgot the Jewish calendar that does the extra month and days! and is what easter is tied to.
Fun fact The Jalali Calendar (AKA Persian Calendar or Hijri Shamsi Calendar) invented by a committee overseen by Hakim Omar Khayyam the Iranian Polymath is actually one of, if not the most accurate calendar widely used today.
Just bought the calendar! As someone that’s watched Extra History and Extra Credits for at least 3 years now I’m very happy 🎉 :D
Can you make a video about Icelandic folklore or sagas? (greetings from iceland)
Please please please do an episode on the commune de Paris ! It’s a crazy interesting event and more people should know about it
The Serbian church still uses the julian callendar, whitch is now two weeks off. Because of that, cristmas is celebrated on the 7th of january, and the "Serbian new year" is on the 14th.
>Clergyman
>Manipulating time
Okay, show of hands: anyone else expect the JoJo reference?
You thought it was The Pope. But it was me! Dio!
(Yes, I know Stone Ocean is more fitting, but damn do I hate Pucci)
@@messey12 His JP VA is Domon from G Gundam.
4:42 Weird how things happen on my birthday (March 21)
40 years is a long time to figure out how to correct the calendar. Now I understand Neil DeGrasse Tyson's reasoning for continuing to use B.C. and A.D. -- to not use them would disrespect and minimize the contributions those minds made to the scientific community.
06:02 the November revolution just isn't as catchy as the October revolution...or the Coup of 18 Brumaire
The other problem with the roman calendar was that the only one who could add the days was the Pontifex maximus. And if that Pontifex maximus was to say, get in a campaign for ten years like Caesar, the current Pontifex maximus did, no one could modify the calendar, elading to a two months difference between the roman calendar and the actual solar year, the Romans believed it was still august, when it was october.....
Caesar and the rest of collage of pontiffs were able to modify the calendar even though Caesar wasn’t physically present. He was constantly writing letters to Rome.
As someone born in August, I'm 1000% cool with Augustus changing the name from sextillious (spelling?) to August after himself. 1 less thing to have gotten teased about as a kid is great by me! Lol
I cant believe YT recommend this channel for me its so amazing the animation is so fantastic
I imagine when Gregory implemented his calendar he just kept the pattern of named days the same.
So who started that? and who kept track that a Monday is correctly labelled? And if not will this argument work with my boss?
Fun fact: Some calendars use the "metonic cycle". It's a calculation that shows that every 19 years, the same date of a solar year will fall on roughly the same lunar phase (+- 1 day).
So this is a way to have lunar months and intercalary months and still keep track of solar years, even if it's a bit complicated.
The Celts also had a lunar calendar with 14 year corrective cycles. It seems like that shows up as consistently the simplest default calendar system to come up with.
Eh Matt Parker's video on the topic was much better. Caesar's original calendar had a leap day every 3 years instead of 4, this was later corrected by Octavian/Augustus. The Gregorian calendar is needlessly complicated. We actually need to have one fewer leap day every 128 years but apparently Pope Gregory thought it wouldn't be easy to keep track of that. So instead came up with multiples of 100 and 400. The 128 calendar is orders of magnitude better. It loses one day every 625,000 years as opposed to the Gregorian's ~3000.
In a few thousand years they’re gonna complain that too many days were added by the Gregorian calendar not being good enough
My prediction. This is about Pope Gregory and the Gregorian Calendar.
time traveler you
If I recall rightly, as well as the moon and the sun, quite a few agricultural societies (ancient Greeks, some Native American nations) relied on the position of certain constellations as seasonal markers for planting, harvest, etc.
Oooo, what a… “timely” video!
UTTERLY GLORIOUS, BRAVO GOOD FELLOWS!
Didn't even wait for the credits to finish rolling before backing the calendar. Looking forward to it.
Would be interesting to know what was the hardest day to find an event for was?
Thank you so much!
Actually, I'm not sure which date was the hardest, but I'll be sure to ask Rob on our Calendar Twitch stream later today and reply here again with the answer. - Matt
Ok! Just chatted with Rob and he says it was actually more difficult choosing between historical events for specific days, as opposed to not being able to find something that happened on a day. The example he gave was events like Christmas often causing people throughout history to do big things on that day which lead to a bit of a traffic jam in picking what to include.
Hope that answers your question :) - Matt
How is it that in approximately 1250 years, Easter was only off four days?
You can do the math if you want. Bur keep in mind that the date of Easter isnʼt tied to a specific day in a month but is defined (iirc) as the first Sunday after the Spring equinox or something I donʼt know
@@deutschermichel5807 The new calendar differs by three day every four hundred years. The algebra is obvious. Why do you think Pope Gregory changed the calendar by nine days?
Congrats on the calendar! But speaking of time, would you consider a History Of Clocks video or series?
Oh that would be a fun one! I'm going to put it on my list.
Horology is one of my fascinations. I look forward to that series. One of my gripes is the fact that sundials are radically more inaccurate in the summer where I'm from due to the Equation of Time.
@@JamesDavy2009 Indeed, every form of ancient clock has its limitations, such as freezing or evaporation for water clocks. (A book I wrote has a water clock that birds tend to use as a bath, further decreasing its accuracy.)
I'd love to know your source for indigenous Australian calendars! Here, we have just finished a week of commemoration and acknowledgement of indigenous peoples and their continuing traditions. I always enjoy learning more my country.
The October/November thing is my go to why standards are important
When Extra History uploads a new video you know it will be a good day
extra history fails to disappoint
Well. It's about time.
There better be a Walpole on that calendar! :D
Could you guys make a series on the naval operations during world war 2? I think it would be a really good series!
Strangely enough, the week isn't really based on any kind of natural cycle. But it's seven days long all over the world nonetheless. Barring the occasional weird experiment such as that 10 day week the French had for a while, of course.
average French L
The seven day week comes from having one day associates with each of the planets (as defined when the known "planets" were the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn).
Caesar had to fix the calendar because the calendar was seriously adrift after his 10 years in Gaul, 5 years of civil war. It's supposed to be adjusted by Pontifex Maximus, the highest elected religious office, which he was. He need the calendar to run on auto-pilot, and Julian Calendar was the result. And then there's Vernon Vinge's Qeng Ho (a interstellar trading civilization that traverse at 1/3 lightspeed between stars). Qeng Ho reckoning of time is based on Unix Epoch which dates from January 1, 1970 and counts seconds.
"Qeng Ho reckoning of time is based on Unix Epoch which dates from January 1, 1970 and counts seconds"
But they've forgotten that, and think the epoch is from the first Moon landing (an obviously more significant event!) with an unexplained 6-month offset.
@@mindstalk A Fire Upon the Deep is about 30 thousands year after 1970. So 6 month differences is less than a rounding error to the infinite degree.
@@dyingearth I'm pretty sure Qeng Ho timekeeping came up in _Deepness in the Sky_, "only" 8000 years in the future. At any rate, the Qeng Ho were aware of the 6 month discrepancy and puzzled by it.
Not many people know this but Every Pope is actually a time Wizard their powers are given by the previous pope and they only use it when necessary.
No he is actually a time lord from doctor who
Love the thumbnail looks like the forging of the one ring
@2:14 There's also speculation that healthy AFAB have a menstural cycle roughly the same length (i.e., the same day every month). But oh dear, do NOT bring that up. People get queasy around the idea that cycle tracking and moon watching produce the same results...
That thumbnail hits hard
THANKS FOR THIS ❤❤❤❤❤
That calendar looks lovely.
And here I was just researching calendar to build plantations on my incense in Civ 5 to trade for big moneys