3 Things You NEED to Know About Credit Card Points

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 10 พ.ย. 2024

ความคิดเห็น • 167

  • @AskSebby
    @AskSebby  5 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Follow Ask Sebby on Instagram: instagram.com/asksebby/
    Mandy Roams: instagram.com/mandyroams/

    • @davidroth3745
      @davidroth3745 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Debby. What is the best way to use 60000 points from cap in 3 months?

    • @davidroth3745
      @davidroth3745 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Sorry. Meant Sebby. I’m bad.

    • @davidroth3745
      @davidroth3745 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Meant cap card.

  • @iberne6489
    @iberne6489 5 ปีที่แล้ว +126

    You were supposed to say, "hey guys, it's Sebastian from ask sebby".

  • @chocmilk10
    @chocmilk10 5 ปีที่แล้ว +45

    Why you got me doing quick math from the jump? lol

    • @AskSebby
      @AskSebby  5 ปีที่แล้ว +5

      Have to keep you on your feet! 🤓

  • @johnoverton8438
    @johnoverton8438 5 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    On a more serious side, I currently have 10 travel rewards cards, 5 for points generation, and 5 co-branded cards. I have had to sit back and focus on what our desire and priorities are with points that we accumulate coupled with any amazing travel specials that might also come along. So I keep points in the MR and URP banks until I know where I want to use them then transfer to make that next vacation happen for the best redemption rate possible and hopefully for the best overall experience we can have. Love your videos, really helped me get a leg up on this hobby. Now I have a dozen spreadsheets to track this entire hobby to assure I get positive value, know how many points per $ I am earning overall between MR and URP, and using a predictive analysis on where I will be next months, six months, and next year for future redemption planning. Love it. Positive value is just over $5K this year and it wasn't that difficult to pull off. Thanks Sebby.

  • @sylviamortgat2384
    @sylviamortgat2384 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Hi, Shebby and the fans: I binged for two full days AskShebby TH-cam channel. Today in 2 minutes got approval for Chase Saphire Reserve Card. I think it is the best decision I derived and extracted from Shelby’s lessons. Thank you!

  • @joshualittle9090
    @joshualittle9090 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    So informative and educational! I love that you are allowing people to get the gist of things so that they can better understand things on their own! Loved it. This vid is gold!

  • @richard1113
    @richard1113 5 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Really great subject Sebby! I was thinking about this today when I started rethinking which cards I use on a regular basis. Normally, I just go for the highest multiplier. But I know that value (or quality) is what's important, not quantity. The problem, as you point out, is determining how much points are really worth. This can be difficult unless it's so imbalanced it's obvious or if your interests are very well defined.

  • @tiffanywalker1312
    @tiffanywalker1312 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I’m just now getting into rewards credit cards and came here for advice. This is a whole movement. I’ll have to go back and watch some old vids so I can get caught up. Thank you for being so down to earth with this info. Or better yet putting it in laymen’s terms. Ty

  • @jawtcharlli
    @jawtcharlli 5 ปีที่แล้ว +11

    Understanding points much better after this video. Also, good bumping into you the other day! xD

    • @AskSebby
      @AskSebby  5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Nice meeting you! 🤓

  • @FiscalForward
    @FiscalForward 5 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    Very well done. This is great and valuable perspective 👍🏾

  • @PowerLives
    @PowerLives 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    I like how you got straight to the point without any stupid long introduction, you got my subscribe please keep uploading videos!

  • @lewis20002000
    @lewis20002000 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Sebastian, this is the hardest thing I to explain to people,I don't do it anymore because the whole conversation about credit card is lost.

  • @boriazone57
    @boriazone57 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    One the best channels right now. Hands down. 👍🏼 I wish they teach you this stuff in school.

    • @AskSebby
      @AskSebby  5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you! 🤓

  • @itsmitchnewton7670
    @itsmitchnewton7670 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    After a purchase how long does it take points to post to your account? So that I could payoff my balance.

  • @remyhorsdage8045
    @remyhorsdage8045 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    It seems you want to take this channel to the next level. I'm down because the credit card industry is a always changing their account terms, but take it slowly so you won't frustrate new viewers/subscribers with your concepts. Great channel. Thanks, you saved and made me money.

  • @aanihc
    @aanihc 5 ปีที่แล้ว +32

    How do we keep track of your whiskey collection now with the new angle?

