Killing these Priests was a HUGE MISTAKE for Spain
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 26 ส.ค. 2024
- This is the GOMBURZA, accused to be the leader of the Cavite Mutiny in 1872. The GOMBURZA is the combination of the surnames of three Filipino Catholic priests: Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora. The GOMBURZA were accused of leading the mutiny and were executed by the garrote. The deaths of the GOMBURZA would serve as a catalyst for nationalism, eventually leading up to the Philippine revolution in 1896.
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Clips:
Illustrado - GMA
Lupang Hinirang - GMA
Andres Bonifacio - Ang Unang Pangulo
#philippinehistory #movie #controversy #mystery #history
Full Philippine History Playlist 🤗 th-cam.com/video/zqd1VUoEkdI/w-d-xo.html
Kuya gawa ka video tungkol kay gregoria de jesus
Dud im learning more from your videos than school
Weakk
@@ninjichris7708 mapait ba ulam mo today?
@@achuuuooooosuu wweakkk!!
More than a hundred and fifty years later, there are still people in the Philippines who fight for equal treatment, decent pay, safe working environment and discrimination.
So sad. It's been a century but the Filipinos are still fighting the same war - EQUALITY. But it's no longer against colonizers but against fellow Filipinos.
@@zachdwight1385 sadly there are those who manipulate the masses by claiming to call for unity but are actually doing it for their self-interests.
except the communists
@@krukrok5218, how funny it is to note that the Spanish officials also called the revolutionaries with names, including the much-hated term, "filibustero."
@@jess1568 communists are victims of themselves. They aren't near heroes.
Fear can be a powerful weapon, but it can also be used against you.
Fear begets hatred, so it will always backfire.
Faith is even more powerful 🙏
Fear comes before bravery, without it, the other wouldn't exist
Read about Mary in the Qur'an and Mohammad in Hindu scripture and song of Solomon ch5v16 Hebrew and the scientific miracles of the Qur'an
@@samigaming9398 rubbish. There has been no existing Mohammed in any Hindu scripture. Islam was invented just few hundred years ago
There’s a point where you’re so tired of being afraid that you get angry. Ruling with fear can only get you so far.
Garrote is worse than Guillotine. Guillotine is quick while Garrote is a torture. Our dark history still gives me chills.
For everyone wondering: the garrote is a form of torture and execution in which the victim’s neck is placed in an iron collar, which is attached to a post anchored in the ground. A lever slowly tightens a screw, which tightens the collar until asphyxiation occurs.
😔😔
R.I.P I'm so sorry for anyone who lost anyone and I'm so sorry for anyone who had anything bad happen to them.
Bruh, the catalan version was even worse
And on the back of the neck is a pointed screw to snap your vertebrae.
@@rileyjuvene1883 Last time it was used in Spain was in 1974 but it wasn't abolished until 1978.
I remembered back in elementary school, I've always wondered why they executed the priest without evidence. I felt such sadness and anger for them because if I'm not mistaken one of the priest cried when they heard they were about the be executed, while the other one went mad.
go back to elementary
@@athenamaming8880 who pissed in your cereal?
Tyranny obviously
@@athenamaming8880 wow, so rude.
@@kiragoldy4615 hayaan mo.... mababa utak niyan... baba ng grade sa GMRC ahahahaha
Jose Rizal as a kid was there as the execution was held and it inspired him to also fight not with swords and guns but parchments and quills.
Edit: my bad for not doing more research
Yeah I saw it on the movie.
I just looked it up on the internet and many sources says that since Paciano was hiding out of fear, it is unlikely that he and Rizal didn't actually witnessed the execution, and there was no evidence that they did. However, Rizal really was inspired by their execution and dedicating his book 'El Filibusterismo' for the Gomburza
@@sygnomi8312 true, Jose and Paciano Rizal were all hiding from the Spaniards, so they couldn't really go to the execution
Rizal didn't personally witness the execution. That was done in the movie as an artistic choice and is not historically accurate.
No he wasn't. Rizal at that time would be 11 years old still living in Calamba with his parents. His older brother Paciano is actually the one connected in the mutiny. It's also the reason why Rizal doesn't use Mercado because it would link him with Paciano thus risking him his education in Ateneo which he was applying to at that point.
