I had seen the following quote from Pauli before and found it online: “I have done a terrible thing, I have postulated a particle that cannot be detected.”
Oh, that was the least terrible thing Pauli ever did, walking into a physics lab during an experiment was always the worst, due to the quite well observed Pauli Effect. Once, as a joke about the effect being pulled as a prank on him involved a chandelier that was rigged to drop when he entered a room. Upon entering the room, the chandelier was supposed to be dropped by a rope, but instead inexplicably hung up. And of course, when he entered the lab once during a cyclotron run, the damned thing caught fire... Otto Stern, 82 time Nobel Prize nominee before he finally did win a Nobel Prize, actually banned his friend from his lab. A purer case of, "If he didn't have bad luck, he'd have had no luck at all".
@@osmosisjones4912 I don't consider myself one. It's just a hobby I've had for a long time. I have some friends that have good paying jobs in the field and I feel like they deserve the label not me.
I'm not a scientist, just a curious. This videos are the best ones to enrich some knowledge of cosmology, even if not completely understandable for some curious and amateurs like me. I have never congratulated for it before. Thanks.
Great video (as usual) Anton! Just FYI, the tracks produced in IceCube are not coming from the neutrinos themselves, but the charged lepton produced when the neutrino interacts with an atom in the ice. So like, a muon neutrino will interact with an atom and produce a muon that then continues in the same direction (conservation of momentum), and as its travelling at near the speed of light (in a vacuum) which is faster than the speed of light in the medium, it produces Cherenkov radiation that the photodetectors pick up to reconstruct the path of the particle.
It's mistakes like this he really needs to call himself out on. Like I just watched this once and it was very obvious to me that what he was saying couldn't be true. If trillions of neutrinos of every kind pass through my body every second without hitting me then different types of neutrinos will leave NO discernable path through the ice.
I would have loved to hear how the Ice Cube detectors are actually able to pick up such low-energy events as neutrino collisions though. How does a neutrino interacting via the weak force even create more than a couple photons to reach the detectors? Even if it creates a muon first (which is much heavier than an electron), it is still one muon and the detectors are METERS apart.
@@castonyoung7514 the secret is that they're NOT low energy events, their lower end of sensitivity is for neutrinos in the tens or hundreds of GeV, but they're typically looking at like TeV and higher, so the charged lepton will have plenty of energy to generate a lot of photons.
That's so wild to me that the path doesn't change. Subatomic physics can be so strange that it really trips me out that it also behaves like large scale classic Newtonian physics in so many ways. Imagine a bunch of staticy ping pong balls stuck together and here comes one winging along at the 99.99999999995% the speed of light and PWEEEEEEE.
I read somewhere that mysterious itching could be caused by neutrinos passing through your body, triggering occasional action potentials in your neurons. Now, when I get a mysterious itch, I say, "Damn you, neutrinos!"
That's what intrigued me most about neutrinos when I first read about them in a Time magazine article when I was a kid. Nothing - no charge, no mass - yet it has "spin"? Weird! So a few years later I chose physics as my college major.
@@DrunkenUFOPilot Spin is everything isn't it. Beautiful harmony, the dance of existence... poetry in science These are the sort of things that make you appreciate life
@@DrunkenUFOPilot And yet, an object travelling at light-speed as neutrinos are supposed to do, is expected through General Relativity to experience no time. And yet, they somehow change their identity whilst in motion. That is weird.
Might be a matter of geometry and additional dimensions. Imagine a cone crossing a 2D universe. Intelligent beings would only see slices of cones. Those would be circles (rarely), ellipses (quite often), triangles (rarely), parabolas (often) and hyperbolas (rarely) without being able to realize those are the same object from different angles. So they might suspect those are related without being able to figuring out the reason. Could particles in our Universe oscilate for the same reason? Could we only be able to see them when they cross our 3 known dimensions while tumbling in a 4th and a 5th of space? So maybe we are limited in our hability to understand particle physics and cosmology because we are only able to witness and understand a fraction of what exists.
This is something I am also wondering about for years. If we inhabit a universe with more then the 3+time dimensions but, as you beautifully described in your thought experiment, with our current technology we can only experience what happens in 3 of them, we will have a very hard time to see the common dominators that appear to be different from our view point but are just the result of a rather simple transformation in higher dimensions of the same basic thing. I suspect that some oddities that we see could be artefacts of such higher dimensional transformations. And as we cannot imagine a higher dimensional space with our brain, it becomes very hard to see the common pattern that may emerge out of it.
@@mickimicki5576 I'm a layperson obviously, but if particles' mass is merely imbued by interactions with the Higgs field, (analogized as "drag") then I don't see where the violation is. Maybe the Higgs field isn't perfectly uniform at that scale?
@@mickimicki5576 > oscillation idea which violates the conservation of energy. The energy does not oscillate. Probabilities to interact as electron/muon/tau neutrino do.
I've had this crazy idea for a while now ... Ever since I was a small child (so, for over 50 years now), about every six months on average, I'll suddenly have a really odd feeling. I'll hear an extremely high-pitched tone and feel as though the world just got "out of sync" with my brain for just a fraction of a second, and then everything will go back to normal. It's very distinctive ... not painful or unpleasant, and I don't lose consciousness. It's not a brain tumour, I'm fairly certain. Anyway, a few years ago, I read a fascinating story about a guy searching for the source of a glitch in a video game, and he determined that the likeliest explanation was that a random passing cosmic ray changing a single bit in the game from a zero to a one. So I thought, what if some particle, out of countless quadrillions passing through my body, struck a molecule in my head *just right*, causing that weird sensation? Surely I'm wrong ... but am I?
