Solving the heat equation | DE3
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 15 มิ.ย. 2019
- Boundary conditions, and set up for how Fourier series are useful.
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Special thanks to these supporters: 3b1b.co/de3thanks
Home page: www.3blue1brown.com
More about the heat equation, with a derivation in terms of slope corresponding to heat flow from MIT OCW:
ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathemati...
If you want to learn more about Fourier series, here are a few great videos/posts which I think you'll enjoy:
Mathologer's: • Epicycles, complex Fou...
The Coding Train: • Coding Challenge 125: ...
Jez Swanson: www.jezzamon.com/fourier/
Thanks to these viewers for their contributions to translations
Hebrew: Omer Tuchfeld
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These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open source python library: github.com/3b1b/manim
If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind.
Music by Vincent Rubinetti.
Download the music on Bandcamp:
vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/a...
Stream the music on Spotify:
open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjw...
If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people.
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3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with TH-cam, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: 3b1b.co/subscribe
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Next up we _finally_ get to Fourier series, which will be the beginning of a turn in the series towards understanding the surprising depth and importance of exponential functions for differential equations. Stay tuned!
First
Can you make more videos on 3D geometry?
3Blue1Brown noooo, just a bit too late ☹️ i have differential ewuatuons exam tomorrow and i dont really get the Fourier series and Bernoulli method
I finally got, what the intro logo animation reminds me of.
Is it in some way inspired by the ILM logo reveal?
th-cam.com/video/4gSTPHBp9cA/w-d-xo.html
@@Eltaurus It's actually from Grant's heterochromia, his eye is literally a quarter brown and three-fourth's blue, like the logo. Google it.
Eltaurus there are hundreds of similar animations its not a rare idea
You're just overthinking it
you know this is the best educational channel on TH-cam when your maths professor recommends it.
Must be an awesome professor
my mother asked me if I knew 3blue1brown recently because she read about him in the newspaper.
My Calc 3 professor is a fan of him. Even has 3b1b's videos as a reference on the class website.
I discovered him myself.
I recommended this channel to one of my professors! 😂
"Seek Idealized problems ->[Find] General solutions -> [Create] Realistic models" ( 3:20 ) resonates with me, and I would definitely love a poster with this mantra on it.
Idealize. Generalize. Realize.
I’d pay for that
its essentially the cornerstone of mathematics
@@nicolassamanez6590 Heck, it should also be a cornerstone of politics.
Flawed political systems often result in revolutions which put an idealized system in place, which then falls apart, but the generalizable concepts remain and spread.
This, for me, is the key of why math is invented and not discovered
This took a while but I know I'm going to enjoy it so the wait is most definitely worth it. Thanks for the content, Grant
one could almost say we were _Granted_ access to this video
(\____/)
( ͡ ͡° ͜ ʖ ͡ ͡°)
\╭☞ \╭☞
It is amazing
worth nada cara ta loco
“This makes for a good stopping point.”
No, no it doesn’t 😢
I know right.
Yeah 😢
We want MOAR! We NEED MOAR!! NOW!!!
Agreed
Group hug *sniffles*
To a math noob 3Blue1Brown videos are like heavenly inspiration. Intuition conveyed here often acts like the light at the end of the frustrating and treacherous tunnel. But as the course advances more and more things starts to make sense and the video wears well as one grows more experienced.
they are so beautiful because even the maths pros find it enlightening
I'm genuinely waiting for the Laplace Transform one.
That will be a glorious, much anticipated/requested day. I predict it will happen three videos from this one
Really in need of that one, god of math hear my pray and provide us with your knowledge
I thought he did but it was the Fourier Transform..
👋, I'm a 10th grade student in India, can someone please tell me some of the most interesting topics like this series, So that I'll be able to get more career ideas?
