Pinch Fusion | The Archive
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 28 ส.ค. 2024
- In this episode: We dive into the Covenants use of the Pinch Fusion reactor.
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Can we just stop and appreciate how lucky master chief was to have those sabres blast a hole in just the right spot in a CAS-class assault carrier for him to activate the covenants bomb, then miraculously escape with mere seconds to spare and landing directly on the bridge of In Amber Clad hundreds of miles away while said ship was preparing to enter earths atmosphere?
I think the longswords and the Amber were coordinated by Hood, just not explicitly shown in the cutscene because it would kinda boring.
For a brick, he flew pretty good
Mate thinks the sabres didnt have orders from someone above that knew where to make the hole lmao 🤡🤡🤡🤡🤡
@@gmtom19 I like to think that MC was coordinating that whole thing in his helmet and we weren't lucky enough to hear it.
That scene REEKS of cortana coordinating with them i just wish they actually said it.
Physics student here. This type of reactor, at least in concept, isn't that advanced (for as much as the covenant are presented as technically advanced). It's also very realistic.
IRL, humans have built hot fusion reactors called Tokamaks since the 1960s. They do use Deuterium and Tritium as fuel. The reason we still use fossil fuel plants and not fancy fusion reactors, is because scientists have only recently approached a 1:1 energy input/output ratio (meaning only recently are these things approaching the point of putting out more energy than put in to maintain the fusion reaction). And, it'll be another step beyond that, to figure out how to reliably siphon off that profit energy, and a while more to achieve an energy ratio high enough to account for inefficiencies, and put out at least a 1:1 electrical energy ratio. Other practical issues will need to be sorted out, like how to vent waste helium, and pump in more fuel without shutting down.
Tokamaks even look remarkably similar to the pinch fusion reactor. In fact, I think the pics at 4:37 are of the interior of a real Tokamak while it's running.
There are 3 big differences between real life Tokamaks, and these fictional Pinch fusion reactors. First off, we obviously dont have gravity bending technology (unless you want to out yourself as a UFO nut, lol). Where the plasma confinement of the Pinch drive relies on both gravity manipulation and electromagnetism, real life Tokamaks rely solely on electromagnetism to confine the plasma (as well as partially rely on it, along side other technologies like microwaves, to dump energy into the plasma, to heat it up enough for fusion). Thats why tokamaks have this fat donut shape, it's the shape of the electromagnetic field used. This field creates something called a magnetic bottle, which keeps the plasma from interacting with its environment. In this case, its environment is the Tokamak chamber walls. For reasons I'll get into in a second, plasma contact with these walls wouldn't like, melt them, or blow up the reactor, etc. Worst that might happen is that it damages the chamber a bit, maybe scorches the walls. The real reason confinement is important is because these extremely fast and hot atomic nuclei would immediately lose most of their energy into the wall if confinement were lost. So magnetic bottles are more there as an insulator, to stop all energy losses through convective and conductive means.
Second, the pressure in Tokamaks is very low. Not high. The reason the multimillion degree plasma doesnt like, instantly vaporize the chamber if confinement is lost, is because when youre talking about a plasma that's that hot and energetic, even though it's highly charged, it's really difficult to confine with a virtual barrier like electromagnetism. Slightly too much difference in pressure, and the plasma breaks confinement. The quoted pressures here of hundreds of billions of bar, is a total fantasy. Who knows, maybe if we could warp gravity like the covenant, we could achieve that (and if we could, it's reasonable to assume we would use that technology in fusion reactors for this exact reason). In reality, electromagnetism struggles to contain plasma so hard that the plasma in our tokamaks have to be very close to vacuum pressure. As such, Tokamaks have to be like vacuum chambers, and the plasma inside is only marginally more dense than the vacuum of space. Any more pressure than that, and the magnetic bottle would fail. There is an upside and a downside to this. The upside is, it's safer. The low pressure means that, while the plasma is millions of degrees, that tempurature is of only a relatively small number of atomic nuclei. Confinement failure means these nuclei impact the chamber walls, and dump all their energy into it almost instantly, immediately cooling the plasma to a more normal temperature gas. The sheer density of metal walls means that energy quickly spreads through far more atoms. So while the temperature of the chamber walls rise, it never rises above melting point. The downside is, pressure helps fusion to occur. So low pressure means poorer fusion rate. Scientist compensate for this by pumping the temperature of the plasma way higher than what you'd ever find in the cores of most stars.
