"Hygrogen and oxygen are two of the biggest materials they use right now...". except you forgot carbon. Because the most propellants are used by SpaceX now, and that's either kerosene (RP1) or methane (CH4) you need some carbon in there.
Can you imagine being an alien that finds the permanently shadowed craters on the moon and being like "Ahh, nice safe place to build a home." And then satellites keep crashing into it
Hardly "safe." There are far more naturally falling meteoroids to worry about. Once reason that nearly any Moonbase will be built primarily underground or covered with a thick later of lunar regolith.
Imagine them coming and crashing on the surface of our planet trying to steal the landing gear technology from Airbus or Boeing 😂 All the dubious whistleblowers report so many crashes, one might think they have ever landed successfully 😂 So they see probe and think, that is my boy, they are coming home, buckle up 😂 😂 😂
I remember when I was little, the prospect of water in other celestial bodies thrilled and fascinated me. Nowadays we know just how common water is across the universe, shocking how much our knowledge has increased!
And there’s still SO much humanity hasn’t learned yet that could even further shock the scientific community, maybe even the world? Depending on what is found. A lot is happening in places we can’t yet observe. Give it time.
And there’s still SO much humanity hasn’t learned yet that could even further shock the scientific community, maybe even the world? Depending on what is found. A lot is happening in places we can’t yet observe. Give it time.
😂show me a bottle of space water. No seriously show me a picture of any appreciable amount of water from space. Go ahead and google it. Like water that came from space not from earth. Not arguing that water isn’t abundant in space, I just find it very curious that it’s “common knowledge” that it’s abundant, yet I have never once heard not only that we “detect” water in space but that we’ve captured any. I’d love to know the details if we actually have. Go figure
I predict that water will never be extracted from the craters in commercial quantities. Not because it's not there, but because it will be cheaper to ship it from other places.
Rad! When I was about 5 we spoke to a man on a solo sailing trip around the world and a cosmonaut on MIR at our neighbor's house using his serious HAM radio setup
“Alright guys, in order to find water, we gotta crash this billion dollar complex machine into the moon” *does it three more times* “I’m starting to think we should try a different method” *continues throwing probes at the moon*
I'm sure if the money to buy these probes came from the scientists pockets, then they wouldn't waste it by crashing the probes into the moon.@bloodstripeleatherneck1941
1:51 lunar regolith… not soil. Soil is organic, it’s full of microbial life, nutrients, and byproducts. Regolith is comprised of rock chips, mineral fragments, and impact & volcanic glasses.
Actually, insulating the astronaut might be exactly the wrong approach. We have materials that are electrically conductive (ESD materials) that are resistant to extremely low temperatures. If all else fails, we can use a thin wire mesh. The Faraday effect would protect the astronaut while electricity can flow around them. Even better, we know how to make materials that create a static electric charge (essentially a block of plastic that solidified under an extremely high potential electric field), and if the suit is conductive while the astronaut touches the right side of that block, all the dust will just drop off.
The nice thing about space is that there is only a maximum of 1 bar or 14.7 psi difference in pressure. Diving in the ocean increases pressure by 1 bar about every 10 meters or 33 feet. At least in water we don’t have to worry about radiation which is a huge problem in space.
In fact, the deeper in the water you go, the less radiation you receive! :) Suffice it to say, if something goes wrong in either environment, your chances of survival are exponentially less, than if you were standing in your living room... 😅
Imagine if they made a space suit pressurized by a liquid layer of water within the wall of the suit. No hinges and maximum mobility. Also a small bit of radiation attenuation and relative ease of temperature regulation
Technically it's neither the cost or the difficulty. It's the over built unnecessary overbudget technology. We landed men on the moon with the flimsiest lunar lander you can imagine. A tinfoil box. And ISRO sent a robotic probe for the equivalent cost of $75 million total and did more science than several of the NASA probes. SpaceX is launching people to the ISS for cost in the millions not billions. Even those huge starships cost a fraction of the other rockets funded by NASA. NASA has lost their knack for building spacecraft and need to get out of the business or have major corporate change to get back to business. Like cancelling VIPER was one of the most ridiculous decisions they've ever made. But the most ridiculous is Artemis. $4.3 billion per launch when other countries and companies are doing more costing in the millions. NASA needs to stop building and just fund and manage efficient companies. Not Boeing right now. They are just as screwed up.
@astrumspace I can't thank you guys enough. These videos are the best remedy for my insomnia. Alex's voice is nearly hypnotic. As an extra bonus, I'm evidently now an expert (relatively speaking) on our solar system thanks to you kind folks. Never realized how much I had learned here until a family discussion orbited around our neighboring planets and their moons. I felt like a genius, if only briefly. Wish I could offer you more than my gratitude. ❤ Happy holidays, much love
Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe, Oxygen the third most. That a compound formed from these two elements is widespread should surprise no-one.
I hope you slowly begin to believe. I know it’s difficult at first. But it’ll become easier to believe over time, the longer you’re subscribed and viewing these videos. Truly one of my favorite channels 🫡
There’s an overwhelming volume of excellent content on TH-cam. I rarely come across any of the garbage anymore. You just have to be selective about what you subscribe to.
The Hydrogen may be in Hydroxyl 3:46 - you need to qualify this chemically, to indicate the OH may be in metal hydroxides. Hydroxyl itself (OH) is a highly reactive and chemically unstable diatomic radical. Many minerals contain OH e.g. Mg(OH)2 Brucite, FeO(OH).xH2O - Limonite or 'rust', aluminosilicate Micas etc.
OK, so where is the most dangerous place on the moon? Aside from that lingering question that was posited as the subject in the title, this was an awesome video. Seems like all that electrical potential in the regolith might have some use.
The polar crater that has the lowest recorded temperature on any object in the solar system, colder than Pluto. This is within a massive crater that never sees sunlight. That part tickled my danger meter, idk about the rest of you.