@@arunprakash6508 it's the Basel Problem and colliding blocks compute Pi
in first semester , i had calculus and you had your series on it going on . awesome .
i had linear algebra in 2nd semester and oh god you had a series just then . awesomely awesome .
and now . i will be starting course on differential equations for my 3rd semester . and guess what ... a golden series on DEs is going on .
this is not fake and is a very very good motivation for me .
You should know how important this channel and the videos you make are to the online learning community. Nothing else, not even your early work at Kahn academy, comes close to how comprehensive and professional the videos on this channel are. It is an invaluable source for self learners and I hope to see many many more.
I'd like to point out that this is something that is done in Quantum Mechanics quite a lot! Being able to exploit the linearity of a PDE, and then finding solutions using a Fourier Transform is immensely powerful. In my opinion, it's some of the most beautiful mathematics that I've ever come across.
The Schrodinger equation is basically the heat equation with and imaginary diffusion constant
@@freakyfrequency2530only if V = 0
I graduated BSME in 1978. ODE’s and PDE’s actually made sense to somewhat but I didn’t fully understand them. Now that I am retired, your channel has enriched my knowledge immensely. I thank you for stimulating this Senior Citizen’s mind!
Yep class of 77, nice graphics... I like Vissim numerical integrators
Grant, your last video inspired me to go away and knock a spreadsheet numerical solution together for the 1D heat equation and hence gave me a much better understanding of what's going on. It's what made me realise that a linear function is a solution to the equation when I was placing around. Please keep this going.
I started watching your videos in high school and I'm currently doing signal processing and modeling at my current internship where I look at PDEs all day and I still find every video you make extremely enlightening. Thank you.
Given that I’ll have to take this course in my college curriculum, I appreciate the well done and extremely insightful resource. Pls don’t cancel the series
I watched through your videos on linear algebra a while ago and thought to myself "man, if only I had seen these while taking my linear algebra course, it would have given me a lot more intuition for the subject a lot easier" and now this, in the middle of my course on integral transforms and differential equations :D
Thanks a lot, you're doing a great job.
Hey Mister, I just wanted to let you know how grateful I and probably many many others are for these kind of videos including the visualization. You know, sometimes when you are learning some new things, it can be very hard to imagine something just out of a line in a book or article. I can imagine these videos take hell of a time to make, but they are superb. I often times spent even days thinking about only a few pages in a book trying to understand something I read, meanwhile googling for all sorts of videos, until I made my mind clear and this is a perfect shortcut to understand. Here goes my thanks as well as thanks of many other students and possibly many other people who love maths.
I actually got excited seeing this in my subscription box!
The series means a lot to me. Thank you for making these brilliant videos.
My friends : what kind of series do you watch?
Me : that's kind of complicated..
no it's not
yeah, you have finite friends
Im about to take DE in 2 months man I wish this series could finish sooner. Thank you for the legendary content btw!
And this is all for modeling a one dimensional Bar...
there was an illustration by Nathen W Pyle along the lines of: Science is so hard it sometimes makes me sad
I think this should make you understand why numerical methods are used
Funnily enough, I find that extrapolating this to more dimensions is actually kinda easy (visually at least) particularly because on a single dimension things are simpler to model and you can see time as a surface on space...
a 2D plate isn't too much more complicated just more boundaries and sinh/cosh starts getting involved.
提交參政言論活動中違規破壞性者侵入行竊違反政策內容罪嫌移送法辦處理。執行移除頻道革職處分，資金賠償終身不得登入帳號密碼遊戲規則經商使用。移送遣送出境海外市場強制性系統工程處理刑責責任債務償還貸款銀行金融界集團旗下品牌形象廣告所有的虧損各類型態債券投資產業資源損譽虧損金額理賠處理
This is so rich with content that I find myself pausing every few seconds just to appreciate the imagery and your artistic approach. Simply Beautiful.
Yo bob, you reading the right book?
@@newkid9807 , not sure what you mean.
Bob Tivnan It’s okay man...