The fact that my filipino history teacher said how they died calmly was insane
Well historians or history enjoyers are already used to those kinds of events in the past, I mean... ahem... World War 2...
God Bless the Philippines and their fight for freedom, love from Jamaica 🇯🇲
God bless you ❤❤
God bless Jamaica too ✝️🤍🖤🇮🇱🦾
Thank you Jamaica. God bless your country too❤❤❤
All u can say is god bless and nothings gonna change
@@Kyorei that is your opinions
They thought they were making examples. Instead, they made martyrs.
Nobody remembers the names of those who killed them, or even the general that ordered their executions, but to this day, the names of Gomburza are still being taught to school children all around the Philippines.
The general and the executors are not worthy enough to be remembered. They were just low animals abusing their power.
And College
Yes, Life of Rizal is a subject in college and Rizal made "Rizal" as his last name due to that incident
Shows how shitty our education system is, The one that got them killed is Governador-Heneral Izquierdo, also known for his brutality. Spanish Friars (Franciscans, Dominicans, Agustinians) Basically rule the country, Gomburza sought equal rights among Filipino priests which incurred their wrath. If Carlos Maria de la Torre, A Liberal Spaniard, who's also a friend of Father Burgos, continued to become the Governor-General, the predecessor of Izquierdo, Cavite Mutiny wouldn't have happened which in turn results to Gomburza not being executed. I do not understand why School doesn't teach anything about Spanish Era, no wonder so many people are too ignorant about our own history. People think nothing happened in the Philippines from 1600s-1800s.
I remember being taught this in American {English} History. That was in 1968. Still chilling my HEART.
The who killed Rizal is named Apunten
They expect fear, but what they got is anger
Love filiphine from your neigbor Indonesian 🇮🇩🤝🇵🇭
Malaysian here we stand together.
Southeast asians when they get tortured : "okay"
Southeastern asian when one of them died :"SO YOU HAVE CHOSEN DEATH"
Yeah basically for us south East Asian when u disrespect us we will pay that a 1000 times more
What? Your comment doesn't make sense bcuz of "south east asian" and "southern east Asian", the heck do you mean? They're one and the same, I think you mean SOUTH ASIAN.
@@WallNutBreaker524 its South East Asia my friend. Asia is big.
@@WallNutBreaker524 philippines is not in south asia, it's in southeast asia. they were right
@@WallNutBreaker524 do you speak english? Do you know what south-east mean? They were right that the philipines is in the south-east asian region.
I love how every Spanish empire decision in making someone silence always ended up backfiring
Shouldn't have silence it
Can you name another instance?
@@ARCPolus anything that involve Spanish that got written in the history book
@@spooky_lxix9042 so.. you can't name another instance. Alright
@@ARCPolus ey... but I'm right though
bro when he said the "cavite, Philippines" i realized it was the 3 priest who were killed. the teacher taught us that😭😭😭
"Never mess with a sleeping lion" :some wise guy
I work with Philippinos, extremely nice and respectful people. But they will always stand up if they see something wrong or god forbid offend them or disrespect them
Without the Jesuits the Philippines would be in rough shape.
@@icycatholic who cares
@@tink6225 uhh.. anybody with a brain that actually works would.
@@icycatholic yepp, my whole life here in the Philippines ive been follwing God
@@icycatholic Before Jesuits came, believe it or not, our country has WAY better treatment of all genders.. They came and our men became misogynist, the LGBTQA outcasted and judged by society, what a shame since we were free that way
Philipines, Malaysia, Camboja, Thailand, Indonesia and pretty much every country in ASEAN have badass independence stories.
Thailand ? rly ?
Have the monarchy hanged or something ?
Thailand was never colonised, there isn’t any modern “independence” story to begin with
@@TheFishhhy correct. All SEA was colonized except Thailand
Still no one remembers the Moluccan’s look op their story
Thailand was never colonised because they are the smartest. They play both sides.
Spain loves you Philippines 🇪🇦🙏🇵🇭
Yeah but during those times, Spanish empire killed thousands of Filipinos, steal their land and properties, forced them in hard labors and killed a three highly respected priest...the GOMBURZA...
I wish that all of your fellow spanish people remember this dark past of your country.