I find it funny how just before you mentioned that neutrinos are a contender for Dark matter, I was thinking 'if there's that many neutrinos than it's plausible to think that they could cluster and cause the effects that we are detecting '.
99% of a supernova's energy is released as an enormous flux of high energy neutrinos. The rebounding core does not have enough kinetic energy to finish unbinding a massive star. It's the enormous high energy neutrino flux that finishes unbinding -- i.e. blowing the star apart (cf Professor Jason Kendall's video on this subject.)
This is what the 'institutional physicists/astronomers' are siding towards right now...but I'm still of opinion it doesn't remotely add up. From the big ? around neutrino, why they exist the way they do, 'what else' is out there and that small/un-reactive (w/ other particles), the big ? about gravity (macro+quantum), big ? about time (spoiler: definitely not part of a 'space-time' simply), and the blaring issues around photons... Even in nuclear/high-energy physics, the notion of MOST kinetic energy AND thermal energy (from novae) being imparted into the smallest particles in the universe (that barely react w/ anything, ever. [apparently])...and all this happening in the span of mins to couple days (depending on novae type). Yeah, that makes barely any sense, even in those extreme settings.
My big bet: photon speed + neutrino oscillations/un-reactiveness/high numbers/flavors = we're missing not just 'handful' of neutrino flavors, other particles (tachyon/graviton/axion)...but we're probably missing a whole 'table' of particles (the size of periodic table), maybe many more than that, because our electron (electricity), boson/fermion based physics experiments simply aren't fine-tuned, or able (at all) to detect them. Our periodic elements = fist-sized beach stones, bigger element. particles = the pebbles, neutrinos/muons/photons etc = the 'sand' grains we can see in our hands...what we're overlooking is the micro/nano plastics, silk that fills up all that. Whatever we discover: its going to be like when we discovered what bacteria/viruses were...suddenly we uncovered 99% of life on Earth we never knew was literally everywhere.
Look up high stellar mass nucleosynthesis. The heaviest of elements are "fused" by neutrinos in the inner shell around the core. As the neutron star forms and collapses, it produces an exceptionally high neutrino flux that impacts the very dense inner shell and fuses the heavy elements by neutrino capture. Fascinating stuff !
I remember that Python bit. Also, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles the animated show from the early 90s had some characters that were aliens in a band called "The Neutrinos". I feel like that's some post doc work equivalent for me. Lol
Great show as always. I was watching StarTalk and the guest was Dr. Janna Levin. She presented an analogy for particles that I need to share. Since quantum mechanics describes particles as existing in multiple states simultaneously, Dr. Levin suggested that a useful analogy is a musical chord. Multiple individual tones are contained within a chord, though NOT in their pure form. This reminded me of your neutrino oscillations graph (7:15). With the three oscillations superimposed it looks a lot like a musical chord displayed on an oscilloscope. [I used to do digital audio back in the early 90's] I'm starting to see harmony in visualizing particles as chords.
6:45 correct me if I’m wrong but in these oscillations, they get heavier and lighter, won’t that effect the speed, ie conservation of energy? Even size changes would, right? We’ve all seen the figure skater extend and retract arms but wouldn’t it also effect forward momentum beyond spin?
Wow! This certainly raises more questions than it answers, for example: If neutrinos are products of nuclear decay, are the produced by the earths core? Are neutrinos coming from all directions in space? If so, how do we tell which sources produce which neutrinos or do the neutrinos coming from our star just pass through it on their way to us or are they generated there?
Neutrinos are detected by them causing cherenkov radiation in the detector, which is like a series of sonic boom shockwaves, except with light instead of sound, and the detectors can tell which direction it's moving to, so also which direction the neutrino came from.
5 million magnification let us see individual atoms. So neutrino being 5 million times less massive then electron is mind blowing. Its micro cosmos from electron realm perspective.
Fundamental particles are thought of as point-like, but in terms of mass, an electron is roughly 5x less massive than the lightest quark, so you’d be better off looking at them ‘in terms of electron size’ if anything.
@@BOOGY110011 I'm not sure what you mean. I'm sorry, it seems comments made on mobile don't include the @ of the user you are responding to. I was replying to Matthew, as he said it he looks at [it] (presumably neutrinos) as "closer to quark size", suggesting that it may be useful to visualize quite how small neutrinos are by thinking of their size as being comparable to quarks (as neutrinos are, as you said, 5 million times less massive than electrons) rather than electrons. This implies that quarks are lighter than electrons, when infact quarks much heavier than electrons, so their size (mass) is much larger than electrons.
6:36 ohhh! This sounds a lot like the behaviour you would expect of a neutrino in Vivian Robinson’s particle model! The 3rd and 9th harmonic of the rotating photon that forms the neutrino.
Three questions on neutrinos: 1. Why does the oscillation of masses not violate conservation of mass? Does this mean that different mass neutrinos travel at different speeds? 2. Is there a CMB equivalent in neutrinos? Have we/can we observe it? 3. All neutrinos are left handed. But they travel slower than the speed of light. If we travel faster then a neutrino will it appear right handed?
A small but important correction Anton, neutrinos are not constantly changing their mass! If you "fix" your view on neutrinos to observe them, you can "measure" their flavour. But when they oscilate, as you mentioned, they exist in so-called mass eigenstates, and these have constant mass. Each eigenstate is a mix of (three known) flavours. So you measure the eigenstate with constant mass but different flavours at different time/space. Talking about individual masses of individual flavours is a bit misleading... Great video, keep the amazing work up and thank you :)
I've heard some pretty convincing scuttlebutt from a few folks recently. It implied that that the US defense industry made a very significant discovery regarding neutrinos a few years ago, entirely by accident. This has led to some pretty fantastical new technologies in intelligence gathering, specifically with drones and satellites, just for starters. Love to know what it was!