所有參政言論活動中破壞性者提交違規行為摧毀性系統工程滅族性操作方式執政者，都必要革職移除頻道，終身不得登入帳號密碼遊戲經商使用，移送法辦監獄服刑處分
I love the way you visualize the topic where you gain a good intuition for why doing all this math. Thanks Grant!
I watched this a while back without having any real knowledge of differential equations, and now that I'm a decent fraction of a semester into dealing with them it's awesome to see this video again having dealt with the tools that're mentioned!
top 10 cliff hanger endings off all time
You have an amazing gift to explain visually as well as through your narration the abstractions of higher level mathematics. If I only had your excellent videos when I was in graduate engineering school.
Absolutely fantastic video. As an EE Major I have studied a ton of PDEs, but learning about it through the lens of the heat equation is giving me a refreshed admiration and respect for it. Extremely well thought out video! Love it.
Amazing! Geometric interpretation of mathematics = 3Blue1Brown.
Nobody in the world has helped us simpletons to appreciate the beauty and intuitiveness of higher maths better than you.
Thank you so much for your efforts!
Your animations get more ellegant with each new video you make!
Probably another thing to mention about using only working on "one example" is that most introductory PDE courses exclusively cover heat and wave equation due to their properties and difficulty alone. Working with equations beyond these requires the framework that these well studies problems give. Differential equations, and especially PDEs rarely occur ideally in nature, and understanding ideal cases and generalizing is effectively the only means we have to deal with what we find in nature. I love the series and can't wait for the next video!
this was very visually pleasing to watch and I actually feel like the gears are starting to turn in my head. these seemingly impossible to comprehend formulas are quite simple in reality is what I'm starting to see. I think why it's hard to grasp these things is that when you look at everything at once there's just too much to try to make sense of. while in reality you can just do a whole bunch of simple equations over a time period to not alone get there but also describe how something is changing and using that information for your modeling.
this, has been the most satisfying part about diving into maths thus far. like you said, these videos give you the confidence to try to tackle problems. and the more i'm learning about maths the more I realize it's not really about trying to make sense of numbers. it's about thinking of a practical way to solve problems and built up a toolkit for doing so
First off, I'd like to congratulate you, this video is absolutely stunning in both an aducational and visual aspect.
The way you introduce boundary conditions is really clear and makes me wonder if you'd consider doing a full video on them at a later point in time, perhaps at the end of this series to really bring PDE's into practice with some examples. Applying Dirichlet/Neumann/Robin/Mixed boundary conditions all to the same general heat equation (or any other PDE you might discuss in the future) would be great to show how widely useful it actually is. I'm sure your animations and simple ways of explaining would help a lot in understanding what the different boundary conditions actually represent. Love the content!
You do a really great job of explaining. I understand things now that I never knew, plus a lot of things I thought I knew but was totally wrong... Much appreciated.
I work in a tutor center for maths below multivariable calc and ODE's. About 8 of us have decided to form our own class and teach ourself's PDE's. We went out and got a text book (The Strauss book, if you have a recommendation I'm all ears!) and have started! These videos are great insights! Your content is always so helpful in bringing in intuition! I eagerly wait for more! =)
Your animations are just beautiful. It is so nice being able to SEE your explanations and at the same time hearing them.
In 15 minutes you managed to explain PDEs better than anyone I've seen before. You really made everything just fall into place! Looking forward to Fourier series and hopefully their generalization in Laplace transforms in the next episode. Can't wait!
could you not have posted this series before my exam :D
same haha
Lolol this was me after finding his calculus series and realizing it posted a year after I had already finished high school 😭.
My semester final results are also out!
😄😄😄
I was lectured on this stuff during a first year physics course on waves because my prof was really overqualified for his job. I ended up learning a lot of it but because i was rushed into the understanding i never ended up grasping the beauty of the boundary conditions. thank you so much for this video.
