Ground Neutral and Hot wires explained - electrical engineering grounding ground fault
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 14 พ.ค. 2024
- Ground neutral and hot wires explained. In this video we look at the difference and purpose of the ground wire, the hot wire and the neutral wire in a north american residential electrical system. We look at ground faults, GFCI, current, voltage and simple examples for each.
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Electrician earthing electric potential grounding electrician electrical safety, ground neutral and hot wires explained,
#electrical #electricity #engineering electronics engineering
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I've been in the electrician trade for over 40 years, have you ever worked on a 2 phase/ 5 wire system? Talk about confusing, that was a nightmare until I found some old books that explained it.
In the 1970s I had the misfortune of working in an old trolley car facility that was converted to a factory and it still had some of the 2 phase equipment that couldn't be replaced and unfortunately I was the only one who understood it so I got the "honor" of working on it. The company built a new facility so I didn't have to keep patching it together.
Nice explanation mate! Thanks so much.
Just a question on current flow. So, I get that it's the case that current flows negative to positive, but why do some people say that current flows positive to negative? Is that a special type of flow or something, or are they just wrong?
@@LeeEverett1
Its not a big deal it was just notion...
Current that says it travels from possitive to negative is called the CONVENTIONAL CURRENT
While the other is the actual electron flow it is called the ELECTRON FLOW CURRENT
In electronics the current actually suggest the flow of electrons... but in the past they think that it is the protons that flows... and so when the notion of CURRENT has been developed, they always have the idea of it that current travels from possitive to negative... this notion has been widely accepted by the commmunity, thus all of the symbols of electrical components, like diodes, transistors and others are meant for Conventional Current...
But as the years passed they discovered that the notion of current is wrong it is the electron that travels not the proton, so after they had knew this fact that electric current actually flows from negative to possitive... they cannot adopt it easily in circuit analysis because all the symbols of electronics are meant for conventional current... so if you will use the electron flow current in the circuits analysis you will have a hard time because u will need to think in reverse, for example diodes symbols is like an arrow which points its forward biase for Conventional current but if you use electron flow you have to think that the forward biase is the actually the opposite of what it points..
@First Last either is fine, paypal will convert it. Thank you for supporting us
I am a senior technician, self-employed in the PCB manufacturing industry. Back when I was struggling with the difference between ground and neutral, I came up with an analogy using water that helped me better understand. Imagine you had an upstairs laundry room. Of course, there would be a drain in the middle of the floor just in case the washing machine sprung a leak. But, in normal use, the water in the washing machine would go down the intended path through the drain behind the machine. The drain in the floor acts the same as a ground. It's not an active part of the washing machine plumbing but if necessary it can carry the water away to avoid flooding the downstairs. The drain behind the machine acts as the neutral because it is intended to carry the water away in normal operation.
Great way to remember !
Thank u
Damn my dude...im an Electrician in GA and never heard a plumbing type of explanation for the Neutral but you are dead on...props to you sir,I'm gona use this on a couple of the older fellas at work!!
God Bless you sir!
Sweet!!! Now we know. This should be pinned
I've been in the electrical field for over 5 years now and unfortunately my coworkers and bosses have either been lousy at teaching me things or purposely keeping me ignorant so I can't progress as quickly. It's always driven me crazy not being able to fully understand the basics of electricity and how it all works. Your videos have served me so well, I'm now so much more confident when I'm working and can't begin to show my level of appreciation for all your easy to follow, informative videos. Thank you and please keep up the amazing work. If I could make a suggestion, I would love a detailed video on the steps you would take for installing a subpanel for either residential or commercial use. Regardless, any video you make will surely be great, thank you!!
