Hey there, The books are available on Amazon: www.amazon.de/Basic-Geopolymer-Formulations-Environmentally-High-Performance/dp/B0CH2NZDHP/ The German volumes: www.amazon.de/dp/B0B158LHR2?binding=paperback&qid=1695549280&sr=8-2&ref=dbs_dp_rwt_sb_pc_tukn Have a good one 👍 Patrick
Please can you tell me the strength of your samples? because thin discs made with 1 g of MK and all the the ingredients scaled according , crumble very easily simply by hand pressure. Is there something else to consider for the curing? I HAVE TO SAY I DID MY MK by heating simple kaolin at 800C for 2 h. Maybe it was not fully converted? Thanks
Hello! Sorry, I haven't seen your question before and only right now coincidentally. If your waterglass solution is decent and you have normal solid pure NaOH, then Mk made by burning kaolin at 800 °C should work well. Not all kaolins are well suited for GPs but even if not you should get some hardness. Maybe your kaolin did not reach the 750 to 800 °C completely, I mean not all of it. When we burned ours in a cabinet furnace in fire resistent boxes, we kept it at 800°C for 5 hours. Another thing that happens a lot is that people do not cover their GP. Even tthe best GPs in the world crumble apart if the slurry is open to the air. So maybe this was the reason. Cheers. Pat
Dear Pat thanks for answering but there is also another issue the amount of water that both my MK or the aluminium silicate from Aldrich that I have used require much more water to make the slurry at least the double if not more. I wander if the properties obtain are poorer because I use more water. If I used more NaOH sol the solid obtained was harder but it leached out alkali in water and disgregated....I guess I will have to buy your book
Information not all mk will work. We got several probes to test from diffrent producers. Not all did work out. You need a high Si2O content to get it work. Buy Davidovits book on Geopolymer there is all explained to the i.
@@manuelarusso8867 Hello! Maybe a little late but anyway: In general, yes, more or excessive water weakens the strength. On the other hand, if you can't process it with less, it's not possible either. Generally speaking, you'd like to use a fixed amount of NaOH (and waterglass, I'd suggest) but you vary the amount of water. You've already recognized correctly that it might be too much if you get an unusually high amount of efflorescence. The cool thing is that you can't cause explosions or things like this. If you keep on trying, mixing, observing, adapting, and repeating, you'll know more about GPs than many, if not most, professors and PhD people. Best, Pat
Thank you! There are quick setting ones. Once I made a truss-WG-NaOH one which set in matters of seconds. It is rather not a geopolymer but something different... but maybe one does not care what it is exactly. It is one of the truss GPs from my fomulations book. I cant tell though if I can replicate it. Standard FA-GGBF-GPs are famous for setting a little after an hour or so whilst the real set takes like 6 or so. How fast and how strong do you need it? Best, Pat
Thank you for this! Its super interesting I would love to start playing with this myself. A lot of these seem to be far superior to modern concrete. My question is it possible to make this a cost effective alternative to modern concrete? Or maybe we add some of this to the standard concrete mix to make it better? Thanks
Thanks to you Mike, we think it can be competitive. Think about it as follows. If geopolymer as cement or Portland cement is used as a concrete material out in the field, it consists typically of 75 % sands and crushed stones which of course cost the same regardless of the used concrete. Adding it to normal cement concrete is doable as well. A couple decades ago there was such a material called "pyrament" with very good properties. At least in Europe there are a number of concrete manufacturers who sell ash slag based geopolymers and the price is about the same as normal concrete. One is from an Australian company called 'Wagners" and the material is called EFC (earth friendly concrete). By now I worked a lot with it and I like it. In the future there will be a shortage of slags and ashes but not of clays like used in the video. If you want to make some your own you need to do some research. There are shops who sell raw materials. Waterglass is from Amazon, same is for NaOH. Metakolin is for instance in Germany sold in a web shop for concrete nerds called "Moertelshop" (mortar shop). There are also shops who sell special pigment, special cements in shops for artists and restoration projects. Sometimes trass (or truss), microsilica or fly ash is sold in home depot shops or for pottery. Have a good one 👍 and thank you! Patrick
Which formulas would be good if you are starting with clay soil as your base material? Maybe for molded bricks or cast in place as in polygonal construction. Thank you. Trying to find practical formulas for the common man.
Hello Polygon2744, If you're working with kaolinitic clay, you can start with the formulation from my video. Try to determine the amount of kaolinite in your clay. The clay used in the video has a 90% kaolinitic content. Let's say yours only has 45% - in that case, you could begin with half the amount of reagents ("activator") and add just enough water to make it workable (you might not need any extra water). Normal clays can be quite challenging to work with because their composition varies significantly. Once you've found a formulation that hardens, the process becomes easier. However, I should mention that my book doesn't include a recipe for "normal" clay geopolymer. I hope this information helps, at least a little. Best regards, Pat
Hello, thank you for the video, very clear instructions! Where can I purchase your book in the UK, it will not allow me to purchase on amazon for delivery to the Uk?
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing Hey Thanks, yes this link worked, I have just purchased your book! I look forward to receiving it! I'll let you know how I get on!
That largely depends on several factors, including the type of metakaolin, the choice of aggregates, and other variables. Metakaolin is not a pure substance but rather a blend of minerals. Some varieties may not be suitable for geopolymers, while others can achieve remarkable strengths, exceeding 150 MPa when combined with specific activators. When experimenting with a new metakaolin formulation, we aim for a compressive strength exceeding 50 MPa, a flexural strength of at least 7 MPa, a Mohs toughness rating around 6, and a high-temperature tolerance exceeding 800°C. In some cases, we've observed remarkable performance up to 1200°C and beyond. This is attributed to the development of ceramic-like chemical bonds within geopolymers at higher temps. Unfortunately, we haven't measured the Young's modulus ourselves, but there are sources that suggest values of up to 2 GPa. Geopolymers are most commonly used as mortar or concrete, and their behavior is often comparable to that of conventional concrete.
Ffy ash instead of MK is possible, as it reacts well (both from a high-temperature process). FA is another recipe as MK (see my FB page for formulation). Marbel and construction waste does not react and can therefore be used as aggregates or fillers along wit FA, MK, some slags. In geopolymers you can just try out what you thought cause nothing bad can happen as long as you start with small amounts/samples. Cheers! Pat
Hey Justin! The heat resistant properties are in general quite well but there are so many different geopolymers and that makes it hard to tell. Some figures I remember is that some say 1200°C on the higher end of the spectrum. And in general the HR is better as of Portland cement/concrete because Portland cement gets its strength from water containing crystals which disaggregate under the influence of heat. GPs have a stronger framework and steam pressure can leaf the material because of the many pores. At high temps GP start to behave like a ceramic. Best. Pat
Hi Patrick, just bought your book and am about to make an initial geopolymer test batch. I noticed your large container of activator solution and was wondering - is it possible to make one large batch of activator solution that can be stored and used for creating multiple different geopolymers? How shelf-stable is the solution? And is the one described here generally applicable as an activator to many (or all) types of geopolymers?
Hello!! Thanks for watching the video! The shelflife i very good but it depends strongly on your raw materials. Some batches are stable for a long time but with other RMs not. The CO2 in the air spoils the "activator". Each GP has its own "activator". The one in the video can be used for many metakaolins but is optimise to the one I use. There is not one activator for all GPs. Hope I could help! Best, Pat
Thank you Patrick. This is something I am fascinated with. I bought your book because it seems to have a lot of the essential info missing from Joseph Davidovits works, the formulae!! Thanks and keep researching. Also, can you translate the second book to English?