    • @wagnerwong9966
      @wagnerwong9966 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      I miss seeing all the random stuff in the background

    • @AskSebby
      @AskSebby  5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Maybe I'll put a bottle on a shelf 🥃

    • @aanihc
      @aanihc 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@AskSebby Hibiki 21

    • @skylinec83
      @skylinec83 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      I just recently added a Hakushu 18 yo the collection of Yamasaki 12 and Hibiki 17. Now if I can only afford the 21 y/o’s...

    • @aanihc
      @aanihc 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@skylinec83 Found Hibiki 21 in Japan for retail. Stumbled into it.

  • @michaelmutuc5258
    @michaelmutuc5258 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is for sure in my top 3 most helpful credit card video I’ve watched in TH-cam!

  • @wagnerwong9966
    @wagnerwong9966 5 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    I've been on lots of forums and people never think for themselves. They always ask the same dumb questions.
    They don't want to do math or research airport codes.
    It's just easier to ask the ocean of internet people and get a response.
    I think it's better to find your currency's sweet spots and stick to them.

    • @AskSebby
      @AskSebby  5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Agree. Everyone has a different use case for points, so CPP valuation will vary.

  • @EagerEggplant
    @EagerEggplant ปีที่แล้ว

    This is a great video about value and pricing theory too

  • @josephestepa9268
    @josephestepa9268 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    I love hearing the analysis. You have a great teaching method. Keep up the content. I'm liking these Mandy edits!

  • @Alvin_1914
    @Alvin_1914 5 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    SQUUUUUUUUUUAD! This video was needed for those new to the hobby.

  • @hashtagX2
    @hashtagX2 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Always come back to these standards even in the credit range of 780+. Thanks always sebby

  • @crazyconfenenationconforme2253
    @crazyconfenenationconforme2253 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    In Canada PC points are worth only 0.1¢ each and Air Miles are worth 10.5¢ each. The credit card that gives you the most air miles, wich is an amex card gives you 1 air miles for every $10 on specific things. And 10 PC points per dollar is worst value for PC points.

  • @vlk40
    @vlk40 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wow great, easy to understand explanations. I’m definitely going to check out your other videos 👍🏻👍🏻

  • @Roaryer
    @Roaryer 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    What a great video! I've had this conversation 100 times and just cant make sense to people. I'll send this!

  • @shakoi.
    @shakoi. ปีที่แล้ว

    this man talked about everything besides points

  • @rodrigosalas3687
    @rodrigosalas3687 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Great video! You sure add value to my life 🙊😁 keep up with the awesome content!

    • @AskSebby
      @AskSebby  5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you! 🤓

  • @michaelrogers7088
    @michaelrogers7088 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    You multiply all of us! Thanks Sebby!

  • @justinwilliams2273
    @justinwilliams2273 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    LETS GO SEBBB! DIDNT GET MY NOTIFICATION BUT IM HERE!! 🤙🤙🤙

  • @adrukker
    @adrukker 5 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Just signed up for the Hilton Honors Amex card, using your referral link. I’m new to hotel points!

    • @AskSebby
      @AskSebby  5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Thank you for your support! :)

  • @TomsLife9
    @TomsLife9 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Efficiency/value is important but don't forget that some percentage of free is still free, so to speak. for example if I redeem chase UR points for cash back or a statement credit, that's a pretty low return compared to booking with chase travel on a CSR or CSP multiplier, using a transfer partner, etc. But now I have money in my pocket that I otherwise wouldn't have had, which I can use for something else or earn interest on. In a way, this sounds more appealing than sitting on thousands of points and waiting for that super duper value redemption opportunity. These points are just a number on a screen until you actually use them.

  • @SolidLiquidFox
    @SolidLiquidFox 5 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    One the points of this video is basically one of the most valuable life lessons: a good deal is only good if it's worth it to you. It's okay to pass on something if it doesn't fit you. Even if others think is a great deal. Passing is a perfectly good move but many fall for FOMO.

  • @landocalrisian2014
    @landocalrisian2014 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Love me some Sebby lol. Thanks for teaching us how to fish especially with Credit Card points.

  • @NiagaraBTC
    @NiagaraBTC 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Lots of good examples in this video of why points mileage may vary

  • @haitianJ
    @haitianJ 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks Sebby. Much needed video for people like me. I'm a newbie to this lol.

