I am so jealous of the professor's ability to hold such a long ad hoc speach about a rather more complicated matter in a concise mnanner without "umms" and "ahs"..
It is not hard as long as you know what you are talking about, professor knows the subject very well because he has been doing it for his life. If you work just as hard for many years you will achieve the same results. But the question if you will work just as hard as him or not is another topic
You just have to start actively thinking about avoiding it when you speak it'll take a bit make it instinct/habit but you get better pretty fast to start.
He thinks very carefully before he begins talking. You can see this when he's asked a question: he never begins answering right away, he always pauses for at least three seconds before he begins. Also, he speaks somewhat slowly, which probably makes it a lot easier to come up with the words to put in the ol' speech buffer.
The problem is that even if you do manage to make them, you will have hardly any time to do any experiments with them to see what those g orbital electrons actually do. The "Island of Stability" seems to be pretty much a mirage, and the lines of extreme alpha instability and extreme spontaneous fission instability seem to be coming together.
@@Lucius_Chiaraviglio By "extreme alpha instability" are you essentially saying that the alpha-decay we've always used to determine half-life is no longer predictable? Like it may decay at varying rates, or are you saying the atoms split immediately upon creation so there is no a-decay to even observe?
@@mfallen6894 They will decay so rapidly that you won't have a chance to do anything with them other than observe the decay, even if it is predictable -- thus, no chemistry. (Yes, I've heard of femtosecond chemistry, but that involves atoms whose electrons are already settled or at least in a particular excited state you are analyzing, not needing to wait for everything to take its time coming together into some kind of defined starting state so that you can get useful data. Yes, I've also heard of muonic atoms and molecule-ions, but in that case at least you just have to get one muon to settle in, not hundreds.)
While it is nearly impossible to observe its chemistry due to its decay time, Unsepttrium (Ust, element 173) might be a very interesting element because it is predicted to be an alkali metal. It is possible that its outermost electron and the other electrons have an energy gap so large that this alkali metal might dwarf even Cesium in terms of reactivity! Even then, these are calculations, and NOT to be taken too definitively until it has been verified.
CarthagoMike probably not that different lol if the stuff required to get to the next one is in such short supply already I can only imagine the elements required to get even higher are gonna be even more in short supply and increasing difficult going forward. Sounds like we need a much more efficient method of acquiring rarer and rarer elements. Be cool to find that island of stability though 😁
If you put the actinides and lanthanides between groups 2 and 3, and the superlanthanides and superactinides between group 2 and the actinides and lanthanides, it would take up a whole wall.
when we are able to fund and fully construct a cyclotron that wraps around the moon several times we will be adding new elements to the table every other week...well, maybe not that frequently but there will be a lot more of them and most of them will be incredibly hard to pronounce and insanely expensive to collect and many may not exist as more than a few atoms at any given time so even identifying them and more importantly proving they even exist apart from other sneaky elements that surround them will be very tricky and aggravating
Actually, we don't know yet. While it's true that new superheavy elements have been made, they are not the correct isotopes (specifically, they don't have enough neutrons) to belong to the island of stability.
If this starts a new row on the periodic table, that implies that it would have a new electron shell, right? Do scientists know what shape a new shell will take?
The 8th period should include elements with ground state electrons that have an angular momentum quantum number of 4. We can predict the shapes of these orbitals the same way we do for any orbital- we find approximate solutions to the Schrödinger equation. Glossing over some complexities they should be shaped something like these upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/G_orbital.png
But the Schrödinger equation is non-relativistic. Aren’t the electromagnetic forces in these superheavy elements strong enough to make the electrons move at close to the speed of light?
Is there any chance that the huge nucleus will actually populate its electron orbitals? I just figured that post-fusion it will have crazy kinetic energy, and not long after that, it will blow up. The whole time in between it will be at plasma temperature, meaning no electrons, right?
What a great time period to be alive! 2 new superheavy elements! And a new row on the period table! It must be so exciting to be in that room! I wonder what they will name them It is so cool that Sir Professor Poliakoff travels to all these places to show us the historical places where everything came from and is being made! Thank you Periodic Videos! :D
5:35 Very cool shot. Really enjoyed this video. Fun tour. Excellent that facilities like this are open to filming. I am attracted by 1,100 ton magnets...
This kind of video gets me really excited for the future of chemistry and technology for research. It's quite interesting. The professor's fascination is simply radiant. Thanks for a great video!
When I was in secondary school, they'd just made Element 109. Now I'm in my 40s and they've gone 10 up. I wonder if I will see the end of the periodic table...
I believe we could tell how technologically advanced an alien civilization is by looking at their periodic tables what elements they have discovered in the amounts of them elements they have in their possession.
Or element 126 (with 184 neutrons) is predicted to be very stable with having both proton and neutron numbers that refered as "magic numbers" and help nuclea to keep itself stable like with calcium 20 and calcium 28
I got to see Dr. Oganessian discuss 117 synthesis at ORNL. It was a wonderful opportunity to hear about islands of stability and new element discovery by someone very prominent in the field.
2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32, ... What's the next number in this sequence ? In other words, if/when we create element 119, and that starts a new row on the periodic table, how wide will that new row be ?
Can someone tell me why the heavier of the two fusion candidates is always used as the target? Why not swap projectile and target? If one would use the light element as the target, the hit rate would be increased a lot due to the higher amount of atoms per volume.I once published a paper in eleventh grade where the two coauthors and I calculated the energies for making element 119 from a Rubidium target and a Lead projectile. At least in theory.