Thank you for your support! Indeed, I wanted to clarify aspects that may be challenging to grasp in Davidovits' book. I am currently working on publishing several books simultaneously in both German and English, which, surprisingly, adds another layer of complexity to the process. Have a good time! Cheers. Pat
Well detailed Pat. It would better however to quote the primary source "Davidovits" where needed (for instant with respect to the recommended mixture sequence". Anyway I will pick one of your book pretty soon.
Hey Mike! Thanks, that is actually a valid point I missed. Right before I might meet him in France this summer :) I guess a quotation in the shownotes would be ok. I checked it in my books and although I quoted him in the procedure, I think, I didn't tell clearly it is his procedure... I need to change that which will take a little while. Thanks again. Best, Patrick
Hello Troy, there is a chance to use granite powder via the alkaline geopolymer route, but it is not a very promising one. There are numerous raw materials suitable for geopolymers, but they all have one thing in common: They are amorphous (or rather glassy-amorphous). 'Crystalline raw materials are no good for geopolymers' (Prof. Waltraud Kriven). Granite is mainly crystalline, which makes it a weak reagent. However, you can still use one of my geopolymer recipes and incorporate the granite powder as aggregates, substituting for sand, grit, and gravel. That works very well. Besides, you can conduct some preliminary tests using your granite powder, very fine powder or calcined powder. If it doesn't harden during a preliminary trial, then most likely, it won't harden at all. I suggest researching the topic a little on 'Science Direct.' If you click 'Open Access Journal,' then it is free to access. Have a great day! Best regards, Pat.
@Advanced_Materials_Publishing thank you so much for the reply. Is there a chance Prof. Kriven could be wrong? Granite Waste Powder is showing up in some fascinating scientific studies over the past few years, and Marcell Foti believes he's cracked the code to the old megalithic structures being geopolymer granite. You can check out his hypothesis at natrontheory (if you get a chance, check it out and let me know what you think) 🙏
@troyalessi Hey Troy, you welcome. Sure, this can be. The thing is that inorganic chemistry and mineralogy is a rather complicated field of expertise. For instance there are a lot of different granites in the world and what I wrote was put very general. In the end with geopolymers , it always boils down to one thing and that is that one has to mix the geopolymer and one has to put in the effort (of making experiments). Cool thing. Thanks, I'll have a look. Best, Pat
Hello Joe, in the video description is stated: "Na-waterglass with SiO2/Na2O = 3.3 and 35 % w/w solids." The uppermost of the commen waterglass solutions at least in our area is of this typ. The reason is that at the composition of about 3.3 is a mixture proportion which can better be processed. K-waterglasses are different from Na-WG. If you dont know the composition you got to ask the supplier. I had to do the same. Have a good one! Pat
Hello! Yes, normally you'd need it. Picture it in the following way. Simple activation solutions like in the video are just diluted waterglass with some extra NaOH. If it comes in solution or not is not so important for that step. I do it in the following way: Place WG in a container, dilute with water if too concentrated, then add the NaOH. If you do it in another succession it might effect the dissolution process in a negative way. Good luck, Jeremy!!
Interessant, ist es auch mit deutlich weniger chemischer Lösung möglich? So wird ja der Preis hauptsächlich von Wasserglas und NAOH bestimmt. Kriegt man diese Lösungen günstiger als bei Amazon? Wie ist eigentlich der Preis im Vergleich zu herkömmlichem Beton?
Hallo Rudi, in diesem fall nicht. Metakaolin (MK) benötigt im allgemeinen pro gramm MK mehr als ein gramm Lösung. In der Rezeptur in der Videobeschreibung sind es ja fast 1 g Wasserglas (WG) pro Gramm MK. Die Wasserglas-Lösung hat aber nur eine Konzentration von 35 %. Also ist es in Wirklichkeit 1g MK plus (0,35 g WG-Feststoff und 0,75 g H2O). Dazu kommt noch das NaOH. Die preisliche Frage ist extrem schwer zu beantworten weil die Hersteller dir keine Preise sagen. Ein Beton ob aus Geopolymer oder normalem Zement bestehet aber in beiden Fällen zu rund 75 % aus den gleichen Sanden und Kies-Arten. Also 75 Gew.-% werden in beiden Fällen vom gleichen Gut bzw. Preis bestimmt. Es soll auch bestimmt Asche- und Schlacke-basierte Geopolymere geben, welche preislich an Portlandzementbeton ran kommen. Außerdem könnten in der Zukunft wie das Verbrenner-Aus auch ein Portlandzement-Aus kommen. In Holland z.B. müssen sie teilweise schon Recyclingstoffe benutzen. Viel Grüße und danke für die Frage! Bis bald. Pat
Hey Ancienttartrevived, thanks for you comment/question. It is done in the shape of so called prisms of 160 by 40 by 40 mm and executed in a hydraulic press. All that is stated in the European standard EN 196, the one for mortars. For instance the Brithis Standard "BS EN 196" or German Standard. They are quite expensive when ordered, but whats written there can be found in the internet. There are laboratory all around the world who serve costumers. You can send your samples to them and they measure it for you, and they can tell you how long to wait until testing and the like. Or you ligth up an professor up whit your idea and they make it for free. Long story short: We use the process which is used for standard cement mortar and concrete. Best. Pat
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing sorry for the late reply. Thank you so much for your detailed response! I have copied and saved to a note. Appreciate your work!
Hallo Wolfgang, immer gerne und danke für die Frage! Das Natronwasserglas ist in diesem System ein Reaktionspartner welcher zusammen mit dem Metakaolin und zusätzlichem NaOH in einer chemischen Reaktion (Polykondensationsreaktion) zu einem neuen Stoff reagiert, so, dass im Endprodukt, dem Geopolymer, kein Wasserglas mehr enthalten ist, abgesehen von Residuen, die immer anwesend sind bzw. bleiben. Kaliwasserglas ist auch möglich, dazu sind auch Rezepturen in meinem Buch. In einer guten Rezeptur ist gerade soviel Na-WG, dass alles reagiert und quasi nichts übrige bleibt. Ausgewaschen werden dann nur Reste. Mein Proben, die ich auf einer Wiese gelagert habe, haben sie nicht besonders geschädigt (außer natürlich das Gras, was direkt drunter lag, wie es ja auch bei Steinen der Fall ist). Viele Grüße. Pat
Hey CJ, I answered your email today. It takes its time, I'm sorry. I can't give out a pdf beforehand because of copyright reasons. On my facebook page you can find 3 different geopolymer recipes from the former and future recipe book which are very good to practice geopolymer handling. In 5 days, I get my test print and if its good, I'll publish, which takes 3 more days and after that it is internationally accessible. I hurry! Promised! Have a good time!! Pat
Hey CJ! Hope you are well. The book is available (in case you didnt notice by now). Sorry, if we already chated about it. Sometimes it i not so easy to keep track with whom I wrote. The links are in the first comment in this video of mine. Have a good one! Pat
Regular kaolin typically has minimal effect. You can enhance its properties by firing it for approximately 3 hours at 750°C. Metakaolin (MK) is widely available and serves as a standard additive in concrete production. Pottery shops often carry it, as do stores specializing in pottery supplies or those selling pigments for painters. Online platforms like eBay and Amazon are reliable sources for raw materials. Additionally, universities and research institutes specializing in ceramics, cements, and concretes may offer access to raw materials. Have a great day! Best regards, Pat
Question does this stuff get harder if you fire it? Have you guys done any of that. I was thinking a low fire at like 400f to make it even harder for whetstone.