I can relate as a commercial electrician, I get frustrated by the lack of understanding by the majority of people in the field. The reality is that it's still construction and even though you attract a lot of smart people, it's a dirty and hard job that doesn't pay enough so you have to have a lot of dopes to bend conduit and pull wires. The smart guys that know what's going on usually become alcoholics and spend their free time drinking, not reading engineering books. And the amount of BS theories and principles in the industry are extremely high, so even smart people often have the wrong information if they never studied it in school. Despite the low pay and hard work, I pride myself on knowing everything I can about electrical safety and I try to correct the incorrect information that circulates in the industry. I don't like to argue with old school electricians though so I usually just take an apprentice aside and give them the correct answer when I hear someone telling them the wrong thing. You have to choose your battles and some crusty old journeyman doesn't want to hear that it's not actually magic pixies that reside in the wall holes
Kaos & Michael Not only relate to you both but in everything you said, literally! And in that it’s a bit funny to think we are the only ones go8ng through this very thing that can often be frustrating. I’m not an Electrician, but I’ve worked around them literally my entire 25+ years in plant engineering starting out as a Gas Turbine System Technician (Mechanical) since way back when I was in the U.S. Navy. I was the Mechanical to the Electrical other half or the guys that were. We worked together, we had to, but if was often like that. I got out into the civilian world and stayed in the similar related field in plant engineering and often encountered the same thing. The exception for me was the same guys that came from a military background in the Navy at the company I worked at who took the time and some patience to explain when I was confused. Later and currently I moved on into Process Automations Control Engineering and dealing with a lot of electrical in PLC Controls and dealing with the same things as you both and in learning as it wasn’t what I started my career out in field wise. Learning the ins and out of how Field Devices are wired to Electrical Control Panel and to PLC took a lot of time and understanding and re-explanation by others that had it correctly and really knew what they were talking about or who would take the time to teach you correctly. I understand what you both go through and empathize. So I find solace in these videos as well in explanation as well learning things over again.
Check this book: Elementary lectures on electric discharges, waves and impulses, and other transients by Steinmetz, Charles Proteus
I took a home correspondence course before a became a tech at AT&T. I was lucky to get assigned to work with an old timer that really knew what he was doing. But I've also worked with techs that didn't know anything. They didn't know how to use a VOM or how to read diagrams, and had no knowledge of basic electricity. Then you have the really smart techs that won't teach you anything.
Some don't want to teach you, they want their bosses to look up to them and favor them.
I often find, with your videos, that even if I read a title of your video and it sounds like something I’m already confident that I’m familiar with, I still learn something when I watch it. Thank you for such great information.
I’m an electrician of about 10 years.
Paul, you are the best teacher whom I have ever run across when trying to understand the fundamentals of electricity.
I have been trying to learn this concept for years, and for years, NO ONE could teach it to me so easily as you just did in this video.
PLEASE do not stop teaching people! Your method of teaching has most likely helped hundreds - if not thousands - of people in search of higher learning!
By now, it looks like maybe millions of people!
1:35 i always assumed on a battery with direct current the positive+ side was hot with current travelling outward and the negative= was the ground to complete the loop
You just explained the difference between neutral and ground better then anyone in my school OR my work. THANK you.
Glad you enjoyed
Yes most people don't know that a neutral is just the center tap of the transformer and it can carry a voltage potential to ground.
Tesla himself was asked about people getting shocked from neutrals and he asked " did you ground it?"( he meant bond the neutral to a grounding electrode), problem solved.
Exactly. I always asked this to my professors/coworkers and what they all said sounded like they didn’t even know either.
@Klik B Those that can't do..teach.
@@billwilson3665 And those that can't do can't do because they were never taught. ;)
This was explained in the clearest manner that I've ever come across.
I wish my college professor, back in the day, explained it this way. He was ready to retire, and we were the last class he taught.
This was one of those concepts that had eluded me for some reason; for quite awhile. I had an easier time with understanding calculus than this one thing.
What a fantastic, informative video. I've done some handy work on my own property for years, and you've taught me more in just 11 minutes than I've learned in the past year. Thank you. Excellent animations and diagrams, too!
As an electrical PE, it is remarkable how many experienced people cannot explain these concepts simply - or worse those who are stingy with their expertise. Thankfully, I had good mentors.
But so many talented individuals at the entry-level don't get the help they need to understand the basics. I see that by reading the comments. I really appreciate your clear explanations and how generous you are with your knowledge. Please keep up the good work!
Yeah, I can never understand why people gatekeep knowledge. There will always be a way to find out what you need even if others try to keep you from it.
Ego is one reason for such a problem. Not have the talent/gift to Teach a concept well is another. A good amount of individuals can be a teacher at a school, but few can be a Good/Effective teacher. There is a big difference.
The Individual that creates the videos on this channel is a valuable gem. His videos are verbally top notch and his graphics as well.
Stingy because you will take all the jobs all over the world and leave them broke. 😅
You have singlehandedly ended my search for real anwsers I couldn't find anywhere else. Thank you The Engineering Mindset.
