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Hello! Commercial GPs are mostly made from slag and fly ash. MK-based are too expensive at the moment. They all claim that they want to save the world but in reality is all about the price (which is ok). On the other hand MK-based can reach a higher strength more easily, so to speak. So building purposes it is fly ash and slag and for decorative purposed or cold-curing ceramics, it is MK. But the industry oftertimes try to hide what the really do... :) Best, Patrick

Hello Wilmar, Thank you for your interest in my work. Unfortunately, all rights to my books currently belong to the publisher, and I am not permitted to distribute PDFs or other unauthorized copies. Amazon has a strict policy against copyright infringement, and authors who violate these rules risk having their accounts terminated and being permanently banned from the platform. They enforce these rules strictly because copyright violations were rampant in the past. While I cannot provide PDFs directly, you may be able to convert the ebook version into a PDF format for personal use. However, I'm not certain if this would be considered a permitted use under Amazon's terms of service, so I would advise caution. If you're interested in accessing my work, I would suggest purchasing the ebook version of the book you're interested in, such as the formulations book which is available at a lower price point. I recommend the English versions, as those are the most up-to-date editions. My plan is to publish translations into other languages once I've completed this current book project, which I hope to achieve by early 2028. I hope you have a wonderful day. Best regards, Patrick

@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing Hi Patrick. Thank you for answering me, I already bought your books electronically and I already translated the book that is in German... it looks very similar to the English version... I have them in PDF and they are for personal use only. I believe they are very interesting, I congratulate you on your research work. My intention is to create an artistic movement here in Edmonton, Canada, where we can use an alternative to concrete. I have a series of artistic pieces that I personally want to make in geopolymers.... and I will thank you because you are the reason for this work, thank you Bro and have a good day. Wilmar

Hey Mike! Thanks, that is actually a valid point I missed. Right before I might meet him in France this summer :) I guess a quotation in the shownotes would be ok. I checked it in my books and although I quoted him in the procedure, I think, I didn't tell clearly it is his procedure... I need to change that which will take a little while. Thanks again. Best, Patrick

I did one with Ca(OH)2 which works but takes quite long until it cures. That is like the Romans did their cement. With sodium carbonate I wanted to do some experiments since you can buy it in the drugstore. In general the waterglass-NaOH "activators" are the most promising ones. Anyways, I cant tell right now how it alters the characteristics. Cheers. Pat

Hallo Mike, thanks for your comment. Sounds good to me! Best, Pat

Ffy ash instead of MK is possible, as it reacts well (both from a high-temperature process). FA is another recipe as MK (see my FB page for formulation). Marbel and construction waste does not react and can therefore be used as aggregates or fillers along wit FA, MK, some slags. In geopolymers you can just try out what you thought cause nothing bad can happen as long as you start with small amounts/samples. Cheers! Pat

Hello ! What raw materials did you use? There are clays which can swell, like bentonite. It is used as cat litter or to bind spilled oil. It can be used but not that good. Try getting a hold on clays which perform good in normal concrete (they sell them as concrete admixture). You probably need to contact companys which process concrete or shops for pigments or old fashioned construction methodes/materials. Once you found a source it is relatively easy to aquire what you need. Hope that helps! Cheers. Pat

@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing Hello! I used metakaolin. How ever it swells and also ı observed exfoliation.

I see. That can only mean that your MK is not reactive. At least if all the other RMs are right. Do you know that brand name or the origin of our MK? MKs used in paper making do not react well. Same is for over-heated ones (more then 850°C). What kind of waterglass and sodium hydroxid do you use? Besides, it is rather common that the first trials don't succeed.

Hello Troy, there is a chance to use granite powder via the alkaline geopolymer route, but it is not a very promising one. There are numerous raw materials suitable for geopolymers, but they all have one thing in common: They are amorphous (or rather glassy-amorphous). 'Crystalline raw materials are no good for geopolymers' (Prof. Waltraud Kriven). Granite is mainly crystalline, which makes it a weak reagent. However, you can still use one of my geopolymer recipes and incorporate the granite powder as aggregates, substituting for sand, grit, and gravel. That works very well. Besides, you can conduct some preliminary tests using your granite powder, very fine powder or calcined powder. If it doesn't harden during a preliminary trial, then most likely, it won't harden at all. I suggest researching the topic a little on 'Science Direct.' If you click 'Open Access Journal,' then it is free to access. Have a great day! Best regards, Pat.