  • @mcomeslast
    @mcomeslast 5 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    I love the “how to fish”! All of us will have different goals so we need to learn the skills to use points to get to those goals. I might have picked the whiskey (I prefer Basil Hayden-and it makes the best booze balls!) but the idea of using it in a dessert might have caused Sebby to faint at the thought, lol! Definitely wouldn’t pick the car. I have a Sedona and it ticks a lot of boxes for me. Totally wouldn’t work for you guys in SF.

  • @AndroidisPreferred
    @AndroidisPreferred 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    These types of videos helped me understand your channel, so thank you!!
    Although, now that I feel like an AskSebby Expert, this video math is whack!!

  • @DanielIles
    @DanielIles 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sebby going for the searchable, viral video content. Keep it up 👍👍

  • @onigrapher
    @onigrapher 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great video as always! 👍🏼😁

  • @TomsLife9
    @TomsLife9 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Not to derail but in the case of Hyatt vs IHG, hyatt has something like 800 properties worldwide while IHG has 5,000+, so there are always 2nd and 3rd order effects to consider

    • @AskSebby
      @AskSebby  5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Marriott would still be a better transfer partner in that case given value of points and footprint (largest in the world).

  • @WHERESSS
    @WHERESSS 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    My pet peeve is when people say such and such points or benefits are worth X. Comments like "TPG values Amex MR @ 2cpp" are ubiquitous and people take it as gospel and regurgitate it elsewhere. These valuations are completely useless to me and my valuation for MR are WAYYY off from that number. Most points currencies are quite dynamic and dependent on a number of factors. Everyone has to do their own personal evaluation on returns unless it is cashback. The worst offender is TPG valuing hotel status by multiplying benefits by number of nights. TPG Does Math. That valuation is so pointless...just laughable.

    • @paavanmehta
      @paavanmehta 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      totally agree. TPG assumes that everyone would actually pay $26,000 for Emirates first class (or whatever) when valuing points. Also Overvaluing points = more people sign up for high annual fee credit cards = more referral bonuses for him.

    • @nejatia8745
      @nejatia8745 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      node that is true cause the value of your points is dependent on whether or not you transfer points to transfer partners.

  • @CreativeVUZE
    @CreativeVUZE 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Do you trust the Max Rewards app

  • @BrianErwin
    @BrianErwin 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    not a foodie, so i chose the $100, but for sure would take value over cash given the choice being something i really value

  • @aringha5221
    @aringha5221 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Here’s a question, how many recent hard inquiries are too many that they start to hurt your score and/or cut into your ability to apply for new cards in the future?

    • @sylv311
      @sylv311 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Arin Gha
      One through four is the first tier that you’ll see something affect your credit.

  • @dugroz
    @dugroz 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    My area doesn't have the fancy restaurants, but does have lots of McDonalds. So for me, it's (c) -- McChickens

  • @adrukker
    @adrukker 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great video and great metaphors!

  • @Sahn_Cho
    @Sahn_Cho 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Same concept when get a killer deal on European cars but can't afford the maintenance.

    • @AskSebby
      @AskSebby  5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Exactly!

  • @crazyconfenenationconforme2253
    @crazyconfenenationconforme2253 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I like hotel cards because I like hotels. But I find that first and business class a wast of money and fule which bad for the environment since you take flights just to fly to a destination.

  • @marisoll1870
    @marisoll1870 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks for the comparison. I want my points to live the bougie life so i will save them and use them for the over the top experiences

  • @james12490
    @james12490 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    A little research goes along way with points. It’s funny that the apple ad says you don’t have to deal with confusing points but those points have a much heightened value especially when they’re UR or MR.

    • @AskSebby
      @AskSebby  5 ปีที่แล้ว

      I'll take UR and MR over cash back any day!

  • @rodrigohercules8906
    @rodrigohercules8906 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sebby which do you value more? Hyatt or IHG points?

  • @loxlover1714
    @loxlover1714 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    So... What's the cpp of this video?

  • @THEPHAMTASTIC3
    @THEPHAMTASTIC3 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hey, if you have a credit card for groceries, gas and then one for everyday purchases, do they all add up together? if not is it better to have one credit card?

  • @marisoll1870
    @marisoll1870 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wow thx for breaking it down

  • @Arabsummer
    @Arabsummer 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very well done

  • @tolikfox007
    @tolikfox007 5 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    When i stayed at the ihg hong kong it cost me 35k points. Its 70k now. WOW

  • @raulc1669
    @raulc1669 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Has anyone called you “God Sebby”? Because thats how i call you. Im totally all for the fishing part. It sharpens my
    Thinking skills.
    * BTW, I answered all the questions right.

