How effective was the heavy/ light cruiser doctrine of the USN in WW2? From what I saw the USN lost many light and heavy cruisers to their IJN counterparts. Was this because the of the ships themselves? And is there any notable battles that show whether this doctrine was a success or not?
Would IJN have had observers aboard RN ships, including those equipped with aircraft, during WW1? Similarly would USN have had personnel aboard RN ships once allied?
During the period covered by the channel, how much did navies use "Mediterranean mooring" in their bases? Do they make any tactical differences in wartime situation?
Thinking about the Battle of Jutland more broadly, you've talked quite a lot in previous videos about the lessons learned from the battle & how capital ship design & building programs changed accordingly. My question is, supposing World War I had broken out with Britain allied with Germany rather than France, would those same lessons have been learned? Could the much smaller Marine Nationale have done enough damage to the British battlecruisers to prompt the same evolution in armor schemes & armament? Or would the combined might of the Grand Fleet & Hochseeflotte simply steamrolled them or confined them to port, with a Jutland-like engagement never occurring nor any of the lessons learned? And in that scenario, would France have been forced to try to resurrect the Jeune Ecole or rapidly iterate on naval airpower in response, or would that be too much of a stretch?
Let's say the Brits and Americans do not demilitarise the Great Lakes after the War of 1812. What do you think Great Lakes warships look like in the age of steam and steal?
Hero to villain. To my mind, that's entirely a pov. An article I read suggested he had several 'firsts' in naval aviation and even jumped overboard against orders to save a wounded sailor who fell into the water when the crew from sinking HMS Warrior was being transferred to his ship, HMS Engadine, during Jutland. It sounds like he was a kind of 'hero' to IJN naval aviation, although the article suggested the FBI files released in 2017 indicated he became a double agent helping the US so maybe not a villain from the perspective of the states. Sounds like only Britain soured on him but since he was a British national, I suppose that is sufficient.
Truth is always stranger than fiction. A story that captures allot of names and places important to recent history. Now another book I need. Excellent guest.
Hi Drach, If you could find enough material to do a few videos about other Japanese spies, either embedded with the British or the Americans, and how they influenced WW2, I'd be very interested! But I think you already have quite a long list of topics you wanna cover, so totally understandable if you don't get to it!
I read this book last month. Really good. Tragic that the British could look past his social birth and take advantage of his knowledge and enthusiasm. It would be like denying Drach has any knowledge of the British navy because he was born into the lower class of society.
Interesting "small world" detail. One of the Aviation officers sent on the Japanese Mission was Cecil Meares, a shipmate of "Teddy" Evans (of the Broke) on the Tera Nova Antarctic Polar mission (he was effectively the "dog expert" and left after a year not half pleased with Scott's "meddling"). It's an open question if Meares was acting directly as a spy on the Japan mission, but he certainly had the connections (he'd spent several years traveling around Tibet and Siberia after the Boxer Rebellion, and it's doubtful that was just to learn to drive dogs).
Wow, what a life he had! Meares shows in the Japanese records as the #2 to Sempill, so he would have been in the rooms with Sempill and had more information than most, making him a good asset. Where did you see he might have been in espionage? FYI, the Japanese had other trouble with Sempill, apparently he was abusive to them. Thats surprising since, in the Japanese military of the time, physical abuse of subordinates was totally normal and fine, so can only imagine what he did that upset that that much.
@@adin1224 All the biographies note that he had a LOT of connections in the Foreign Service (and those were the guys that did the spying). Spy, might be a little strong, but he would have been considered an intelligence asset and "hinted" what to look for.
Well, the Imperial Japanese Army had a problem with brutality, but elite forces like the Navy (even ordinary sailors) were treated well. So treating the aviators like crud at this time would have been saying they were not an elite force.
Campania. Was just reading 'The Royal Navy's Air Service in the Great War' and it mentioned that when the fleet sortied for Jutland Campania moored some significant distance away from the rest of the Grand Fleet; over by the aircraft maintenance facilities, as was common for her to make it easier to get her planes back and forth. That distance probably made it a bit easier to miss the rest of the fleet steaming off without her.
Rutland was quite annoyed that Campania didn't join. As you mention, she missed the fleet leaving and so stayed in port. Rutland mentioned that, although she likely wouldn't have been able to fully catch up, had she sailed, the planes could have flown ahead of the ship, and so could have contributed.