@Advanced_Materials_Publishing thank you so much for the reply. Is there a chance Prof. Kriven could be wrong? Granite Waste Powder is showing up in some fascinating scientific studies over the past few years, and Marcell Foti believes he's cracked the code to the old megalithic structures being geopolymer granite. You can check out his hypothesis at natrontheory (if you get a chance, check it out and let me know what you think) 🙏

@troyalessi Hey Troy, you welcome. Sure, this can be. The thing is that inorganic chemistry and mineralogy is a rather complicated field of expertise. For instance there are a lot of different granites in the world and what I wrote was put very general. In the end with geopolymers , it always boils down to one thing and that is that one has to mix the geopolymer and one has to put in the effort (of making experiments). Cool thing. Thanks, I'll have a look. Best, Pat

Hello! The geopolymer samples are resistant to boiling water, as my first and go-to test is the boiling water test. This involves leaving the samples in boiling water for over 30 minutes. If the samples do not disaggregate, it's quite likely that the geopolymerization reaction was successful. A sample only bound by hardened waterglass would fall apart. I've made a note to create a video about this boiling water test-it's easy to do and provides valuable insights. Thanks for the idea! Best, Patrick

@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing thanks for replying.Looking forward to some news .

Hello! Thank you for your comment and suggestion; I really appreciate it, as I'm always searching for interesting topics to create videos about. So far, I haven't worked with many pigments, but it's something I've been considering from time to time. I've made a note of it so I don't forget amidst all my ideas. Which type of indigo are you referring to? The synthetic one, the natural one, or the green leaf powder? Have a good one! Best, Patrick

Hey Brewcephus, that's a great question. Activators like this can deteriorate when they come into contact with certain substances, primarily CO2. However, as long as you keep it sealed, it should have a practically indefinite shelf life. Interestingly, a major waterglass manufacturer in my area suggests a shelf life of only around 2 years for their waterglass solution. Regarding safety, NaOH, which is present in it, isn't very safe. A small amount of the activator on your hand isn't too concerning since you can simply rinse it off. However, if it's left on your skin without rinsing, it can cause irritation and redness. A significant splash of it in your eyes could even result in blindness. This risk extends to regular cement slurry as well. When using larger amounts, I always opt for standard protective gear: workwear, goggles, gloves (the sturdy ones), and a face shield. Once the geopolymer is hardened, it's not as hazardous, except for the dust when you cut it. It's crucial to understand that this dust must not be inhaled or come in contact with the eyes. Stay safe and have fun! Best, Pat

@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing Great! Thanks so much for the info. I am fascinated by the abilities of geopolymers and have a pallet of Metakaolin I use in my cement work so this seems like a great side step for trying different works.

Hey! Yes, it is. This is the English edition of the formulations book amzn.eu/d/aAe2Hkz Plus I'm constantly working on other volumes in German and English alike. Same is for TH-cam content. Best Pat

Hey! I can't tell if it becomes harder, but it certainly undergoes a change. At around 950°F, it undergoes a structural transformation, transitioning into a high-temperature modification. I'm unsure if this is advantageous. Heating to 400°F might promote the polymerization reaction, but only if water evaporation is prevented, which typically requires specialized equipment like an autoclave. Experiment with what feels right - perhaps try a brief exposure at 400°F with and without protective measures to prevent evaporation. A sintering reaction may not occur within this temperature range. In conclusion, since it's not hazardous, feel free to explore as you wish. Best of luck :) Regards, Pat. PS: Keep me updated, if you like. Maybe you want to shoot a photo every know and then....