I thought that the element 119 and up would be too unstable to make as this would mean that they would require a whole new shell. But I hope that we will discover them :D Hello future me!
One can only be impressed by the means used and the rigor of the scientists who have achieved such a feat. But can we still speak of an element for things whose life-span is less than that of the chemical reactions that one would be entitled to expect? And if the stability of these new elements decreases again with the place in the Table, the problem gets worse. But if this last point allows us to glimpse the island of stability, then this search becomes extraordinary!
Last time I went to school, the periodic table still only had 7 rows and element 110 was still "Ununnilium" and every element after that till 118 was "Unun-something". Granted the posters at school might have been older. Still I remember those elements as the Ununs. Now the 7th row is fully discovered and named and we're moving to the 8th row. When are we going to find Unobtainium? ;D
Kasper I don't see why they need a wall there anyway. They made this building specifically for this purpose, and they new they had to have a tube here, so why bother making a wall when you are just going to cut a hole in it?
+Minecraftster148790, 1. Structural support. The building might collapse without that one wall. 2. Radiation protection. This wall appears to be a really thick concrete wall. They probably would not build a 50+ cm thick wall, if it were not necessary.
So if ununennium and unbinilium are successfully synthesized, that means there will be a new main energy shell, and new subshells? 8s, 7d, 8p? How are they going to be named? Will the new energy shell be called R?
He called a "bust" a "statue". Disliked, unsubbed, canceled internet, smashed computer, burned down house, and am now living in a trailer in the woods.
It depends on the theory. Some theories place the limit at 120ish, some at 260ish, and some have no limits. We don't know which theory is correct. We also don't know whether or not the Chandrasekhar limit could apply to atoms. If it indeed aplies, past a certain atomic number, the atom could turn into a micro singularity and dissipate into nothingness.
+Periodic Videos I think that would be interesting seeing a video about fluoroantimonic acid because on TH-cam there isn't any videos about it so it would be great!
Now I'm certainly no chemist at all, but could something like this technique be used to fuse atoms together for maybe a mock fusion reactor? Spin hydrogen atoms around extremely fast at a liquid hydrogen(or maybe even metal one day) target and then a chain fusion reaction?
As a high schooler take this with a grain of salt, but I'd imagine the problem with that is that it is much harder to speed Krypton-86 up to .1c than calcium-48, as well as it being much harder for the two nuclei to fuse for the same reason it's much harder for titanium to fuse than calcium as he mentioned early in the video.
If we're able to keep producing elements down the next period will there be another series below the lanthanide and actinide series or will the elements just fill down and have less elements in the period?
When a neutron star is being formed, and it still have a few hundred protons, lile 206, would that make it an isotope of an undiscovered element, if only for a momment
Instead of bombarding already heavy elements with a lighter one, why not produce two beams of heavier ones, one praseodymium and one neodymium for element 119, and two neodymium ones for element 120, and have them smash together head on?
Also, (assuming we had a method to accelerate heavier atoms to the speeds needed), with that method you wouldn't know exactly, where your new atom would be formed. The two beams would have to be directed right at each other, so the collision and subsequent fusion could occur anywhere in the beam. Additionally you have to think about the neutrons. They used Calcium-48, because it has a high neutron per proton ratio. We already know, that the more protons you have in a nucleus, the higher that ratio has to be to have a relatively stable nucleus; so you can't just use any two atoms, whose sum of protons matches your desired atom, you have to think about the neutrons as well.
I find that element 119 should be named after Margérite Perer, the discoverer of Francium, the lighter sister of element 119. More women on the periodic table. Pererium (Pe)
is there a chance that any of these super heavy elements yet to be created be stable? I read long time ago some predictions about that, but cannot find it now. It was a Russian book on chemistry, BTW.
If you could make an element with any extreme property, what property would you give it? e.g. zero resistance to electricity, reflects 100% fo light, no friction, etc.
I was thinking to produce tennessine, which decays into lawrencium-266 (which has a half life of 11 hours, long enough for experiments). Have several reactors for the purpose of creating tennessine, to get lawrencium. Then bombard the lawrencium 266 into a calcium-48 target!
Two questions that someone posed to me which I cannot answer: first why not just squeeze them together with a magnetic field like a fusion experiment? Why only look at two atoms to combine, why not fire two less rare atoms at a target which you can do at a higher rate?
Interesting questions! In a way we do use magnetic fields because that's how the accelerator gets the nuclei moving toward the target. I don't think something like a tokamak reactor could ever get enough pressure though. The heaviest nuclei in nature don't even form in stars during their lifetimes but only under the tremendous pressure of a violent collapse. As for the second question, this would require 3 nuclei coming together at just the right moment for fusion to occur. Such a configuration would be so unlikely that the reaction would be impossibly slow even firing at a much higher rate.
mentatphilosopher They use the magnetic field in the fusion experiments because the lighter elements will only fuse together at extremely high temperatures (millions of degrees). At those temps you don't have a solid, liquid, or gas, you have plasma, and a magnetic field is the only way to contain the plasma.