I starter with the Finite Element Method course yesterday at my university and were chocked by the heat equations. Now after watching your series on differential equations, I feel better equipped for the course! Thank you!!
Oh the gods truly blessed us today. My goodness. How long have I been waiting for this. Thanks you as always.
E X A C T L Y.
I was just thinking about 3B&B video.
Thanks
Thank you so much for these videos. You are not only making math understandable, you are making it accessible. I don't study math and probably would never entertain these subjects if I had to read papers using overintellected language and letters outside the unicode basic multilingual plane.
Thanks for this great video @3Blue1Brown ! It also gives a huge benefit when plaing around with analog signals. What would be a nice to have for the next video were also descrete functions such as DFT for example.
Completely blew my mind when you were talking about using sine waves for an function and I realised it: the graph’s second derivative will be the reflection of the the graph in the x-axis 🤯
This is the point of my life, where I realize how idle have I been :( I have a PhD. in Maths and don't understand what he said about the flat thing in the boundaries (I could solve the equations as a student, yeah, but didn't understand the meaning); I will watch the video again... be dilligent and start again if necesary :( Thanks a lot for the very illustrative videos
Actually, it could sound wierd, but math experts usually dont even have to undersand the physical meaning of PDEs and similar stuff. They have strong formal logical reasoning and use is to solve problems. Thats what physicists are for :)
Yeah, the boundary condition explanation was welcome. I didn't find more resources below, but I have't watched the videos on other channels. My first interpretation of "boundary condition" is as a meaningless abstraction(ie I don't know what that refers to). Using the physical example makes more sense, that at the edge of the bar there is no heat transfer(or no slope). Intuitively it seems like the end would have heat transfer towards the middle of the bar, and if I try I can see how the end temperature lowers to the adjacent piece, while the adjacent piece just behaves like the rest of the bar(being affected by both neighbors).
@@pstark4 When I learned 2+2 as a kid, 2 apples + 2 apples helped, but after that it was easy to ditch the physical example and build on the math abstraction by itself. But at this level, as a non-mathematician, having the apples back is a tremendous help.
I understand Fourier transforms quite well from the audio space, so it was nice to hit the point in this video where I suddenly understood why they're relevant here! Looking forward to the remaining video(s) in this series.
I was checking TH-cam every day for the next 3B1B video, I’m so glad it’s here!
Wow, those three dimensions curved surfaces representations are precious
Hi Grant,
I really love your videos. They helped me a lot understanding complex math. Thanks to your explaination and animations I don't just see math as pure formulas anymore - I see vectors and functions in a transforming spatial space and this is really helpful. When this series is done I'd love to see an "essence of tensor calculus" or something like that. You have so much fun in creating animations - I guess tensors would be a good choice even for you ;)
Thank you very much for your work :)
I took a whole class about applying the Fourier Transform and Fourier Series to heat and vibrations, and I only learned how to bash through it to get an answer. Only now, about two years later, because of your Fourier video series do I actually intuitively understand what it does and why.
Amazing video. You make differential equations seem easy thanks to your easy-to-follow explanations and your wonderful animations, which help to visualize the problem and make it very intuitive. Thank you, I learned a lot!
A mind-blowing clarity!
I think it might be difficult to thank you enough for your contribution in spreading the love of (mathematical) beauty. I really agree beauty is the language of the universe.
Those Boundary cond. are also called: Neumann boundary condition. Other examples of Boundaries are Dirichlet or even mixed boundaries :).
Man, I'm so happy I fount this channel. I'm really struggling with math currently, as my lectures are heald in a language I can only understand so much. But this channel really helps me put things into place! Thank you so much for your content
Sir, I genuinely thanks you from the bottom of my heart. I, despite being in medical profession, try to learn math for joy, in my leisure time. your videos help a lot.