Waaaa, it's dark and cold I want my mommy. Maybe if there was flying space sharks that skewer their regalith rubbed astronaut snacks with arc welding icicle shiska-tusks...now that would be dangerous
@@hizacaineI’ll take my odds with flying space sharks over the coldest environment in the solar system. I have a chance at dodging flying sharks. Especially since they will be dead.
I love listening to astronomy, physics, astrophysics etc. videos while I work. Very thought provoking and informative while doing mundane tasks. I’d rather learn more than just fill my mind with dumb trends or stupid politics.
Where's the thumbnailed Moon picture at? I'm 20mins in and there has been no mention of this 'Most Dangerous Place on the Moon' Sorry but this could be a sentence: 'Place A' is a dangerous place on the Moon because of 'Reason A' but no luck. Can you help?
The Clementine mission was not a NASA mission. It was a joint mission between the Navel Research Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. NRL was responsible for the satellite bus and mission operations and LLNL was responsible for the instruments.
My Incredible Universe book arrived today so I came to thank you Alex for your wonderful creation. It is well laid out and has all the details needed to get to know our Solar system. I look forward to reading through everything and admiring all the beautiful photographs. ❤😁🎉
Side note: my gut feeling tells me that our species will one day go into direction of the societies of my fav sci-fi show, "the Expanse", having the less fortunate people mine the vast resources and take the risks for the better-off parts that will rake in all the riches. I hope that I'm wrong, but of course I won't live to see any of it.🤷🏻♀️
That's what happened in the 18th and 19th centuries. Europe sent its poor to America, and then America became rich. The same will happen in space. The downtrodden won't stay that way for long. It's actually a very inspiring vision.
The bottoms of those dark craters could be good spots to put heat exchangers in there. You could easily liquify gases at those crazy temps without any specialised gear, just gas tight seals. Anyway, great video. I learned a lot.
I love that most of the missions boiled down to the most primitive experiment humans love to do, smashing objects together at high speed! We really are space orks.
Thank you for this supercut of your brilliant content. Your videos are comparable to any could be found on legacy media, and I suspect your budget and headcount is a lot smaller! The quality, research, graphics and commentary are as good as any mainstream science documentary. Thanks again.
Makes sense that the moon would have water cycles, The moon does in-fact have a very thin atmosphere so it must evaporate and condenses into ice again in cooler spots. We could use super large rovers that can connect to each other, Slowly moving along the moon to stay just before or after thetwilight zone.
I am at 18:22, and just talking about mining on the moon gets me thinking of what happened in the future in The Time Machine from 2002, I distinctly recall the moon was being mined for resources and this causes it to change its orbit drastically around our Earth eventually causing it to crash into us. I don't know yet if this is ever mentioned later in the video so if it is brought up then my apologies :) I just thought it was an interesting connection
We have to dig for resources simply because many of them are underground. It’s not some innate human calling to dig in the ground. It’s difficult and dangerous work that few people actually enjoy.
the craters on the moon are huge.. if you play kerbal space program and find a crater to go down into you can slide around like youre skiing down a mountain range into the crater.. its crazy..
"Or do people smell profit in space?" Yes. That's pretty much all that matters anymore. But then it used to be mostly military motives, so you can decide if that's an improvement.
yeah. unfortunately the Pure Quest For Knowledge, by itself, has never been enough of an incentive for all the funding necessary. But, "Space is a Business" certainly feels less s#!77y than "Space is a War"
Id rather our motivation to explore space be getting resources to build xboxes than to secure more efficient ways to bludgeon each other over the head.
Just snake salesman selling the same old space 💩 to the ignorant. There is nothing on this planet that can get through the radiation surrounding our planet. It's a scientific fact. You will burn alive. You may as well set a course for the sun. Always do your research and learn. Don't take anything on face value unless ignorance, instead of knowledge, is your thing.
We’re going to have to process a lot of regolith to get the water we need. I say take a lunar starship barebones with an empty cargo bay. Then have a dedicated assembly line that converts the cargo bay and the rest of the ship in to an autoclave with water and helium and other gas storage and a conveyor belt / auger system that can feed regalith inside process and eject then repeat. I think you could build this functionality into the structure of the starship itself then launch it to the moon. A separate ship takes up rovers with plow and scraper tools to collect and move the regolith around. The spoil - already being at a high temp could be mixed with polymer and extruded. Then the extrusion fed into a 3d printer moon base building rover bot.
Have you ever worked around an industrial conveyor? That aspect alone is something that requires an absurd level of maintenance and tinkering. Key aspects of the device are ultimately consumable and will need to be regularly replaced. Difficult to be automated
😄 28:43 - This very brief clip is both cartoonish, and poetically beautiful... It's interesting to learn of numerous complexities for future lunar exploration, and in particular spacesuit design. Still, I found it pretty funny to see that bloke helping out with a trial lunar lander, just wearing his drill cotton shirt+trousers and a floppy sun hat. 😆 He's probably a hugely knowledgeable scientist doing brilliant work at pointy end of space exploration technologies. But the scene is like a fictional time-travelling space explorer, has landed on a 20th century farm, in the Strayan outback! We're a staggeringly inventive and inquisitive species - but we hoomans have charmingly simple needs too. 🙂
Amazing accomplishment by the Indian scientists to produce such an amazing mission on such a low budget. Especially the big wedding dance scene at the end.
posters look really good, especially the universe one, i like the idea of detailed information to simply get lost in, posters of the planets with cool topography bits would be incredible, also consider high res pics for paying viewers and after enough time maybe even a few for everyone. love these videos and your insight always intrigues
I agree, though what you ask for may require several technological leaps we've yet to make. Additionally, said leaps may work well on earth, but be useless in a milieu bereft of atmosphere and subject to extreme ambient temperature variations. I hope not, but it would be silly not anticipate such things.
Yeah I just saw a comment about some sort of automated conveyor in an automated ship that would process regolith or however it's spelled to gain water. The commenter has a fundamental lack of understanding just how human dependent those tools are. Just a material conveyor sort of device is needed to be constantly maintained and tinkered with it just to keep it always operational. On top of all that the equipment itself has consumable parts that make up the majority of it's components. I. Hope automation grows to that point eventually tho
The minerals proposed to be mined on the moon would possibly be present on other large bodies such as Vesta and Ceres. Vesta is highly mineralised but may have some sub-surface water. Ceres has plenty of water. These bodies are a little further out than Mars but have the advantage of very low gravity, easy to land on and easy to leave. Mining could be done by remote control with only rare human visits where necessary.