I've tried to understand residential electrical systems for years. My dad keeps trying to teach me, but the neutral wire never made any sense to me, so I would keep forgetting what I was taught. With this simple explanation, everything just clicked into place. Everything makes sense now! Thanks!
One of the best explanations of neutral and ground i’ve heard..Excellent work. TH-cam is a gold mine of amazing content, only one needs to know where to dig or be lucky enough to stumble upon the right channels and content.
You deserve to be accredited so you can be giving tests and certifications with information like this. IM SUPER GRATEFUL!!!!
I just wanted to say thanks, I’m in school to be an electrician and the simple theory lessons have really helped.
Glad it helped, good luck
These are very good videos, I highly recommend them for simplicity in understanding electricity. Keep in mind that ground rods are used mainly east side of US and in the western states with rock they do not use ground rods but use a ufer ground in which Florida is now requiring them with the Delta ground. A ufer ground is copper wire cadweld to rebar 20' in length and is encased in concrete, i.e. footers, of course this is commercial and not residential.
Been looking for a good, understandable explanation of a single-phase circuit. I'm really glad I finally found this great video. Nice work and thanks a lot!!!
This DIY'er thought he knew stuff. After watching some of your more advanced videos, I've realized I needed to come back and watch some of your basics too. They're all high quality, well thought, and well made stuff. Thank you.
This is just to tell u that your videos are precise, highly informative. Please keep them coming.
Your videos are so very well explained and easily understandable I’d love to see you do a series eventually on Electrical flow with/in 4-20 MA circuits in Industrial Control Panels with PLC’s and Electrical flow to Field Devices wired to them. That would be cool.
yes, I would like to thank the publisher of this video along with anyone who took part in it. In my short 2 years of being a low voltage electrician (self trained lol), I have never understood the function of the ground wire until now.
Probably the best explanation I have heard. This covers a couple pet peeves of mine. For instance, you often hear "Electricity always takes the path of least resistance." No, no it does not. This video does a good job showing people this concept. Another is that people think ground is there to save them. Again no, at least in the direct sense. Excellent video.
This is the best video I've found on the grounding process and the best explanation overall of how the electrical system in homes work. I've been searching for a video like this for over 2 years, thank you for making this.
Hit that sub button there's more coming
As a visual learner and an engineer, I truly appreciate these videos.
Electrical engineer?
No such thing as a visual learner. A common myth.
@@townley1017 This was the comment I expected to see here lol
@@raymondsolomon2546 you agree haha? 😂
Call it what you like, but you can talk to me all day and it doesn’t sink in. Show me a video like this one and (pun intended) the light goes on !!!
The best example of the flow of current I've seen in my 50 years of being electrician
This comment made this 20 year electrician watch this video. Thank you.
I can’t even tell you how much these videos have helped to better shape my understanding of various electrical systems and concepts. Thank you!
These are some spectacular videos! I've learned a ton by watching them.
This guy explains tons of electrical concepts better in these short little videos than tons of books and most blow hands on the subjects! Love your videos Paul!
the best explanation & graphics for neutral/ground wire i have ever come across . thank you!
I have learned more in 10 minutes about this stuff than I have from school or books in the past 10 years. Wow! Thanks!
Wow. Thanks for this. I'm fairly knowledgeable with electricity, but I have never seen such a great video simplifying home electricity. You did an exceptional job breaking it down. Great job. You have a new subscriber. 👍
omg THANK YOU! Up until 11 minutes ago, I had been trying to understand this for YEARS!
I would like to save this video in my heart forever. I saw a few videos to try to understand this but never got this valuable explanation. You started from very important points to have in mind and then used it through the explanation. Thanks for your work.
You could save the video in a TH-cam playlist.
Did electrical courses twice....
Only now I've learnt something watching this. Excellent explanations 👍👍
This is a fantastic explanation that makes my life a lot more comprehensible. Thanks!
Thank you for creating easily understandable educational videos like this, I have just been motivated to get an electrical engineering course. Keep up the good work. Really love it.
How was the course?
I was an electrician for many years here in the UK. I watched this video out of curiosity to see how things were wired up over in America/Canada. No more complex than here really, just different. Thanks alot for the vid.
Awesome video! I’m currently working on getting my Journeyman license in the U.S. and this video explains the basics very well
How did I just find this channel? Great content my man.
