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CLASSICAL VS OPERANT CONDITIONING
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 17 ม.ค. 2019
- Psychologists define learning as a long lasting change in behaviour as a result of experience. Classical and operant conditioning both lead to learning. What’s the difference between them? Classical conditioning was first described by Ivan Pavlov, and is the association of a stimulus with an involuntary response. It focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviours. Pavlov noticed that a neutral stimulus before a reflex causes an association. He conduced an experiment in which he rang a bell before presenting dogs with food. When dogs see or smell food, they salivate. No one taught them to do this. It is an unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus. Of course, that is not how dogs would normally respond to seeing or hearing a bell ring. This is a neutral stimulus. However, Pavlov found that if he always rang a bell before presenting dogs with food, then they eventually began to salivate as soon as they heard the bell, even when there was no food around. The bell has now become a conditioned stimulus, and the dogs salivate as a conditioned response. Operant conditioning, first described by B.F. Skinner, is the association of a voluntary behaviour with a consequence. Skinner found three types of environmental responses, or operants, that can follow a behaviour. Reinforcers, punishers, and neutral operants. Reinforcers increase the probability of a behaviour recurring, punishers decrease the probability (extinguish the behaviour), and neutral operants do neither. Skinner put a rat in a box with a lever. On accidentally bumping the lever, the rat discovered that it would receive a food pellet. With this positive reinforcement, the rat learned to keep pressing the lever. Negative reinforcers remove unpleasant stimuli. Skinner put a rat in a box which had a mild electric current that caused the rat discomfort. On wandering randomly around the box, the rat randomly hit a lever to turn the current off. The rat learned to always press the lever once inside the box, something called “Escape Learning”. Skinner eventually also taught the rat to turn on a light that prevented the electric current being turned on in the first place, something called avoidance learning. Punishment weakens a behaviour by providing an aversive consequence. Just like reinforcement, it can occur through the addition or removal of a stimulus. For example, if a rat receives an electric shock when it pushes a button, it will avoid that button. Or if you’re an unfortunate raccoon that decided to wash his cotton candy before eating it, only to watch it dissolve before your very eyes, that is punishment through the removal of a positive stimulus. It must be noted that punished behaviour is not forgotten but is suppressed. If a punishment is no longer present, the behaviour returns. Also, unlike reinforcement, it does not guide towards the desired behaviour, but only suppresses undesired behaviour. There have been further experiments done with rats in the Skinner box. After a rat has received operant conditioning, and has learned to press a lever to receive a food pellet, what happens if the lever is pressed, but no food pellet is received? At first, the rat will keep pressing the lever, but eventually, it will stop, and the behaviour is extinguished. Why press this thing without payment? However, a rat can learn or unlearn a behaviour at different rates with different schedules of reinforcement. This has been termed the response rate (rate at which behaviour repeats) and the extinction rate (how soon the behaviour stops). Let’s see what happens with 5 reinforcement schedules. With continuous reinforcement, the response rate is slow, and extinction is fast. With a fixed ratio reinforcement, where positive reinforcement is offered after several repetitions of a behaviour, the response rate is fast, and extinction is medium. For fixed interval reinforcement, where reinforcement is provided so long as a quota is fulfilled during a time period, the response and extinction rates are medium. For variable ratio reinforcement, where the behaviour is reinforced after an unpredictable number of repetitions, the response rate was fast and extinction was slow. This is the equivalent of gambling. For variable interval reinforcement, where if a quota is fulfilled within an unpredictable length of time, a reward is given, the response rate is again fast and extinction is slow.
i’m using both in my dog’s training, in order for me to engage playing fetch inside my house my dog must bring me a ball and then sit and quietly wait, if she demand marks i wait a few minutes before reaching for the ball….i increased her wait time as she aged. She’s almost 2, she knows to go into a sit immediately. i do understand this can be seen as her training me, but while she starts the game, i don’t join in until she is quiet and sits. sometimes i don’t play and she’s learnedto accept that…or sometimes there a space of time between throws, like when i’m working, or reading, she lays down and waits…this a great exercise in impulse control. i’ve taught her to walk slowly to the ball and hover until i release her to pick it up. this matches her instinctual behavior of hunting and herding.