Absolutely fascinating, thank you very much. Like most enthusiasts I was aware of "Rutland of Jutland" but not his post-war "career". The Sempill Mission was very well covered some years ago in a "Cross & Cockade International" journal, now the "Great War Aviation Society" if anyone is interested 🙂.
Big Brain Beatty with the God-tier OpSec: Spies can't leak your position & heading to the enemy if you never state your position & heading. Maybe he just had a feeling about this guy...
Rutland was treated badly in the RAF simply because he was from the RNAS. The RNAS and RFC amalgamated to form the RAF, but in practice it was a takeover by the RFC. Hence, the easiest way to belittle an RNAS pilot was to ask about shoot downs. The RAFs baleful influence on naval aviation lasted over a decade, and arguably still exists. Did someone say Harrier GR9?
Most countries are better off without independent air forces. It’s not just that aviators tend to be arrogant. It’s the fact that aviation usually plays a subsidiary role in warfare. You need armies to hold and defend land and navies to control and defend seas. Aircraft are just another weapon, albeit a very useful one. The problem is that since WWII too many aviators have become convinced that wars can be won through airpower alone.
Without an independent air force the air assets get reduced to just another expense line in an army budget and very likely deprioritised in favor of land assets. There would be no fighters or bombers in an army first doctrine.
"WW1 hero and Japanese spy." Does that mean he had one of the greatest facepalms ever when Japan decided that it wanted to face death by overwhelming industry?
The Espionage Act was passed in 1917 so there were laws on the books but if Rutledge was merely collecting open source information and passing it on then even an American citizen would not be breaking the law. There is a provision about passing National Defense information to foreign powers regardless of classification but I do not know if that was in effect at the time.
It would be very interesting to ask a lawyer versed on this area if Rutland's activities were illegal under US law, many of the things he did that were most visible may not have been. There is also the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, which he would have been breaking, however if he was informing for the US Navy at the same time, perhaps he would have gotten a pass. The FBI told MI6 that they had "enough information to shoot him." A note on the British file says they believe the Americans were being facetious here, but who knows. There are still significant portions of his FBI file that are redacted, and it seems probable that there is proof of something else very damaging in there.
These guys were caught out more by politics than anything else I think. Their dealings with the Japanese did, after all, begin in the era of the Anglo Japanese Treaty. It was the Naval Treaty that ended that, not any animosity between the 2 countries.
I suspect there's more to this story. Sopwith, a major warplane maker, became susceptible to the governments retrospctive excess profits tax and it finished them. Japan was still an ally and building aircraft for them was revenue earning, given that the UK was practically bankrupt.
Evelyn Waugh's novel "The Loved One" features the expat Brit community in Hollywood during the interwar years. I can well imagine the kind of parties Rutland hosted at his lavish house. I wonder if Waugh knew of, or even knew, Rutland?
Let me put that on the list to check out! Actually in writing Beverly Hills Spy, it was super fortunate timing that the Hearst Newspapers from that era came on line ...it went from microfilm to online in 2023, if you can believe that. The Hollywood celebrity parties are quite well documented in the newspapers of the time, so we know who Rutland was hanging out with...mostly fellow British actors such as Chaplin, Karloff, Mowbray, Niven, Rathbone and the like. I don't recall seeing Waugh's name in the articles, but wasn't looking for it either, and there were a lot of articles about a lot of parties. I assume there is some date of Waugh's visit to California? FYI, the IJN agent who ran Rutland from London, Oka, also recruited one of Graham Greene's brothers for some espionage work. Apparently it wasn't a very successful though.
Upperclass Semphill gets more credit (if that's the word) for spying for Japan, as a friend of Churchill's (and who supposedly gave Japan the plans for invading Malaya), but Rutland delivered moire goods.
It is difficult to say. It would have been harder to verify his information for lack of human assets on the Japanese mainland at the time. That's why it is more difficult to trust what you are being told. He had been doing it for years without even informing the British let alone the Americans of what he was actually doing for the Japanese .
45:30 since we are taking about Japan here, it would have been better to point out that WWII started earlier than 1939 *in Asia* . For the Asia - Pacific area WWII could be argued to have started with the Rape of Nanking (aka "Nanjing Massacre") on December 13, *1937* - With other Japanese military actions against what remained of China taking place prior to that "Second Sino - Japanese War". This period started with the "Mukden incident" on September 18, 1931 to justify Japan's invasion of Manchuria.