Thanks, now every every question in my mind is answered. I should learn more about basics
This is an EXCELLENT video. Thank you so much. I took so many notes to explain it to my students. So well explained!!
Thanks so much! This video made so much sense. Best explanation of the difference between neutral and ground I have ever come across.
Best damned explanation I think I have ever heard let alone watched with detailed visuals my hats off to you sir well done all the way around
After high school, I resisted the thought of doing engineering. But currently, I am a graduated electrical engineer. I think these videos are very powerful for anyone having difficulty on these topics.
Yeah it’s important to remember that everyone has the potential to make a difference. I’m often shocked how negative I can be towards myself, and in those moments I remind myself that no matter where I’m at now, as long as I take charge, I can power through.
Your explanation is really great and straight to the point, good job man. Thank you so much !
thanks so much for this. I'm about 8 weeks in a 17 week electricity for hvar course and we never talked about this because my teacher assumed everyone knew it and after having to rebuild my electric baseboard 3 times and blowing up a transformer i just now know what these wires are and how to connect them. i wish i saw these videos before i started the class but at least once i try and rebuild my board for the fourth time now I'll understand what the wires are for and why they matter (and hopefully not blow anything else up)
I'm shocked!
But on a serious note , even though i am not an electrician or going to be , these information is always good to have in my brain
Well spotted 😉 and glad you enjoyed
After 2 years taking IBEW apprenticeship classes. Was still unclear about much of this.... I can't tell you how much I appreciate the way you've explained this....
Why is positive wire earthing out on negative earth on izuzu mu
Man this video cleared up so many little points of confusion I had. Such high quality content. Thanks!
I like learning something new. But unlearning something wrong? Wow. Huge respect to the creator of this video!
This is so much better than sitting in a class.
Thank you for this.... This was better then my apprenticeship classes.... I wish they explained it like you and had animated pictures like yours
In India it’s 220 AC . My electric iron has a small leakage in it’s metal body. This is observed when I disconnect the ground wire. With a three pin plug having phase neutral and ground wire ( we call it earth) the residual current in the metal body travels via ground wire and makes it safe to handle. This shows that the ground wire in house hold circuit always carry some current to earth. This is because of poor insulation in motor of refrigerator, AC,Iron or toaster.
This video is SUPER easy to understand and extremely well made. Thank you!!
You made the concepts so easy and fast to understand , thank you so much
Excellent Video and explanations!!!!!!! Very seldom do you find a video THIS useful!.... Please keep up the great work!!!!
I just started trade school and this helped a lot.
Probably the best explanation and video I've seen on this subject. Well done and thank you!
Very simple explanations, and confusion free! Appreciated.
Thank You -- This is the best video I have ever seen for this subject
This is a level 11 genius presentation! Awesome.
I am an electrical engineer and can only dream of being able to communicate this well.
Graduated last year as an EE, and can definitely say I barely learned anything as well as this video, thank God I found this TH-cam Channel.
@@UR4AnEpicF4il how has obtaining a job after graduation been?
I'm a garland has never thought I would interested in this VDO but watch the video from beginning to end and then subscribe to your TH-cam channel.
Never heard like this explanation before
In my entire life!
You rock it!
Thank you!
This is a fantastic video and explains things very well. The one thing that is potentially not accurate, though, is that in a DC circuit the wire going from the negative terminal of the DC power supply to the negative connection of the load/circuit is called the negative or ground wire, not "hot wire". While it is correct that electrons flow from negative to positive, all voltage (difference in potential) has been dropped across the load or circuit so that there is no voltage at the negative or ground wire. The "hot" wire in a DC circuit is synonymous with the positive wire, or the wire that carries the difference in potential.
Thanks. The pic at 1:49 messed me all up.
The hot line in DC is the positive.The negative is called ground.There is no actual ground (earth) in a DC circuit as negative is always zero volts.
I need to watch this about twenty times to make sure I actually absorb it all.
same
Same here. I’m a slow learner.