Hey! I can't tell if it becomes harder, but it certainly undergoes a change. At around 950°F, it undergoes a structural transformation, transitioning into a high-temperature modification. I'm unsure if this is advantageous. Heating to 400°F might promote the polymerization reaction, but only if water evaporation is prevented, which typically requires specialized equipment like an autoclave. Experiment with what feels right - perhaps try a brief exposure at 400°F with and without protective measures to prevent evaporation. A sintering reaction may not occur within this temperature range. In conclusion, since it's not hazardous, feel free to explore as you wish. Best of luck :) Regards, Pat. PS: Keep me updated, if you like. Maybe you want to shoot a photo every know and then....
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing yeah here's what I have so far doing test batches, the middle one is diamond drive.google.com/file/d/1_54sjGUNB4bTwrtO7YXiVZztRegeB86b/view?usp=drivesdk
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing yeah absolutely I tried posting photo for you to see how it looked with the diamond but I'm thinking you TH-cam won't let me post Links. But I'll try one more time underneath this comment
Hello Darazs6173, I hope you are well! Beneath the video in the video description I stated the recipe. For 100 kg you would need 91 kg of sodium silicate solution, 17 kg of NaOH and 25 kg of water (from 0 to 35 kgs of water is possible). I always recommend to start with small batches. In any case this recipe is there so people can develop an geopolymer concrete. Normally 25 % of the geopolymer mixed in the video needs to be incorporated into 75 % of aggregates from small too coarse. You can buy ready to use aggregate mixes for concrete. Have a good one. Pat :)
Ich lebe im Amazonas und wie haben Tonnen an Kaolin - nutzt hier nur keiner und hier schimmelt jedes Ziegelhaus nach ein paar Monaten weg. Gibt es einfache Möglichkeiten zum Brennen des Kaolin - sozusagen in Eigenregie?
Hallo Amanaci! Der Amazonische Kaolin ist tatsächlich auch von guter Qualität. Es kommt dort wegen der klimatischen Bediengungen zu einer starken Verwitterung an deren Ende die Ablagerung von sehr feinem Gesteins-Resten (Kaolin) steht. Kann man es selber brennen? Wenn man Zugang zu einem Brennofen für Ton hat, dann ja. Man kann den feinen Kaolin in feuerfeste Gefäße wie Boxen oder so füllen und dann je nach Menge rund 4 Stunden bei 750°C Temperatur brennen und anschließend einfach abkühlen lassen. Vielleich gibt es ja Industrie in deiner Gegend, die Hochtemperatur-Produktion betreiben und die können einem was brennen. In Deutschland kann man Auftragsbrennen bestellen. Spezielle Firmen machen das oder Universitäten und Institute, die Zement und Beton verarbeiten. Wenn Du bei dir eine Uni findest die ein Zementlabor hat, dann kann die dir auch Kaolin brennen. Die meisten Universitäten und Institute bieten Dienstleistungen dieser Art an. Ich habe letztens 4 kg Gesteinsmehl genauso brennen lassen das hat 140 € gekostet in D. In größeren Mengen wird es freilich billiger. Falls du diesbezüglich was startest, kannst du es gerne mal hier hineinschreiben oder wir machen gar ein Video. Hoffe, ich konnte helfen. Grüße! Pat
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing Nun, mein Ziel ist es, Häuser für arme Familien möglichst kostengünstig zu produzieren. Viele Menschen haben ab Mitte 40 mit enormen Lungenerkrankungen zu kämpfen was aufgrund der Schimmelhäuser (die Menschen schlafen da über Jahrzehnte) passiert. Ich wohne hier tatsächlich im Dschungel und das mit "Uni" oder mal "brennen lassen" ist hier wahrscheinlich eine ganz andere Welt - bevor man sich da auf die Suche macht, mitteilt was man will usw., hat man es selber 30 mal (ohne Übertreibung) gewissenhafter und rascher gemacht. Ähnlich wie Davidovits, würden wir gerne mit den Ressourcen arbeiten, die hier in der Natur vorkommen. Das ist bei uns Kaolin (die Strände sind voll damit), Ton, Huminstoffe, Laterit-Böden (Aluminium- bzw. Eisenoxiden und/oder -hydroxide), Quarzsand. Was wir auch in Massen haben, dass ist Flugasche (aus der Ziegelherstellung). Alles andere ist oft nicht zu besorgen, auch wenn es irgendwo in Manaus (größte Stadt hier, 500 km entfernt) auf dem Papier steht. Ein Flug Frankfurt/Manaus kostet übrigens (zeitig gebucht) 650,- Euro hin und zurück - falls Geopolymer-Experten Lust auf ein Sozialprojekt haben 👍
@@Copaiba.Skincare Wow, ich glaub Du bist schon auf einem ganz richtigen Weg. Ich glaube wir zwei werden da von ganz ähnlichen Sachen angetrieben. Ok, ich verstehe. Mit den von Dir genannten Rohstoffen lässt sich mit ein bischen entwickeln wahrscheinlich gut was machen. Je nach Kaolin kann man auch ganz gute Festigkeiten ohne ihn gebrannt zu haben oder bei geringeren Temperaturen. Flugasche ist ja schon gebrannt aber nicht jede eignet sich. Das einzige was ich noch nie gemacht habe ist mit Huminsäuren ein Geopolymer. Aber wenn du da ein Flugasche + Ca(OH)2 oder Metakaolin + Ca(OH)2 geopolymer macht mit Quarzsand und evtl noch irgendwelchen Fasern, dann kann man denke ich schon einfache ein- bis zweistöckige Häuser bauen. Gelöschter Kalk gibt es sogar in abgelegenen Ecken der Welt, denke ich. Es gibt da eine Technik für Mauersteine aus ungebranntem Ton/Kaolin vom Joseph, wie ihn alle nennen, ich suche es dir mal raus. Das hier: www.geopolymer.org/applications/ltgs-brick-low-cost-construction-material/#:~:text=Compared%20to%20a%20traditional%20brick%20fired%20at%201000%C2%B0C,less%20equipment%20and%20is%20less%20expensive%20to%20produce. Geopolymer-Sozialprojekt im Amazonas. Klingt verlockend :)
Yes. Roughly there are two schools in the scientific community who both think to be right. I see the geopolymers like prof Joseph Davidovits because "in the end usually Joseph is right". After checking and reverse engineering all the data I am convinced that mainly his views are correct.
Dear Patrick. I tried your recipe. After getting the geopolymer, it started to cracking from everywhere. And finally I got destroyed gepolymer. May I ask you that why the geopolymer expanded?
Hello ! What raw materials did you use? There are clays which can swell, like bentonite. It is used as cat litter or to bind spilled oil. It can be used but not that good. Try getting a hold on clays which perform good in normal concrete (they sell them as concrete admixture). You probably need to contact companys which process concrete or shops for pigments or old fashioned construction methodes/materials. Once you found a source it is relatively easy to aquire what you need. Hope that helps! Cheers. Pat
I see. That can only mean that your MK is not reactive. At least if all the other RMs are right. Do you know that brand name or the origin of our MK? MKs used in paper making do not react well. Same is for over-heated ones (more then 850°C). What kind of waterglass and sodium hydroxid do you use? Besides, it is rather common that the first trials don't succeed.
Perfect rheology for self-levelling floors! Plus high strength, low shrinkage and a beautiful neutral color... I've got some ideas, do you know any investor?