I just watched a video where the temperature inside the sun was stated as Kelvin, and then also as Celsius.... must be the AI writing the script had a brain fart ;)
@@MarcoLandin a average Duck weights around 0.9 to 1.4 kg, a average car between 1.200 and 2500, so: 461,538,462 Cars * 1,800kg = 853,846,154,700 kg / 1,15 kg Ducks = 742,474,917,130.43478260869565217 Ducks = 1,636,876,998,461.0518 lbs = 116,919,785,604.36082458 Stone = 141452529 US, dry bushel Sugar.
Can't wait for Artemis III astronauts to descend down from the SpaceX HLS equipped with a sturdy wooden shovel, and just start digging and see what they find lol
But the tides are reducing the further the Moon moves away from us, as it already is... How (if it will/ can) will the Sun's effects counteract the diminishing lunar tides...?
Could the solar winds, especially at the crators, be taken advantage of to generate electricity? The availability of solar at the poles is probably low.
lunar missions being 3x cheaper than a movie bomb is ridiculous in perspective. If only billion dollar companies had interest in sciences we would be much further in our journey in the universe.
The narrator, whom is obviously better educated than I, and more articulate, mentioned "frozen ice". I don't believe that there is any such thing as 'frozen' ice... Ice is by definition is a frozen substance. If it isn't frozen, then it isn't ice.😃
always love your uploads great work as someone who has been following you for a long time the content just keeps getting better keep up the great work, and will find water when we get some humans on the ground and start looking I bet, there is just some things that work better with boots on the ground.
wait wait wait!!! this pisses me off. you mean to tell me NASA already HAS the Rover made? the money was already spent and all they need is to send it to the moon?!?!? WHY TF DONT THEY?!?!? how much more is it gonna cost to send it? Space X could do it on a string if they wanted! just send the dang thing.
Because they exhausted their budget. Congress implemented limitations on NASA's budgets to prevent them from going over. If the project uses up all of its funds, no more can be given without congressional approval. It's meant to be an incentive to prevent this exact situation from happening. Also, the rover isn't really "finished" like so many say it is. While the thing is built, it still needs to undergo the entire testing phase. That testing phase itself is expensive and can bring up more issues that could be even more expensive. It's estimated to need roughly another 100 million or so to finish. Regardless, it's not a total waste. The rover could be sold to another space agency, or the parts could be used for other missions. Or maybe with the next administration, congress could actually work together and approve this project for an extra 30% of its initial budget. I know, silly proposition. Also, the "sending it" part is already arranged. The rocket is built, paid for, and scheduled to launch with or without the rover in it.
Mining for rare earths on the moon seems like a boondoggle to me, given the transportation costs. Hope I'm wrong tho, maybe we can use mass drivers to get the stuff back, like in that Heilein novel but not as a weapon.
In 1899, Joseph Cavour and his two companions discovered that lunar craters were the surface entrances to vertical shafts leading to the underground society of the Selenites. Unfortunately, Cavour infected the Selenites with the common cold, wiping out the entire civilization.
@@cherriberri8373 Many media reported "near" or "close" to the South Pole. It is the /furthest south/ landing, so far, so perhaps there was a chain of approximations from report to report: "furthest south" => "closest to the South Pole" => "close to the South Pole" => "on the South Pole".
There is just no telling how much helium-3 is out there. Wow I hope a better society would figure out how to make these facilities. The studying that will be done is going to give us so much information to do many beneficial things with. We can even try and get the Earth to heal once we extend all mineral sourcing from space. I can imagine the technological energy-harnessing capabilities will be amazing and powerful.
Commonwealth Fusion and the State of Virginia announced plans for the first Grid Scale net positive 500mw powerplant by 2030ish, so if they or one of the other new Fusion startups actually make all the engineering work this time, the math says it should, hopefully. They want to build thousands of these plants, all across North America and the rest of the world will of course eventually copy it it works. If our efforts fail, hopefully one of the Chinese efforts work out. We stand on the verge of the Moon becoming the Saudi Arabia of the second half of the 21st and through the 22nd Centuries.
Viper getting cancelled yet funded for all that time sounds like a lack of accountability. Where did that money go and who's responsible for all of that?
I haven't reached that part in the video, so forgive me if i'm being superfluous, but it all went into the product, it was canceled because it went over budget and needed more funds to complete properly, so now we have a mostly finished mission collecting dust because they wont allocate the last needed funds. I think i remember there being hope for it from another source, but double check that.
I've been a truck driver for several years. Every holiday is super busy. When my kids were still young we would have holidays before or after the actual holiday. Also, not everywhere you deliver to has a public bathroom especially after the covid scare. Peeing in an old water jug or pop bottle isn't uncommon. These things are obviously common in the transportation business. We make everyone's holiday happen, it has always been a source of pride.
it happens occasionally that a small Near Earth Object will be tugged into a temporary orbit or orbit-like relationship with the earth. I don't know when the first one was detected, but there was actually one a few years ago. The orbits are very tenuous, usually quite far from Earth when compared to the moon, so a weak gravitational pull, and at odd angles relative to the ecliptic plane, which renders the orbital path susceptible to disturbance. So they loop-di-loop a couple few times around the Earth and then wander away, pulled by venus or mars or some other very tiny variation in gravity. Personally I feel a rock like that would be a great candidate for a cheap little probe.
The quest for profit has lead to the greatest increase of quality of life, and all the technology you enjoy, in human history. So yes, it would in fact be for the betterment of humanity.