Wondering if the synthetic superheavy elements will ever be useful for more than bragging rights for those who discover them (and by discover, that's discover the evidence of their near instant destruction). Maybe they also need a classification to avoid extending the table indefinitely, just like Pluto is no longer a planet, maybe anything below 1 second half life should be classified as a "transient element" - and I'm picking 1 second as a fairly arbitrary figure
Apart from a better understanding of our world, fundamental research also gives us many technological advances. The need for very precise synchrotrons to produce super heavy elements lead to an overall improvement of synchrotron technology. Nowadays, many chemists use synchrotron beams to analyse new materials. These materials don't contain any of the new found elements, but the technology that allowed us to find these elemtents now helps us to answer very practical questions.
That's not that much, if you really think about it... Iron has a density of about 8 g/cm³, meaning a 5m cube of iron would weigh about 1,000,000,000 g = 1,000,000 kg. Sure, that's a big cube... but it doesn't seem as overkill as saying "three airliners".^^
It makes me think of the Breaking Bad episode where they put it in the back of a truck, pulled up next to the police station's evidence lockup to wipe a laptop with evidence against them. LOL Imagine putting this next to a neighbor's house (one you didn't like).. and powering it on in the middle of the night. When they wake up nothing works anymore. lol
What are some of the scientific benefits to synthesizing/ discovering a new element. I think it's really amazing that we have discovered all these new elements but I was wondering if it is worth to spend millions and millions of dollars and resources.
Super-heavy elements all decay rapidly, most in under a second. But there's a popular theory that at some point, as you make larger and larger elements, they get stable again. This is called the "Island of Stability". If it exists, the elements on it would survive for much longer. And who knows what they might be used for? Also there's the chance that having a bigger sample size, i.e. more elements to study, could teach us more about the elements we already know about.
As one of the quotes shown in this video (in Russian, of course) says "The limits of scientific knowledge and prediction cannot be foreseen." We may learn about physics we didn't expect if they decay strangely, we could learn that some super heavy elements are stable, we may find one with properties that break the trends of the periodic table which would indicate new physics/chemistry (as a chemist this is by far the most exciting possibility), or who knows what else? Or we may find out that our predictions were correct, providing further evidence that our ideas are solid and our models mostly correct. The tl;dr answer: WSe dont know what we will learn, but what we could learn more than justifies the cost. Besides, learning and discovery for their own sake is part of what makes humanity what it is. What would we be without the drive to uncover the unknown and shine light into the darkness?
SaCurean, nobody is questioning scientific curiosity in and of itself. But it's a legit question to ask if a state's resources should be devoted to this. If there's an individual with a couple billion and wants to spend it on this, hey, no problem, go ahead. But since it's the state's money, the question is a worthy one.
Jeff, that's more of an ideological discussion than a question about scientific usefulness. The same issue has been debated about things like NASA. Should a government force its citizens to pay for these things? Shouldn't taxes be dedicated only to unavoidably necessary things like police and the courts, and leave "optional" things like going to the Moon or smashing atoms to private enterprises? The answer will depend on to whom you ask.
I would like to know a lot more about the scientific benefits of creating these new elements, and how those benefits could one day be used for practical purposes.
Considering they have a half life measured in milliseconds the elements themselves have no practical purpose. All theoretical purposes at that point and theoretically you could use completely theoretical elements just as easily as real but decays too fast to do anything with elements. They cost billions and billions to make and cant be used for anything because they blink out of existence leaving a known element in it's place before they can be used. I just want to know the excuses used when getting the funding.
I've never clicked on a video so fast. Nerd Things. Clicking quickly on a science video, because, nerd. I'm also hoping that someday we get to that island of stability while I'm alive so I can party likes it's 1999.
I can't help but wonder, is there any reason not to just try and go straight to try and make one of the elements from the predicted island of stability?
Because jumping right into the island of stability if Very hard. Also, the island of stability is not yet localized, but we have a region where we expect this to happen.
It was a joke, mostly. It seems though, that they are basically working up the periodic table in order, and this is a tremendously lucrative situation for subcontractors, if they can keep this going. It might take them some decades to even approach the region where something interesting might happen. What I'd like to see in this channel is at least some hints to what this useful knowledge and information is, that they keep talking about. The way they present it now basically looks like a scientific curiosity, and guys playing with expensive toys.
As far as I am aware, they aren't entirely sure whereabouts in Period 8 the island is, if it exists, so it's better to be methodical and do them in order, where possible. Secondly, as the professor points out there are a lot of technical difficulties to overcome when making these super heavy elements such as choosing your projectile nuclei, getting them moving fast enough and choosing a suitable target material. By starting with lower numbered elements the scientists can build up to the bigger challenges a step at a time
But why go to all this trouble and expense to create an unstable material that will decay in fractions of a second and won't have practical use in industry?
Because it might not be unstable. There is strong evidence leading to the hypothesis that the 8th period will be an "island of stability," in other words, superheavy elements that do not decay.
Well, for starters, it is hard to guess what we will learn from the process. There are some hopes to find a stable island among the super heavies for instance. But more importantly, why should it have to be of use in industry? Industrial advancement as a justification is a philosophical thing, not a fundamental one. And to be honest, very little of our economy is actually tuned that way, with industrial advancement only being a side effect and the product essentially being 'waste' that people value.
Elements 119 and 120 are unlikely to be in the island of stability, and if they are the produced isotopes of them probably won't be. However, they may decay into island of stability elements.
They're the same thing. A bust just describes the kind of statue. That's as pedantic as saying "That's a tabby cat, not a cat." Really, really pedantic.