Cool! Right now I don't know some but maybe I do without knowing 🤔. The material in the video is just the binding phase, the cement, so to speak. To get this color you would need to add some same-colored aggregates or red brick rubble, like the romans did. Have a good one! Patrick
Hello there! There are numerous types of kaolins, and sometimes various names and terms are used as umbrella terms. Typically, metakaolin refers to kaolin (originating from pottery) that has been treated at high temperatures. When calcined at 750 °C, it's referred to as MK-750. MK-750 is commonly utilized in the production of geopolymers. If the calcination temperature exceeds the optimal level, the material becomes "over-burned" or "over-calcined," rendering it unsuitable for geopolymer applications. However, there are several methods for producing metakaolins, with some yielding even better results than MK-750. For geopolymers, I recommend using those specifically sold as concrete ingredients. Other variants meant for pottery (regular kaolin or fire-clay) or paper manufacturing aren't as well-suited for this purpose. If you're interested in creating metakaolins yourself, one approach is to pack refractory boxes with kaolin and heat them in an oven at 750 °C for about 4 hours before allowing them to cool down. This method generally yields satisfactory results. Have a wonderful day! Best regards, Pat
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing Nice video! Where can one buy MK-750 here in Germany. The metakaolin I see here on the market does not have the calcination tempertature indicated on the label.
@@w.o.3526 Hello 👋 You can get a good standart quality metakaolin at a web shop called "Mörtelshop" or "moertelshop". You can also get fly ash and microsilica there. Please keep in mind that the recipe is a starting point for geopolymer making. In order to achieve a good material it normally needs fine and coarse aggregates in the right proportion along with a high strength geopolymer. Freez thow resistance used to be an issue with or in uncovered or untreated geopolymers. I made based on an altered version of the recipe in the video a geopolymer with 80 % of 0-2 mm waste materials as aggregate with 90MPa and really good freez thow resistance. So it is possible but one has to put in the effort. That's why I keep suggesting to make a huge amount of mini samples and pick the best 2 or 3 and develop them into an geopolymer concrete or mortar. Have a good one! Pat
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing Hello Pat, thanks for your response. I appreciate your advice. I wasn´t aware of the freeze thow problem with geopolymers, good to know. How do you measure this freeze thow resistance, do you freeze and thow and see if it cracks? Cheers, Wolfgang
Hi Wolfgang, you are welcome. I appreciate your support :) Actually, I didn't perform the tests myself. But basically, it is like you guessed. In a couple days I meet with a friend and her team to mix geopolymer materials and CMUs. I can ask her as I'd like to know it myself. In the meantime it is always a good idea to make samples and keep them outside. Like with a little cover to prevent from direct rain or so. Best! Pat
Thank you, its really usefull. I have a question. You wrote "It has a density of around 1.7 g/cm²" you mean cm^3? It means this exact mix produced about (10g + 9.1g + 1.7g + 2.5g) / 1.7g = ~13,7cm^3 material in size?
Hello Noma! Yes, you are right it is g/cm³. Thank you for pointing it out. Yeah, its density is 1.7 to 1.8 g/cm³ like the recipe in the video (without oven drying) like in your equation around 14 millilitres. With standard aggregates for concrete it has about the same density as normal concrete, or slightly more. Best. Patrick
Hello C Ray! Absolutely. Metakaoline based geopolymers are the ones with which Davidovits invented/discovered geopolymers itself. The Englisch Wikipedia article "Geopolymer" is actually written by Joseph Davidovits if I recal correctly. There is a chapter about metakaolin based geopolymer. Furthermore, there are two to three mayor branches of GP I'd say. One is fly ash based, one fly ash plus slag based and the third branch are Mk based. In order to be able to understand this method or system you have to brake it down in the easiest way possible which would be this MK based geopolymer (in my opinion). Have a good one 👍 Pat
Yes. Davidovits used a formulation with slaked lime and sodium carbonate, which converts to sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate when the water is added. The lye (sodium hydroxide) acts as an activator with the metakaolin to start the geopolymerization.
Metakaolin is kinda hard to find but if you look around you can find it. I bought your book as well. I'm really wanting to make my own whetstones with this stuff
Hello Drewrinker! Thank you for your comment! I wanted to respond after recalculating the molar ratios. My recycling solution involves reconstructing the "activation" solution I typically use, which includes water, soluble silicate, OH, and additionally NaOH. However, I'll provide an answer now to avoid further delay. Feel free to adjust the synthesis as needed. I create the videos to demonstrate the basic procedure, given the variety of available raw materials. Whetstone sounds like a promising project! Many newcomers attempt to rebuild the pyramids without prior experience. In general, you'll want to create a geopolymer mortar with relatively hard aggregates. Sounds cool! Keep me updated. Best, Pat
I got the book today, so excited 😂 been experimenting with little batches like this and wow this stuff is hard. Only problem is the air bubbles so I'm thinking of trying a vacuum pump to help with that. I did my first test batch today with the diamond and it seems promising. I tried Silicone carbide aggregate and that didn't work so good because I think it reacts with the hydroxide
Hey @@drewrinker2071 Great! I've been wanting to work with diamond powder for some time. To eliminate bubbles, you can experiment with a more liquid slurry mixture and then pour it into the mold in a thin stream from about 2 feet above; this helps reduce the formation of bubbles. Afterward, you can tap the mold by hand or with a plastic hammer. I do this myself, even though we have a vibration table available. Alternatively, you could place the mold on a running washing machine, any vibrating machine or do a joy drive with a car carrying the mold. However, excessive vibration may lead to segregation. Typically, you would vibrate for up to 5 minutes, but usually no more than 3 minutes is necessary. Much success, bro! Best, Pat
To be cost effective you would use another kind of geopolymer. There are some which cost about the same as normal cement concrete partly becasue it consist to about 80 % of the same material which is the aggregates, i.e., sand and gravel. Plus we expect a way longer service time then portland cement which is said to be only 50 to 100 years (for PC). Best, Patrick
Hi, I am not a chemical engineer, but I understand your explanation very well. Hope you will have success with your books 😊
Very informative.
Very interesting and very good understanding for not professionals
thx for the detailed instructions, has helped me a lot
Thank you very much for sharing, greetings from Mexico
Excellent
Toll 👍
Hey there,
The books are available on Amazon: www.amazon.de/Basic-Geopolymer-Formulations-Environmentally-High-Performance/dp/B0CH2NZDHP/
The German volumes: www.amazon.de/dp/B0B158LHR2?binding=paperback&qid=1695549280&sr=8-2&ref=dbs_dp_rwt_sb_pc_tukn
Have a good one 👍
Patrick
Very interesting, thank you for sharing
Please can you tell me the strength of your samples? because thin discs made with 1 g of MK and all the the ingredients scaled according , crumble very easily simply by hand pressure. Is there something else to consider for the curing? I HAVE TO SAY I DID MY MK by heating simple kaolin at 800C for 2 h. Maybe it was not fully converted? Thanks
Hello! Sorry, I haven't seen your question before and only right now coincidentally. If your waterglass solution is decent and you have normal solid pure NaOH, then Mk made by burning kaolin at 800 °C should work well. Not all kaolins are well suited for GPs but even if not you should get some hardness. Maybe your kaolin did not reach the 750 to 800 °C completely, I mean not all of it. When we burned ours in a cabinet furnace in fire resistent boxes, we kept it at 800°C for 5 hours. Another thing that happens a lot is that people do not cover their GP. Even tthe best GPs in the world crumble apart if the slurry is open to the air. So maybe this was the reason. Cheers. Pat
Dear Pat thanks for answering but there is also another issue the amount of water that both my MK or the aluminium silicate from Aldrich that I have used require much more water to make the slurry at least the double if not more. I wander if the properties obtain are poorer because I use more water. If I used more NaOH sol the solid obtained was harder but it leached out alkali in water and disgregated....I guess I will have to buy your book
@@manuelarusso8867 You welcome :) I'll deal with your question the next days, OK. Should I forget about it feel free to remind me. Best, Pat
Information not all mk will work. We got several probes to test from diffrent producers. Not all did work out. You need a high Si2O content to get it work. Buy Davidovits book on Geopolymer there is all explained to the i.