You do a really good job at explaining things. Bout to watch more videos to study for my Pysch test. Thank you sooo much ❤
thank you for a simple explanation .
these videos really help me studying for tests! thank you
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Great video, thanks!
Thank you so much!!!!!!!😊😉
the information on the end part is extremely good, thank you for sharing
That's the one part that confuses me honestly.
very helpful for my psych homework. Thank you!
Very helpful! BTW, if you are tired of essays, term papers, quizzes, research projects, and more, I am here for you. My work is always top-notch and I take confidentiality very seriously. If you're ready for a great homework helper, email me. I can also do entire online classes.
wow thank you so much sir your video really helped me. God bless you
Very nicely explained..thank you
thank you, great breakdown :)
Thank you for helping us learn
Thank you!
thank you so much..
Wonderful
Very useful video...
This video helped me understand the difference between the types of conditioning and the graphics were entertaining. Thanks!! :)
the narrative of the mental condition apply by the system is on PAVLOV DOGS experiment/ PAVLOV EXPERIMENT explains what takes place on the mind & how the stimulus & response reach a conclusion the process is attributed as reasoning the conclusion as logic, however this process is totally automated the individual migth believe he has reached a conclusion in fact he is an automaton and his conclusion is a concept automated loop, triggered by an stimulus, the response is directly related to the input "education" (knowing) /where the concept exist/however understanding requires experiencing the fact, reason why a president makes a decision not base on what the reality is but on a automaton process, G W BUSH "IRAQ" is an example of this automatic thinking as there are many others bankers leaders and CEO, once the 2003 invasion of Iraq was launched, this was done by the automatic concept on the white house staff, as all are automatons not just the president in question/ The understanding of the event is now years later after the disastrous event. same with TRUMP ELECTIONS OBAMA ELECTIONS wall street crashes, wars and yellow vest in france. learning from the past does not exist as the past is an automatic, outcome of the system; educational systems that creates your concept reference. that concept reference is the sound box of good & evil as stimulus & response. you learn to read & write however what you read & what you write is on the system concept loop, what comes out of it is already programed. in conclusion is a brick system of bricks which is called progress evolution. which is always faulty
Thx, it helps a lot
the video has helped me alot
great video!
thank you sir.
Gamblers are rewarded at unpredictable intervals... that makes them hyper vigilant and hyper exploratory because no matter how hard they try their minds cannot learn to set a pattern to the environment. Wow.. that explains a lot about gambling addiction.
Drug addiction too.
Addicts don’t always have the money, dealers aren’t always available, Drugs get stolen, Drugs get busted by police etc.
Nice one
Blink twice if you’re being held captive
💀💀💀💀
Hit a brick wall reading Jeffrey Gray last night. Thank you, thank you thank you.
Nice video
Such a good breakdown! Studying for my CPDT KA 👍🏼
the narrative of the mental condition apply by the system is on PAVLOV DOGS experiment/ PAVLOV EXPERIMENT explains what takes place on the mind & how the stimulus & response reach a conclusion the process is attributed as reasoning the conclusion as logic, however this process is totally automated the individual migth believe he has reached a conclusion in fact he is an automaton and his conclusion is a concept automated loop, triggered by an stimulus, the response is directly related to the input "education" (knowing) /where the concept exist/however understanding requires experiencing the fact, reason why a president makes a decision not base on what the reality is but on a automaton process, G W BUSH "IRAQ" is an example of this automatic thinking as there are many others bankers leaders and CEO, once the 2003 invasion of Iraq was launched, this was done by the automatic concept on the white house staff, as all are automatons not just the president in question/ The understanding of the event is now years later after the disastrous event. same with TRUMP ELECTIONS OBAMA ELECTIONS wall street crashes, wars and yellow vest in france. learning from the past does not exist as the past is an automatic, outcome of the system; educational systems that creates your concept reference. that concept reference is the sound box of good & evil as stimulus & response. you learn to read & write however what you read & what you write is on the system concept loop, what comes out of it is already programed. in conclusion is a brick system of bricks which is called progress evolution. which is always faulty
True. And guess what? If you are tired of essays, term papers, quizzes, research projects, and more, I am here for you. My work is always top-notch and I take confidentiality very seriously. If you're ready for a great homework helper, email me. I can also do entire online classes.