@@NBS-rk8bland the spaniards saw themselves higher than us “indios”
Bro teaches more Filipino than my Filipino history teacher😭😭😭😭😭
As an Indian whose ancestors fought against British colonialism, I can only give my respects to Phillipines
Do you fight against child slavery in India that exists to this day?
@@rich8642 do you kiss your mom goodnight still?
@@rich8642 bro says the one named richard💀
@@alexistrusca4381 What the hell has my name got to do my point? Alexis is a literal made up clown name 😂
@@zaki.102 u have a kawai anime uwu pfp bro 💀
In essence these three priests were the true heroes in the eyes of God and the Filipinos. I remembered vividly about my teacher when I was in grade school, was very adamant about the history of the “Gomburza” very tragic and heartbreaking!
so what happened in this philipines revolution did they win
@@ndhsydkydikgzgdtkdk9255are the philapines a Spanish colany now or not lol
@@albertdutzman8292 *Philippines
they eventually won but not after numerous losses. more attempts of the revolution happened after this.
in the eyes of the God of Spaniards xd, they where Catholic because of colonization so did they really win or just adapted their colonizers religion which it was the colonizers purpose.
Priest: if you strike me down i shall become more powerful than you will ever imagine
IN TAGALOG IT IS "Tatlong paring martir"
MAJOHA
respect for the ppls from phillipipine, u guys r descendants of brave men
like farming
@@athenamaming8880 Farming is a pretty respectable and noble job. You help people more than most celebrities, corrupt politicians, oligarch businessmen and bankers combined
@@bmona7550 I think she meant he's farming for likes. Or maybe I'm wrong...
Edit: I misunderstood it, BRUH...
@@athenamaming8880 and we are thankful for our farmer.
@@athenamaming8880 without farmers you all be dead
Filipinos are the realest, they can be your best friends for life but if you cross them they will be your worst enemies
They are good to everyone and they help you, plus, their food is GOOD!!!!
worst enemies? Nah. Filipino as long as they are safe and quiet, they don't care about the others, just like the betrayers in Philippine revolution, they sided with U.S. or Spaniards as long as they gain something and live peacefully
@@susanfaulkner2304thanks
Thank u for sharing our history ❤❤
Patunay na matatapang ang mga Filipino. Imbes na matakot, sumiklab ang galit. 🥰
Frrr
Tama Kapatid 🇵🇭🇵🇭🇵🇭
Much worse, there were no solid evidence to say that the GomBurZas were the leaders of the mutiny.
*Well atleast they used the death of the Gomburzas as an advantage to expand their nationalism and fight for their freedon
They most likely pinned the blame on them because the Spaniards cannot accept that ordinary Indios are capable of organizing the mutiny.. Racism and the colonizer mindset truly played a part here
Spaniards were the definition of "might makes right".
They just needed scapegoats
I mean, that's how convictions happened everywhere in the world and still happens nowadays
Martyrdom
Respect 👍👍👍 And much love for Philippine from Vietnam 🇻🇳
Thank you!❤
Give us freedom! (Ibigay nyo sa amin ang kalayaan!) Im Filipino too guys 🇵🇭
I'm dumb at AP(Araling Panlipunan)/history and these videos of yours really helped me! I've learned a lot about the Philippines due to you.
You can never strike on Philippine people they are very warm and welcoming, will serve you to comfort but never think it's a weakness it's there way but once you make them angry they don't care if the win or lose but will fight
My 24 year old daughter is dating a sweet boy who is half Filipino. He started calling me mom 3 months into their relationship at that time I had spent just 3 or 4 hours with him. My 27 year old daughter is engaged to her half Italian sweetheart and it took him 9 months to call me mom and we saw each other almost everyday
The Phillipines has the highest rate of child sexual exploitation in the world. Sex with children is encouraged there and is part of the culture
@@theresaschuebel5151 it could be just the person on what they’re comfortable with lol nationality doesn’t matter in this situation
Jose Rizal's brother, Paciano Rizal, is also a part of this mutiny. It was so bad that the word "filibustero" is not allowed to be said on their house. Rizal was also quoted saying "if it weren't for the GomBurZa, there would be no noli and el fili"
Ive been to Rizal Park in Manila and a great park
Your country sells children for sex! Has the highest rate of child sexual exploitation in the world BY FAR. Your people turn a blind eye to it, some even normalise and encourage it. Your culture of exploitation disgusts me. You should be ashamed to call yourself a phillipino. Everyday I pray China takes over your country 🙏
@@deanhunter1753 I was just there and the colorful fountains are amazing!