@@manuelarusso8867 Hello! Maybe a little late but anyway: In general, yes, more or excessive water weakens the strength. On the other hand, if you can't process it with less, it's not possible either. Generally speaking, you'd like to use a fixed amount of NaOH (and waterglass, I'd suggest) but you vary the amount of water. You've already recognized correctly that it might be too much if you get an unusually high amount of efflorescence. The cool thing is that you can't cause explosions or things like this. If you keep on trying, mixing, observing, adapting, and repeating, you'll know more about GPs than many, if not most, professors and PhD people. Best, Pat
Interesting. What is the isolation property and cost in relation to portland?
Hi good demonstration .🎉 is it possible to make a fast setting geopolymer for quick applications . Thermal catalyst is not accessible in all cases .
Thank you! There are quick setting ones. Once I made a truss-WG-NaOH one which set in matters of seconds. It is rather not a geopolymer but something different... but maybe one does not care what it is exactly. It is one of the truss GPs from my fomulations book. I cant tell though if I can replicate it. Standard FA-GGBF-GPs are famous for setting a little after an hour or so whilst the real set takes like 6 or so. How fast and how strong do you need it? Best, Pat
Thank you for this! Its super interesting I would love to start playing with this myself. A lot of these seem to be far superior to modern concrete. My question is it possible to make this a cost effective alternative to modern concrete? Or maybe we add some of this to the standard concrete mix to make it better? Thanks
Thanks to you Mike, we think it can be competitive. Think about it as follows. If geopolymer as cement or Portland cement is used as a concrete material out in the field, it consists typically of 75 % sands and crushed stones which of course cost the same regardless of the used concrete. Adding it to normal cement concrete is doable as well. A couple decades ago there was such a material called "pyrament" with very good properties. At least in Europe there are a number of concrete manufacturers who sell ash slag based geopolymers and the price is about the same as normal concrete. One is from an Australian company called 'Wagners" and the material is called EFC (earth friendly concrete). By now I worked a lot with it and I like it. In the future there will be a shortage of slags and ashes but not of clays like used in the video.
If you want to make some your own you need to do some research. There are shops who sell raw materials. Waterglass is from Amazon, same is for NaOH. Metakolin is for instance in Germany sold in a web shop for concrete nerds called "Moertelshop" (mortar shop). There are also shops who sell special pigment, special cements in shops for artists and restoration projects. Sometimes trass (or truss), microsilica or fly ash is sold in home depot shops or for pottery.
Have a good one 👍 and thank you!
Patrick
Check out Paul cook , he’s been at this for few years ,great vid today on dffrnt types of geo ,
Which formulas would be good if you are starting with clay soil as your base material? Maybe for molded bricks or cast in place as in polygonal construction. Thank you. Trying to find practical formulas for the common man.
Hello Polygon2744, If you're working with kaolinitic clay, you can start with the formulation from my video. Try to determine the amount of kaolinite in your clay. The clay used in the video has a 90% kaolinitic content. Let's say yours only has 45% - in that case, you could begin with half the amount of reagents ("activator") and add just enough water to make it workable (you might not need any extra water).
Normal clays can be quite challenging to work with because their composition varies significantly. Once you've found a formulation that hardens, the process becomes easier. However, I should mention that my book doesn't include a recipe for "normal" clay geopolymer.
I hope this information helps, at least a little.
Best regards,
Pat
Hello, thank you for the video, very clear instructions! Where can I purchase your book in the UK, it will not allow me to purchase on amazon for delivery to the Uk?
Really? is this working?
amzn.eu/d/04rBhAtp
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing Hey Thanks, yes this link worked, I have just purchased your book! I look forward to receiving it! I'll let you know how I get on!
What would be the hardness, toughness and temperature toleration of this polymer?
That largely depends on several factors, including the type of metakaolin, the choice of aggregates, and other variables. Metakaolin is not a pure substance but rather a blend of minerals. Some varieties may not be suitable for geopolymers, while others can achieve remarkable strengths, exceeding 150 MPa when combined with specific activators.
When experimenting with a new metakaolin formulation, we aim for a compressive strength exceeding 50 MPa, a flexural strength of at least 7 MPa, a Mohs toughness rating around 6, and a high-temperature tolerance exceeding 800°C. In some cases, we've observed remarkable performance up to 1200°C and beyond. This is attributed to the development of ceramic-like chemical bonds within geopolymers at higher temps. Unfortunately, we haven't measured the Young's modulus ourselves, but there are sources that suggest values of up to 2 GPa.
Geopolymers are most commonly used as mortar or concrete, and their behavior is often comparable to that of conventional concrete.
Interesting. what about if i use waste construction, like limestone or marble powder with ash fly.. instead of matakaolin?!
Ffy ash instead of MK is possible, as it reacts well (both from a high-temperature process). FA is another recipe as MK (see my FB page for formulation). Marbel and construction waste does not react and can therefore be used as aggregates or fillers along wit FA, MK, some slags. In geopolymers you can just try out what you thought cause nothing bad can happen as long as you start with small amounts/samples. Cheers! Pat
Very interesting; thank you for sharing. Does it have heat resistant properties, and if so, what kind/what temps can it take?
Hey Justin! The heat resistant properties are in general quite well but there are so many different geopolymers and that makes it hard to tell. Some figures I remember is that some say 1200°C on the higher end of the spectrum. And in general the HR is better as of Portland cement/concrete because Portland cement gets its strength from water containing crystals which disaggregate under the influence of heat. GPs have a stronger framework and steam pressure can leaf the material because of the many pores. At high temps GP start to behave like a ceramic. Best. Pat
Hi Patrick, just bought your book and am about to make an initial geopolymer test batch.
I noticed your large container of activator solution and was wondering - is it possible to make one large batch of activator solution that can be stored and used for creating multiple different geopolymers? How shelf-stable is the solution? And is the one described here generally applicable as an activator to many (or all) types of geopolymers?
Hello!!
Thanks for watching the video! The shelflife i very good but it depends strongly on your raw materials. Some batches are stable for a long time but with other RMs not. The CO2 in the air spoils the "activator". Each GP has its own "activator". The one in the video can be used for many metakaolins but is optimise to the one I use. There is not one activator for all GPs.
Hope I could help!
Best,
Pat
Thank you Patrick. This is something I am fascinated with.
I bought your book because it seems to have a lot of the essential info missing from Joseph Davidovits works, the formulae!!
Thanks and keep researching.
Also, can you translate the second book to English?
Thank you for your support! Indeed, I wanted to clarify aspects that may be challenging to grasp in Davidovits' book. I am currently working on publishing several books simultaneously in both German and English, which, surprisingly, adds another layer of complexity to the process. Have a good time! Cheers. Pat
Is the metakaolin commercial grade? Anything special about it? Btw just bought your book 📕
Well detailed Pat. It would better however to quote the primary source "Davidovits" where needed (for instant with respect to the recommended mixture sequence". Anyway I will pick one of your book pretty soon.