@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing yeah here's what I have so far doing test batches, the middle one is diamond drive.google.com/file/d/1_54sjGUNB4bTwrtO7YXiVZztRegeB86b/view?usp=drivesdk

@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing yeah absolutely I tried posting photo for you to see how it looked with the diamond but I'm thinking you TH-cam won't let me post Links. But I'll try one more time underneath this comment

drive.google.com/file/d/1_54sjGUNB4bTwrtO7YXiVZztRegeB86b/view?usp=drivesdk

Thanks Bro! Appreciate it

Regular kaolin typically has minimal effect. You can enhance its properties by firing it for approximately 3 hours at 750°C. Metakaolin (MK) is widely available and serves as a standard additive in concrete production. Pottery shops often carry it, as do stores specializing in pottery supplies or those selling pigments for painters. Online platforms like eBay and Amazon are reliable sources for raw materials. Additionally, universities and research institutes specializing in ceramics, cements, and concretes may offer access to raw materials. Have a great day! Best regards, Pat

Metakaolin is kinda hard to find but if you look around you can find it. I bought your book as well. I'm really wanting to make my own whetstones with this stuff

Hello Drewrinker! Thank you for your comment! I wanted to respond after recalculating the molar ratios. My recycling solution involves reconstructing the "activation" solution I typically use, which includes water, soluble silicate, OH, and additionally NaOH. However, I'll provide an answer now to avoid further delay. Feel free to adjust the synthesis as needed. I create the videos to demonstrate the basic procedure, given the variety of available raw materials. Whetstone sounds like a promising project! Many newcomers attempt to rebuild the pyramids without prior experience. In general, you'll want to create a geopolymer mortar with relatively hard aggregates. Sounds cool! Keep me updated. Best, Pat

I got the book today, so excited 😂 been experimenting with little batches like this and wow this stuff is hard. Only problem is the air bubbles so I'm thinking of trying a vacuum pump to help with that. I did my first test batch today with the diamond and it seems promising. I tried Silicone carbide aggregate and that didn't work so good because I think it reacts with the hydroxide

Hey @@drewrinker2071 Great! I've been wanting to work with diamond powder for some time. To eliminate bubbles, you can experiment with a more liquid slurry mixture and then pour it into the mold in a thin stream from about 2 feet above; this helps reduce the formation of bubbles. Afterward, you can tap the mold by hand or with a plastic hammer. I do this myself, even though we have a vibration table available. Alternatively, you could place the mold on a running washing machine, any vibrating machine or do a joy drive with a car carrying the mold. However, excessive vibration may lead to segregation. Typically, you would vibrate for up to 5 minutes, but usually no more than 3 minutes is necessary. Much success, bro! Best, Pat

@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing oh nice good idea thanks I have an ultrasonic cleaner I could let it float in.

Yes, good point! I'm only at 350 m above (Bavaria) or sometimes 600 m in Thuringia.

Hey Justin, That's an interesting question. I've been wanting to conduct experiments like this for a while. You can definitely give it a try. I suggest purchasing a small sample holder made of plastic and conducting a series of tests, starting from a small amount of Al2(SO4)3 and increasing gradually. This should provide indications fairly quickly if it's worthwhile. In general, simply adding metal salts won't necessarily increase the degree of geopolymerization reaction. That's because aluminum or silicon salts are part of a system with little remaining energy, so to speak. Geopolymers require raw materials with more energy to actively participate in the reaction. For aluminum, it would involve metal-organic compounds (organo-aluminum compounds). Raw materials like fly ash, waterglass, and calcined clays are already the best choices. But hey, give it a try, and then you'll see. Have a great time experimenting! Best regards, Pat

@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing I know that if you mix waterglass and aluminum sulfate directly, it will immediately react and produce aluminasilicate fiber strands. I think this may be one of the ways that industry uses to make ceramic fiber blankets/insulation? But the clay binder might slow down the reaction? Either way, yeah, I may as well just try it with small samples like you said. Danke Pat.

Hey Justin, I suggest once again trying it out (with the fibers). I can't predict if they will remain intact after firing. Perhaps AR-glass fibers would be a good choice since they are resistant to heat. You can create small samples and devise a testing regime with increased stress and exposure to substances, which should provide clear indications quickly. What you mentioned about H3PO4 GPs is absolutely correct! In my book, there is a recipe using truss/tuff stone, from which I know it withstands heat because I used it to construct a firing box for making MK. They remained intact after several rounds of 5 hours at 800°C. Best regards, Patrick

@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing It sounds like it would make more sense to just go with the AR fibers, though they are heavier/denser. (But I may not even need any extra tensile and Young's modulus strength for my application anyways. The combo of basalt fiber cloth and cement will likely be enough). Good to know about H3PO4 and your firing box. Cheers and danke.