Thirdly, Tokamaks are physically contained with a chamber wall that's fairly close to the magnetic bottle. This is because reactor walls are important to adding energy to the plasma (they feature microwaves for example) and they will likely soon be important for energy extraction, and mid-run refueling. They are also vacuum chambers, if you tried to run a Tokamak in open air, it would immediately lose confinement with the high pressure atmosphere breaking into the magnetic bottle and ruining the plasma. This massive chamber Chief is flying through with this relatively small and open bottled fusion in the center isn't something youre likely to see in a real Tokamak.
That being said, I also wouldnt call this design unrealistic in the Pinch reactor's case. The massive chamber could be a requirement for all manner of reasons. For example, it would take a ton of artificial gravity to confine hundreds of billions of bar of superheated plasma, and gravity well strength is a function of the gravitational objects size, and the square of the distance from that object. Perhaps the chamber walls need to be that far from the plasma to prevent extreme gravitational strain on the chamber walls. Maybe its a lot lighter to just build a massive chamber, than a smaller one reinforced against the gravity well. Maybe you'd need to cordon off the reactor to that degree anyway, as you certainly couldnt have inhabited rooms that close to the core if gravity is an issue. Perhaps radiation is an issue as well, radiation level also drops with the square of the distance from the source. Perhaps the chamber walls also still play a role in energy addition and extraction. This is important, for example in another kind of IRL fusion reactor. There's a reactor in the US which ditches the whole concept of Tokamaks, and works by focussing dozens of lasers onto a tiny tritium pellet, and essentially allowing it to blow up inside the chamber as an unconfined mini nuclear explosion. In fact, that's why this reactor was built. After the nuclear test ban treaty, this type of reactor was the only way to explore nuclear weapons physics without creating fallout or nuclear waste. It wound up unintentionally contributing to fusion energy physics, as it recently broke a record in energy ratio. The large chamber ensures two things. The lasers are the energy addition method. If the lasers miss the pellet somehow, and hit the opposite end of the chamber, its not a big deal, as only the highly focussed point in the center where all the lasers are ideally perfectly aimed, can recieve enough energy to cause damage. Second, the large chamber allows much of that explosive energy to dissipate before even reaching the chamber walls. If you covered the walls in some sort of heat exhanger that spun a turbine and generated electricity, this expansion allows the energy to spread out, resulting in a cooler and more manageable temperature at the chamber walls than you'd absorb much closer to the detonation point. You'd still extract almost the same amount of total energy, but spreading that extraction out over such a large area reduces the temperatures any one patcg experiences. So this energy concentration increase on the way into the center, and decrease on the way out to the chamber walls could be really important for temperature management of components.
It could also be a failsafe feature. Hundreds of billions of bar is a lot of pressure. And its not just pressure either, it's that pressure at millions of degrees... Unlike with a Tokamak, if a Pinch drive lost confinement, it would literally detonate like a nuke. Perhaps the chamber is so huge, so that in the event of a catastrophic loss of confinement, the detonation has room to expand into that chamber, and rapidly reduce in pressure and temperature before impacting the chamber walls. By that point, the explosive power could be more manageable, and the reactor could maybe vent the plasma, or try to reconfine it.
I would imagine this safety feature would rely on two things. First, that the chamber be intact. Second, that the origin of the explosion is dead center, so the shockwave impacts the chamber evenly, allowing the chamber walls to take full structural advantage of its near spherical shape to absorb the impact.
... These are two things Chief and the longsword pilots mess up. The longswords blast a hole in the chamber wall, which could ruin the structural integrity of the chamber as a whole. Then, chief detonates a covenant superweapon (looks like their version of some kind of nuke... And a BIG one at that, so probably insanely powerful given what nukes are like today IRL). For all we know, this weapon exceeds the energy output of a confinement failure in the reactor. And, it's offcenter, damaging one side of the chamber far more than the other. And, undoubtedly, the explosion probably broke confinement, immediately resulting in a secondary explosion. Between all that, the chamber probably couldnt handle it, and it makes sense that move would literally blow the ship apart.