I really dislike a lot of videos on youtube, especially the ai generated ones. But your’s are amongst the best to find. Keep it going!! You’re real and one of the best and most interesting.
The mass does not change, this is a mistake by Anton. The mass-states are just oscillating between flavors. It is impossible for a particle in empty space to change it's mass, because momentum and energy are both conserved, and the mass is determined by those conserved quantities.
@@annaclarafenyo8185 That really doesn't explain anything, and Anton said that the oscillations correspond to the Flavors, but that the Flavors determined the Mass. I'm pretty sure that that is what he said. I really don't think they have enough information about these so-called Particles for anyone to seek out mistakes about their conclusions so far. They really only have one proof that they Oscillate, or even change Mass. There is obviously a huge amount of Scientific observations, studies, experiments, and mathematical calculations that needs to be done before they really "Know" what these Particles are or even if they exist in the state (which they don't understand yet) that has been proposed.
@@matthewjohns1758 His wrong statement is that the "flavors determine the mass". The mass states are not 'diagonal' in flavor, they constantly change flavor so as to maintain a constant mass.
To expand on this: tree "mass eugenstates" are three possible states of neutrino which can freely propagate. Three "flavor eugenstates" are how neutrino interact with changed leptons: If neutrino turns into electron, it was in "electron neutrino eugenstate". It happens so that those do not map 1:1: "electron neutrino eugenstate" does not correspond to any one of mass eugenstates, it is a linear sum of them: a*m1 + b*m2 + c*m3 (where a,b,c are constants, mN mass euganstates, a+b+c = 1)
Neutrinos, ever since I first learned about them, always just seemed like a scientific version of "The Force" as per Obi-wan's description. One of my favorite physics topics ever, and 30 years of casual interest in the subject I've learned practically nothing in that time. Neutrinos always seemed like a topic that should get way more funding for studies.
Anton, your videos are excellent and you are very knowledgeable, however, your statement that "neutrinos have nothing to do with neutrons" isn't accurate. A neutrino is emitted whenever a quark changes flavor. When a nucleus undergoes beta decay, a neutrino is produced. Neutron decay to a proton releases a neutrino.
There are mistakes in this video. The neutrinos do not change mass as they travel, this is impossible, it is forbidden by special relativity. What they do is oscillate between flavors, keeping the same mass.
Thanks! Just started looking for multidimensional info to try and understand the 'curled-up' nature of the higher dimensions and their role in explaining some of the properties of matter.
Use to listen to hawking and appreciated his ability to simplify the subject so i could understand 80% of his explanations and had my son explain the rest. Your teaching ability is epic. Hope you are not an ai.
Hypothesis: Neutrinos are stationary. We are moving. Neutrinos don't pass through us, we pass over neutrinos. They are like stationary coordinates on a simulated 3d grid, and sometimes they get "glitched" into being stuck at a certain mass by being passed over by a supernova or black hole... Neutrinos are us detecting the rough edges in the fabric of our reality.
The Ice Cube Neutrino Detector is also a Transmitter. Eric Hecker worked as a Raytheon Technician and has stated that the 'Passive" system was energized at about 2,000 volts. Please explain why that is and what would be the purpose ?
Raytheon has nothing to do with IceCube for all I know. It's a collaboration of several universities and high energy physics laboratories from around the world. Not sure how a commercial company comes into play here. Raytheon does, if the interwebs are correct, run the services for the South Pole station for the US government, but that's logistics (like getting people and materials there safely). It's not running science experiments. The 2000Vdc would be roughly the voltage that is being used internally to power the photomultiplier tubes but that's being generated inside each module with a small high voltage generator module. It's not a voltage that is applied between the modules and so the electromagnetic field that is being generated by that power supply is negligible. I can imagine that defective tubes that are arcing (I had smaller photomultipliers in the lab that did that occasionally, so I assume that the IceCube tubes might be doing it as well) can generate a nasty EMF signal if they are not being turned off (which they should be), but that's not on purpose. It would be a sign of defective electronics.
A super position of states and oscillation between states are two very different things. A particle with oscillating mass should radiate gravitational waves and lose energy over time, while a superposed particle would not.
@ozzymandius666 You're right. So the neutrino is in a superposition of all flavors, but each component would evolve according to its energy and momentum. Hence, the probabilty of measuring a certain flavor would oscillate over space and time, but the overall energy of the neutrino doesn't oscillate.
An strange and unique property of neutrinos is that they are always travelling at close to light speed. In fact the light from super novas we detect is preceded with a neutrino surge because the star emits this surge before it explodes.
Is it possible to a) assume the mass, b) extrapolate those properties, then c) model the universe with a nuetrino of those properties, and then d) observe which model is the closest? It wouldn’t be easy, it at least it’s an option.
Of course, the question now is, can they get an idea of where those tau neutrinos came from by the orientation of the lights they detected. It seems like they should be able to look for matches with known quasars or similar.
I think they are an indication of mass turning into space, and in any process in which mass is lost at the atomic level this process takes place. The graphic seems to indicate a process of high energy neutrinos fighting to take a lower energy state over distance and perhaps shedding the energy as space in the process. (not a physicist)
I still don't understand what the other particles, like the electron, have to do with the Neutrinos. Do they effect them somehow to turn from one Flavor to another, or what? I also don't understand what they are made from. They don't have building blocks like Quarks, do they? Are they a particle unto themselves as Quarks, at the moment, seem to be, or are they a type of "solid" particle completely different from the theory that Quarks are really just a type of "Vibration"? This Vid has only left me more confused than I was before about the nature of these strange Particles (Or at least "particles" for now).