  • @ChrisS5416
    @ChrisS5416 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Just recently found your channel. You are very good at simplifying complex materials. Even so, I find the travel points game overwhelming and I’m wondering if I should just focus on cash back. Do you have a video that covers travel cards vs cash back cards and which is right for who.

  • @aerarium7105
    @aerarium7105 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Go for value when considering alcohol so I'm a mid-shelf person myself. That Japanese whiskey is easily worth more than a hundred but can't resell so no go.

  • @johnoverton8438
    @johnoverton8438 5 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Whiskey for $100 please.......

  • @kostaspiliopoulos1531
    @kostaspiliopoulos1531 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Converting cash-back to points is a good talking point.

  • @donavinh4176
    @donavinh4176 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    If I get a cash advance and pay my rent with it.....Will it earn me any points or cash back?

  • @chewie94116
    @chewie94116 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Yes, I would buy it.

  • @jimnavarro6859
    @jimnavarro6859 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Love your videos usually but that was so confusing. You're still great!

  • @Coda1850
    @Coda1850 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    I opted for a cash back rewards credit card because it was simpler. I'd like to use a travel rewards credit card for a family vacation but I do not know which would be best.

  • @bcarter1430
    @bcarter1430 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Didn't know you were a wiskey guy. I love bourbon myself. Haven't had the Japanese stuff yet.

  • @aaryandesai
    @aaryandesai 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    SQUAD!! #NotificationSquad - Great vid as always!

  • @travisretriever7473
    @travisretriever7473 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    7:44 No. Even if everything went through without a hitch, those personal property taxes on them where I live would butcher me whole...

  • @todddavis9426
    @todddavis9426 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Logically, I know transferable points can get the most value. But, I I don’t enjoy finding the best deal (rewards redemption). I think I’m just a cash back guy.

  • @Arabsummer
    @Arabsummer 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hello there. Does anyone actually KNOW the telephone number for Chase's "Reconsideration Line" I can't seem to find it? Thank you for your time and consideration in this matter.

  • @hityourpotential
    @hityourpotential 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    A1 video sebby..

  • @petitecherie501
    @petitecherie501 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I could argue any of the choices

  • @scruffy50531
    @scruffy50531 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Yes please do cover how much some sign up bonuses are worth xD. But anyways, I would love an Ask Sebby vid about American Air miles... there's very few vids out there that are up to date or actually go in depth about them. People seem to just discount them because they don't like American as a carrier but I know very little and can find little about just how useful (or not) they can be.

  • @thenumberonebeaner2211
    @thenumberonebeaner2211 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    New video title: What does YMMV mean?

  • @dsstroyer
    @dsstroyer 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    thanks for the vid.

  • @annajuliahall3923
    @annajuliahall3923 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Bank of America has a promotion that gives you 250000 point for you to sign-up, I will be really only using these points to go to Brazil, Mexico, or some other places I want to go... will it be a good idea to sign-up for this travel card from bank of America? Will it be a good value of point for me?

  • @MrmitX5
    @MrmitX5 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    You mentioned Michelin Star restaurants. So which credit card is good for restaurants? Thanks!

    • @tkay5904
      @tkay5904 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      🤣

  • @TheSoleImage
    @TheSoleImage 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi, I currently have the Chase Sapphire Reserve and Freedom, I’m looking at opening another card and wanted to get the best offer/reward possible, what do you suggest? I do a lot of dining out and traveling, but I usually push more towards Airbnb over Hotels. Looking forward to a response :)

  • @floydparr8006
    @floydparr8006 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Would you spend 6k to get 1k or 3k to get 625? Won't you be able to get the 1st anytime, but what about the 2nd?

  • @yarehlexy7619
    @yarehlexy7619 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    I have USBank flex points and planning to use it at Hilton Prague. It says "executive room w/ business lounge access" accdg to their portal .do they mean executive lounge? also, there's nothing on the description that I have free breakfast which I assume I will get since it's a executive room. I'm a hilton gold though but maybe this option is at risk of losing breakfast? what's your thought? thanks man always great content.