My biggest concern with mining in the moon is the tidal effect on earth. Unchecked, over time, mining on the moon could be the single greatest destructive thing humanity does to earth. I'm more interested in catching and mining asteroids and such
The moon is already drifting slowly away and us doing mining there would increase mass before decreasing it. I'd fear us messing up the look of the moon and messing with life on esrtheven more. It would suck to lose the moon to capitalism
In timecode 14:58, about the counties that either successfully sent probes to the surface or orbit, you've missed a small country that did so back in 2019: Israel. Though Beresheet crashed on landing (arguably, less than successful... :) ), it did achieve orbit as planned.
Imagine an alien species surveying the moon, knowing that sentient life exists on earth, and seeing the wreckage from all the crashed probes. They'd have to wonder: "Wow, are those earthlings really such terrible shots? All their probes keep crashing!"
What I find fascinating is scanning high resolution photos of the moon right near the terminator line. The low sun angle amplifies the shadows and structures as well as giving crisp contrast and definition. Stop the video right at :07 , 1:08 , 2:40 and other similar spots and just study the detail. See what you discover.
@@abhinavpadhi908 I understand but I'm speaking about the actual photos not the digital recreations. They do both exist and yes there's a big difference.
Get your hands on a premium Astrum poster at the 'early-bird' price before Dec 25 at www.electrify.art/astrum
I love when you post, Alex.
14:44- is that Niall Ferguson in the front row??
"Hygrogen and oxygen are two of the biggest materials they use right now...". except you forgot carbon. Because the most propellants are used by SpaceX now, and that's either kerosene (RP1) or methane (CH4) you need some carbon in there.
WHY is the damn music so repetitive and LOUD ??
It's ruining the video ☹️
Tritium has a short half life, if you don't make it, it doesn't collect. Are you even trying?
Can you imagine being an alien that finds the permanently shadowed craters on the moon and being like "Ahh, nice safe place to build a home." And then satellites keep crashing into it
😮 OMG! Really you actually believe this nonsense and that there are green little aliens 👽 out there.....wow.unreal.
Hardly "safe." There are far more naturally falling meteoroids to worry about. Once reason that nearly any Moonbase will be built primarily underground or covered with a thick later of lunar regolith.
Well, I suspect they have better places to build their homes; the moon isn't exactly hospitable.
Imagine them coming and crashing on the surface of our planet trying to steal the landing gear technology from Airbus or Boeing 😂 All the dubious whistleblowers report so many crashes, one might think they have ever landed successfully 😂 So they see probe and think, that is my boy, they are coming home, buckle up 😂 😂 😂
Always check the neighborhood before opting in for real estate. A wisdom potentially older than humankind.
I remember when I was little, the prospect of water in other celestial bodies thrilled and fascinated me. Nowadays we know just how common water is across the universe, shocking how much our knowledge has increased!
And there’s still SO much humanity hasn’t learned yet that could even further shock the scientific community, maybe even the world? Depending on what is found. A lot is happening in places we can’t yet observe. Give it time.
And there’s still SO much humanity hasn’t learned yet that could even further shock the scientific community, maybe even the world? Depending on what is found. A lot is happening in places we can’t yet observe. Give it time.
Even in the 80s we had sci-fi films where ice pirates would rule the roost
😂show me a bottle of space water. No seriously show me a picture of any appreciable amount of water from space. Go ahead and google it. Like water that came from space not from earth. Not arguing that water isn’t abundant in space, I just find it very curious that it’s “common knowledge” that it’s abundant, yet I have never once heard not only that we “detect” water in space but that we’ve captured any. I’d love to know the details if we actually have. Go figure
I remember being so stoked about the first confirmed exoplanets. Now there are thousands. I can't even imagine what we might learn even these days.
The zoom in on the smaller craters to show the Moon's slight tilt is incredible. What an astounding universe in which we live.
What accomplishments we've made.
@derekcoaker6579 India built a very cool robot! Thankfully they avoided that 4x4m crater
I've seen better universes.
I predict that water will never be extracted from the craters in commercial quantities. Not because it's not there, but because it will be cheaper to ship it from other places.
‘ . . . in which we liiiiiive.’ 😉
Was on-board a ship off the coast of Africa when we listened to the first manned lunar landing on my fathers radio.
That's awesome! I love hearing stories like this.
Thats pretty cool
Rad! When I was about 5 we spoke to a man on a solo sailing trip around the world and a cosmonaut on MIR at our neighbor's house using his serious HAM radio setup
I pooped my pants in the third grade.
@eamonia bro i feel ya me too in 1st grade.. During the pledge of allegiance...
“Alright guys, in order to find water, we gotta crash this billion dollar complex machine into the moon” *does it three more times* “I’m starting to think we should try a different method” *continues throwing probes at the moon*
I'm sure if the money to buy these probes came from the scientists pockets, then they wouldn't waste it by crashing the probes into the moon.@bloodstripeleatherneck1941
CERN sets the pattern . . . smash stuff, then try to make sense of the shrapnel
1:51 lunar regolith… not soil. Soil is organic, it’s full of microbial life, nutrients, and byproducts. Regolith is comprised of rock chips, mineral fragments, and impact & volcanic glasses.
18:12 He says it correctly here.
im including sprouts and parsnips with my sunday dinner today
@@colinwinterman :D
@@killerturtle3453 at time stamp 1500hrs
Soil can be organic or inorganic. Clay and sand are examples of mineral soils.
I find it incredible how much more we know about the solar system compared with what we thought we knew when I was a child in the 70’s!
Now imagine given the exponential growth of technology how much more we'll know in another 40 years
Actually, insulating the astronaut might be exactly the wrong approach. We have materials that are electrically conductive (ESD materials) that are resistant to extremely low temperatures. If all else fails, we can use a thin wire mesh. The Faraday effect would protect the astronaut while electricity can flow around them. Even better, we know how to make materials that create a static electric charge (essentially a block of plastic that solidified under an extremely high potential electric field), and if the suit is conductive while the astronaut touches the right side of that block, all the dust will just drop off.
Fascinating... an electret suit! You make great points! People forget dielectric insulators are what we use to accumulate static electricity
I concur my Dear Watson
I've often wondered why this is not used on Mars rovers?