It's described well enough in Wikipedia. Electrons and neutrinos are related exactly in the same way as down and up quarks - they are conversted from on to another by W bosons.
The consciousness of the observer influences the experiment. The observer seeks to quantify these observations, creating a million new terms and definitions that describe what they just saw, and once they fully recalibrate their expectations, they continue to observe expected outcomes, partially due to their own influence.
sound slike we only detect and "See" part of a neutrino at any given time maybe, as it passes partially through our "dimension" ( which is basically perception ).
@Anton, nice [subtle] joke 10:54 "I'm not a particle physicist, _I only play one on TV_" -- nice En😆joy the content and you're doing a great job, so thanks for the research and the videos. 🤩
![[Full] 4 ต่อ 4 Celebrity EP.910 | 22 ก.ย. 67 | one31](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/4TR3MVpOiw8/mqdefault.jpg)
314 trillion neutrinos walk into a bar. "Ouch!" one says.
😆😆
It was an iron bar?
Lmao
@@KenFullman It was a light-year-thick bar of lead.
314 trillion neutrinos walk into a bar the the one at the front says "I'll get the first round".
"We know so little about neutrinos it isnt even funny"
Id tell you some funny jokes about neutrinos but they'd probably go straight through your head.
😄😄😄😄
In from ear and out from other, normal .
AND there goooees a neutrino now -- right through my head!
Can I tell you a joke about neutrinos? "Yes." "No, actually I can't. I dont know any jokes about neutrinos and it s not even funny." XD
😅😅😅
I had seen the following quote from Pauli before and found it online: “I have done a terrible thing, I have postulated a particle that cannot be detected.”
string theorists: "bet"
This quote should be pinned to string theory.
Oh, that was the least terrible thing Pauli ever did, walking into a physics lab during an experiment was always the worst, due to the quite well observed Pauli Effect.
Once, as a joke about the effect being pulled as a prank on him involved a chandelier that was rigged to drop when he entered a room. Upon entering the room, the chandelier was supposed to be dropped by a rope, but instead inexplicably hung up. And of course, when he entered the lab once during a cyclotron run, the damned thing caught fire...
Otto Stern, 82 time Nobel Prize nominee before he finally did win a Nobel Prize, actually banned his friend from his lab.
A purer case of, "If he didn't have bad luck, he'd have had no luck at all".
Every time I try to absorb knowledge about neutrinos, it passes right through me
You are very lucky because neutrinolyths can form when malabsorption results in pooling.
Trillions of neutrinos passed through you while watching this, they however avoid me like the plague. They know I'm onto them.
Just say No-trinos.
It's a medium a photon a neutrinos they are an abstraction, my friend do yourself a favor and look up ken wheeler😊
Right?!
@@aesops-ghost7756 Damn right.
I thought this was gonna be a pretty party but you didn't go there and I approve
“I am not a particle physicist, I only play one on TV”. I love Anton’s dry humor.
"I'm not a particle physicist, I only play one on tv" 😂
I'm not a particle physicist, but I've studied particle physics since middle school.
Studying physics of particles makes you a particle a particle physicist
@@osmosisjones4912 I don't consider myself one. It's just a hobby I've had for a long time. I have some friends that have good paying jobs in the field and I feel like they deserve the label not me.
... but I did stay at a Holiday Inn Express last night
no, you are a troll, lol!!!
If you notice an increase of neutrino emissions, it may be a cloaked romulan warbird.
We meet again, Tomalok!
"Ice Cube is currently in Antarctica." OK, well, I hope I can get tickets when it comes to the US.
You win the internet today.
Ice Cube: Yo, you from da south side? Is it so?
Penguins: Hail yea, who wanna know?
Ice Cube: Me!
Alternate name for the detector: "Neutrinos Be Steady Mobbin."
I'm not a scientist, just a curious. This videos are the best ones to enrich some knowledge of cosmology, even if not completely understandable for some curious and amateurs like me. I have never congratulated for it before. Thanks.
Great video (as usual) Anton! Just FYI, the tracks produced in IceCube are not coming from the neutrinos themselves, but the charged lepton produced when the neutrino interacts with an atom in the ice. So like, a muon neutrino will interact with an atom and produce a muon that then continues in the same direction (conservation of momentum), and as its travelling at near the speed of light (in a vacuum) which is faster than the speed of light in the medium, it produces Cherenkov radiation that the photodetectors pick up to reconstruct the path of the particle.
It's mistakes like this he really needs to call himself out on. Like I just watched this once and it was very obvious to me that what he was saying couldn't be true. If trillions of neutrinos of every kind pass through my body every second without hitting me then different types of neutrinos will leave NO discernable path through the ice.
I would have loved to hear how the Ice Cube detectors are actually able to pick up such low-energy events as neutrino collisions though. How does a neutrino interacting via the weak force even create more than a couple photons to reach the detectors? Even if it creates a muon first (which is much heavier than an electron), it is still one muon and the detectors are METERS apart.
@@castonyoung7514 the secret is that they're NOT low energy events, their lower end of sensitivity is for neutrinos in the tens or hundreds of GeV, but they're typically looking at like TeV and higher, so the charged lepton will have plenty of energy to generate a lot of photons.
@castonyoung7514 low mass does not mean low energy. These things are moving at ridiculous speeds.
That's so wild to me that the path doesn't change. Subatomic physics can be so strange that it really trips me out that it also behaves like large scale classic Newtonian physics in so many ways. Imagine a bunch of staticy ping pong balls stuck together and here comes one winging along at the 99.99999999995% the speed of light and PWEEEEEEE.