As a German person with Kurdish origins, I have a huge respect and admiration towards Philippines. They are very welcoming, nice people with dignity.
I think that's the Filipino trait ever since. The more u try to silence us, the more rage we get to fight to the death...
spain:"kills the priests"
philippines:REVOLUTION TIME!
He left out the part where the revolution failed horribly and they later got invaded by the US 💀
@@ARCPolus Then Japanese 💀
As the Frenchy neighbors would say "Vive la Revolution"
China: Aim laser Drirectly to eyes to Poorlipinos
Philippines: Gaytime
Meanwhile America watching: NOW IS OUR CHANCE!
One of the witness of their death is Paciano Rizal who's a close friend of father burgos and his acolyte, this is the reason why Paciano Rizal has so much hatred towards the Spanish Prayles and later on influences Rizal and blaze his nationalism. Rizal and Pacianos hatred is not really on the government of spain but the prayles that abuses their power at that time.
yea, rizal wants Philippines to be a province of spain so that rules out him hating thr Spanish government
@@MessyMein oh yes, I remember my history professor says that
I remembered my teacher said Rizal didn't hate Spain infact he didn't want us to be fully independent from Spain. He just wanted us to have better rights than before
@@MessyMein it was more like he wanted it to be gradual thing, like froma colony to a territory, to a province then eventually to an independent nation
Imaging being a afraid person and after becoming a angry person
the second i heard "These three catholic priests" i screamed GOMBURZA!!!!
This increased my respect for the Filipinos... It felt like righteous anger towards the unfair treatment of good people.
Someday we will get revenge on spain and japan 👊
One of the many reasons
Mahal ko mga pinoy 💖🇵🇭 💖
ako din
Same ako din
I have a beutiful filipina girlfriend and i a malaysian ❤
Glad to see this video is finally getting the attention it deserves.
this is really very clear explanation the history of the Philippines, specially in the Life of GOMBURZA
ironic that modern Filipino workers are still fighting for their right even until today. Let's support our jeepney drivers! sila yung unang nagigisingpara ihatid tayo sa school at work at sila run ang huling umuuwi para ligtas tayong umuwi ✨
Yes to pro-people modernization!!
No to Jeepney and PUV Phaseout!!!
Haha oo Go mana Jeepney drivers.🤣
There is some good that will come with modernisation, you can't deny that.
But it's also the government's fault for not really compensating the drivers for the program.
We are on the way of modernizing the nation. Not everything in life is fair. USA minorities are often complaining of equal rights. Its not just in the Philippines
Mema.. Modernization is also a great advantage for Filipinos and Future civilization.. It could lessen the pollution din
Government nlng sana bumili ng jeepneys, then make the drivers public servants.
I'm pro modernization and pro Phaseout...but I still think there's a better way. Hindi yung ganito. Hindi realistic expectations nila.
Kung confident sila na mababawi ng mga drivers yung pera. Edi sila nlng magpundar. Gawin nlng employees ang mga drivers. Mababawi nmn pla. Unless naglolokohan lng tayo and alam nila na hindi mababawi yung pera in terms of profit.
I wish there were more historical shorts, as I find them to be food for thought.
Tysm for this BC this is our new topic in school so ty I really needed this ❤❤
Im a filipino.and all i have to say is........MABUHAY ANG PILIPINAS!❤
👇
Spaniards thought the Filipinos who kneeled down that time after the Priests died, are then afraid. But little did they know, that it was anger that stirred them up. I hope in this modern times, we would not let happen it again
Love for Phillipines from indonesia 🇮🇩 🥰🇵🇭
We Filipinos don't let intruders attack our homeland WE STAND ON OUR GROUND
To gain peace, sacrifice is required.
I know very little about the filipino people,but the ones I know are honorable people,hard working,decent people,I like them a lot...and with all due respect, the women are cute.
Alr dutch
as a filipino male i appreciate you respect our people, but please give a little more respect for the filipino women... they work as hard as the males in our country
@@onepunchman1016 I like all filipino people,the women I ve been fortunate to talk to are so endearing,nothing like the average american woman,notbto say that all american women are bad,or all filipinas are good. but the ones I ve talked to left me wishing I had married one of them in my youth,you men over there are lucky,take care of them.