@@MrLunithyProbably concerns with power generation, fragility of components and unknown interactions with the super fine dust
What about radiation?
The nice thing about space is that there is only a maximum of 1 bar or 14.7 psi difference in pressure. Diving in the ocean increases pressure by 1 bar about every 10 meters or 33 feet. At least in water we don’t have to worry about radiation which is a huge problem in space.
In fact, the deeper in the water you go, the less radiation you receive! :) Suffice it to say, if something goes wrong in either environment, your chances of survival are exponentially less, than if you were standing in your living room... 😅
Imagine if they made a space suit pressurized by a liquid layer of water within the wall of the suit. No hinges and maximum mobility. Also a small bit of radiation attenuation and relative ease of temperature regulation
😂😂😂
@@undertow2142it would be very heavy
There's a lot of pressure once you get to other planets though. Venus is no joke.
This compelling story about our Luna is yet another reason why Astrum rightfully occupies a spot among my most regarded channels.
Agree with you, great info, and so calmly and peacefully delivered and explained :)
Its not the difficulty or danger that stops us from doing more in space..its the cost of it that stops us
that seems wrong and super stupid. war never been so much fun...
The danger and difficulty is what makes it cost so much, though.
Technically it's neither the cost or the difficulty. It's the over built unnecessary overbudget technology. We landed men on the moon with the flimsiest lunar lander you can imagine. A tinfoil box. And ISRO sent a robotic probe for the equivalent cost of $75 million total and did more science than several of the NASA probes. SpaceX is launching people to the ISS for cost in the millions not billions. Even those huge starships cost a fraction of the other rockets funded by NASA. NASA has lost their knack for building spacecraft and need to get out of the business or have major corporate change to get back to business. Like cancelling VIPER was one of the most ridiculous decisions they've ever made. But the most ridiculous is Artemis. $4.3 billion per launch when other countries and companies are doing more costing in the millions. NASA needs to stop building and just fund and manage efficient companies. Not Boeing right now. They are just as screwed up.
@astrumspace I can't thank you guys enough. These videos are the best remedy for my insomnia. Alex's voice is nearly hypnotic. As an extra bonus, I'm evidently now an expert (relatively speaking) on our solar system thanks to you kind folks. Never realized how much I had learned here until a family discussion orbited around our neighboring planets and their moons. I felt like a genius, if only briefly. Wish I could offer you more than my gratitude. ❤ Happy holidays, much love
Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe, Oxygen the third most.
That a compound formed from these two elements is widespread should surprise no-one.
Your confusing diatomic molecular oxygen with gaseous oxygen.
I can't believe this channel exists. Such incredibly high-quality content on a platform full of brain rot.
I hope you slowly begin to believe.
I know it’s difficult at first. But it’ll become easier to believe over time, the longer you’re subscribed and viewing these videos.
Truly one of my favorite channels 🫡
There are many excellent science channels on TH-cam thankfully. The more you watch them, the more they will get recommended to you.
There’s an overwhelming volume of excellent content on TH-cam. I rarely come across any of the garbage anymore. You just have to be selective about what you subscribe to.
@@mason96575you hope he begins to believe? believe what?
@@smokinwoodz believe that this channel exists
Cancelling the VIPER in the face of Chinese Lunar domination is so short sighted.
The Hydrogen may be in Hydroxyl 3:46 - you need to qualify this chemically, to indicate the OH may be in metal hydroxides. Hydroxyl itself (OH) is a highly reactive and chemically unstable diatomic radical. Many minerals contain OH e.g. Mg(OH)2 Brucite, FeO(OH).xH2O - Limonite or 'rust', aluminosilicate Micas etc.
OK, so where is the most dangerous place on the moon? Aside from that lingering question that was posited as the subject in the title, this was an awesome video. Seems like all that electrical potential in the regolith might have some use.
The polar crater that has the lowest recorded temperature on any object in the solar system, colder than Pluto. This is within a massive crater that never sees sunlight.
That part tickled my danger meter, idk about the rest of you.
Waaaa, it's dark and cold I want my mommy. Maybe if there was flying space sharks that skewer their regalith rubbed astronaut snacks with arc welding icicle shiska-tusks...now that would be dangerous
@@zackmakesstuff470 That's the part of the moon where if you go there, you die, unlike the rest of the moon, where if you go there, you die.
@@hizacaineI’ll take my odds with flying space sharks over the coldest environment in the solar system. I have a chance at dodging flying sharks. Especially since they will be dead.
I love listening to astronomy, physics, astrophysics etc. videos while I work. Very thought provoking and informative while doing mundane tasks. I’d rather learn more than just fill my mind with dumb trends or stupid politics.
This is a superb channel. Intelligent content... narrated slowly and thoughtfully. Thank you Alex.
Where's the thumbnailed Moon picture at? I'm 20mins in and there has been no mention of this 'Most Dangerous Place on the Moon' Sorry but this could be a sentence: 'Place A' is a dangerous place on the Moon because of 'Reason A' but no luck. Can you help?
The Clementine mission was not a NASA mission. It was a joint mission between the Navel Research Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. NRL was responsible for the satellite bus and mission operations and LLNL was responsible for the instruments.
Incredible video. It makes the Apollo achievements and the crews' bravery all the more significant.
Thanks
My Incredible Universe book arrived today so I came to thank you Alex for your wonderful creation. It is well laid out and has all the details needed to get to know our Solar system.
I look forward to reading through everything and admiring all the beautiful photographs. ❤😁🎉
Side note: my gut feeling tells me that our species will one day go into direction of the societies of my fav sci-fi show, "the Expanse", having the less fortunate people mine the vast resources and take the risks for the better-off parts that will rake in all the riches. I hope that I'm wrong, but of course I won't live to see any of it.🤷🏻♀️
Seeing that now, aren't We?
That's what happened in the 18th and 19th centuries. Europe sent its poor to America, and then America became rich. The same will happen in space. The downtrodden won't stay that way for long. It's actually a very inspiring vision.
@@rogercarlson2319They will if the rich are in control of basic resources like air
AI/robotics will make human space miners obsolete before they ever begin.