I really enjoy Fun Fridays, but hate the theme music. It reminds me of a picnic with Fairies and Unicorns. I think something more jaunty would be more appropriate 😊
Given that Wikipedia is open to correction, one has to ask: Have you corrected it? If not, what right do you have to complain then? Hmm? Wikipedia is only as good as the research of its contributors. If you know better - correct it.
@@vipertwenty249 Wikipedia forbids original research, it doesn't matter if you can list a half dozen archive documents to back up the change, they won't accept it if it isn't published.
@@Drachinifel Well that's extraordinary! I suppose it has to do with copyright claims but it must then inevitably condemn wikipedia to inaccuracy. That is also very deeply disappointing.
Wikipedia is also very prone to bias. It's not limited to overtly left-right political. It's also biological/historical/scientific/cultural; senior editors have their own pet theories. axes to grind, and things they "know."
@@vipertwenty249 Yeah from my own experience the more you learn on topics the more you learn Wikipedia isn't a good source and is better used as a distrusted summary.
I'm sorry Drach, but I really don't appreciate the "guest expert" format (wether or not I appreciate the guest themselves). The thing that keeps me coming back to your channel is mainly your "Drachisms"- your turn-of-phrases -and your humor, all of which are mostly lost in these videos...
Pinned post for Q&A :)
How effective was the heavy/ light cruiser doctrine of the USN in WW2? From what I saw the USN lost many light and heavy cruisers to their IJN counterparts. Was this because the of the ships themselves? And is there any notable battles that show whether this doctrine was a success or not?
Would IJN have had observers aboard RN ships, including those equipped with aircraft, during WW1? Similarly would USN have had personnel aboard RN ships once allied?
During the period covered by the channel, how much did navies use "Mediterranean mooring" in their bases? Do they make any tactical differences in wartime situation?
Thinking about the Battle of Jutland more broadly, you've talked quite a lot in previous videos about the lessons learned from the battle & how capital ship design & building programs changed accordingly. My question is, supposing World War I had broken out with Britain allied with Germany rather than France, would those same lessons have been learned? Could the much smaller Marine Nationale have done enough damage to the British battlecruisers to prompt the same evolution in armor schemes & armament? Or would the combined might of the Grand Fleet & Hochseeflotte simply steamrolled them or confined them to port, with a Jutland-like engagement never occurring nor any of the lessons learned? And in that scenario, would France have been forced to try to resurrect the Jeune Ecole or rapidly iterate on naval airpower in response, or would that be too much of a stretch?
Let's say the Brits and Americans do not demilitarise the Great Lakes after the War of 1812.
What do you think Great Lakes warships look like in the age of steam and steal?
On your website i think a world map with museum locations would ve great 😁
Drach and Ron thank you for this. A very interesting piece of history. I really enjoyed this.
Hero to villain. To my mind, that's entirely a pov. An article I read suggested he had several 'firsts' in naval aviation and even jumped overboard against orders to save a wounded sailor who fell into the water when the crew from sinking HMS Warrior was being transferred to his ship, HMS Engadine, during Jutland. It sounds like he was a kind of 'hero' to IJN naval aviation, although the article suggested the FBI files released in 2017 indicated he became a double agent helping the US so maybe not a villain from the perspective of the states. Sounds like only Britain soured on him but since he was a British national, I suppose that is sufficient.
Ironically for once the signals from Beatty are better than those from Jellicoe, in terms of the deploying of their seaplane carrier vessels.
Truth is always stranger than fiction. A story that captures allot of names and places important to recent history. Now another book I need. Excellent guest.
What a story!
Did you watch it on 10x :P?
Great guest! Really well spoken and educated. I always love listening to two guys talking about a common interest and passion ❤
A days ago I had this guy pop into my head because of the funny nickname, the timing!
“Another wendesday video” (looks at todays date and the title) Drach have you found the secrets to time travel???
This could explain Drach's prolific video production schedule... :)
That was very interesting, thanks so much.
Hi Drach,
If you could find enough material to do a few videos about other Japanese spies, either embedded with the British or the Americans, and how they influenced WW2, I'd be very interested!