I am so jealous of the professor's ability to hold such a long ad hoc speach about a rather more complicated matter in a concise mnanner without "umms" and "ahs"..
It is not hard as long as you know what you are talking about, professor knows the subject very well because he has been doing it for his life. If you work just as hard for many years you will achieve the same results. But the question if you will work just as hard as him or not is another topic
It’s known as _”extemporaneous speaking”_ and is absolutely something that requires practice.
There are also people like Tom Scott who can do it about literally anything.
You just have to start actively thinking about avoiding it when you speak it'll take a bit make it instinct/habit but you get better pretty fast to start.
He thinks very carefully before he begins talking. You can see this when he's asked a question: he never begins answering right away, he always pauses for at least three seconds before he begins. Also, he speaks somewhat slowly, which probably makes it a lot easier to come up with the words to put in the ol' speech buffer.
i love how you can see from like 10 miles away that this guy is a scientist
Scientists are usually ordinary-looking people.
*kilometres
He is an rocket scientist so wherever he goes, he goes in his rocket
Yeah
Only 10? I see from couple thousand. You need glasses.
looking forward to elements 121 and over; the first with g-orbital electrons and therefore a complete new chemistry.
Unfortunately, we are currently limited by the technology of our time.
The problem is that even if you do manage to make them, you will have hardly any time to do any experiments with them to see what those g orbital electrons actually do. The "Island of Stability" seems to be pretty much a mirage, and the lines of extreme alpha instability and extreme spontaneous fission instability seem to be coming together.
@@Lucius_Chiaraviglio By "extreme alpha instability" are you essentially saying that the alpha-decay we've always used to determine half-life is no longer predictable? Like it may decay at varying rates, or are you saying the atoms split immediately upon creation so there is no a-decay to even observe?
@@mfallen6894 They will decay so rapidly that you won't have a chance to do anything with them other than observe the decay, even if it is predictable -- thus, no chemistry. (Yes, I've heard of femtosecond chemistry, but that involves atoms whose electrons are already settled or at least in a particular excited state you are analyzing, not needing to wait for everything to take its time coming together into some kind of defined starting state so that you can get useful data. Yes, I've also heard of muonic atoms and molecule-ions, but in that case at least you just have to get one muon to settle in, not hundreds.)
While it is nearly impossible to observe its chemistry due to its decay time, Unsepttrium (Ust, element 173) might be a very interesting element because it is predicted to be an alkali metal. It is possible that its outermost electron and the other electrons have an energy gap so large that this alkali metal might dwarf even Cesium in terms of reactivity! Even then, these are calculations, and NOT to be taken too definitively until it has been verified.
5:05 I love Professor Poliakoff's excitement of being in the atom-creation-room
Nice too see the Professor still at it, for science!
6:45 quote translates roughly as "the limits of scientific knowledge and prediction, are unforeseenable".
Данка Михаил.
who knows what the Periodic Table will look like in 50 years
Time travelers and flying spaghetti monsters.
CarthagoMike probably not that different lol if the stuff required to get to the next one is in such short supply already I can only imagine the elements required to get even higher are gonna be even more in short supply and increasing difficult going forward. Sounds like we need a much more efficient method of acquiring rarer and rarer elements. Be cool to find that island of stability though 😁
If an element with a g electron shell is discovered, it would significantly alter the layout.
If you put the actinides and lanthanides between groups 2 and 3, and the superlanthanides and superactinides between group 2 and the actinides and lanthanides, it would take up a whole wall.
when we are able to fund and fully construct a cyclotron that wraps around the moon several times we will be adding new elements to the table every other week...well, maybe not that frequently but there will be a lot more of them and most of them will be incredibly hard to pronounce and insanely expensive to collect and many may not exist as more than a few atoms at any given time so even identifying them and more importantly proving they even exist apart from other sneaky elements that surround them will be very tricky and aggravating
Professor, now we are getting so high in Z, could you discuss the fabled island of stability in a future video?
Lets hope 120 is the predicted island of stability
As a followup, as I understand it, "island of stability" means half lives measured in seconds rather than microseconds. Is this correct?
74HC138 to add to your answer is they could last even years
Actually, we don't know yet. While it's true that new superheavy elements have been made, they are not the correct isotopes (specifically, they don't have enough neutrons) to belong to the island of stability.
Isn't IoS directly over Livermorium?
If this starts a new row on the periodic table, that implies that it would have a new electron shell, right? Do scientists know what shape a new shell will take?
The 8th period should include elements with ground state electrons that have an angular momentum quantum number of 4. We can predict the shapes of these orbitals the same way we do for any orbital- we find approximate solutions to the Schrödinger equation. Glossing over some complexities they should be shaped something like these upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/G_orbital.png
But the Schrödinger equation is non-relativistic. Aren’t the electromagnetic forces in these superheavy elements strong enough to make the electrons move at close to the speed of light?
yes in QFT the dirac equation is used, which is basically a relativistic extension to the schrödinger equation.
AFAIK Uue and Ubn shouldn't be concerned by the g-orbital, as the two new electrons should be in the 8s orbital.
Is there any chance that the huge nucleus will actually populate its electron orbitals? I just figured that post-fusion it will have crazy kinetic energy, and not long after that, it will blow up. The whole time in between it will be at plasma temperature, meaning no electrons, right?
I'm from Russia and i very glad to see you in my country!
