Classification of Algae in Hindi

#NOTES #Algae
INTRODUCTION
Algae possess diverse characters in their pigments, nature of reserve food, nature of cilia/
flagella etc. Chlorophyll is present in all groups of algae but in some groups pigments other than
chlorophyll are dominant and mask the green colour of chlorophyll. On the basis of their
colour following, four groups were recognized.
(i) Cyanophyceae (blue-green algae) dominant pigment - c- phycocyanin.
(ii) Chlorophyceae (green algae) dominant pigment - chlorophyll a and b.
(iii) Phaeophyceae (brown algae) dominant pigment - (fucoxanthin) Xanthophyllus.
(iv) Rhodophyceae (red algae) dominant pigment - (r-phycoerythrin) Phycobilin.
Algae are generally classified on the basis of the following characteristics:
1. Nature and properties of pigments.
2. Chemistry of reserve food products or assimilatory products of photosynthesis.
3. Type, number, insertion and morphology of flagella.
4. Chemistry of cells and thalli.
5. Morphological characteristics of cells and thalli.
6. Life history pattern, reproductive structures and methods of reproduction.
The classification proposed by F.E. Fritsch was based on the following criteria:
(i) Pigmentation
(ii) Types of flagella
(iii)Assimilatory products
(iv)Thallus structure and
(v) Methods of reproduction.
F.E. Fritsch divided algae into the following classes.
1.Myxophyceae (Cyanophyceae). Plants simple, no definite nucleus, absence of
chromatophores and motile cells; reproduction by fission; pigment c-phycocyanin in
addition to chlorophyll; commonly blue-green; products of photosynthesis sugar and
glycogen; sexual reproduction absent e.g.Nostoc, Anabaena, Rivularia
2.Euglenophyceae. Plants unicellular, combining characters of plants and
animals. Freshwater or saltwater, mostly solitary and free-swimming, but some
forms in gelatinous colonies and some are attached. Plants motile, green, with one or
two cilia, definite nucleus, contractile vacuole, chloroplasts and prominent eyespot;
reproduction by fission only,e.g. Euglena, Heteronema
3.Chlorophyceae.Plants variable in structure with a definite nucleus, chloroplasts and
motile reproductive cells commonly green due
to chlorophyll; products of assimilation starch and sugar; sexual reproduction ranges
from isogamy to anisogamy and oogamy,e.g.Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra,
Vaucheria
4.Chloromonadineae. Plants bright - green with an excess of chlorophyll; products of
assimilation fats; chloroplasts many, discoid.
5.Xanthophyceae. Chloroplasts yellow-green owing to an excess of
xanthophyll; oil replaces starch; flagella two, of unequal lengths; sexual reproduction
rare, but isogamous. e.g. Botrydium, Tribonema
6.Chrysophyceae. Plants primitive; chloroplasts brown or orange due to the presence
of accessory pigments such as phycochrysin; cell wall may or may not be present; fat
and leucosin are usual forms of food storage; cysts silicified;
motile cells with one, two, rarely three equal flagella, rarely unequal e.g. Chromulina, Chrysamoeba
7.Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms). Cell wall partly silicified and partly pectose,
symmetrical halves ornamented with delicate markings; chromatophores yellow or
golden-brown, one set of forms radially symmetrical, the other bilaterally
symmetrical. e.g. Pinnularia, Navicula, Melosira,
8.Cryptophyceae. Each cell with two large parietal chloroplasts with diverse colours
though frequently of a brown shade; starch as a product of photosynthesis; motile cells
with two unequal flagella; mostly flagellate forms; sexual reproduction isogamous in
one species only; cysts common and endogenous, e.g. Cryptomonas, Chilomonas, etc.
9.Dinophyceae. Most members are unicellular and motile with a tendency towards filamentous habit: cell wall sculptured; chromatophores discoid, dark-yellow or brown in colour; starch and fat are products of photosynthesis; motile cells with a longitudinal and transverse furrow, biflagellate e.g. Heterocapsa, Ceratium, Peridinium.
10. Phaeophyceae. Mostly marine; colour brown due to the presence of a brown
pigment- fucoxanthin; products of photosynthesis alcohol, fat, polysaccharide and
sugar; plants filamentous or highly organized into large seaweeds with internal and
external differentiation; reproductive cells biflagellate, the flagella attached to one
side, one directed forward and the other backward, produced in uni or plurilocular
sporangia e.g.Ectocarpus, Fucus, Dictyota, Laminaria
11. Rhodophyceae. Mostly marine, few are fresh-water, coloured red or violet, due to
the presence of r- phycoerythrin and r-phycocyanin; food reserve is Floridian starch;
reproductive cells non-flagellate; plants filamentous or highly organized showing
complex differentiation, though not as in Phaeophyceae e.g. Nemalion, Batrachospermum,
Polysiphonia
Nematophyceae, a fossil group with two genera has also been suggested by Fritsch.
True affinities of this class are still doubtful; internal morphology similar to higher
Chlorophyceae, while spore tetrads are similar to Rhodophyceae.

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