Hey Mike! Thanks, that is actually a valid point I missed. Right before I might meet him in France this summer :) I guess a quotation in the shownotes would be ok. I checked it in my books and although I quoted him in the procedure, I think, I didn't tell clearly it is his procedure... I need to change that which will take a little while. Thanks again. Best, Patrick
Is there any chance that you can polymerize (pulverized) granite with the same basic concepts?
Hello Troy, there is a chance to use granite powder via the alkaline geopolymer route, but it is not a very promising one. There are numerous raw materials suitable for geopolymers, but they all have one thing in common: They are amorphous (or rather glassy-amorphous). 'Crystalline raw materials are no good for geopolymers' (Prof. Waltraud Kriven). Granite is mainly crystalline, which makes it a weak reagent. However, you can still use one of my geopolymer recipes and incorporate the granite powder as aggregates, substituting for sand, grit, and gravel. That works very well. Besides, you can conduct some preliminary tests using your granite powder, very fine powder or calcined powder. If it doesn't harden during a preliminary trial, then most likely, it won't harden at all. I suggest researching the topic a little on 'Science Direct.' If you click 'Open Access Journal,' then it is free to access. Have a great day! Best regards, Pat.
@Advanced_Materials_Publishing thank you so much for the reply. Is there a chance Prof. Kriven could be wrong? Granite Waste Powder is showing up in some fascinating scientific studies over the past few years, and Marcell Foti believes he's cracked the code to the old megalithic structures being geopolymer granite. You can check out his hypothesis at natrontheory (if you get a chance, check it out and let me know what you think) 🙏
@troyalessi Hey Troy, you welcome. Sure, this can be. The thing is that inorganic chemistry and mineralogy is a rather complicated field of expertise. For instance there are a lot of different granites in the world and what I wrote was put very general. In the end with geopolymers , it always boils down to one thing and that is that one has to mix the geopolymer and one has to put in the effort (of making experiments).
Cool thing. Thanks, I'll have a look.
Best,
Pat
Since sodium silicate solutions come in various concentrations what have younused
Hello Joe, in the video description is stated: "Na-waterglass with SiO2/Na2O = 3.3 and 35 % w/w solids." The uppermost of the commen waterglass solutions at least in our area is of this typ. The reason is that at the composition of about 3.3 is a mixture proportion which can better be processed. K-waterglasses are different from Na-WG. If you dont know the composition you got to ask the supplier. I had to do the same. Have a good one! Pat
do you need NaOH if your waterglass is already in solution?
Hello! Yes, normally you'd need it. Picture it in the following way. Simple activation solutions like in the video are just diluted waterglass with some extra NaOH. If it comes in solution or not is not so important for that step. I do it in the following way: Place WG in a container, dilute with water if too concentrated, then add the NaOH. If you do it in another succession it might effect the dissolution process in a negative way. Good luck, Jeremy!!
Interessant, ist es auch mit deutlich weniger chemischer Lösung möglich? So wird ja der Preis hauptsächlich von Wasserglas und NAOH bestimmt. Kriegt man diese Lösungen günstiger als bei Amazon? Wie ist eigentlich der Preis im Vergleich zu herkömmlichem Beton?
Hallo Rudi, in diesem fall nicht. Metakaolin (MK) benötigt im allgemeinen pro gramm MK mehr als ein gramm Lösung. In der Rezeptur in der Videobeschreibung sind es ja fast 1 g Wasserglas (WG) pro Gramm MK. Die Wasserglas-Lösung hat aber nur eine Konzentration von 35 %. Also ist es in Wirklichkeit 1g MK plus (0,35 g WG-Feststoff und 0,75 g H2O). Dazu kommt noch das NaOH. Die preisliche Frage ist extrem schwer zu beantworten weil die Hersteller dir keine Preise sagen. Ein Beton ob aus Geopolymer oder normalem Zement bestehet aber in beiden Fällen zu rund 75 % aus den gleichen Sanden und Kies-Arten. Also 75 Gew.-% werden in beiden Fällen vom gleichen Gut bzw. Preis bestimmt. Es soll auch bestimmt Asche- und Schlacke-basierte Geopolymere geben, welche preislich an Portlandzementbeton ran kommen. Außerdem könnten in der Zukunft wie das Verbrenner-Aus auch ein Portlandzement-Aus kommen. In Holland z.B. müssen sie teilweise schon Recyclingstoffe benutzen. Viel Grüße und danke für die Frage! Bis bald. Pat
Danke für deine ausführliche Antwort. @@Advanced_Materials_Publishing
How are you testing the Mpa strength? Thank you for sharing
Hey Ancienttartrevived, thanks for you comment/question. It is done in the shape of so called prisms of 160 by 40 by 40 mm and executed in a hydraulic press. All that is stated in the European standard EN 196, the one for mortars. For instance the Brithis Standard "BS EN 196" or German Standard. They are quite expensive when ordered, but whats written there can be found in the internet. There are laboratory all around the world who serve costumers. You can send your samples to them and they measure it for you, and they can tell you how long to wait until testing and the like. Or you ligth up an professor up whit your idea and they make it for free. Long story short: We use the process which is used for standard cement mortar and concrete. Best. Pat
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing sorry for the late reply. Thank you so much for your detailed response! I have copied and saved to a note. Appreciate your work!
@ancientartrevived You welcome! If you like a rating and maybe a short comment on Amazon, that would help me and the algorithm. Have a good one. Pat 👍
Hallo Pat! Zwei Fragen: Warum Natronwasserglas? Ist pflanzengiftig und das Produkt nicht wasserfest. Geht es nicht mit Kaliwasserglas? Gruß Wolfgang
Hallo Wolfgang, immer gerne und danke für die Frage! Das Natronwasserglas ist in diesem System ein Reaktionspartner welcher zusammen mit dem Metakaolin und zusätzlichem NaOH in einer chemischen Reaktion (Polykondensationsreaktion) zu einem neuen Stoff reagiert, so, dass im Endprodukt, dem Geopolymer, kein Wasserglas mehr enthalten ist, abgesehen von Residuen, die immer anwesend sind bzw. bleiben. Kaliwasserglas ist auch möglich, dazu sind auch Rezepturen in meinem Buch. In einer guten Rezeptur ist gerade soviel Na-WG, dass alles reagiert und quasi nichts übrige bleibt. Ausgewaschen werden dann nur Reste. Mein Proben, die ich auf einer Wiese gelagert habe, haben sie nicht besonders geschädigt (außer natürlich das Gras, was direkt drunter lag, wie es ja auch bei Steinen der Fall ist). Viele Grüße. Pat
Hello how can I get your book please. I have tried Amazon. PDF is fine happy to deal direct if possible. Thanks for your info
Hey CJ, I answered your email today. It takes its time, I'm sorry. I can't give out a pdf beforehand because of copyright reasons. On my facebook page you can find 3 different geopolymer recipes from the former and future recipe book which are very good to practice geopolymer handling. In 5 days, I get my test print and if its good, I'll publish, which takes 3 more days and after that it is internationally accessible. I hurry! Promised! Have a good time!! Pat
Hey CJ! Hope you are well. The book is available (in case you didnt notice by now). Sorry, if we already chated about it. Sometimes it i not so easy to keep track with whom I wrote. The links are in the first comment in this video of mine. Have a good one! Pat
What can you use if you can't get metakaolin?
Tried colloidal kaolin and it did not harden.