What a great time period to be alive! 2 new superheavy elements! And a new row on the period table! It must be so exciting to be in that room! I wonder what they will name them
It is so cool that Sir Professor Poliakoff travels to all these places to show us the historical places where everything came from and is being made! Thank you Periodic Videos! :D
Element 120: Poliakoffium
Lucas Huang that's a placeholder name
YES!
I would worry about catching polio &/or a bad cough from an element like that. Though really, it'd probably be much worse
Democritium
Periodium
5:35 Very cool shot. Really enjoyed this video. Fun tour. Excellent that facilities like this are open to filming. I am attracted by 1,100 ton magnets...
Periodic Videos holds a very special place in my heart and I am always grateful when you are able to upload one.
I always get so happy when a new video gets released. Hopefully, you have more videos from Dubna.
This professor seems to know just about everything I swear keep going and he'll be the one to make 121, 122, 123 etc
Dr. Poliakoff,
Did you speak to Dr. Oganessian in English or Russian?
This kind of video gets me really excited for the future of chemistry and technology for research. It's quite interesting. The professor's fascination is simply radiant. Thanks for a great video!
When I was in secondary school, they'd just made Element 109. Now I'm in my 40s and they've gone 10 up. I wonder if I will see the end of the periodic table...
Great video!
Hi
Another fascinating video from my favorite chemistry professor. Great job!
"SuperHeavy Element Factory" - SHEF, because it's gonna cook up some science.
Any update on this video? I think it says it was 2017. It is now January 2022.. Is the place setup yet to test?
Why does it make me so happy just to watch and listen to him?
0:26 His doppleganger just walked behind him and nobody noticed...
Is this the first time you've managed to get to Dubna after all these years talking about it? That's great!!
I wish one of the further elements be named paliakoffium . I am a really big fan of yours sir .LOVE FROM INDIA.
designated ! super power by 2020 !
I believe we could tell how technologically advanced an alien civilization is by looking at their periodic tables what elements they have discovered in the amounts of them elements they have in their possession.
119 = Bn = Bananium
120 = Gb = Gravityblockium
121 = Bb = Breakingbadium
122 = Tr = Timerunnerium
123 = Sir = Sirnicanium
124 = Ea = Earthium
123 should be named Sequencium
if I was a billionaire I would totally fund this stuff..
No you wouldn't
@@noughtyparakh29 how do you know, you don't control his life
That's why you are not a billionaire.
Has it been predicted that elements in the 120's will a lot more stable and wouldn't decay within microseconds?
Yes. Element 120 (unbinillium) is predicted to have a pretty impressive half-life of 3.7 seconds.
Or element 126 (with 184 neutrons) is predicted to be very stable with having both proton and neutron numbers that refered as "magic numbers" and help nuclea to keep itself stable like with calcium 20 and calcium 28
@@fallendown8828 What is its predicted half life?
@@miannelli66 half life 3.7 confirmed
@@fallendown8828 the magic number thing Is still ambigous
I got to see Dr. Oganessian discuss 117 synthesis at ORNL. It was a wonderful opportunity to hear about islands of stability and new element discovery by someone very prominent in the field.
What was his view on the island of stability? Does he think it exists?
6:38 is that the professor napping at that talk
Lol
I thought the same, alas he is wiggling a pen so perhaps awake, perhaps very skilled at lecture naps and at least he chose the back row. :)
If he is, then he evidently writes fast even while sleeping ;-)
No matter how far along you are in your scientific career, a lecture hall is still the best place to catch some ZZZZZZZ...
My thoughts as well. He might be taking notes, but I think I like the idea of him napping more.
2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32, ... What's the next number in this sequence ?
In other words, if/when we create element 119, and that starts a new row on the periodic table, how wide will that new row be ?
i have a feeling in 2022 that the synthesis of element 120 will be postponed for some time
do you know the winning lottery numbers
Can someone tell me why the heavier of the two fusion candidates is always used as the target? Why not swap projectile and target? If one would use the light element as the target, the hit rate would be increased a lot due to the higher amount of atoms per volume.I once published a paper in eleventh grade where the two coauthors and I calculated the energies for making element 119 from a Rubidium target and a Lead projectile. At least in theory.
Another fantastic video!
.
@5:52 this is why an empty paper towel roll will always be a telescope to me.
I thought that the element 119 and up would be too unstable to make as this would mean that they would require a whole new shell. But I hope that we will discover them :D Hello future me!
That's exactly what people said about elements 113 and up 20 years ago^^
Haha, so true :)
One can only be impressed by the means used and the rigor of the scientists who have achieved such a feat. But can we still speak of an element for things whose life-span is less than that of the chemical reactions that one would be entitled to expect?
And if the stability of these new elements decreases again with the place in the Table, the problem gets worse.
But if this last point allows us to glimpse the island of stability, then this search becomes extraordinary!
Last time I went to school, the periodic table still only had 7 rows and element 110 was still "Ununnilium" and every element after that till 118 was "Unun-something".
Granted the posters at school might have been older. Still I remember those elements as the Ununs.
Now the 7th row is fully discovered and named and we're moving to the 8th row.
When are we going to find Unobtainium? ;D
At element 138, or 174.
Around 2:40 could someone explain in more detail _why_ the chances of the collision are lower? To elaborate, how can one determine that?
I believe it has to do with calcium-48 having so many excess neutrons
Element 119: Poliakoffium
13 I'm a REAL FAN of Taylor Swift 13 symbol Po
Hardbassium
+Mantas K. The symbol Po is already taken, with Polonium (84). Maybe Pk?
no that should be element 120's name instead
Blyatium
What are the maximum number of elements that can be made? Is the list endless or does it end somewhere?
