Algae : Habitat and Thallus organization in Hindi
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 13 ต.ค. 2024
- NOTES
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALGAE
Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic organisms having a thalloid plant body
i.e. the plant body is not differentiated into root, leaf, and stem. They occur in a variety of habitat but mostly they are aquatic. They show distinct alteration
of generation.
Occurrence and distribution
The algae are predominantly aquatic and are found in both fresh and marine water. Some are
terrestrial and can grow under the soil surface damp and shaded sides.So, on the basis of
habitat, they may be classified in the following type.
A. Aquatic algae
B. Terrestrial algae
C. Algae of unusual habitats
A. Aquatic algae - Majority of algae are aquatic and found either in freshwater or in
salty or marine water. The aquatic algae are either free-floating or attached to the
substratum with the help of holdfast.
1) Freshwater algae- These forms occur in the freshwater of ponds, pools, lakes,
streams, river, etc. these freshwater forms may be present in slow running water
e.g. Cladophora, Oedogonium, Chara or in stagnant or still water e.g.
Hydrodictyon, Chlamydomonas.
2) Marine water algae-These algae occur in saline water of the sea. Most of the
members of class Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae are found in marine water.
Marine algae are generally macroscopic having large thalli and commonly
known as ―seaweeds. Examples of marine forms are Ectocarpus, Sargassum,
Fucus, Laminaria.
3) Planktonic algae- Floating forms of algae are generally referred to as planktonic
forms. The examples of freshwater planktonic algae are Chlorella, Hydrodictyon,
Chlamydomonas, Volvox, while Cyclotella, Hemidiscus, Fragillaria,
Trichodesmium, Ocillatoria is an example of a marine water planktonic form.
B. Terrestrial algae- Many algal genera are found on or beneath the moist soil surface
and are called terrestrial algae. The algal forms also occur on the surface of soil e.g.
few species of Vaucheria, Botrydium, Fristchilla while some algae having
subterranean habit e.g. few species of Nostoc, Anabaena, and Euglena and these are
known as Cryptophytes.
1) Aerophytes: Such algal forms are adapted for an aerial mode of life and occur on the
tree trunks, moist walls,flower pots, rocks, fencing wires and get their water and carbon
dioxide requirement directly from the atmosphere is called Aerophytes.
2) Cryophytes: Algae growing on the mountain peaks covered with snow are called
cryophilic algae.These algae impart attractive colors to the mountains.
Haematococcus nivalis gives red color to the arctic and alpine regions while
Chlamydomonas yellowstonesis gives yellow-green color to the snow of the
mountains of European countries, particularly in the Arctic region.
3) Thermophytes: The algal genera occurring in hot springs at quite a high temperature.
There are some algae that are known to tolerate the temperature up to 850 C.
Oscillatoria brevis and Haplosiphon lignosum are an example of thermophytes which
survive up to a temperature of 700C at which plant life is not possible. The majority of
thermal algae belong to Myxophyceae.
4) Lithophytes: The algae growing attached to the stone and rocky surfaces are called
lithophytes. Usually, the members of Cyanophyceae grow on moist rock, wet wall, and
other rocky surfaces e.g. Nostoc, Rivularia.
C. Algae of unusual form
1) Epiphytes- Such algal form which grows on the other plants are called epiphytic algae.
These algae do not obtain food from plants on which they grow, rather require support
only. Coleochaete in association with Chara and Nitella while Chaetophora on leaves of
Vallisneria and Nelumbo, Oedogonium on Hydrilla are seen frequently growing in
natures as epiphytes.
2) Halophytes: Certain algae inhabit in water with a high percentage of salts are called
halophytes. They include Chlamydomonas chrenbergii, Dunaliella and Stephanoptera
3) Symbionts: A large number of algae live in association with dissimilar organisms for
their mutual advantage and are called symbiotic algae. The common examples of such
association are the presence of Nostoc in Anthoceros, Anabaena in the coralloid root of
Cycas, Anabaena azollae in Azolla. Lichen is one of the best examples of symbiosis
where the association lies in between algae and fungi.
4) Epizoic: Many algae grow on the shells of Mollusks, turtles, and fins of fishes and are
called epizoic algae. e.g., Cladophora is found on snails and shells of bivalves while
Protoderma and Basicladia grow on the back of the turtle.
5) Endozoic: Algae which are found inside the body of an aquatic animal is called endozoic
algae. Zoochlorellae occur in the coelom of hydra and several other
invertebrates. Zooxanthella lives in an intimate association with the coral community.
6) Parasitic algae: Few algae depend on other plants for obtaining food, these are termed as
parasitic algae. The common intercellular parasitic algae are Cephaleuros which grows on
the leaves of the tea plant and causes the red rust disease of tea.
Organization of thallus
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