But I think you already have quite a long list of topics you wanna cover, so totally understandable if you don't get to it!
Mitsubishi also makes stationery items, as well as running a huge bank.
So no matter how much you push the envelop it's still stationary.
They also make air conditioners and all types of machines that make the machines that make the things we use or buy.
has been waiting for this guy's story since the Jutland series and the one comment asking us to spare a thoughtfor him.
Just finished Mr. Drabkin's remarkable book. Right up there with Agent Zigzag and Game of the Foxes for espionage fans.
Thank you!
I read this book last month. Really good. Tragic that the British could look past his social birth and take advantage of his knowledge and enthusiasm. It would be like denying Drach has any knowledge of the British navy because he was born into the lower class of society.
Oh goody a new book to read! Outstanding show gentlemen
Interesting "small world" detail. One of the Aviation officers sent on the Japanese Mission was Cecil Meares, a shipmate of "Teddy" Evans (of the Broke) on the Tera Nova Antarctic Polar mission (he was effectively the "dog expert" and left after a year not half pleased with Scott's "meddling"). It's an open question if Meares was acting directly as a spy on the Japan mission, but he certainly had the connections (he'd spent several years traveling around Tibet and Siberia after the Boxer Rebellion, and it's doubtful that was just to learn to drive dogs).
Meares met Herbert Ponting, Scott's 'Camera Artist', during the Russo-Japanese war. Meares recommended him to Scott.
Wow, what a life he had!
Meares shows in the Japanese records as the #2 to Sempill, so he would have been in the rooms with Sempill and had more information than most, making him a good asset. Where did you see he might have been in espionage?
FYI, the Japanese had other trouble with Sempill, apparently he was abusive to them. Thats surprising since, in the Japanese military of the time, physical abuse of subordinates was totally normal and fine, so can only imagine what he did that upset that that much.
@@adin1224 All the biographies note that he had a LOT of connections in the Foreign Service (and those were the guys that did the spying). Spy, might be a little strong, but he would have been considered an intelligence asset and "hinted" what to look for.
Well, the Imperial Japanese Army had a problem with brutality, but elite forces like the Navy (even ordinary sailors) were treated well. So treating the aviators like crud at this time would have been saying they were not an elite force.
Fascinating. I've no idea how you manage to keep making such videos week after week. I'm impressed.
Wow!!! This is fascinating! I had no idea.
Campania. Was just reading 'The Royal Navy's Air Service in the Great War' and it mentioned that when the fleet sortied for Jutland Campania moored some significant distance away from the rest of the Grand Fleet; over by the aircraft maintenance facilities, as was common for her to make it easier to get her planes back and forth. That distance probably made it a bit easier to miss the rest of the fleet steaming off without her.
Rutland was quite annoyed that Campania didn't join. As you mention, she missed the fleet leaving and so stayed in port. Rutland mentioned that, although she likely wouldn't have been able to fully catch up, had she sailed, the planes could have flown ahead of the ship, and so could have contributed.
Thanks Drach.
I had not previously learned about his arrest and suicide.
Absolutely fascinating, thank you very much. Like most enthusiasts I was aware of "Rutland of Jutland" but not his post-war "career". The Sempill Mission was very well covered some years ago in a "Cross & Cockade International" journal, now the "Great War Aviation Society" if anyone is interested 🙂.
Queuing this up for bedtime :D
Yup. Bedtime for me now in Aus
Drach! What does your shirt say? Did we get a DnD reference???
So while watching this Weird Al drops a new video. Guess where I am going next... 🤣
@@kennethjohnston9736 +20 Shirt of Smiting :D
Big Brain Beatty with the God-tier OpSec: Spies can't leak your position & heading to the enemy if you never state your position & heading. Maybe he just had a feeling about this guy...
Rutland was treated badly in the RAF simply because he was from the RNAS. The RNAS and RFC amalgamated to form the RAF, but in practice it was a takeover by the RFC. Hence, the easiest way to belittle an RNAS pilot was to ask about shoot downs. The RAFs baleful influence on naval aviation lasted over a decade, and arguably still exists. Did someone say Harrier GR9?