Another exquisite work of pedagogical art! I don't care how long we have to wait for these - it's always worth it. When I see a new video from you, I postpone viewing it until I'm about to go to bed, so that beautiful maths is the last thing I consume from the internet that day, as opposed to most of the other stuff, which doesn't help me sleep soundly AT ALL. Thank you for healing my troubled soul :-\
Dear grant,
You have no idea how much we love this channel. You just happen to know what we need right now. That's why we feel a conection beyond this much distance.
The cliffhanger in the end though!! Quite interesting take on the meaning of the heat equation, gives me a new perspective on solving the problem. Thanks a lot for your work
Thank you so much Grant! This series and the explanation is such a gem.
I've been waiting for this video for a month! Love 3Blue1Brown!
tmr is my Physics exam
Good luck my dude
HELL YEAHHHH I've been waiting for this, I love you
Your videos are a great tool for understanding difficult to visualize math concepts. I have watch many of your videos and all of them have expanded my knowledge in several ways. They are helping a lot of young and not so young people in embrassing the love for science. Just want to say that and encourage you to continue on...
The last animation of the set of cosines is definitely one of your most beautiful animations ever!
Last week I had an exam with heat equation as one of the questions... great timing! But seriously, great video, keep it up.
Yesterday, I was just watching Chapters 1&2 of this series, hoping the next one was going to happen soon. Thank You 🙏 Grant!
The best privilege of my life has been to watch and enjoy the videos of this channel. That's too for free!
Learning differential equations really is the key to understanding the natural world. What you explained in this video reminded me of solving the deflexion on a stressed beam (although it's only an ordinal differential equation if dealing with static loads), especially the boundary condition where you treat a welded end different from a free end and so on. It's like the math puts on a different suit but you can still see the analogues.
From the bottom of an ecuadorian subscriber's heart, tranks for your effort :)
Wow, the explanations here were extremely clear. Thanks!
Visuals are getting hardcore! Nice work. I recently had to add up probability density functions like this to model a more complex distribution; fun stuff!
I've had my courses in Analysis and Differential Equations a couple years ago, but though I had already formally studied everything in the 'essence of' series, I'm always soooooo hyped for the next episode. Because I know that these topics can be so easily explained in a bad way, like in my classes, where you just do a lot of integration by parts to ensure something converges and you don't even know why you care about PDE's in the first place. Grant is just a thousand times better than your average university prof, I literally could not believe that math I thought was nerdy and hard is actually pretty accessible.
for the first time in my life I feel like the little Topology I learned through Calc 2 is finally making sense and when you said I should be happy if I understood what was happening I had the biggest shit eating grin of my life
The timing of this is amazing, I am currently solving a 2-D heat PDE!
I cannot thank you enough ! The best explanation and visualization of differential equations and their solutions.. I have been doing a master after 12 years of my graduation and I couldn't remember the subject at all, I needed this.. Thank you. You are an amazing teacher, much much better than I have currently :))))
Thanks. Looking forward to the rest of the series.
A nice observation about boundary conditions and the discrete case, whose solutions are only constant... which suggests that there is much more to the continuous case as to the discrete case.
Without the boundary conditions, the solutions is essentially an infinite (in both directions) chain discrete points... whose solutions are linear progressions.
I just discovered this channel a week ago and i would like to tell you that even for a French the video is understandable (I'm quite good at English but still) and also, as a 17 yo guy, you comfort me in my will to become a mathematician si i would like to sincerely thank you pal ; )
tu l'as découvert comment sa chaine ?
I love you, Grant! haha, your videos are so awesome, and unique. Thank you.
its never been so easy to understand , his smooth and to the point. Such a great work always. Thanks
Brilliant stuff. Thanks for all the visuals
Been waiting for this Sooothing Voice 💕
Wish I had such clear explanations at university
I have a B.S. In physics...in 1972 ! I have finally learned enough math to justify my degree ! Seriously,math and physics instruction is so much better on TH-cam than it was in the 60's that even the few bucks it cost back then,that I am thinking of asking for my money back. With compounded interest of course.