I read somewhere that mysterious itching could be caused by neutrinos passing through your body, triggering occasional action potentials in your neurons. Now, when I get a mysterious itch, I say, "Damn you, neutrinos!"
😋
Neutrinos: as close to nothing as something can be, nothing with a spin....
Neutrinos are politicians favourite sub atomic particle, because they can put their own spin on it.
😂
That's what intrigued me most about neutrinos when I first read about them in a Time magazine article when I was a kid. Nothing - no charge, no mass - yet it has "spin"? Weird! So a few years later I chose physics as my college major.
@@DrunkenUFOPilot Spin is everything isn't it. Beautiful harmony, the dance of existence... poetry in science
These are the sort of things that make you appreciate life
@@DrunkenUFOPilot And yet, an object travelling at light-speed as neutrinos are supposed to do, is expected through General Relativity to experience no time. And yet, they somehow change their identity whilst in motion. That is weird.
Thank you for these videos Anton!!!! Stay wonderful!
Hello wonderful Anton! Keep up the good work!
"Neutrinos" a good name for a breakfast cereal ! It even comes in 3 different flavors ! 😝
But you never know which one you'll get.
@@theevermind The box has a single cereal
You pricing it by volume, or by weight?
Call it a "need to know" sort of thing. 🤣
Extreme Diet cereal
Hopefully it doesn't go straight through you.
"If you'd been listening, you'd know that Nintendos pass through everything."
- Col. Jack O'Neill
Ty for never changing you are top 1% of TH-cam content creators. Simply just the best!
what's wrong with old trinos? Everyone is into the new trinos...lol
Nothing wrong, Higgs boson just got boring to research while playing God..
Might be a matter of geometry and additional dimensions.
Imagine a cone crossing a 2D universe.
Intelligent beings would only see slices of cones.
Those would be circles (rarely), ellipses (quite often), triangles (rarely), parabolas (often) and hyperbolas (rarely) without being able to realize those are the same object from different angles. So they might suspect those are related without being able to figuring out the reason.
Could particles in our Universe oscilate for the same reason? Could we only be able to see them when they cross our 3 known dimensions while tumbling in a 4th and a 5th of space?
So maybe we are limited in our hability to understand particle physics and cosmology because we are only able to witness and understand a fraction of what exists.
This is something I am also wondering about for years. If we inhabit a universe with more then the 3+time dimensions but, as you beautifully described in your thought experiment, with our current technology we can only experience what happens in 3 of them, we will have a very hard time to see the common dominators that appear to be different from our view point but are just the result of a rather simple transformation in higher dimensions of the same basic thing.
I suspect that some oddities that we see could be artefacts of such higher dimensional transformations. And as we cannot imagine a higher dimensional space with our brain, it becomes very hard to see the common pattern that may emerge out of it.
Bingo.
That's at least a better explanation than this baseless oscillation idea which violates the conservation of energy.
@@mickimicki5576 I'm a layperson obviously, but if particles' mass is merely imbued by interactions with the Higgs field, (analogized as "drag") then I don't see where the violation is. Maybe the Higgs field isn't perfectly uniform at that scale?
@@mickimicki5576 > oscillation idea which violates the conservation of energy.
The energy does not oscillate. Probabilities to interact as electron/muon/tau neutrino do.
2:33 I can't come to work today, I have intestinal neutrino bombardment.
Thank you, Anton, this was terrific!
I've had this crazy idea for a while now ... Ever since I was a small child (so, for over 50 years now), about every six months on average, I'll suddenly have a really odd feeling. I'll hear an extremely high-pitched tone and feel as though the world just got "out of sync" with my brain for just a fraction of a second, and then everything will go back to normal. It's very distinctive ... not painful or unpleasant, and I don't lose consciousness. It's not a brain tumour, I'm fairly certain. Anyway, a few years ago, I read a fascinating story about a guy searching for the source of a glitch in a video game, and he determined that the likeliest explanation was that a random passing cosmic ray changing a single bit in the game from a zero to a one. So I thought, what if some particle, out of countless quadrillions passing through my body, struck a molecule in my head *just right*, causing that weird sensation? Surely I'm wrong ... but am I?
Exploding head syndrome?
Yup, me too, but I put it down to the somewhat more mundane tinnitus. However, I shall now consider your more exotic theory because... why not? 😊
ANTON, one of your very best presentations, of a truly mind warping subject. :)
"Hey, if you've been listening you'd know that Nintendo's just passed through everything" - Jack O'Neill, with 2 L's
Unlike the one with one L. Has no sense of humour! 😁
I mean, he's not wrong... Nintendo was the bomb for quite a while.
I find it funny how just before you mentioned that neutrinos are a contender for Dark matter, I was thinking 'if there's that many neutrinos than it's plausible to think that they could cluster and cause the effects that we are detecting '.
99% of a supernova's energy is released as an enormous flux of high energy neutrinos. The rebounding core does not have enough kinetic energy to finish unbinding a massive star. It's the enormous high energy neutrino flux that finishes unbinding -- i.e. blowing the star apart (cf Professor Jason Kendall's video on this subject.)
Bong hit!
Death of trillion papercut.
Neutrinos aren't real
This is what the 'institutional physicists/astronomers' are siding towards right now...but I'm still of opinion it doesn't remotely add up.
From the big ? around neutrino, why they exist the way they do, 'what else' is out there and that small/un-reactive (w/ other particles), the big ? about gravity (macro+quantum), big ? about time (spoiler: definitely not part of a 'space-time' simply), and the blaring issues around photons...