Most countries are better off without independent air forces. It’s not just that aviators tend to be arrogant. It’s the fact that aviation usually plays a subsidiary role in warfare. You need armies to hold and defend land and navies to control and defend seas. Aircraft are just another weapon, albeit a very useful one. The problem is that since WWII too many aviators have become convinced that wars can be won through airpower alone.
Without an independent air force the air assets get reduced to just another expense line in an army budget and very likely deprioritised in favor of land assets. There would be no fighters or bombers in an army first doctrine.
Minor detail from the sponsorpart: Finland is a part of the Nordic but it isn't a part of Scandinavia.
I CAN SEE DRACH!! I CAN SEE DRACH!!
"WW1 hero and Japanese spy."
Does that mean he had one of the greatest facepalms ever when Japan decided that it wanted to face death by overwhelming industry?
😂 Seppaku by Detroit
@@firefox3187 oh no! The blade is rusty, too!
@@firefox3187Now it’s just depressing.
@@AnimeSunglassesWeekend pass revoked!
Great Story... should be a movie
The Espionage Act was passed in 1917 so there were laws on the books but if Rutledge was merely collecting open source information and passing it on then even an American citizen would not be breaking the law. There is a provision about passing National Defense information to foreign powers regardless of classification but I do not know if that was in effect at the time.
It would be very interesting to ask a lawyer versed on this area if Rutland's activities were illegal under US law, many of the things he did that were most visible may not have been. There is also the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, which he would have been breaking, however if he was informing for the US Navy at the same time, perhaps he would have gotten a pass.
The FBI told MI6 that they had "enough information to shoot him." A note on the British file says they believe the Americans were being facetious here, but who knows. There are still significant portions of his FBI file that are redacted, and it seems probable that there is proof of something else very damaging in there.
These guys were caught out more by politics than anything else I think.
Their dealings with the Japanese did, after all, begin in the era of the Anglo Japanese Treaty.
It was the Naval Treaty that ended that, not any animosity between the 2 countries.
The Battleship roads read for the Pacific Fleet was in San Pedro, CA, IE., Los Angeles Harbor.
Hughes' aircraft company was in Long Beach and the surrounding LA area.
I suspect there's more to this story. Sopwith, a major warplane maker, became susceptible to the governments retrospctive excess profits tax and it finished them. Japan was still an ally and building aircraft for them was revenue earning, given that the UK was practically bankrupt.
Sopwith reformed itself into Hawker.
Evelyn Waugh's novel "The Loved One" features the expat Brit community in Hollywood during the interwar years. I can well imagine the kind of parties Rutland hosted at his lavish house. I wonder if Waugh knew of, or even knew, Rutland?
Let me put that on the list to check out! Actually in writing Beverly Hills Spy, it was super fortunate timing that the Hearst Newspapers from that era came on line ...it went from microfilm to online in 2023, if you can believe that. The Hollywood celebrity parties are quite well documented in the newspapers of the time, so we know who Rutland was hanging out with...mostly fellow British actors such as Chaplin, Karloff, Mowbray, Niven, Rathbone and the like. I don't recall seeing Waugh's name in the articles, but wasn't looking for it either, and there were a lot of articles about a lot of parties. I assume there is some date of Waugh's visit to California?
FYI, the IJN agent who ran Rutland from London, Oka, also recruited one of Graham Greene's brothers for some espionage work. Apparently it wasn't a very successful though.
How the hell did I not know about this guy?
Soo “Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway”. Good or B/S ?
Quite good
If John Pashall's contributions on the "Unauthorised history of the Pacific War" are anything to go by, it should be a riveting read.
I'd say good, tells a different story to most of the earlier books but does a good job of justifying its interpretation.
Drach interviewing the author about the book:
th-cam.com/video/lN79g34wjQA/w-d-xo.htmlsi=CnC8y3_D-222y5Su
Drach interviewed the author about the book a while back.
th-cam.com/video/lN79g34wjQA/w-d-xo.htmlsi=KWIcQaDWZBT15DMy
18:45 I would LOVE more details on this story, if anyone has any please link them!
YES!
Any suicide that has MI5 connections, makes me think of Alan Turing.
Upperclass Semphill gets more credit (if that's the word) for spying for Japan, as a friend of Churchill's (and who supposedly gave Japan the plans for invading Malaya), but Rutland delivered moire goods.
28:02 The photo is of Charlie Chaplin and his brother Sydney, as well as the sumo wrestlers.