You're welcome, Justin. Ultimately, one has to put in the effort and create samples, I'd say. I find that the best fibers, in general, are short (8 mm or 1/3 inch) and not stacked. Basalt fibers are notorious for dissolving in basic geopolymer, but apparently not in less basic Portland cement. However, I have samples with stacked basalt fibers in them, and I can't observe any dissolution.

@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing That is why I am avoiding formulations that include sodium or potassium hydroxide, as it is very alkaline and could negatively affect the basalt fiber cloth. I will be trying magnesium oxide with fumed silica, water, and a little waterglass. One with the former and some clay. And some magnesium oxide with phosphoric acid and a little clay. I've also thought about some zirconia silicate with phosphoric acid, but I don't want it to reflect IR too much.

Sounds great, Justin! Perhaps you could keep me updated on things like zirconia, as it's something I'm also interested in pursuing. Best, Pat

Hello Mustafa, That's a great question, thank you for asking. Generally speaking, yes, geopolymer technology holds promise for structural applications. However, it's essential to note that not every type of geopolymer is suitable for constructing such structures. For instance, in one of my other videos (you can find the link below), I demonstrate a geopolymer formulation akin to cement. By incorporating 75% standard concrete aggregates, one can create what's known as geopolymer concrete. However, it's crucial to subject this mixture to rigorous testing akin to any new material development process. It's important to understand that this isn't a product readily available at your local hardware store like. Commercially viable geopolymer formulations are not easily accessible to the general public. In conclusion, while the potential for geopolymer-based structures exists, it requires careful formulation, testing, and likely significant investment. I hope this response clarifies your questions. Have a nice day! Best regards, Pat (th-cam.com/video/XASFX4t_uGU/w-d-xo.html)

Thank you for your support! Indeed, I wanted to clarify aspects that may be challenging to grasp in Davidovits' book. I am currently working on publishing several books simultaneously in both German and English, which, surprisingly, adds another layer of complexity to the process. Have a good time! Cheers. Pat

Hey Ancienttartrevived, thanks for you comment/question. It is done in the shape of so called prisms of 160 by 40 by 40 mm and executed in a hydraulic press. All that is stated in the European standard EN 196, the one for mortars. For instance the Brithis Standard "BS EN 196" or German Standard. They are quite expensive when ordered, but whats written there can be found in the internet. There are laboratory all around the world who serve costumers. You can send your samples to them and they measure it for you, and they can tell you how long to wait until testing and the like. Or you ligth up an professor up whit your idea and they make it for free. Long story short: We use the process which is used for standard cement mortar and concrete. Best. Pat

@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing sorry for the late reply. Thank you so much for your detailed response! I have copied and saved to a note. Appreciate your work!

@ancientartrevived You welcome! If you like a rating and maybe a short comment on Amazon, that would help me and the algorithm. Have a good one. Pat 👍

Hello Noma! Yes, you are right it is g/cm³. Thank you for pointing it out. Yeah, its density is 1.7 to 1.8 g/cm³ like the recipe in the video (without oven drying) like in your equation around 14 millilitres. With standard aggregates for concrete it has about the same density as normal concrete, or slightly more. Best. Patrick

Thank you 🙏

Hallo Wolfgang, immer gerne und danke für die Frage! Das Natronwasserglas ist in diesem System ein Reaktionspartner welcher zusammen mit dem Metakaolin und zusätzlichem NaOH in einer chemischen Reaktion (Polykondensationsreaktion) zu einem neuen Stoff reagiert, so, dass im Endprodukt, dem Geopolymer, kein Wasserglas mehr enthalten ist, abgesehen von Residuen, die immer anwesend sind bzw. bleiben. Kaliwasserglas ist auch möglich, dazu sind auch Rezepturen in meinem Buch. In einer guten Rezeptur ist gerade soviel Na-WG, dass alles reagiert und quasi nichts übrige bleibt. Ausgewaschen werden dann nur Reste. Mein Proben, die ich auf einer Wiese gelagert habe, haben sie nicht besonders geschädigt (außer natürlich das Gras, was direkt drunter lag, wie es ja auch bei Steinen der Fall ist). Viele Grüße. Pat