Regular kaolin typically has minimal effect. You can enhance its properties by firing it for approximately 3 hours at 750°C. Metakaolin (MK) is widely available and serves as a standard additive in concrete production. Pottery shops often carry it, as do stores specializing in pottery supplies or those selling pigments for painters. Online platforms like eBay and Amazon are reliable sources for raw materials. Additionally, universities and research institutes specializing in ceramics, cements, and concretes may offer access to raw materials. Have a great day! Best regards, Pat
Question does this stuff get harder if you fire it? Have you guys done any of that. I was thinking a low fire at like 400f to make it even harder for whetstone.
Hey! I can't tell if it becomes harder, but it certainly undergoes a change. At around 950°F, it undergoes a structural transformation, transitioning into a high-temperature modification. I'm unsure if this is advantageous. Heating to 400°F might promote the polymerization reaction, but only if water evaporation is prevented, which typically requires specialized equipment like an autoclave. Experiment with what feels right - perhaps try a brief exposure at 400°F with and without protective measures to prevent evaporation. A sintering reaction may not occur within this temperature range. In conclusion, since it's not hazardous, feel free to explore as you wish. Best of luck :) Regards, Pat. PS: Keep me updated, if you like. Maybe you want to shoot a photo every know and then....
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing yeah here's what I have so far doing test batches, the middle one is diamond
drive.google.com/file/d/1_54sjGUNB4bTwrtO7YXiVZztRegeB86b/view?usp=drivesdk
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing yeah absolutely I tried posting photo for you to see how it looked with the diamond but I'm thinking you TH-cam won't let me post Links. But I'll try one more time underneath this comment
drive.google.com/file/d/1_54sjGUNB4bTwrtO7YXiVZztRegeB86b/view?usp=drivesdk
how many activator liquid need for 100kg metakaolin ?
Hello Darazs6173, I hope you are well! Beneath the video in the video description I stated the recipe. For 100 kg you would need 91 kg of sodium silicate solution, 17 kg of NaOH and 25 kg of water (from 0 to 35 kgs of water is possible). I always recommend to start with small batches. In any case this recipe is there so people can develop an geopolymer concrete. Normally 25 % of the geopolymer mixed in the video needs to be incorporated into 75 % of aggregates from small too coarse. You can buy ready to use aggregate mixes for concrete. Have a good one. Pat :)
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing 91kg waterglass? 17kg NaOH ? How many cost? Too expensive, i think people will not choice this option .
Ich lebe im Amazonas und wie haben Tonnen an Kaolin - nutzt hier nur keiner und hier schimmelt jedes Ziegelhaus nach ein paar Monaten weg. Gibt es einfache Möglichkeiten zum Brennen des Kaolin - sozusagen in Eigenregie?
Hallo Amanaci! Der Amazonische Kaolin ist tatsächlich auch von guter Qualität. Es kommt dort wegen der klimatischen Bediengungen zu einer starken Verwitterung an deren Ende die Ablagerung von sehr feinem Gesteins-Resten (Kaolin) steht. Kann man es selber brennen? Wenn man Zugang zu einem Brennofen für Ton hat, dann ja. Man kann den feinen Kaolin in feuerfeste Gefäße wie Boxen oder so füllen und dann je nach Menge rund 4 Stunden bei 750°C Temperatur brennen und anschließend einfach abkühlen lassen. Vielleich gibt es ja Industrie in deiner Gegend, die Hochtemperatur-Produktion betreiben und die können einem was brennen. In Deutschland kann man Auftragsbrennen bestellen. Spezielle Firmen machen das oder Universitäten und Institute, die Zement und Beton verarbeiten. Wenn Du bei dir eine Uni findest die ein Zementlabor hat, dann kann die dir auch Kaolin brennen. Die meisten Universitäten und Institute bieten Dienstleistungen dieser Art an. Ich habe letztens 4 kg Gesteinsmehl genauso brennen lassen das hat 140 € gekostet in D. In größeren Mengen wird es freilich billiger. Falls du diesbezüglich was startest, kannst du es gerne mal hier hineinschreiben oder wir machen gar ein Video. Hoffe, ich konnte helfen. Grüße! Pat
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing Nun, mein Ziel ist es, Häuser für arme Familien möglichst kostengünstig zu produzieren. Viele Menschen haben ab Mitte 40 mit enormen Lungenerkrankungen zu kämpfen was aufgrund der Schimmelhäuser (die Menschen schlafen da über Jahrzehnte) passiert. Ich wohne hier tatsächlich im Dschungel und das mit "Uni" oder mal "brennen lassen" ist hier wahrscheinlich eine ganz andere Welt - bevor man sich da auf die Suche macht, mitteilt was man will usw., hat man es selber 30 mal (ohne Übertreibung) gewissenhafter und rascher gemacht.
Ähnlich wie Davidovits, würden wir gerne mit den Ressourcen arbeiten, die hier in der Natur vorkommen. Das ist bei uns Kaolin (die Strände sind voll damit), Ton, Huminstoffe, Laterit-Böden (Aluminium- bzw. Eisenoxiden und/oder -hydroxide), Quarzsand. Was wir auch in Massen haben, dass ist Flugasche (aus der Ziegelherstellung).
Alles andere ist oft nicht zu besorgen, auch wenn es irgendwo in Manaus (größte Stadt hier, 500 km entfernt) auf dem Papier steht.
Ein Flug Frankfurt/Manaus kostet übrigens (zeitig gebucht) 650,- Euro hin und zurück - falls Geopolymer-Experten Lust auf ein Sozialprojekt haben 👍
@@Copaiba.Skincare Wow, ich glaub Du bist schon auf einem ganz richtigen Weg. Ich glaube wir zwei werden da von ganz ähnlichen Sachen angetrieben. Ok, ich verstehe. Mit den von Dir genannten Rohstoffen lässt sich mit ein bischen entwickeln wahrscheinlich gut was machen. Je nach Kaolin kann man auch ganz gute Festigkeiten ohne ihn gebrannt zu haben oder bei geringeren Temperaturen. Flugasche ist ja schon gebrannt aber nicht jede eignet sich. Das einzige was ich noch nie gemacht habe ist mit Huminsäuren ein Geopolymer. Aber wenn du da ein Flugasche + Ca(OH)2 oder Metakaolin + Ca(OH)2 geopolymer macht mit Quarzsand und evtl noch irgendwelchen Fasern, dann kann man denke ich schon einfache ein- bis zweistöckige Häuser bauen. Gelöschter Kalk gibt es sogar in abgelegenen Ecken der Welt, denke ich. Es gibt da eine Technik für Mauersteine aus ungebranntem Ton/Kaolin vom Joseph, wie ihn alle nennen, ich suche es dir mal raus. Das hier: www.geopolymer.org/applications/ltgs-brick-low-cost-construction-material/#:~:text=Compared%20to%20a%20traditional%20brick%20fired%20at%201000%C2%B0C,less%20equipment%20and%20is%20less%20expensive%20to%20produce.
Geopolymer-Sozialprojekt im Amazonas. Klingt verlockend :)
Part1: th-cam.com/video/zjeVeDVtghc/w-d-xo.html
Part2: th-cam.com/video/uq4T7p5RAiA/w-d-xo.html
@@BruceWiiDanke! 😊 Das ist genau was ich meinte 👍
See also the lectures of Joseph Davidovits on geopolymers
Yes. Roughly there are two schools in the scientific community who both think to be right. I see the geopolymers like prof Joseph Davidovits because "in the end usually Joseph is right". After checking and reverse engineering all the data I am convinced that mainly his views are correct.
Dear Patrick. I tried your recipe. After getting the geopolymer, it started to cracking from everywhere. And finally I got destroyed gepolymer. May I ask you that why the geopolymer expanded?