Looks like they learned how to drill a hole. Remember the one in earlier videos? But if it works, it works.
Kasper I don't see why they need a wall there anyway. They made this building specifically for this purpose, and they new they had to have a tube here, so why bother making a wall when you are just going to cut a hole in it?
+
+Minecraftster148790, 1. Structural support. The building might collapse without that one wall. 2. Radiation protection. This wall appears to be a really thick concrete wall. They probably would not build a 50+ cm thick wall, if it were not necessary.
My very first thought when the new lab was mentioned was, I can't wait to see what the hole looks like in this building.
It is 2018 and people are still obsessed with holes they can send their beam through...
So if ununennium and unbinilium are successfully synthesized, that means there will be a new main energy shell, and new subshells? 8s, 7d, 8p? How are they going to be named? Will the new energy shell be called R?
Couldn't this same accelerator be used to make the Einsteinium that could then later be used to make elements 119 and 120?
be as you make one atom at a time
I like your collection of ties. This one in particular reminded me of Tom Lehrer's song, "The Elements" you'd rather enjoy that, I think.
He called a "bust" a "statue".
Disliked, unsubbed, canceled internet, smashed computer, burned down house, and am now living in a trailer in the woods.
culwin
I'd call busts a subset of statues.
culwin maybe the statue got busted?
omg, what next, he'll call a polymer a molecule?!?
Then how'd ya right that comment hmm!
@@OriginalPiMan NO ITS A SCULPTURE
Is there any theoretical upper limit to atomic numbers? Might we someday find element Number 130, 150, 200, 408, 999, etc?
It depends on the theory. Some theories place the limit at 120ish, some at 260ish, and some have no limits. We don't know which theory is correct. We also don't know whether or not the Chandrasekhar limit could apply to atoms. If it indeed aplies, past a certain atomic number, the atom could turn into a micro singularity and dissipate into nothingness.
If element 119 (Uue) Ununennium is synthesized, that would possibly mean that Francium will not be the most reactive alkali metal.
well not exactly as francium is actually less reactive than caesim
I was just checking their channel an hour ago wondering why they haven't posted anything... YES FINALLY!
+Periodic Videos I think that would be interesting seeing a video about fluoroantimonic acid because on TH-cam there isn't any videos about it so it would be great!
fabiana fedrigo I don't think they have done a full video on it, but they might have mentioned it in a video they did on magic acid.
I love that approach. First drill the holes!
I really hope the next elements can be stable enough to be used
Cleiton Felipe, I don't think so
Now I'm certainly no chemist at all, but could something like this technique be used to fuse atoms together for maybe a mock fusion reactor? Spin hydrogen atoms around extremely fast at a liquid hydrogen(or maybe even metal one day) target and then a chain fusion reaction?
Man I sure do love periodic videos :)
So... where's the 'islands of stability' at again? Are there any in the 8th period?
According to Wikipedia it could be at element 120 (unbinillium). We're on the verge of synthesizing that ;)
Krypton-86 fired at a Bismuth-209 target? their both stable and add up to a mas of 295
As a high schooler take this with a grain of salt, but I'd imagine the problem with that is that it is much harder to speed Krypton-86 up to .1c than calcium-48, as well as it being much harder for the two nuclei to fuse for the same reason it's much harder for titanium to fuse than calcium as he mentioned early in the video.
the thing is that kr is a gas and not physically 'touchable' and bismuth tends to form crystals
If we're able to keep producing elements down the next period will there be another series below the lanthanide and actinide series or will the elements just fill down and have less elements in the period?
There will be a new series, it's called the "superactinide" series. It would start at element 121 (unbiunium) and end at element 157 (unpentseptium).
I
When a neutron star is being formed, and it still have a few hundred protons, lile 206, would that make it an isotope of an undiscovered element, if only for a momment
Instead of bombarding already heavy elements with a lighter one, why not produce two beams of heavier ones, one praseodymium and one neodymium for element 119, and two neodymium ones for element 120, and have them smash together head on?
Also, (assuming we had a method to accelerate heavier atoms to the speeds needed), with that method you wouldn't know exactly, where your new atom would be formed. The two beams would have to be directed right at each other, so the collision and subsequent fusion could occur anywhere in the beam. Additionally you have to think about the neutrons. They used Calcium-48, because it has a high neutron per proton ratio. We already know, that the more protons you have in a nucleus, the higher that ratio has to be to have a relatively stable nucleus; so you can't just use any two atoms, whose sum of protons matches your desired atom, you have to think about the neutrons as well.
Francois Lacombe That's what I thought, but I don't think that's possible.
Like it needs more energy and the heavier elements give more.
It would explode simple
because you would need something like a hipermassive Star exploding in a hypernova
I find that element 119 should be named after Margérite Perer, the discoverer of Francium, the lighter sister of element 119. More women on the periodic table. Pererium (Pe)
Skip those boring s8 elements, let's go right to the FIRST EVER g orbit of 121!
121 doesn't have a g-orbital, in the same way lanthanum doesn't have a d-orbital. In fact, the g-orbital shouldn't start filling until around 125.
No one knows as yet if the g orbitals will hybridise with the fs.