Hey Ventura, yes working with GPs isn't so easy. Thats why I made this books so people have a starting point. There is a recipe which comes close. Its the one with Ca(OH)2. Can I make such a recipe. I'm sure I can but that wouldn't be for free. On my Facebook page (Geopolymer Publishing) there are some recipes which people can have alook for free. There is one with truss or tuff stone, as it was used in the famous Roman buildings. I wish you a good time! Regards. Pat

@@Advanced_Materials_PublishingI have money. I might be interested in make a house out of that "pyramid stone" geopolymer from the well known Davidovits video. I've been watching more and more videos and learning more... seems GP can be summed up as a kind of acid or basic form of concrete where the cement is like an acid/base plasticized material that sort of melts the cement material and aggregates together for a stronger substance compared to the CSH bonds of Portland type cement which just come apart with time and water/oxidation/wear. How much for a working instructions and some hand holding/tech support for that "pyramid stone"?

@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing I have money. I'd be interested to get the recipe shown in the famous geopolymer limestone blocks, just to play around with that... there are some videos that actually show how to make it from someone who went to the Geopolymer Institute... I have that recipe...it's just using a basic solution with the ingredients mixed in the right order and right ratio to essentially melt the ingredients together, that's why it's stronger than C-S-H bonded Portland cement based concrete... the recipes from the Geopolymer Institute are shown in the video. I went to college and am a scientist and took Chemistry in high school and college, but only fools try to reinvent the wheel. I mostly want to play around with the limestone recipe from that video, more than the concrete, but it seems the instruction are incomplete and don't quite make sense, since if there was a basic solution I doubt they would be rubbing it all over their skin and breathing it, so I think that video is incomplete... I've talked to some people selling bags of it from Russia, since the ratios have to be just right... but I want something cheaper and more DIY friendly that I can do in bulk like the pyramids video. Let me know how you can help and the ballpark costs.

Hello! I'm already working on it :)

Hallo Rudi, in diesem fall nicht. Metakaolin (MK) benötigt im allgemeinen pro gramm MK mehr als ein gramm Lösung. In der Rezeptur in der Videobeschreibung sind es ja fast 1 g Wasserglas (WG) pro Gramm MK. Die Wasserglas-Lösung hat aber nur eine Konzentration von 35 %. Also ist es in Wirklichkeit 1g MK plus (0,35 g WG-Feststoff und 0,75 g H2O). Dazu kommt noch das NaOH. Die preisliche Frage ist extrem schwer zu beantworten weil die Hersteller dir keine Preise sagen. Ein Beton ob aus Geopolymer oder normalem Zement bestehet aber in beiden Fällen zu rund 75 % aus den gleichen Sanden und Kies-Arten. Also 75 Gew.-% werden in beiden Fällen vom gleichen Gut bzw. Preis bestimmt. Es soll auch bestimmt Asche- und Schlacke-basierte Geopolymere geben, welche preislich an Portlandzementbeton ran kommen. Außerdem könnten in der Zukunft wie das Verbrenner-Aus auch ein Portlandzement-Aus kommen. In Holland z.B. müssen sie teilweise schon Recyclingstoffe benutzen. Viel Grüße und danke für die Frage! Bis bald. Pat

Danke für deine ausführliche Antwort. @@Advanced_Materials_Publishing

Hello Darazs6173, I hope you are well! Beneath the video in the video description I stated the recipe. For 100 kg you would need 91 kg of sodium silicate solution, 17 kg of NaOH and 25 kg of water (from 0 to 35 kgs of water is possible). I always recommend to start with small batches. In any case this recipe is there so people can develop an geopolymer concrete. Normally 25 % of the geopolymer mixed in the video needs to be incorporated into 75 % of aggregates from small too coarse. You can buy ready to use aggregate mixes for concrete. Have a good one. Pat :)

@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing 91kg waterglass? 17kg NaOH ? How many cost? Too expensive, i think people will not choice this option .