Great show, shame they never finished it. BSG is still the best sci-fi it’s incredible.
Canceling something after it’s made. Masterclass is wasting other people’s money
Good thing NASA's entire budget is .3% of the national budget so it doesn't matter.
The bottoms of those dark craters could be good spots to put heat exchangers in there. You could easily liquify gases at those crazy temps without any specialised gear, just gas tight seals. Anyway, great video. I learned a lot.
I love that most of the missions boiled down to the most primitive experiment humans love to do, smashing objects together at high speed! We really are space orks.
Thank you for this supercut of your brilliant content. Your videos are comparable to any could be found on legacy media, and I suspect your budget and headcount is a lot smaller! The quality, research, graphics and commentary are as good as any mainstream science documentary. Thanks again.
Thank you for another informative video. Well done!
This video really expands the experience of watching the Duncan Jones maserpiece Moon (2009) where they... uh... spoilers! Just go watch it
I have yet to see Moon by Duncan Jones but want to, if only to honour his bloodline.
Happy Solstice 💚
My response to people saying “Merry Christmas!” is always “Happy Winter Solstice!”
Wow so clever
@@Uhtred-the-bold sorry we hurt your feelings
Top Notch Quality as usual, thanks a lot!
Makes sense that the moon would have water cycles, The moon does in-fact have a very thin atmosphere so it must evaporate and condenses into ice again in cooler spots.
We could use super large rovers that can connect to each other, Slowly moving along the moon to stay just before or after thetwilight zone.
What an excellent video. Thank you so much for your hard work. You are doing the world an incredibly valuable service.
I am at 18:22, and just talking about mining on the moon gets me thinking of what happened in the future in The Time Machine from 2002, I distinctly recall the moon was being mined for resources and this causes it to change its orbit drastically around our Earth eventually causing it to crash into us. I don't know yet if this is ever mentioned later in the video so if it is brought up then my apologies :) I just thought it was an interesting connection
Interesting that's possible. We really do act just like ants tho we wanna dig up everything. May be that why no others want to meet us lol
@@MontyFondatent my thoughts exactly. We are still extremely immature and primitive if you look at the grander scale of things.
@@Mrey23 I can't imagine digging up Earth another 50 years
We have to dig for resources simply because many of them are underground. It’s not some innate human calling to dig in the ground. It’s difficult and dangerous work that few people actually enjoy.
@@owen-trombone I can agree. It's just that we abuse it. We only need enough
Yesss new Astrum video!!!☺️
the craters on the moon are huge.. if you play kerbal space program and find a crater to go down into you can slide around like youre skiing down a mountain range into the crater.. its crazy..
Is this a game?
Another fabulous video, thank you! and merry Christmas!
"Or do people smell profit in space?" Yes. That's pretty much all that matters anymore. But then it used to be mostly military motives, so you can decide if that's an improvement.
yeah. unfortunately the Pure Quest For Knowledge, by itself, has never been enough of an incentive for all the funding necessary. But, "Space is a Business" certainly feels less s#!77y than "Space is a War"
capitalism might be the natural driving force of humanity, the one that drives our technology forwards
Id rather our motivation to explore space be getting resources to build xboxes than to secure more efficient ways to bludgeon each other over the head.
Just snake salesman selling the same old space 💩 to the ignorant. There is nothing on this planet that can get through the radiation surrounding our planet. It's a scientific fact. You will burn alive. You may as well set a course for the sun. Always do your research and learn. Don't take anything on face value unless ignorance, instead of knowledge, is your thing.
Make no mistake militaries are absolutely still thinking about how to exploit space, just look at the creation of the Space Force as an example
We’re going to have to process a lot of regolith to get the water we need. I say take a lunar starship barebones with an empty cargo bay. Then have a dedicated assembly line that converts the cargo bay and the rest of the ship in to an autoclave with water and helium and other gas storage and a conveyor belt / auger system that can feed regalith inside process and eject then repeat. I think you could build this functionality into the structure of the starship itself then launch it to the moon.
A separate ship takes up rovers with plow and scraper tools to collect and move the regolith around. The spoil - already being at a high temp could be mixed with polymer and extruded. Then the extrusion fed into a 3d printer moon base building rover bot.
Have you ever worked around an industrial conveyor? That aspect alone is something that requires an absurd level of maintenance and tinkering. Key aspects of the device are ultimately consumable and will need to be regularly replaced. Difficult to be automated
Most videos like this cant keep my attention but this was excellent. Keep it up
😄 28:43 - This very brief clip is both cartoonish, and poetically beautiful...
It's interesting to learn of numerous complexities for future lunar exploration, and in particular spacesuit design. Still, I found it pretty funny to see that bloke helping out with a trial lunar lander, just wearing his drill cotton shirt+trousers and a floppy sun hat. 😆
He's probably a hugely knowledgeable scientist doing brilliant work at pointy end of space exploration technologies. But the scene is like a fictional time-travelling space explorer, has landed on a 20th century farm, in the Strayan outback!
We're a staggeringly inventive and inquisitive species - but we hoomans have charmingly simple needs too. 🙂
This was one your best Alex. I was in the zone like I was at a theater watching a full Hollywood movie. Chill bumps!
Love the longer format!
Amazing accomplishment by the Indian scientists to produce such an amazing mission on such a low budget. Especially the big wedding dance scene at the end.
I like the advice to astronauts. "If you want to find a drink of water on the Moon, you might want to start by bringing a shovel."
posters look really good, especially the universe one, i like the idea of detailed information to simply get lost in, posters of the planets with cool topography bits would be incredible, also consider high res pics for paying viewers and after enough time maybe even a few for everyone. love these videos and your insight always intrigues
7:29
What happened to the captions there? They went crazy for a second.
Congrats on the art work and collabs! Great timing too 😁👌
Before we go mining stuff from the moon we severely need to advance our mining efficiency as a race so we don't waste any % of the resource.
Yup always come back later when you get fortune 3
I agree, though what you ask for may require several technological leaps we've yet to make. Additionally, said leaps may work well on earth, but be useless in a milieu bereft of atmosphere and subject to extreme ambient temperature variations.