Dear Paul, I was never clear how my electrical system worked. Your video enabled me to run a 240V line from my cabin to my shed in the backyard and it WORKED! I also tapped into that line and made a 120V outlet work to run the lights there as well. Thank you for this fantastic elucidation of a very difficult subject to understand. -Paul
Bruh
Just stumbled across these videos and instantly subscribed… great explanations with visual diagrams… the explanation of AC concepts while showing a DC source is troubling for me, but overall great stuff
Great videos! Thanks for the content! One thing, (minor -nitpicky even) the 2 single pole breakers you have on the diagram are actually on the same phase in the breaker box which would mean 35 or 30 amps (depending on which scenario you're speaking of with amperage to each device) being carried back on the neutral?
I’ve asked my boss and co workers, how split phase power works. Non were able to explain it as well as you. Thanks!
Thank you for this simple and straightforward explination
i learned in those few min, what i have in 1 year at school ,,, very dense and ahead to the point . well well done , thanks a lot
If internet existed when I was a boy, I would follow my father steps and become an electric engineer.(because he died when I was a child, so, could not show me this fascinating world himself). Really nice videos.thumbs up, and you have anew follower.
You should also consider being an electrician. Being an engineer is hard, both in terms of finding a job and doing the job. Electrician work is more plentiful, and its application is completely hands-on.
As a electrician I always wondered how the ground wire would trip a circuit breaker due to it being hooked up to the neutral in houses but I see due to low resistance it cause the influx in amps cause th breaker to trip very nice 👌🏻
The ground wire never has less resistance. The video is not accurate about that. In many applications the conduit is used as the ground which has a far greater resistance than copper. In larger wire applications (10GA and larger) it is very common to have the ground wire be 2 sizes smaller. It simply needs to hold current for a fraction of a second up to 10x rated load if the ground becomes the return path due to a fault and trip the breaker. It is the same gauge in residential to make it easier to work with.
So if I have a hot and a neutral wire light fixture and I’m trying to attach it to a lighting housing box that has hot, neutral, and exposed ground wire. Should I leave the ground wire not connected and just shove it back in thr box unused? Or should I connect neutral and ground wires all together in same wire clamp? And hot with hot?
Best explanation and illustration ever! You v taught me more in 11 minutes than in school. Thank you.
Thank you so much. You explained it better than all my teachers combined.
There's a reason I'm a mechanical engineer. Electricity is practically like magic to me. I've always struggled with understanding the concept of grounding. This was an excellent video, I definitely understand it better but I know for sure I'll get confused again 😅
lol
See our new video on how to build mechanical versions of electronic circuits? Watch here: th-cam.com/video/Zv9Q7ih48Uc/w-d-xo.html
My body has completed a circuit a number of times.
Do you know the wattage you are rated sir?😁
@@markanthonyvaldez4517 Maybe he is still experimenting on that! LOL
Seriously Pea Stone - be careful out there man!
same - not the best feeling, I think you'd agree
Electroboom:
@@slatsgrobneck7515 I know the reply is late, but thanks man. Had another experience with a faulty fridge electrical cord the other day.
Thank you, this was super easy to take in ESPECIALLY with the NOTES and VISUALS, Thank u
These teachings are the best I have ever seen. Thank you.
I've been an Electrician for a thousand years and I still found this video to be very informative. I also played chess with Michael Faraday and Ben Franklin. They were very good.
I hope this comment blows up
Hello, nice presentation. On the subject of Neutrals and Grounds, I’d like to insert something. True, electricity follows the path of least resistance, to a point. To be correct electricity follows all paths available, some carry more current due to less resistance. So, a Neutral Wire in America carry’s the Unbalanced 240 volt current back to the source, ie... generator. The ground in that system will also carry part of the unbalanced load, not as many amps as the neutral only because of resistance, ground wires are allowed to be smaller sized. Make no mistake, if you disconnect a home ground wire from the connection point and connect a multimeter you will read current flow. Just my 2c’s worth, be safe.
Check our new Multimeter tutorial out ➡️ th-cam.com/video/4lAyzRxsbDc/w-d-xo.html
Thanks man, for the first time i actually understand how the ground works and what a ground fault is.
Very clear explanation, congrats, I will install a refrigeration cabinet with some 120 VAC instruments inside, I build the three point ac plug acording with the position of hot, neutral and ground, and was trying to understand the connection of ground with 120 VAC derived from threephasic 220 VAC + ground, now is clear, thankyou very much.
The only thing I would like to mention is that by connecting the Neutral to the Earth Rod via the Earth Bus (Ground Bus) it ensures that the Neutral is always at Earth Potential (0 Volts).