Even in nuclear/high-energy physics, the notion of MOST kinetic energy AND thermal energy (from novae) being imparted into the smallest particles in the universe (that barely react w/ anything, ever. [apparently])...and all this happening in the span of mins to couple days (depending on novae type). Yeah, that makes barely any sense, even in those extreme settings.
My big bet: photon speed + neutrino oscillations/un-reactiveness/high numbers/flavors = we're missing not just 'handful' of neutrino flavors, other particles (tachyon/graviton/axion)...but we're probably missing a whole 'table' of particles (the size of periodic table), maybe many more than that, because our electron (electricity), boson/fermion based physics experiments simply aren't fine-tuned, or able (at all) to detect them.
Our periodic elements = fist-sized beach stones, bigger element. particles = the pebbles, neutrinos/muons/photons etc = the 'sand' grains we can see in our hands...what we're overlooking is the micro/nano plastics, silk that fills up all that.
Whatever we discover: its going to be like when we discovered what bacteria/viruses were...suddenly we uncovered 99% of life on Earth we never knew was literally everywhere.
It's so exciting to learn about something new to me every single day! Thank you for that, Anton!! 😊❤
Look up high stellar mass nucleosynthesis. The heaviest of elements are "fused" by neutrinos in the inner shell around the core.
As the neutron star forms and collapses, it produces an exceptionally high neutrino flux that impacts the very dense inner shell and fuses the heavy elements by neutrino capture.
Fascinating stuff !
Neutrino Flux would be a good name for a rock band... or a cheesy science fiction movie.
Excellent reporting, Anton!!
I'm no physicist, but I remember watching the 'Mr Neutron' episode from Monty Python.
Close enough! Congratulations, you just earned a PhD in particle physics! It should arrive in your mail from the University of TH-cam in a few days.
He can eat enormous quantities of ice cream.
OMFG...this joke hahaha. I shouldn't have even gotten that so quickly...but yeah I totally did. Now for something completely different...
I remember that Python bit. Also, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles the animated show from the early 90s had some characters that were aliens in a band called "The Neutrinos". I feel like that's some post doc work equivalent for me. Lol
Great show as always.
I was watching StarTalk and the guest was Dr. Janna Levin. She presented an analogy for particles that I need to share. Since quantum mechanics describes particles as existing in multiple states simultaneously, Dr. Levin suggested that a useful analogy is a musical chord.
Multiple individual tones are contained within a chord, though NOT in their pure form. This reminded me of your neutrino oscillations graph (7:15). With the three oscillations superimposed it looks a lot like a musical chord displayed on an oscilloscope. [I used to do digital audio back in the early 90's]
I'm starting to see harmony in visualizing particles as chords.
Another wonderful day of my brain exploding! Thanks Wonderful Anton!
"I only play one on TV." +2 Internets
I use a similar line. "I'm not a dummy, I only play one at meetings".
@@spvillano hehe.
6:45 correct me if I’m wrong but in these oscillations, they get heavier and lighter, won’t that effect the speed, ie conservation of energy? Even size changes would, right? We’ve all seen the figure skater extend and retract arms but wouldn’t it also effect forward momentum beyond spin?
"Neutrino flavours" is how I will henceforth refer to them 😂😂 Thanks for the educational content Anton!
Wow! This certainly raises more questions than it answers, for example:
If neutrinos are products of nuclear decay, are the produced by the earths core?
Are neutrinos coming from all directions in space? If so, how do we tell which sources produce which neutrinos or do the neutrinos coming from our star just pass through it on their way to us or are they generated there?
Neutrinos are detected by them causing cherenkov radiation in the detector, which is like a series of sonic boom shockwaves, except with light instead of sound, and the detectors can tell which direction it's moving to, so also which direction the neutrino came from.
see Fermilab, Even Bananas
Wonderful talk. Literally mind-blowing to me, especially how they are being detected and tracked.
It’s cool to see them talk about neutrinos before we figured out we could use them for time travel
The Spice Must Flow
Wasn’t that tachyon?
Bam 👏👏👏
@@eds1942 Tachyons haven't yet been discovered but I will find them 30 years ago.
@@BatkoNashBandera774 More like "the woo must flow" 😅
Excellent video, as always. Very interesting, informative and worthwhile video. Many thanks for the links.
5 million magnification let us see individual atoms. So neutrino being 5 million times less massive then electron is mind blowing. Its micro cosmos from electron realm perspective.
I look at it as being closer to Quark size.
Fundamental particles are thought of as point-like, but in terms of mass, an electron is roughly 5x less massive than the lightest quark, so you’d be better off looking at them ‘in terms of electron size’ if anything.
@sentheaS superposition or waves like to like. I was talking about mass...
@@BOOGY110011 I'm not sure what you mean. I'm sorry, it seems comments made on mobile don't include the @ of the user you are responding to. I was replying to Matthew, as he said it he looks at [it] (presumably neutrinos) as "closer to quark size", suggesting that it may be useful to visualize quite how small neutrinos are by thinking of their size as being comparable to quarks (as neutrinos are, as you said, 5 million times less massive than electrons) rather than electrons. This implies that quarks are lighter than electrons, when infact quarks much heavier than electrons, so their size (mass) is much larger than electrons.
@sentheaS I don't know what I ment
I love your videos man. Keep up the great and amazing work. I wish you nothing but the best in life.
Wonderful as always Anton. Thank you. 👍😎
WONDERFUL episode. I think I understand most of what you said, and, astounding. This is way better than sleeping at a Holiday Inn.