Anyway, this is one of the reasons why I like the Halo universe. The writers for a long time, tried to stay in the realm of believability, basing even covenant technologies on at least distantly plausible technologies, rather than relying on pure clarktech to explain away alien technological superiority.
Ps, I just went and looked it up, actual tokamaks sit around 1 millionth of 1 bar... So yeah, huge difference in pressure between Tokamaks and Pinch reactors. If humans could achieve hundreds of billions of bar in a Tokamak, that'd be pretty awesome, that would have an insanely high useful energy ratio.
It's a shame we cant warp gravity.
that was really interesting and now i want to be a physics student. thanks!
Instantly stopped reading after the words "ufo nut".
There plenty of evidence, actual government bodies to find it out, actual government bodies that study it, and TONS of correlated eyewitness reports. If you dont find it its because youre too scared to look.
Im willing to accept most of the universe is invisible if you can give me any valid proof other than math. At the same time, not willing to ignore evidence because of blurry footage (btw cell phones are not physically capable of capturing distant objects in detail, the aperture is simply too small, no matter how good it is no cell phone camera will EVER be able to capture a distant object in detail.) Unfortunately most of the cameras in the world are cell phone cameras.
And if youre willing to write me off as a ufo nut because of that, i can rest easy knowing you have the same depth of consciousness as a trump supporter. Memorise tests all you want but youll be forgotten by history if you have no creativity.
"For a brick, he flew pretty good". Best line of all time!
Here for the thumbnail art
Forever wanting and waiting for an ODST game with the flood in it… another great video though!
IKR!!!! Flood firefight is so fun.
Flood Firefight on ODST is now a thing on MCC and ODST is a fan fav. Gotta happen some time.
I've been waiting for a Halo:Grunts game
where you play a grunt lost from your squad after your Elite daddy is killed in battle and you need to use teamworks to survive.
@@infernaldaedra and it ends with you finding emile and getting brutally killed after you tried to beg for your life in sangheili language
Interestingly enough there are companies working creating pinch fusion reactors, but instead of gravity they use pistons to compress the gasses.
I know of one that uses some kind of light gas gun (maybe that's what you're referring to) to accelerate a projectile onto a pellet of plastic containing a Deuterium-Tritium mixture in a specially shaped cavity. Collapse of that cavity under hypersonic projectile impact creates shockwaves inside it which combine to produce extreme pressures in very small points, indeed a very unusual and creative approach.
So guys, now that 343 is finally gaining some traction, do you think its possible we will get a Teaser Trailer for Halo: the Endless next Year? Joseph Staten said he was talking with the team about content for "The Winter Update *and Beyond..."*
I personally don’t want a teaser trailer until maybe a year before it’s ready to release.
@@rezboifrybread im tired of waiting but given Halo Infinite i say they should take as much time as they need. I just hope 343 acknowledges the existence of Halo: the Endless soon. Joseph Statne has made vague allusions.
Maybe, probably not
Honestly, I wouldn't be surprised if 343 will just post one small tweet about "Halo: the Endless" and never mention it until 2024.
@@slyngn7847 god i hope not. I want at least a vague teaser by next year.
Question: Would New Eden factions in EVE Online be considered more powerful then the Covenant while still below the Forerunners but very powerful in their own right?
In New Eden ships can reach tremendous sizes and shipyards and trade stations meant to hold entire fleets passing by are common place across the region. They may not be any Forerunner megastructures but they are huge in size and the vessels are powerful. They are great infrastructure advance achievements. And there are other factions in the game's universe that have made ships over 50km in width in the void.
The Covenant may have High Charity but that took a long time to build overtime plus other aiding factors.
Though the cluster of New Eden is small about 105 light years from one side to the other there are over 5,000 systems and a dense population of 144 trillion individual. Outnumbering the UNSC by over ten thousand times and a huge infrastructure and production upkeep. New Eden's worldbuilding reaches near Warhammer 40k levels while having a generally better tech that is spread throughout the population.
Could the Didact defeat Ainz Ooal Gown?
@@nobleman9393
Why are you asking that?
@@thorshammer7883 I could ask the same of you.