  • @chera7594
    @chera7594 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    I'm planning to book using Hilton points total of 120k on my trip to Poland next month and probably will be use on doubletrees in a five-day stay. Sometimes I feel like I'm just wasting it because my destination was pretty much affordable for me that it makes sense to book airbnb or hotels paid by cash. Am I crazy? The reason is because the diamond status I got through match, I think having a free breakfast and access to exec lounge gets you more than .4 cpp and of course hilton properties in most of europe are top notch!

    • @AskSebby
      @AskSebby  5 ปีที่แล้ว

      You still get Diamond benefits when booking with cash. If it's within a price range you would pay, I would use cash.

    • @chera7594
      @chera7594 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Nice. Only thing that bothers me is if I didn't use the Hilton points now my status match will expire within 45 days. Maybe it's just me, that I don't see value on Hilton stays without either gold or diamond status? Unless, its a really really nice property. I find it also a lot less attractive to use my points without status within the USA. I just think IHG Plat gives more value for most people because of free breakfast as long as you stay on Holiday inn Expresses and also has more properties.

  • @OneNewHope
    @OneNewHope 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    D). All of the above.

  • @traceymarshall2517
    @traceymarshall2517 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Can you use points to rent houses like air bnb?

    • @oatscurry
      @oatscurry 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Yes, the Uber Visa is great for that and dining

  • @jonchen8235
    @jonchen8235 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Got me off guard with that Jalen Rose quote outta left field! #gtpwtw

  • @VeganWithAraygun
    @VeganWithAraygun 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sebastian, you have a great gift for making sense of the convoluted world of miles and points. I feel the same way when a gifted scientist can help me to understand the intricacies of quantum mechanics and astrophysics.
    Do I sense you are also an expert on aged single malt scotch?

  • @CheckRaiseYou08
    @CheckRaiseYou08 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Oh man, I love this! I've been cracking up the whole time.

  • @rkimpsonyb
    @rkimpsonyb 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    So I'm new to the credit card point game. I've listened to a number of your videos and I've heard you say a few times delta points aren't good for first class or business class. Why is that?

    • @AskSebby
      @AskSebby  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Outside of flash sales, they want too many points for F/J. Flash sales you're looking at 30k-50k one-way. Normally, it's closer to 200k to 300k.
      AA/AS are in the 50k to 70k range for better products (Cathay First, Etihad Apartments, etc.)
      Full disclosure: I'm a Delta Diamond and love Delta for domestic BUT their points are comparably weak for interesting redemptions.

    • @rkimpsonyb
      @rkimpsonyb 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@AskSebby Thanks you for your reply it was helpful...

  • @james-p
    @james-p 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    I definitely prefer to fly Saison vs. flying McChicken lol.

  • @james12490
    @james12490 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I like your taste in whiskey Seb! Have you had The Oban bay reserve? Take care

  • @joelgarcia5894
    @joelgarcia5894 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Seb give me the goddam fish 😂

  • @PriestApostate
    @PriestApostate 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Regarding 01:16: "CPP?"

    • @james-p
      @james-p 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Cents Per Point.

  • @bowedonut22
    @bowedonut22 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    McChickens bro 🤙🏼🤙🏼🤙🏼

  • @PaddleScotland
    @PaddleScotland 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Oh u have my cctv camera but in white

  • @01GUYANESE
    @01GUYANESE 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    B. 10 x $5

  • @curtiselam
    @curtiselam 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I didnt even read a, I just went with b.

  • @cameronsutherland2586
    @cameronsutherland2586 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    D, all of the above?

  • @anyvalenciia
    @anyvalenciia 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I didn’t get it :( I got lost

  • @G0Girt
    @G0Girt 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    B 10 $5 bills

  • @MrTomservo85
    @MrTomservo85 ปีที่แล้ว

    I know they make points systems intentionally difficult to understand so you never know when you're getting ripped off. But I have ADHD. Not only is it complicated, it's extremely boring so I literally can't understand it because my brain just doesn't want to. I am going to die poor with nothing saved.

    • @AskSebby
      @AskSebby  ปีที่แล้ว

      Citi setup is probably your best bet. Or just run a 2% card: th-cam.com/video/NZEGQE4TJ54/w-d-xo.html&ab_channel=AskSebby

  • @2808Heavy
    @2808Heavy 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    My points are worth what I’m willing to trade them for. Sometimes they’re worth a little, sometimes they’re worth a lot. The only variable is me, my mood, and my willingness to part with them at a given time.