Must have been so exciting to actually go there and see all that
On the road to g block elements :D
The 119 & 120th element coming I can't wait!!!🎉🎉🎉🥳🥳🥳
5:50 In Russia, the drill bits spin backwards.
... when it comes from the other side!
is there a chance that any of these super heavy elements yet to be created be stable? I read long time ago some predictions about that, but cannot find it now. It was a Russian book on chemistry, BTW.
If you could make an element with any extreme property, what property would you give it?
e.g. zero resistance to electricity, reflects 100% fo light, no friction, etc.
Cold fusible.
The property to stop my girlfriend's periods.
Superconductivity at room temperatures
Catalyzes fusion into higher elements.
Induces Quantum Tunneling in a biased manner.
Possible formulas for heavier elements:
₂₆Fe + ₉₅Am → ₁₂₁Ubu
₂₈Ni + ₉₄Pu → ₁₂₂Ubb
₃₀Zn + ₉₃Np → ₁₂₃Ubt
₃₂Ge + ₉₂U → ₁₂₄Ubq
₃₄Se + ₉₁Pa → ₁₂₅Ubp
₃₆Kr + ₉₀Th → ₁₂₆Ubh
I was thinking to produce tennessine, which decays into lawrencium-266 (which has a half life of 11 hours, long enough for experiments). Have several reactors for the purpose of creating tennessine, to get lawrencium. Then bombard the lawrencium 266 into a calcium-48 target!
Two questions that someone posed to me which I cannot answer: first why not just squeeze them together with a magnetic field like a fusion experiment? Why only look at two atoms to combine, why not fire two less rare atoms at a target which you can do at a higher rate?
Interesting questions! In a way we do use magnetic fields because that's how the accelerator gets the nuclei moving toward the target. I don't think something like a tokamak reactor could ever get enough pressure though. The heaviest nuclei in nature don't even form in stars during their lifetimes but only under the tremendous pressure of a violent collapse. As for the second question, this would require 3 nuclei coming together at just the right moment for fusion to occur. Such a configuration would be so unlikely that the reaction would be impossibly slow even firing at a much higher rate.
mentatphilosopher They use the magnetic field in the fusion experiments because the lighter elements will only fuse together at extremely high temperatures (millions of degrees). At those temps you don't have a solid, liquid, or gas, you have plasma, and a magnetic field is the only way to contain the plasma.
“just” squeeze them together ... do you have any idea how many decades people have spent figuring out how to do controlled fusion?
Because that's how a time traveling toaster is made...
Wondering if the synthetic superheavy elements will ever be useful for more than bragging rights for those who discover them (and by discover, that's discover the evidence of their near instant destruction).
Maybe they also need a classification to avoid extending the table indefinitely, just like Pluto is no longer a planet, maybe anything below 1 second half life should be classified as a "transient element" - and I'm picking 1 second as a fairly arbitrary figure
Apart from a better understanding of our world, fundamental research also gives us many technological advances. The need for very precise synchrotrons to produce super heavy elements lead to an overall improvement of synchrotron technology. Nowadays, many chemists use synchrotron beams to analyse new materials. These materials don't contain any of the new found elements, but the technology that allowed us to find these elemtents now helps us to answer very practical questions.
WHAT!? A magnet that weighs 1100 tons? That's 1,100,000 kg or 2,425,000 pounds equal to about three airliners.
That's not that much, if you really think about it... Iron has a density of about 8 g/cm³, meaning a 5m cube of iron would weigh about 1,000,000,000 g = 1,000,000 kg. Sure, that's a big cube... but it doesn't seem as overkill as saying "three airliners".^^
About 13,000 mes
xXx_LYFE_xXx Or 1.1 gigagrams.
Not much, only 1 of ma mother.
It makes me think of the Breaking Bad episode where they put it in the back of a truck, pulled up next to the police station's evidence lockup to wipe a laptop with evidence against them. LOL
Imagine putting this next to a neighbor's house (one you didn't like).. and powering it on in the middle of the night. When they wake up nothing works anymore. lol
So why not merge element 50 and 69?
I wonder what elements are in his shampoo?
fluffium
Stylium
Help-my-barber-has-died-or-gone-missing-and-i-don't-own-a-hairbrushium.
Ivegottheurgeium
his cyborg barber uses cyborgium, along w/ exotic degenerate matter including neutronium 👾
Dr. Poliakoff is an excellent explainer and seems to still have that glorious sense of wonder. I also grok that hairdo
You can be cool but you never be element maker scientist that has a element named after him cool.
What if some of the new elements will exhibit non-periodic properties?
What are some of the scientific benefits to synthesizing/ discovering a new element. I think it's really amazing that we have discovered all these new elements but I was wondering if it is worth to spend millions and millions of dollars and resources.
***Just to clarify: What specifically are we learning from these experiments?
Super-heavy elements all decay rapidly, most in under a second. But there's a popular theory that at some point, as you make larger and larger elements, they get stable again. This is called the "Island of Stability". If it exists, the elements on it would survive for much longer. And who knows what they might be used for?
Also there's the chance that having a bigger sample size, i.e. more elements to study, could teach us more about the elements we already know about.