Thanks to you Mike, we think it can be competitive. Think about it as follows. If geopolymer as cement or Portland cement is used as a concrete material out in the field, it consists typically of 75 % sands and crushed stones which of course cost the same regardless of the used concrete. Adding it to normal cement concrete is doable as well. A couple decades ago there was such a material called "pyrament" with very good properties. At least in Europe there are a number of concrete manufacturers who sell ash slag based geopolymers and the price is about the same as normal concrete. One is from an Australian company called 'Wagners" and the material is called EFC (earth friendly concrete). By now I worked a lot with it and I like it. In the future there will be a shortage of slags and ashes but not of clays like used in the video. If you want to make some your own you need to do some research. There are shops who sell raw materials. Waterglass is from Amazon, same is for NaOH. Metakolin is for instance in Germany sold in a web shop for concrete nerds called "Moertelshop" (mortar shop). There are also shops who sell special pigment, special cements in shops for artists and restoration projects. Sometimes trass (or truss), microsilica or fly ash is sold in home depot shops or for pottery. Have a good one 👍 and thank you! Patrick

Check out Paul cook , he’s been at this for few years ,great vid today on dffrnt types of geo ,

I find it very fascinating that we, you and I, are so much into a material. I think it is this moment when you make an rock solid stone from just a little more then some stone dust. Thanks and good vibes back to you from Bavaria, Germany!

At least CO2 is not a poisonous gas but it is important to plants and us because your breathing is controlled by the blood CO2 levels. I mean I hope we are not in the beginning of a not stoppable upheating of the atmosphere. For me only the possibility is a good reason to do something about it. Plus all set aside, geopolymers show a polymeric framework of covalently bound glassmaking atoms hence the same chemical bonds as in glass which renders them a way way better cement.

@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing we are slmost at minimum levels of co2 in the atmosphere that plants require to survive its not causing any global warming

@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing if co2 droos any lower vegetation begins to die off

Yes. Roughly there are two schools in the scientific community who both think to be right. I see the geopolymers like prof Joseph Davidovits because "in the end usually Joseph is right". After checking and reverse engineering all the data I am convinced that mainly his views are correct.

Cool! Right now I don't know some but maybe I do without knowing 🤔. The material in the video is just the binding phase, the cement, so to speak. To get this color you would need to add some same-colored aggregates or red brick rubble, like the romans did. Have a good one! Patrick

@@Advanced_Materials_Publishing Thank you!

Hello SeeTheForest, I think the lime stone in Egypt is made from lime rubble bound with a kaolinitic clay-soda geopolymer. If you point your rays or the microscope onto the lime or clam shells it looks like lime if you would aim it at the binding phase which is only 11 % I think, then you get a completely different result. Plus egyptologists are no materials engineers. They simply don't have the capacities to ask the right questions, I find. Have a good one! Pat

Hello Joe, in the video description is stated: "Na-waterglass with SiO2/Na2O = 3.3 and 35 % w/w solids." The uppermost of the commen waterglass solutions at least in our area is of this typ. The reason is that at the composition of about 3.3 is a mixture proportion which can better be processed. K-waterglasses are different from Na-WG. If you dont know the composition you got to ask the supplier. I had to do the same. Have a good one! Pat

That largely depends on several factors, including the type of metakaolin, the choice of aggregates, and other variables. Metakaolin is not a pure substance but rather a blend of minerals. Some varieties may not be suitable for geopolymers, while others can achieve remarkable strengths, exceeding 150 MPa when combined with specific activators. When experimenting with a new metakaolin formulation, we aim for a compressive strength exceeding 50 MPa, a flexural strength of at least 7 MPa, a Mohs toughness rating around 6, and a high-temperature tolerance exceeding 800°C. In some cases, we've observed remarkable performance up to 1200°C and beyond. This is attributed to the development of ceramic-like chemical bonds within geopolymers at higher temps. Unfortunately, we haven't measured the Young's modulus ourselves, but there are sources that suggest values of up to 2 GPa. Geopolymers are most commonly used as mortar or concrete, and their behavior is often comparable to that of conventional concrete.

Hey Steropil, thanks man. It is good to hear that. I thought if its like 50 bucks that may look cool but people need to read it. Plus for many people in the world this 14 bucks is what they make in 2 weeks. Thanks for the support and have a good one! Bye. Pat