@@nobleman9393
But what you asked for had nothing to do with my question and most of all was nothing related to Sci Fi in general. If you were going to ask that then you should of done that separately and not ask me. I am not going to answer it.
Quick summary of the post I'm making.
Why lone wolves instead of headhunters?
Rakshasa armor core obtained when introduced to spartan lone wolves, season 3 armor based on SPI armor means personal spartan meets spartan headhunters?
Our personal spartan on the path to become headhunter, giving our spartan classified background to disappear and work in background of main story?
Possible dlc for personal spartan campaign if theory panned out?
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Something I've been thinking about.
The headhunters aren't widely known and are highly classified.
Currently certain spartan 4s are taking on the role of headhunters but are labeled as "lone wolves", despite being in groups of two as seen thus far.
Because headhunters are so highly classified to the point of being unknown to their fellow Spartans in lore.
If at some point, based on the season 3 armor core I believe was said to be "based on" the SPI armor.
That we will meet current headhunters while on an operation with the lone wolves.
If you remember Eklund said "there's always room for another wolf".
Implying that our spartan is being invited to join the team and go out on real missions.
Remembering we got the Rakshasa armor from being introduced to the lone wolves, so extending the logic we will meet an individual or group of two spartans wearing the season 3 armor based on SPI.
SPI being associated with spartan 3s and by extension the origin of the headhunter program.
Could our spartan become a spartan 4 headhunter and be their own incarnation of noble six?
In the background of the halo universe, allowing for them to take an active role in the story in a shadowy manner?
Another one to the archive :vv
2:07 has there been research into seeing if pinch reactors are possible with our current technology?
Hi doesn't the Helioskrill armor makes use of a pinch reactor?
I'm not a physicist or a lore historian, but I feel like this method would require far more energy than it produces. It seems to me far more likely that some element of slipspace tech would have to figure in to cancel out the energy requirements of manufacturing gravitons. Perhaps a controlled demolition of a slipspace portal inside of a charged plasma medium. Instead of enlarging the initial rupture it's allowed to fall in at luminal speeds. Catching the ionic fuel in the middle and fusing it. Obviously this would require a micromanagement over the properties of slipspace, which would explain why the covenant has this and humanity doesn't.
Physics student here. Actual Tokamak fusion reactors have been around since the 1960s, which are actually similar in concept to this thing (minus the artificial gravity stuff. All plasma confinement is done through electromagnetism). And yes, the reason they havent taken over the energy industry is because they currently require more input energy than the output energy they produce.
We're getting pretty close to 1:1 energy input vs output. The problem is this is purely the amount of electrical energy put in vs thermal energy put out. This ignores energy extraction methods, which will likely have inefficiencies. Scientists at the current efforts at the ITER reactor would like to see a 1:10 thermal ratio, as even under the worst inefficiencies in energy extraction, this ratio would likely still achieve a practical 1:1 electricity output.
Even well developed fission reactors today only extract about 1/3rd of the total thermal energy produced, as electrical output.
@@hatman4818 Well, all we have to do is invent warp drives or discover extra dimensions and then we'll have all the energy we'll ever need.🙃
@@hatman4818 So how far away are we from using fusion torches replace all other types of power plants? What kind of ratio would that require?
@@jasonwolfe4205 Star Trek was right on the money with their warp cores, any form of warp drive is going to need an astronomical amount of energy that is only possible to achieve through the use of antimatter annihilation like what the Federation uses, or through the use of micro singularities like what the Romulans use.
@@sothasil7716 About 100/1 I believe is considered optimal. But I think the target is at least 20-30/1 to be considered commercially viable. Again, not an expert by any means, but I have done some independent research on the subject.
Halo science, my favorite. Thanks. Also liked the choice of background music
*PHYSICS!!!*
100,000 likes
Hi there
Damn you beat me
Hahaha sorry my guy
I bet this could be done in real life using insanely strong magnetic fields
Hehe. It's already is with the very recent fusion reactor.
Man it would be really cool if i could still watch one of your videos without getting mad at halo but its rotten and i cant even muster enjoyment anymore. I could drink the flavoraid if it tasted good, but now its a little flavoraid in a bath of cyanide.
May God bless you, oh so very.