Then again that B. S. has me worth several mil at retirement so maybe I'll call it even.
extremely impressive video!! Being able to appreciate this makes math and physics feel so rewarding to study
as a programmer myself i was thinking through the video about difficulty and beauty of this simulation
truly amazing :)
truly said !!
Agreed. I think another aspect to the "secret sauce" of this channel is the particularly tight scripting. If you pay close attention, he makes about every word count. Every sentence earns its way in.
I'm french and in the fifth class (i think.. i'm 16 so do the maths) and i dont fully understand those video
But they're so well animated and so interesting that i could watch your video all day long !
This is my first video of yours on this channel and sir, I am blown away!!
I was waiting for this video for like forever!
I love so much your videos, I study electrical engineering and I lack some of this explaination in some of my courses, and this elegant explaination really help.
Thanks
GigaDavy91 why did you have to mention you’re an electrical engineer?
I’m r
This is the best math channel ever, for sure. 👏👏👏 Just amazing! 😍
提交這個參政言論活動中侵權重大過失致死案件內容持有侵犯隱私條款及盜取影像紀錄片內容違規行為經商經營。務實協商革職移除頻道，不得登入帳號密碼遊戲規則經商，終身監禁服務處分，違約金賠償刑責責任巨額虧損理當回饋金融界集團旗下品牌形象廣告金融銀行界業者作為債務危機處理
We've started here with relatively simple boundary conditions. A particularly common in practice (albeit so common that we've pre-solved it for a range of variables and use simple approximations or lookup tables) is fluid flowing in an unisulated pipe. You have forced convection on the inside of a pipe: dT/dt|r=r_i = -kv_fluid (T(r_i) - T_fluid), free convection (ugly perturbation theory equation at r=r_o, and steady state if your lucky (dT/dt = 0). There are lots of interesting boundary conditions that radically change the solutions, so having a tool this flexible is insanely powerful
@3Blue1Brown I had a great professor from Australia who taught us this stuff in my second-semester differential equations course. But when I watch your videos, it makes it all click so much better. You really are a quality channel. Specifically, a channel I would recommend as a supplement to the courses to get a more goal-oriented understanding.
I'd say the #1 problem with math teachers and professors is that they tend to give you a bunch of information without giving you a motivation to learn them in the first place. I'd say it's one of the biggest reasons math "clicks" with some while never resonating with others.
Well said. I agree completely.
Just Learned how to solve this Stumm-Liouville tipe of equation on my post-graduation
Walking into the bar I became aware of an exponentially decaying pencil of complex sinusoids flexing and writhing in the centre of the room, shedding colours across the watching conics.
It was The Heat Equation.
Disregarded, a bored Lissajous pattern spun idly in the corner.
Nice. I've you used Fourier transforms forever for spectral analysis of various signals, but I've always wondered why Fourier would have applied that to heat gradients in the first place. So now I know, because the math turns out elegant!
Thank you very much for your insights into the nature of mathematics. Now I can visualize differential equations and Fourier Series.
Damn, just as I'm studying for my PDE exam, here comes another differential euqations video? I'll be glad to translate it into Polish as soon as I'm finished!
Ooh new video
Rip my sleep again
Shit here we go again
Ahhhh, but it's worth it.
3.21 - I'm one of the night viewers, too.
But instead of watching it on uneducated videos, you watch it here. Good job
提交參政言論活動中破壞性者侵入行竊侵竊違規職務罪嫌移送移除頻道革職法辦處理。需求借貸金融界銀行業集團旗下品牌形象廣告協議約定隱私條款及服務滅族性系統工程殘害損譽資金賠償刑責責任依法共同體分擔摧毀公共建設性重挫影響下理賠金額巨額虧損資源產物保險公司危機處理
Very clear exposition, excellent animations.
I have been waiting so long for this video, thank you 3B1B!
These are sooo good! I just doubled my patreon amount.