As one of the quotes shown in this video (in Russian, of course) says "The limits of scientific knowledge and prediction cannot be foreseen." We may learn about physics we didn't expect if they decay strangely, we could learn that some super heavy elements are stable, we may find one with properties that break the trends of the periodic table which would indicate new physics/chemistry (as a chemist this is by far the most exciting possibility), or who knows what else? Or we may find out that our predictions were correct, providing further evidence that our ideas are solid and our models mostly correct. The tl;dr answer: WSe dont know what we will learn, but what we could learn more than justifies the cost. Besides, learning and discovery for their own sake is part of what makes humanity what it is. What would we be without the drive to uncover the unknown and shine light into the darkness?
SaCurean, nobody is questioning scientific curiosity in and of itself. But it's a legit question to ask if a state's resources should be devoted to this.
If there's an individual with a couple billion and wants to spend it on this, hey, no problem, go ahead.
But since it's the state's money, the question is a worthy one.
Jeff, that's more of an ideological discussion than a question about scientific usefulness. The same issue has been debated about things like NASA. Should a government force its citizens to pay for these things? Shouldn't taxes be dedicated only to unavoidably necessary things like police and the courts, and leave "optional" things like going to the Moon or smashing atoms to private enterprises? The answer will depend on to whom you ask.
I would like to know a lot more about the scientific benefits of creating these new elements, and how those benefits could one day be used for practical purposes.
Considering they have a half life measured in milliseconds the elements themselves have no practical purpose. All theoretical purposes at that point and theoretically you could use completely theoretical elements just as easily as real but decays too fast to do anything with elements. They cost billions and billions to make and cant be used for anything because they blink out of existence leaving a known element in it's place before they can be used. I just want to know the excuses used when getting the funding.
0:11 he just threw a jar
Vol100000 Idiot that’s a piece of flesh.
I always get excited when theres a new periodic videos video
I feel slight remorse because the perfect neat and filled table we have will have an extra row :(
still cool to have new neat elements!
Why not Cobalt (27) & Uranium (92)? 27+92 =119
I've never clicked on a video so fast. Nerd Things. Clicking quickly on a science video, because, nerd.
I'm also hoping that someday we get to that island of stability while I'm alive so I can party likes it's 1999.
Professor Poliakoff , could you please present a full scientific brief on element 115 please? Discuss all possible isotopes and properties.
Yay, another Periodic Video.
Notification squad represent!
View count was 3 when I loaded.
Canzandridas Joe Joke's on you, I'm on mobile, so I don't have those keys.
Arrnea Stormbringer love this channel. Such cool stuff
Notif squad where you at?
Arrnea Stormbringer pipsqueak
Can you give us an updated video? How are they doing with elements 119 and 120? This video is four years old..
Feels like whenever you see photos or video of Russia, its winter and there is snow everywhere. Does nobody make videos in the summer? lol
tigerhawk84
I can't help but wonder, is there any reason not to just try and go straight to try and make one of the elements from the predicted island of stability?
That would dry up their funding pretty quickly.
Because jumping right into the island of stability if Very hard. Also, the island of stability is not yet localized, but we have a region where we expect this to happen.
Not something as moronic as Heretic said.
It was a joke, mostly. It seems though, that they are basically working up the periodic table in order, and this is a tremendously lucrative situation for subcontractors, if they can keep this going. It might take them some decades to even approach the region where something interesting might happen. What I'd like to see in this channel is at least some hints to what this useful knowledge and information is, that they keep talking about. The way they present it now basically looks like a scientific curiosity, and guys playing with expensive toys.
As far as I am aware, they aren't entirely sure whereabouts in Period 8 the island is, if it exists, so it's better to be methodical and do them in order, where possible. Secondly, as the professor points out there are a lot of technical difficulties to overcome when making these super heavy elements such as choosing your projectile nuclei, getting them moving fast enough and choosing a suitable target material. By starting with lower numbered elements the scientists can build up to the bigger challenges a step at a time
But why go to all this trouble and expense to create an unstable material that will decay in fractions of a second and won't have practical use in industry?
Because it's cool
Because it might not be unstable. There is strong evidence leading to the hypothesis that the 8th period will be an "island of stability," in other words, superheavy elements that do not decay.
Well, for starters, it is hard to guess what we will learn from the process. There are some hopes to find a stable island among the super heavies for instance.
But more importantly, why should it have to be of use in industry? Industrial advancement as a justification is a philosophical thing, not a fundamental one. And to be honest, very little of our economy is actually tuned that way, with industrial advancement only being a side effect and the product essentially being 'waste' that people value.
to understand
Elements 119 and 120 are unlikely to be in the island of stability, and if they are the produced isotopes of them probably won't be. However, they may decay into island of stability elements.
One question, why is one neutron getting seperated in the experiment?
Oh noes the prof is colluding with the Russians and exchanging nuclear information
rutger houtdijk do you have a problem with the Russians?
How does the magnet not pull glasses off of peoples head or the pipes down or something? Just wondering how that works, thanks.
I was thinking the pipes would be aluminum, or non magnetic at least,, but how are they not tearing things apart?
Periodic Videos' Russian connection confirmed.
You know, jokes like this aren't just funny anymore...
Science did not get where it is with national ignorance.
Keep us updated on the progress :)
That's a bust, not a statue
Where would the internet be without comments like this
Bust or GTFO.
bust a nut am i right
"that's not a writing implement, that's a pencil"
????????????
They're the same thing. A bust just describes the kind of statue. That's as pedantic as saying "That's a tabby cat, not a cat."
Really, really pedantic.
What is the chance that any of these super heavy elements will be stable enough to last longer than just a fraction of second?
Lawrencium 266 (element 103) has a half life of 11 hours.