So ground is basically an emergency neutral... thanks man
The ground is a backup in case the neutra wirel fails or the positive wire insulation either melts or breaks and touches the metal EMT conduit
These videos are very clear to understand, thank you.
Excellent! That's the first explanation of hot/neutral/ground I've understood. Well done :)
How curious. Here in Brazil I was told to never connect the ground rod to the neutral wire, as it would be a bad and unsafe pratice. Never got a decent explanation, but yours make sense.
I'm looking for the link to "Need these countries?" (i.e. those using a 220/240V system) but it isn't anywhere in the links
Thank you for explaining the differences between Ground, Neutral and Hot Wires.
well i have seen many videos on this topic but this is hands down the best one.
You should explain that electrons flow in the direction opposite of the current flow convention. That may help some people. - or confuse them further.
By convention, If you have a wire and a positive current is measured going from left to right in the wire, then electrons are moving right to left (opposite direction) in the wire. This is how the convention defined. In his example with the battery and light bulb, a positive current will be measured coming out of the positive terminal (cathode) of the battery, through the light bulb, and back into the negative terminal (anode). Electrons are moving the opposite direction as he shows it. Learn more about it: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current
Then to really confuse,there is no 'flow' really😉
@@multidayticket I think the confusion is using both DC and AC currents in the example.
the moment you said electricity flows from negative to positive, I immediatly subscribed.
Current flows from positive to negative. While electron flow negative to positive.
@@xzy7196 I thought he could have spent more time on that. Along with how fast electrons go from negative to positive which is a crawl. I've read 1 foot every 20 minutes or so. Yet the current due to so many electrons doing this lazy ride travels at basically the speed of light.
I always talk about electron flow rather than hole flow so I say current flows from negative to positive.
I second @Adnan MX, current exists due to potential difference, and it'll always go from higher potential to lesser potential (Kirchhoff and Ohm laws expand more on this), therefore, one could say that current "flows" from positive (higher potential) to negative (lesser potential).
The reason for it to be like this is found in a subatomic level, where electrons flow towards a positively biased charge and are repelled from a negatively biased charge (ie battery terminals). Every time an electron moves towards the positive charge, a "blank slot" is left behind in its previous place, having this "slot" populated by the next electron being attracted towards the positive charge. Since every time electrons move they'll leave a "blank slot" in their previous positions, one will easily notice that a given "slot" will appear to be moving from the positive charge towards the negative charge, whereas electrons will appear to be moving in the opposite way. This "blank slot moving" behaviour is described as current, therefore, the reason for it to be represented in the previously described way.
yea, and I hope that it was just an editing mistake in the animation when the neutral and ground were connected to the positive terminal on the battery.
OMG you are just the best teacher.from ever.Thank you so much now finally I understand the difference between ground or earth cable and neutral .Thank you so much.What a wonderful discover your amazing channel and it's so calming just like a zen mindset topman.
Great stuff as always. 2 Questions: If someone touched the neutral part of the circuit, would they be electrocuted? If not, why? Also, What happens if someone touches the hot side of the circuit but is wearing rubber shoes and does not complete the circuit? Thanks!
Answer to first question: nothing because the neutral is grounded at the panel so it stays fixed at the same voltage (O) as you.
Second question: again nothing because the path isn't available to close the circuit through you. Notice how birds don't get electrocuted sitting on power lines..
The neutral won't shock you if it's connected correctly, but it will shock the crap out of you if it's not connected, under load and looking for a path back to source and you just happen to be it.
Might mention that in the desert sometimes an earth ground rod needs water at times from a hose. Soak the area good. Test with meter.
You'll get a "shocking" reading
I love this simple explanation of basic home electrical. Good job
thank you. Simple and effective explanation. Not head scratching.
6:53 The ground wire doesn't have less resistance than the neutral wire, generally. In fact some circuits will have a smaller gauge ground wire than those that normally carry current.
I think the author was confused because most ground faults where the hot touches the casing will carry much larger currents than normal operation. This is just because the hot is touching the casing directly and not going through a highly resistive load like a light bulb.
L’ ho sempre detto che siete un gradino sopra a noi italiani! In un video ho trovato la spiegazione che stavo cercando da mesi!Compimenti per la spiegazione e grazie!
I can't believe that this is free, very very well explained!
As always a great video , just. A tad too fast for my aging non electrical brain , I’ll rewatch thanks