Hello ! What raw materials did you use? There are clays which can swell, like bentonite. It is used as cat litter or to bind spilled oil. It can be used but not that good. Try getting a hold on clays which perform good in normal concrete (they sell them as concrete admixture). You probably need to contact companys which process concrete or shops for pigments or old fashioned construction methodes/materials. Once you found a source it is relatively easy to aquire what you need. Hope that helps! Cheers. Pat
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing Hello! I used metakaolin. How ever it swells and also ı observed exfoliation.
I see. That can only mean that your MK is not reactive. At least if all the other RMs are right. Do you know that brand name or the origin of our MK? MKs used in paper making do not react well. Same is for over-heated ones (more then 850°C). What kind of waterglass and sodium hydroxid do you use? Besides, it is rather common that the first trials don't succeed.
Perfect rheology for self-levelling floors! Plus high strength, low shrinkage and a beautiful neutral color... I've got some ideas, do you know any investor?
Cool! Right now I don't know some but maybe I do without knowing 🤔. The material in the video is just the binding phase, the cement, so to speak. To get this color you would need to add some same-colored aggregates or red brick rubble, like the romans did. Have a good one! Patrick
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing Thank you!
Very interesting. Is meta-kaolin the same as the pottery material called just kaolin?
Hello there! There are numerous types of kaolins, and sometimes various names and terms are used as umbrella terms. Typically, metakaolin refers to kaolin (originating from pottery) that has been treated at high temperatures. When calcined at 750 °C, it's referred to as MK-750. MK-750 is commonly utilized in the production of geopolymers. If the calcination temperature exceeds the optimal level, the material becomes "over-burned" or "over-calcined," rendering it unsuitable for geopolymer applications.
However, there are several methods for producing metakaolins, with some yielding even better results than MK-750. For geopolymers, I recommend using those specifically sold as concrete ingredients. Other variants meant for pottery (regular kaolin or fire-clay) or paper manufacturing aren't as well-suited for this purpose.
If you're interested in creating metakaolins yourself, one approach is to pack refractory boxes with kaolin and heat them in an oven at 750 °C for about 4 hours before allowing them to cool down. This method generally yields satisfactory results. Have a wonderful day!
Best regards,
Pat
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing Nice video! Where can one buy MK-750 here in Germany. The metakaolin I see here on the market does not have the calcination tempertature indicated on the label.
@@w.o.3526 Hello 👋 You can get a good standart quality metakaolin at a web shop called "Mörtelshop" or "moertelshop". You can also get fly ash and microsilica there.
Please keep in mind that the recipe is a starting point for geopolymer making. In order to achieve a good material it normally needs fine and coarse aggregates in the right proportion along with a high strength geopolymer. Freez thow resistance used to be an issue with or in uncovered or untreated geopolymers. I made based on an altered version of the recipe in the video a geopolymer with 80 % of 0-2 mm waste materials as aggregate with 90MPa and really good freez thow resistance. So it is possible but one has to put in the effort. That's why I keep suggesting to make a huge amount of mini samples and pick the best 2 or 3 and develop them into an geopolymer concrete or mortar.
Have a good one!
Pat
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing Hello Pat, thanks for your response. I appreciate your advice. I wasn´t aware of the freeze thow problem with geopolymers, good to know. How do you measure this freeze thow resistance, do you freeze and thow and see if it cracks?
Cheers,
Wolfgang
Hi Wolfgang,
you are welcome. I appreciate your support :) Actually, I didn't perform the tests myself. But basically, it is like you guessed. In a couple days I meet with a friend and her team to mix geopolymer materials and CMUs. I can ask her as I'd like to know it myself. In the meantime it is always a good idea to make samples and keep them outside. Like with a little cover to prevent from direct rain or so.
Best!
Pat
I'm off to the lab.. 😊
My recipe I use ash sodium silicate, honey or sugar
Not as fine as you are but my recipe it’s much more simple and cheaper
Thank you, its really usefull. I have a question. You wrote "It has a density of around 1.7 g/cm²" you mean cm^3? It means this exact mix produced about (10g + 9.1g + 1.7g + 2.5g) / 1.7g = ~13,7cm^3 material in size?
Hello Noma! Yes, you are right it is g/cm³. Thank you for pointing it out. Yeah, its density is 1.7 to 1.8 g/cm³ like the recipe in the video (without oven drying) like in your equation around 14 millilitres. With standard aggregates for concrete it has about the same density as normal concrete, or slightly more. Best. Patrick
Thank you 🙏
would Joseph Davidovits consider this a true geopolymer?
Hello C Ray! Absolutely. Metakaoline based geopolymers are the ones with which Davidovits invented/discovered geopolymers itself. The Englisch Wikipedia article "Geopolymer" is actually written by Joseph Davidovits if I recal correctly. There is a chapter about metakaolin based geopolymer. Furthermore, there are two to three mayor branches of GP I'd say. One is fly ash based, one fly ash plus slag based and the third branch are Mk based. In order to be able to understand this method or system you have to brake it down in the easiest way possible which would be this MK based geopolymer (in my opinion). Have a good one 👍 Pat
Yes. Davidovits used a formulation with slaked lime and sodium carbonate, which converts to sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate when the water is added. The lye (sodium hydroxide) acts as an activator with the metakaolin to start the geopolymerization.
17mol concentration is pretty high, i would lower your concentration to 12. There been a lot of studies done with 12 showing strongest results.
Metakaolin is kinda hard to find but if you look around you can find it. I bought your book as well. I'm really wanting to make my own whetstones with this stuff
Hello Drewrinker! Thank you for your comment! I wanted to respond after recalculating the molar ratios. My recycling solution involves reconstructing the "activation" solution I typically use, which includes water, soluble silicate, OH, and additionally NaOH. However, I'll provide an answer now to avoid further delay. Feel free to adjust the synthesis as needed. I create the videos to demonstrate the basic procedure, given the variety of available raw materials. Whetstone sounds like a promising project! Many newcomers attempt to rebuild the pyramids without prior experience. In general, you'll want to create a geopolymer mortar with relatively hard aggregates. Sounds cool! Keep me updated. Best, Pat
I got the book today, so excited 😂 been experimenting with little batches like this and wow this stuff is hard. Only problem is the air bubbles so I'm thinking of trying a vacuum pump to help with that. I did my first test batch today with the diamond and it seems promising. I tried Silicone carbide aggregate and that didn't work so good because I think it reacts with the hydroxide
Hey @@drewrinker2071 Great! I've been wanting to work with diamond powder for some time. To eliminate bubbles, you can experiment with a more liquid slurry mixture and then pour it into the mold in a thin stream from about 2 feet above; this helps reduce the formation of bubbles. Afterward, you can tap the mold by hand or with a plastic hammer. I do this myself, even though we have a vibration table available. Alternatively, you could place the mold on a running washing machine, any vibrating machine or do a joy drive with a car carrying the mold. However, excessive vibration may lead to segregation. Typically, you would vibrate for up to 5 minutes, but usually no more than 3 minutes is necessary. Much success, bro! Best, Pat
@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing oh nice good idea thanks I have an ultrasonic cleaner I could let it float in.
Does not seem very cost effective for any type of large application.
To be cost effective you would use another kind of geopolymer. There are some which cost about the same as normal cement concrete partly becasue it consist to about 80 % of the same material which is the aggregates, i.e., sand and gravel. Plus we expect a way longer service time then portland cement which is said to be only 50 to 100 years (for PC). Best, Patrick