I hope not, but it would be silly not anticipate such things.
Yeah I just saw a comment about some sort of automated conveyor in an automated ship that would process regolith or however it's spelled to gain water. The commenter has a fundamental lack of understanding just how human dependent those tools are. Just a material conveyor sort of device is needed to be constantly maintained and tinkered with it just to keep it always operational. On top of all that the equipment itself has consumable parts that make up the majority of it's components.
I. Hope automation grows to that point eventually tho
@titaniusanglesmith9690 it would only get there when we have ai repair bots
The minerals proposed to be mined on the moon would possibly be present on other large bodies such as Vesta and Ceres. Vesta is highly mineralised but may have some sub-surface water. Ceres has plenty of water. These bodies are a little further out than Mars but have the advantage of very low gravity, easy to land on and easy to leave. Mining could be done by remote control with only rare human visits where necessary.
"Billion Kilograms" is a really weird way to say Million tons.
But then comparing it with cars is even weirder 😅
I just watched a video where the temperature inside the sun was stated as Kelvin, and then also as Celsius.... must be the AI writing the script had a brain fart ;)
@@Baerchenization with the difference, that Kelvin and Celsius are comparable (0°K = -273.15°C) but cars and kilogram are not really.
Yes! Hey Alex, how many DUCKS would that be then?
@@MarcoLandin a average Duck weights around 0.9 to 1.4 kg, a average car between 1.200 and 2500, so:
461,538,462 Cars * 1,800kg = 853,846,154,700 kg / 1,15 kg Ducks
= 742,474,917,130.43478260869565217 Ducks
= 1,636,876,998,461.0518 lbs
= 116,919,785,604.36082458 Stone
= 141452529 US, dry bushel Sugar.
A thousand kilotons.
Just found your channel and I love the videos I’ve always loved space
Can't wait for Artemis III astronauts to descend down from the SpaceX HLS equipped with a sturdy wooden shovel, and just start digging and see what they find lol
If you can't do new school go old 😊
Nah that’ll never happen. Especially with Elon in charge of government spending.!
@@daltongallowayIt will absolutely happen. It's the only reason Elon thinks he can "do Politics".
@@daltongalloway idk, it seems like we are at the start of new Space Race with China and other countries growing interest in moon
HLS is way too big for the Moon. Musk has no valid plans.
Thanks for uploading the video🌒
The best thing about the moon is the fact it's there to give our oceans their tides.
But the tides are reducing the further the Moon moves away from us, as it already is... How (if it will/ can) will the Sun's effects counteract the diminishing lunar tides...?
Stabilizing the tides. The tide was 400ft high before the moon. The moon also makes procreation possible by affecting menstruation.
@@jdp2571
Is the link to menstruation fact or myth?
These are the videos we love
That was a very nice video Alex, Thank you.
Could the solar winds, especially at the crators, be taken advantage of to generate electricity?
The availability of solar at the poles is probably low.
Beautiful work 👏👏👍
@12:22 (America) Oil!?
Exactly what i thought! 🤣😂
I was like "DID SOMEBODY SAY OIIILLL!" 😎🦅🇺🇸🦅🎆🫡
lunar missions being 3x cheaper than a movie bomb is ridiculous in perspective. If only billion dollar companies had interest in sciences we would be much further in our journey in the universe.
Alex is a such a good narrator. 👍
Soooooooooo there's the makings of recharging a battery right there in the Moon polls in each crater. Use it to full advantage!
Lunar regolith hooded coat for the cold weather for me then. Damn that stuff insulates.
Doubt it would beat thinsulate or aerogels lol
@@DarkAttack14Regolith is super fine and sharp. The suits came back rough from hours of use.
The moon is made of cheese. No need for expensive space probes.
The narrator, whom is obviously better educated than I, and more articulate, mentioned "frozen ice". I don't believe that there is any such thing as 'frozen' ice...
Ice is by definition is a frozen substance. If it isn't frozen, then it isn't ice.😃
What about Vanilla Ice? … he’s cool but not frozen…
I'd say you got him.
Well, that's opposed to melted ice.
What about dry ice
Ice Spice?
always love your uploads great work as someone who has been following you for a long time the content just keeps getting better keep up the great work, and will find water when we get some humans on the ground and start looking I bet, there is just some things that work better with boots on the ground.
Another great video, BUT the clickbait title is an unwelcome novelty.
Please refrain from this despicable practice.
Yeah! 😤
Ahh... darn, thought you were maybe a bit off your rocker, but went back and checked the title. I'd completely forgot how misleading the title was...
Don’t blame the channel, blame TH-cam for it’s algorithm that encourages and rewards clickbait
🎯🎯🎯
@@Wike1991
If people stop using clickbait TH-cam algorithm would have to change.
I tried to find the chandrayaan-1 footage of the impact...It's so obscure that I gave up.. I hate how hard it is to find real footage of space stuff.
There is nothing real available.
wait wait wait!!! this pisses me off. you mean to tell me NASA already HAS the Rover made? the money was already spent and all they need is to send it to the moon?!?!? WHY TF DONT THEY?!?!? how much more is it gonna cost to send it? Space X could do it on a string if they wanted! just send the dang thing.
Because they exhausted their budget. Congress implemented limitations on NASA's budgets to prevent them from going over. If the project uses up all of its funds, no more can be given without congressional approval. It's meant to be an incentive to prevent this exact situation from happening.
Also, the rover isn't really "finished" like so many say it is. While the thing is built, it still needs to undergo the entire testing phase. That testing phase itself is expensive and can bring up more issues that could be even more expensive. It's estimated to need roughly another 100 million or so to finish.
Regardless, it's not a total waste. The rover could be sold to another space agency, or the parts could be used for other missions. Or maybe with the next administration, congress could actually work together and approve this project for an extra 30% of its initial budget. I know, silly proposition. Also, the "sending it" part is already arranged. The rocket is built, paid for, and scheduled to launch with or without the rover in it.