Imagine ice Cube as a particle physicist
You act like you forgot about Dre
He's technically an actor, sooo
@@vapormissilewhat's his PHD in
Now I can't get the image out my head of a pissed off particle physicist
@@osmosisjones4912 its a Pot Handling Degree
Thats why his album is the Chronic
6:36 ohhh! This sounds a lot like the behaviour you would expect of a neutrino in Vivian Robinson’s particle model! The 3rd and 9th harmonic of the rotating photon that forms the neutrino.
Been watching since the early universe sandbox days
I was too young for those but I go back to watch them now😂
I was about 10 back then now I’m 19, I’m glad he’s found his success from just a few dozen subs to over a million
> Joined Jan 20th, 2024
…hmmm
@@OG_stevedidWHAT Some people watch youtube without making an account y’know?
Three questions on neutrinos:
1. Why does the oscillation of masses not violate conservation of mass? Does this mean that different mass neutrinos travel at different speeds?
2. Is there a CMB equivalent in neutrinos? Have we/can we observe it?
3. All neutrinos are left handed. But they travel slower than the speed of light. If we travel faster then a neutrino will it appear right handed?
I LOVE GETTING AN ANTON FRESH OFF THE PRESS
Disposeium? Is that like Un-obtainium? Love your stuff & try to never miss one.. Also a great song from "Klatuu" in the late '70's!
Dysprosium, it can be found in a mineral named xenotime.
I dropped a link to that song above.
Thank you, Anton. 🙂
Anton was on MSN's main portal news!!! Awesome job Anton, congratulations!!
If neutrions change their mass all the time this maybe due to some dynamic interaction with the Higs field.
Does Higs field gives mass or charge to a particles?
They do not change mass. Anton is confused on this.
A small but important correction Anton, neutrinos are not constantly changing their mass! If you "fix" your view on neutrinos to observe them, you can "measure" their flavour. But when they oscilate, as you mentioned, they exist in so-called mass eigenstates, and these have constant mass. Each eigenstate is a mix of (three known) flavours. So you measure the eigenstate with constant mass but different flavours at different time/space. Talking about individual masses of individual flavours is a bit misleading... Great video, keep the amazing work up and thank you :)
My tricorder keeps picking up chronotons and neutrinos 😂
Ether, Mana or Qi that are omnipresent in the world are actually never ending stream of Neutrinos always coming and going in all directions endlessly.
Have a good day
I'm going to tell you about neutrinos....no charge! Tau bella!
Ahhh, first rate, Anton me boyo. Very well done.
I've heard some pretty convincing scuttlebutt from a few folks recently. It implied that that the US defense industry made a very significant discovery regarding neutrinos a few years ago, entirely by accident. This has led to some pretty fantastical new technologies in intelligence gathering, specifically with drones and satellites, just for starters. Love to know what it was!
My doctor used to work for Fermi lab and built the BOREXINO detector in Italy.
Why would an MD be assigned to designing a particle physics project?
@@Deletirium he wasn't an MD at the time.
@@Deletiriumif this helps, my MD used to be a Lawyer. Can that be blamed on neutrinos?
I really dislike a lot of videos on youtube, especially the ai generated ones. But your’s are amongst the best to find. Keep it going!! You’re real and one of the best and most interesting.
if the mass changes does the velocity as well?
The mass does not change, this is a mistake by Anton. The mass-states are just oscillating between flavors. It is impossible for a particle in empty space to change it's mass, because momentum and energy are both conserved, and the mass is determined by those conserved quantities.
@@annaclarafenyo8185 That really doesn't explain anything, and Anton said that the oscillations correspond to the Flavors, but that the Flavors determined the Mass. I'm pretty sure that that is what he said. I really don't think they have enough information about these so-called Particles for anyone to seek out mistakes about their conclusions so far. They really only have one proof that they Oscillate, or even change Mass. There is obviously a huge amount of Scientific observations, studies, experiments, and mathematical calculations that needs to be done before they really "Know" what these Particles are or even if they exist in the state (which they don't understand yet) that has been proposed.
@@matthewjohns1758 His wrong statement is that the "flavors determine the mass". The mass states are not 'diagonal' in flavor, they constantly change flavor so as to maintain a constant mass.
@@matthewjohns1758 All this is known since the 1970s, there is nothing unknown except the overall mass-scale of the neutrinos.
To expand on this: tree "mass eugenstates" are three possible states of neutrino which can freely propagate.
Three "flavor eugenstates" are how neutrino interact with changed leptons: If neutrino turns into electron, it was in "electron neutrino eugenstate".
It happens so that those do not map 1:1: "electron neutrino eugenstate" does not correspond to any one of mass eugenstates, it is a linear sum of them: a*m1 + b*m2 + c*m3 (where a,b,c are constants, mN mass euganstates, a+b+c = 1)
Neutrinos, ever since I first learned about them, always just seemed like a scientific version of "The Force" as per Obi-wan's description. One of my favorite physics topics ever, and 30 years of casual interest in the subject I've learned practically nothing in that time. Neutrinos always seemed like a topic that should get way more funding for studies.
It got plenty of funding and still is, but the interest is more in the low energy neutrino sector. It delivers more physics for the buck.
How dare they enter my body without my permission. I’m going to sue!
Anton, a better particle physicist than the many I have known!
BABE WAKE UP NEW ANTON VID DROPPED
Love your videos Anton> Keep it up brother!
Anton, your videos are excellent and you are very knowledgeable, however, your statement that "neutrinos have nothing to do with neutrons" isn't accurate. A neutrino is emitted whenever a quark changes flavor. When a nucleus undergoes beta decay, a neutrino is produced. Neutron decay to a proton releases a neutrino.
There are mistakes in this video. The neutrinos do not change mass as they travel, this is impossible, it is forbidden by special relativity. What they do is oscillate between flavors, keeping the same mass.