i am software engineering student and i aslo understood this, it was very helpful
Thanks
Thanks so much!!! :-D
This is good
Very helpful video stay blessed AMEEN
I love the concept of classical as well as operant conditioning, but I detest how these poor Pavlov’s dogs were badly treated. Studying psychology is terrible this way that you need to go through all these experiments. Luckily now it is only in theory.
they really where not treated badly, they where just put into the situation for the experiment, which really was harmless...
if you really think otherwise, provide a source please, id love to see
Hehe
i used this theory on my dog, Eat, just before she gets her food…she salivates when i say the word.
and she was damaged being trained, dogs want jobs, training allows them to have skills that create impulse control, which makes them enjoyable to be around.
Could you please make a video on how Behaviorism theory contribute to Child psychology and learning
Thank you
Is Prenatal influence and prenatal development the same?
Explain for the development of growth according to sigmund Freud
Great! please could you make a video regrouping all these theories in education?
Hello there :) If you are tired of essays, term papers, quizzes, research projects, and more, I am here for you. My work is always top-notch and I take confidentiality very seriously. If you're ready for a great homework helper, email me. I can also do entire online classes.
Neat explanation 👍 I'm gonna use it in my presentation 😀🌼
Edward thorndike is the guy who founded operant conditioning , not B.F Skinner.
B.F Skinner further studied the work of Edward Thorndike and created a Skinner box.
Yeah...Edward L.Thorndike did the puzzle box experiment before B.F Skinner came up with the Skinner box experiment
@Neural Academy. May I post your video on my blog post and give credit to you? Thanks!
Hi Shabana, You can embed or post a link to the video :-) Please do not reupload it. Thank you!
@@NeuralAcademy Thank you for your permission. It will be embedded within my article :)
Had trouble understanding the last part, but overall great overview!
Hello there. If you are tired of essays, term papers, quizzes, research projects, and more, I am here for you. My work is always top-notch and I take confidentiality very seriously. If you're ready for a great homework helper, email me. I can also do entire online classes.
Yeah, they don't explain the last part much. There are other good resources online that better explain the different types of reinforcement schedules.
How to breakdown a habit ?
Please talk about the structure of the brain
brings back good 'ole RBT days...
這就是演算法的威力
so
involuntary vs voluntary
stimulus-response vs operant-consequence
he dint blink ....
skinner vs pavlov
Yes the street dohs here start salivating when they see me 😅😅 cause I feed them
Needs background music. I fell asleep 3x trying to get through this video.
this is a good idea to know everythink isn't it
Riveting
are you cgi?
Ok but why did you dress up like Austin Powers
Very useful video...
the narrative of the mental condition apply by the system is on PAVLOV DOGS experiment/ PAVLOV EXPERIMENT explains what takes place on the mind & how the stimulus & response reach a conclusion the process is attributed as reasoning the conclusion as logic, however this process is totally automated the individual migth believe he has reached a conclusion in fact he is an automaton and his conclusion is a concept automated loop, triggered by an stimulus, the response is directly related to the input "education" (knowing) /where the concept exist/however understanding requires experiencing the fact, reason why a president makes a decision not base on what the reality is but on a automaton process, G W BUSH "IRAQ" is an example of this automatic thinking as there are many others bankers leaders and CEO, once the 2003 invasion of Iraq was launched, this was done by the automatic concept on the white house staff, as all are automatons not just the president in question/ The understanding of the event is now years later after the disastrous event. same with TRUMP ELECTIONS OBAMA ELECTIONS wall street crashes, wars and yellow vest in france. learning from the past does not exist as the past is an automatic, outcome of the system; educational systems that creates your concept reference. that concept reference is the sound box of good & evil as stimulus & response. you learn to read & write however what you read & what you write is on the system concept loop, what comes out of it is already programed. in conclusion is a brick system of bricks which is called progress evolution. which is always faulty