Alan Mobray!
Raymond Collishaw approves this video.
⚓
Anyone have the video drach was talking about at 19:00 ?
It is difficult to say. It would have been harder to verify his information for lack of human assets on the Japanese mainland at the time. That's why it is more difficult to trust what you are being told. He had been doing it for years without even informing the British let alone the Americans of what he was actually doing for the Japanese .
Wednesday but it's Friday what
Hero lives long enough...
Rutland's Japanese paymaster was Yoko Ono's father
Okay, that is weird. And also suggests that her family had money, if he was Navy admin that high.
@@suburbanbanshee he was a wealthy banker
My opinion, he's more on the hero side
Rutland? As in the Rutles?
Yes he wrotetheir hit song 'Yahlu Submaru'
45:30 since we are taking about Japan here, it would have been better to point out that WWII started earlier than 1939 *in Asia* . For the Asia - Pacific area WWII could be argued to have started with the Rape of Nanking (aka "Nanjing Massacre") on December 13, *1937* - With other Japanese military actions against what remained of China taking place prior to that "Second Sino - Japanese War". This period started with the "Mukden incident" on September 18, 1931 to justify Japan's invasion of Manchuria.
video suggestions what if the Bismarck made to France or what if the Bismarck broke into the Atlantic
These both seem like decent Friday ideas but hasn't drach said something about not doing alternate/speculative history?
Yeah, and besides, it’s Bismarck. Give us cool shit, not same old shit about Bismarck this and that.
You know nobody actually likes the Bismark any more. The ships been done to death and alternate history is just tedious
He’s already discussed these things before in prior videos
More of a patreon drydock question, and I think he's answered one of them before?
Im so early!
17th, 19 July 2024
28:13 Charlie Chaplin as well?
Yeah they said Chaplin
eerrr....eeerrr...eeerrr... I can't listen to this!
I know it's outside the channel's time governance, but how about an exception for U.S.S. Pueblo?
:)
I really enjoy Fun Fridays, but hate the theme music. It reminds me of a picnic with Fairies and Unicorns. I think something more jaunty would be more appropriate 😊
I actually quite like it! It feels like a pleasant wind down to the week
Are you a ….fairy? It’s ok.
Seriously? Giggling and joking right after mentioning his suicide? Traitor or not that's just cruel.
Cry more, he was a pile of shite.
Cry more.
Dark humor is one way people keep sane, when they have to think a lot about sad things or things that make you angry.
What a dreadful speaker. If it wasn't for Drach, I'd have flicked him off immediately.
None of this would have happened if the RN wasn't so elitist.
No, it was the RAF. This was barely mentioned, but the RNAS had become part of the RAF.
Your talking more then your gest.
Given that Wikipedia is open to correction, one has to ask: Have you corrected it? If not, what right do you have to complain then? Hmm? Wikipedia is only as good as the research of its contributors. If you know better - correct it.
@@vipertwenty249 Wikipedia forbids original research, it doesn't matter if you can list a half dozen archive documents to back up the change, they won't accept it if it isn't published.
@@Drachinifel Well that's extraordinary! I suppose it has to do with copyright claims but it must then inevitably condemn wikipedia to inaccuracy. That is also very deeply disappointing.
@@vipertwenty249Wikipedia inaccurate? Shock! Horror!!
Wikipedia is also very prone to bias. It's not limited to overtly left-right political. It's also biological/historical/scientific/cultural; senior editors have their own pet theories. axes to grind, and things they "know."
@@vipertwenty249 Yeah from my own experience the more you learn on topics the more you learn Wikipedia isn't a good source and is better used as a distrusted summary.
1 view in 15 seconds? drach fell of :(
you know your duty then, you MUST watch this video at least 10 times...
2nd HALF. VERY SLOW , LITTLE INFORMATION
VAGUE, REPEAT.
I'm sorry Drach, but I really don't appreciate the "guest expert" format (wether or not I appreciate the guest themselves).
The thing that keeps me coming back to your channel is mainly your "Drachisms"- your turn-of-phrases -and your humor, all of which are mostly lost in these videos...
So don’t watch. Your ignorance and stupidity only detract from society.
Please, please, pretty please go back to your old intro... :( this is history.. not "Real Wives Of Naval History" :0
Thanks Drach.