As a Spanish person, I feel little to no sympathy for South American "libertadores" because they were very elitist and narrow minded, and always fought for their self interest (with the exception of Miguel Hidalgo in Mexico).
BUT Filipino freedom fighter are a totally different thing. Jose Rizal, for instance, was not only a great poet and a man of letters, but also a level headed and moderate politician, who always looked for peaceful and constructive solutions up until he was given no other option. His execution can be considered a cold blooded crime, and definitely broke all the possible communications for peaceful self determination of the Philippines.
I think Mexico had a legit reason, and had the Mexican emperor had the balls to run the country, it would stay a solid reason for independence. Unfortunately he didn't and and the exact people you described ended up taking over Mexico
@@ceoofmexicans6708 I thought, Napoleon’s, nephew, or something was the emperor of Mexico at some point perhaps I don’t know the time I
@@tigernotwoods914 no your thinking of emperor maxillian. He was a Hapsburg who died before Napoleon rose to power
@@ceoofmexicans6708 agreed, two things can be true at the same time. Mexico had all the right reasons to become an independent country (who wants to be subject of Ferdinand VII´s Spain), but the way the new state was founded and also the people who took power after independence were, well, just as bad as any colonial rule.
Jose Rizal is a bittersweet story. It hurt going to his museum in Manila because on one hand, it’s great how he fought for freedom from Spanish colonizers, but on the other, the backdrop of the terrible state the Philippines is due to its terrible government makes one question if the fight was even worth it.
I love this guy. I was never taught Philippine History before because it was phased out. And Now I want to see the history of the country that I was born, feel the connection, and let me respect these people that loved Philippines. Everytime I came across your videos, I learn a new thing about my country. Thank you.
As I know it also inspired young Jose Rizal to write his novels
This is why you don't mess with the Philippines.
But china can .
@@bulletrico5507 a good man once said - don't mistaken silence w/ cowardice. We aren't yet to the point where we can no longer fight back we just don't want our people to look like the aggressors or invaders instead of them, just wait and let escalation go to the roof and see what happens.
Nope bullet 1000 tagalog vs 40.000 china plipines win
Lol
Stop this nonsense we Pinoys are very much exploited and messed with all the time
A very similar incident happened in my motherland
When India was under Brit rule , a great leader had built an Independent Indian army (called INA )and was coordinating strikes on the Indian border (then Brit) along with the help of the Japanese .
When the Japanese lost , our INA was defeated as well , and the Brits captured the leading commanders of INA and sentenced them to public trials in the Capital.
When people found out about this, the protests increased their agression by like a 100 times and the Brits left the country due to them and the Naval Mutiny caused when the navy when they heard the feats of INA
Utter respect for the natives who fought hard for their country 📈
I was just about to comment that.
Truly. Mad respect for all the martyrs and freedom fighters.
What? Azad Hind didn't lead to Indian independence.
@@bitshox1215 Average Brainwash
also similar in my country,in 21 February, a few people became martyrs as they sacrificed for the language,bangla 🇧🇩
watching this makes my filipino spirit more stronger
It will never end.... we're in the world were problems are infinite but in the end we realized that our world wasn't our true home...but with God
I'm a filipina, born in the Philippines, but I grew up in hong kong and I don't know much about my heritage apart from the language and cuisine. So this really opened up my horizons. Thanks!
I didnt expect the story to be from my country at all. We've gone through a lot
yeah we even have our own kkk
As a Filipino this is legendary
In nueva ecija cabanatuan there's a park there named freedom park and we found the 3 priests there but... they're statues..
I'm not even filipino, but i got goosebumps listening to this
So much respect to people of Philippines ♥️ always have impressed me be proud that you are one!
As a Filipino I can confirm this is true
Rest In Peace Priests But Your People Is Still On Your Side
I thought you were going to explain their execution, and why it was so painful
It's basically a rope around your neck. they spin a bolt which would make the rope get tighter and tighter until it gets so tight that your head Lego disconnects from your body.
@@Mr_Fr34ky OUCH!