Mining for rare earths on the moon seems like a boondoggle to me, given the transportation costs. Hope I'm wrong tho, maybe we can use mass drivers to get the stuff back, like in that Heilein novel but not as a weapon.
Lava tubes can be another useful trap...
Oh my.
In 1899, Joseph Cavour and his two companions discovered that lunar craters were the surface entrances to vertical shafts leading to the underground society of the Selenites. Unfortunately, Cavour infected the Selenites with the common cold, wiping out the entire civilization.
you are huffing gas
😂😂😂
Remember the Selenites!
As the UN learned in 1964.
I like that we just keep spamming things into the moon until we find what we're looking for
Why is it when I saw the title of this video my first thought was “of course we can’t go there that’s where the Monolith is buried!”
Because you’re slow
35:24: Chandrayaan-3 did not land on the Moon's South Pole. It landed at latitude 69 degrees south, far from 90 degrees south.
That that far, it's described as being near the pole.... that is still not landing on the pole, though! Wonder how that slipped through lol
@@cherriberri8373 Many media reported "near" or "close" to the South Pole. It is the /furthest south/ landing, so far, so perhaps there was a chain of approximations from report to report: "furthest south" => "closest to the South Pole" => "close to the South Pole" => "on the South Pole".
There is just no telling how much helium-3 is out there. Wow
I hope a better society would figure out how to make these facilities. The studying that will be done is going to give us so much information to do many beneficial things with. We can even try and get the Earth to heal once we extend all mineral sourcing from space. I can imagine the technological energy-harnessing capabilities will be amazing and powerful.
Commonwealth Fusion and the State of Virginia announced plans for the first Grid Scale net positive 500mw powerplant by 2030ish, so if they or one of the other new Fusion startups actually make all the engineering work this time, the math says it should, hopefully.
They want to build thousands of these plants, all across North America and the rest of the world will of course eventually copy it it works. If our efforts fail, hopefully one of the Chinese efforts work out.
We stand on the verge of the Moon becoming the Saudi Arabia of the second half of the 21st and through the 22nd Centuries.
Could the most dangerous place on the Moon be hiding secrets we never imagined? Truly fascinating!
Viper getting cancelled yet funded for all that time sounds like a lack of accountability. Where did that money go and who's responsible for all of that?
I haven't reached that part in the video, so forgive me if i'm being superfluous, but it all went into the product, it was canceled because it went over budget and needed more funds to complete properly, so now we have a mostly finished mission collecting dust because they wont allocate the last needed funds. I think i remember there being hope for it from another source, but double check that.
Really makes me think of Artemis by Andy Weir. There is a really important issue addressed. It’s really worth the read (hopefully we get a movie too)
I've been a truck driver for several years. Every holiday is super busy. When my kids were still young we would have holidays before or after the actual holiday. Also, not everywhere you deliver to has a public bathroom especially after the covid scare. Peeing in an old water jug or pop bottle isn't uncommon. These things are obviously common in the transportation business. We make everyone's holiday happen, it has always been a source of pride.
Rad video!🎉
I heard (in a news report) of a small moon that will be orbiting earth for 50+ days and was hoping you could shed a little light on that?..
it happens occasionally that a small Near Earth Object will be tugged into a temporary orbit or orbit-like relationship with the earth. I don't know when the first one was detected, but there was actually one a few years ago. The orbits are very tenuous, usually quite far from Earth when compared to the moon, so a weak gravitational pull, and at odd angles relative to the ecliptic plane, which renders the orbital path susceptible to disturbance. So they loop-di-loop a couple few times around the Earth and then wander away, pulled by venus or mars or some other very tiny variation in gravity. Personally I feel a rock like that would be a great candidate for a cheap little probe.
@@MarcoLandin discovered our new moon on April 27, 2016, using the Pan-STARRS 1 asteroid survey telescope in Haleakala, Hawaii.
@@MarcoLandin it seems it's orbit around earth is perpendicular to Earth's orbit around the sun!
Wouldn’t surprise me that a Russian core sample contained minute traces of vodka.
The quest for profit has lead to the greatest increase of quality of life, and all the technology you enjoy, in human history. So yes, it would in fact be for the betterment of humanity.
Great video you post I like it 👍
My biggest concern with mining in the moon is the tidal effect on earth. Unchecked, over time, mining on the moon could be the single greatest destructive thing humanity does to earth. I'm more interested in catching and mining asteroids and such
What is the mass of the moon?
How much would you have to mine to affect the tides?
The moon is already drifting slowly away and us doing mining there would increase mass before decreasing it. I'd fear us messing up the look of the moon and messing with life on esrtheven more. It would suck to lose the moon to capitalism
Thank you, Alex! 🌕
First yo
Yo. S'up?
Easy there Jessy pinkman
Fascinating!
In timecode 14:58, about the counties that either successfully sent probes to the surface or orbit, you've missed a small country that did so back in 2019: Israel.
Though Beresheet crashed on landing (arguably, less than successful... :) ), it did achieve orbit as planned.
Imagine an alien species surveying the moon, knowing that sentient life exists on earth, and seeing the wreckage from all the crashed probes. They'd have to wonder: "Wow, are those earthlings really such terrible shots? All their probes keep crashing!"
What I find fascinating is scanning high resolution photos of the moon right near the terminator line. The low sun angle amplifies the shadows and structures as well as giving crisp contrast and definition. Stop the video right at :07 , 1:08 , 2:40 and other similar spots and just study the detail. See what you discover.
most of them would just be 3d animations based on computer generated texture of the moon
@@abhinavpadhi908 I understand but I'm speaking about the actual photos not the digital recreations. They do both exist and yes there's a big difference.
Bro turned a 5 minute video into 40m of artificial suspense
Where'd you find that animation of LRO/LCROSS? It wasn't a Lockheed Martin mission!!?! That Centaur III was sent up by a different company my friend.
Liked the Space 1999 reference when discussing pollution and contamination💥
Plant a Scotland flag 🏴 and it will rain within a few hours, easy.
Excellent . Thank you