I believe you are 100% correct!! Good for you. 🙂🙃
Thanks! Just started looking for multidimensional info to try and understand the 'curled-up' nature of the higher dimensions and their role in explaining some of the properties of matter.
What is gravity
❤
I think it’s what makes the world go round
No one knows really, but we reckon it's bodies (those things with mass) curving spacetime...
Gravity is seriousness.
The major force of our universe. Time and space is constantly affected by this dominant force of our universe.
Higgs field interaction with neutrinos could maybe be an explanation for flavor change.
Its the Force Obi Wan was talking about.
Damnit if he doesn’t make us all feel smarter, all the while making ya actually smarter. Butter smooth sneaking in that rizz (…”but I play one on tv”)
Crazy thought... what if neutrinos cause spontanious combustion 😳😳😳
Thank you Anton. You are the #1 most wonderful person. 👍
1like = Anton,You are a wonderful person
he is fantastic
Clyde Cowan’s lab was just down the hall from mine at Catholic U of A while I was a grad student.
Use to listen to hawking and appreciated his ability to simplify the subject so i could understand 80% of his explanations and had my son explain the rest. Your teaching ability is epic. Hope you are not an ai.
I think this is the most fascinating of all of your fascinating videos
Hypothesis: Neutrinos are stationary. We are moving.
Neutrinos don't pass through us, we pass over neutrinos. They are like stationary coordinates on a simulated 3d grid, and sometimes they get "glitched" into being stuck at a certain mass by being passed over by a supernova or black hole... Neutrinos are us detecting the rough edges in the fabric of our reality.
Hello wonderful Anton 😊
The Ice Cube Neutrino Detector is also a Transmitter. Eric Hecker worked as a Raytheon Technician and has stated that the 'Passive" system was energized at about 2,000 volts. Please explain why that is and what would be the purpose ?
Raytheon has nothing to do with IceCube for all I know. It's a collaboration of several universities and high energy physics laboratories from around the world. Not sure how a commercial company comes into play here. Raytheon does, if the interwebs are correct, run the services for the South Pole station for the US government, but that's logistics (like getting people and materials there safely). It's not running science experiments. The 2000Vdc would be roughly the voltage that is being used internally to power the photomultiplier tubes but that's being generated inside each module with a small high voltage generator module. It's not a voltage that is applied between the modules and so the electromagnetic field that is being generated by that power supply is negligible. I can imagine that defective tubes that are arcing (I had smaller photomultipliers in the lab that did that occasionally, so I assume that the IceCube tubes might be doing it as well) can generate a nasty EMF signal if they are not being turned off (which they should be), but that's not on purpose. It would be a sign of defective electronics.
A super position of states and oscillation between states are two very different things. A particle with oscillating mass should radiate gravitational waves and lose energy over time, while a superposed particle would not.
@ozzymandius666 You're right. So the neutrino is in a superposition of all flavors, but each component would evolve according to its energy and momentum. Hence, the probabilty of measuring a certain flavor would oscillate over space and time, but the overall energy of the neutrino doesn't oscillate.
An strange and unique property of neutrinos is that they are always travelling at close to light speed. In fact the light from super novas we detect is preceded with a neutrino surge because the star emits this surge before it explodes.
Is it possible to a) assume the mass, b) extrapolate those properties, then c) model the universe with a nuetrino of those properties, and then d) observe which model is the closest? It wouldn’t be easy, it at least it’s an option.
I knew they were strange but didn’t know how strange they really are. Thank, you Anton, for this video. It made my day.
Perhaps they are the particle that create gravity by pushing materials together.
Of course, the question now is, can they get an idea of where those tau neutrinos came from by the orientation of the lights they detected. It seems like they should be able to look for matches with known quasars or similar.
I think they are an indication of mass turning into space, and in any process in which mass is lost at the atomic level this process takes place. The graphic seems to indicate a process of high energy neutrinos fighting to take a lower energy state over distance and perhaps shedding the energy as space in the process. (not a physicist)
I wish the CNB will be realized in my lifetime. Thanks for the great videos as always
I still don't understand what the other particles, like the electron, have to do with the Neutrinos. Do they effect them somehow to turn from one Flavor to another, or what? I also don't understand what they are made from. They don't have building blocks like Quarks, do they? Are they a particle unto themselves as Quarks, at the moment, seem to be, or are they a type of "solid" particle completely different from the theory that Quarks are really just a type of "Vibration"? This Vid has only left me more confused than I was before about the nature of these strange Particles (Or at least "particles" for now).
I'm begining to think everything is cellular in nature. I like how you question things, minds like yours will work out true facts.
It's described well enough in Wikipedia. Electrons and neutrinos are related exactly in the same way as down and up quarks - they are conversted from on to another by W bosons.
The consciousness of the observer influences the experiment. The observer seeks to quantify these observations, creating a million new terms and definitions that describe what they just saw, and once they fully recalibrate their expectations, they continue to observe expected outcomes, partially due to their own influence.
When you talk about the first seconds of the universe, i imagine the change of tide between black and white holes.
Building and maintaining the ice cube is beyond my imagination. Catching a neutrino? I can't even imagine that.
Which kind is the one that flips bits in ram? Maybe we can detect these bit flips and turn all processors into detectors :)
sound slike we only detect and "See" part of a neutrino at any given time maybe, as it passes partially through our "dimension" ( which is basically perception ).
@Anton, nice [subtle] joke 10:54 "I'm not a particle physicist, _I only play one on TV_" -- nice En😆joy the content and you're doing a great job, so thanks for the research and the videos. 🤩
That device at 11:01 sure bears resemblance to a quantum computer.
This video is awesome, thank you for creating it!