@@Mr_Fr34kydont forget the spear at the back to pierce the vertebrae
that's why they have to cover their heads since the eyes will pop out of their heads plus blood is gushing out. that's what my history teacher said
We celebrate the revolution and Independence day. My wife is from Puerto Princesa Palawan. We do something special on those days. Salamat po for posting this, kuya.
What you celebrate, Puerto Rico remaned loyal to the crown...
*(this is just a quote im just gonna make)*
MAGHIHIGANTI KAMI AT WALANG AWA SA MGA SPANIARDS WALANG AWA PARA SA MGA SPANIARDS TANGGALIN NG PARI ANG ATING MGA KASALANAN AT PALAKAS TAYO SA DIYOS!
I am a Filipino and when my teacher told me about this I was about to cry
Imagine the executioners looking out and instead of seeing sadden people, they see a pissed off peasant army.
FILIPINO NATION UNITED AND STRONG IN PHILIPPINES YES SIR ❤❤❤❤❤❤❤
Yeah. I was so sad while learning this. That's why there were stories of headless priests sightings at churches from Filipinos with 3rd eyes.
Fears is very powerful, But it can turn it to faith
I feel very bad for them, may their soul rest in peace.
Your YT shorts gave more information than an hour of studying History when i was at school, keep uploading these kinds of videos.
Reading history is my favorite, and this story of Philippine revolution along with the cavite mutiny and the assassination of Luna at Cabanatuan is my fave part
I feel like making examples of people almost never works out, especially in this day and age where the death of a single man or more doesn't change anything, in fact, it could do the opposite, as what happened in the short, you're just making the people angrier
This guy taught me more information than what information I would get taught at school for 3 classes
When you only seek to overpower others using fear, I promise one sweet day it will blow up in your face. I am so proud of them, & I'm still proud of others too afraid to speak up. But with the support of others, we stand strong.
So wish suffering could be taken away.
Coincidentally at the time of watching this video, Im watching Gomburza today. Thanks for hyping me up for it!
This is y they say don't mess with religion and traditions 😰😰😰
A common misconception I would like to clarify was the death is likely not to be as painful as the garrote was intended for a swift execution. However the last of the 3 priests to die lost his mind and sanity as the sight of his coworkers dying before him abd realizing hes next drew him to madness
Sources: my history prof in the philippines who got much of his research from the National Museum and primary sources
Made me question and may sound rude but...
where's God they're worshipping to save them?
@@pongangelo2048 alot of people are afraid of death even when they believe in God and a afterlife. That is without being executed and seeing your coworkers be executed right in front of your eyes is alot of mental scaring
@@pongangelo2048 that's like saying you should be served food on a silver platter instead of cooking it yourself, if God had to intervene in EVERY cases like the Gomburza execution, humans would be carefree and would let god do all the work for them
A similar thing happened in Ireland in 1916 a small group of revolutionaries staged a rising against British rule in Ireland at first the everyday people of Ireland despised the rebels for bringing violence but when the leaders where executed by firing squad (one couldn't even stand so he was shot in a chair) the people got angry an then in the 1920s the entire country of Ireland rose against the English and gained independence in 1922
I'm so thankful to have a very knowledgeable professor on our readings in Philippine History subject cause I know about this video and it gave clearance to what really happened in the past. How much lives are sacrifice to acheive the independence that the Philippine deserves.
this guy teaches history way better than my history teacher fr (dw I understand Tagalog)
Its cool to re-learn filipino history. I'm a filipino but went abroad to study and well no filipino history soo learning it in youtube shorts is like the best way for me
"it was at this moment that *they didn't know* they fucked up"
Iam a philippina and tnx for tha philippin information history i truly enjoy it😄😃🙂
Us filipinos: WE WILL NEVER FORGET THIS, REEEVEEEEWEEEEEENGEEEEEEE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
As being a Indian Catholic I am feeling glad that they were even more angry
I've heard a lot about the garrote and the garrote vil. And yes, I think Spaniards have been very "creative" in their punishments😢
Back in 6th grade we were tasked to recreate this event along with the revolution
my dead friend in roblox lives in cavite i still miss her...
i wish she plays again😢
How will she play then
Soon as i hear "three priests killed by the spaniards"
I knew it was philippine history
long live the Filipino brothers. much love from Mexico 🇲🇽
For those who are wondering what a garote is its basically where someone sits and a iron collar is wrapped around their neck and tightened by a lever at the back