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In the Hebrew Bible, King Josiah launches major religious reforms after the discovery of "the Book of the Law" in the Temple in Jerusalem. This episode will explore the scholarly arguments over what these reforms might have entailed, and how they may have influenced the development of many of the books in the Hebrew Bible (including Joshua, Judges, and Kings).
Read more about King Josiah on Patheos.com:
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Website: www.patheos.com
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It’s so nice to have scholarship in this area that you can trust to be intellectually honest.
You were predestined to be different(Romans 8:29), he that has an ear to hear let him hear(Mark 4:29).
HALLELUYAH!(PRAISE YE YAH!)
The problem with watching interesting videos like this is having to wait for a sequel. Seeing that this was posted 7 hours ago broke my hearr 💔 🥲
Good for me, I only found it one year later, with all the videos already done =D
Love love love when the discussions we were having in the comment section of the previous video are touched on in the next video in a series.
Haha we were talking about theorigins of Yahwehism and inexplicably the presence of cannabis at the shrine at Tel Arad
Great summary. Thanks, Patheos! “The real religion of ancient Israel is almost everything the biblical writers condemned. The whole theology of the Hebrew Bible would have been foreign to most people.” - Prof. William G. Dever (Archaeologist, Anthropologist, University of Arizona)
Since Yahwah was one of the Judeans major gods, I don't think it would be that foreign to the local population. Even the Jewish holidays are based on the local Canaanite ones, which are mostly agricultural holidays.
It's like a population of people and then a few select people actually practicing what they preach lol
And that's corroborated by the Bible. Only a select few actually remained faithful to only Yahweh for most of Israelite history.
Yeah and that’s exactly how it is today too.
The only Yahweh practice probably started as a cult tradition of people dedicated for him, it is also very possible that he was the patron God of Israel as many Canaanite groups had their own patron God.
The bible repaint the history in a different light to make the Yahwehist cult into the "original" tradition and the polylatrist traditions into "heresy".
FANTASTIC!!! I was always of the opinion that the history of monotheism was more complicated that what people assume. Love this vid.
Glad you enjoyed it!
It is interesting that people assume it was ever simple. The Bible itself seems pretty clear that the people never fully were monotheistic before Babylon. I would be surprised not to find evidence that the majority (at least at times) worshipped more than one god.
I'd like to note that the Bible most definitely corroborates this archeological evidence of polytheism.
It's one of the main gripes YHWH and his Prophets have with the Hebrews throughout most of their history.
The Old Testament is full of condemnation of the Israelites doing the usual practices of Canaanite religion: sacred poles erected in high places, "serving the Ba'als", etc. That alone shows that the adoption of monotheism was a gradual process.
I don't know how anyone could read the Old Testament and not come to the conclusion that there was a genuine belief that other gods existed but that the authors of the texts believed the absolute superiority of YHWH.
Asherah poles and "high places" are both talked about in the text as belonging to beliefs opposed to YHWH.
The people believe in multiple gods despite the authors often saying only one exists.
@@j.kaimori3848 Yes, I possibly phrased that poorly. But you captured what I meant.
@@StephensCrazyHour it's probably more that the Bible is a mess.
You're amazing man, your content never stops in educating me! keep up the amazing work, sir!
Another excellent video!
Great work, Andrew. I've watched the majority of your playlist on ReligionforBreakfast, and I enjoy every minute.
Great series!
Fascinating series!
Always informative and interesting!
thanks for you content, I think it's really balanced and informative, looking forward to more stuff like this
Excellent video. Thanks for all your hard work and time. Very informative. Good graphics pronunciations good flow. Wonderful job keeping.
Deep stuff. I'll have to rewatch it.
Interesting and well done. As always 👊 thanks
I'm really enjoying this series. I also like the haircut.
Hairs lookin great, great vid
Your video is enlightening
For the record, Tel Arad is right next to the training base for the Nahal Brigade. The Nahal Brigade is stereotyped in the IDF as the brigade for stoners. Just thought I’d throw that out there, might explain those cannabis traces.
Lol, I guess some things never change. The more things change, the more things stay the same. I would hope those cannabis traces are actually ancient though
Surely the age of those traces can be traced, as well.
Wonderful
I suppose a more centralised religion is a useful thing for a monarch to have in his country. Makes it easier to use as a political support when necessary, in a similar sense to something like how Henry VIII saw the Church of England. I imagine Josiah probably saw the regional differences as a potential hotbed of rebellion.
It's also good for collecting taxes and trade by having everyone come to your capital city for their religious festivals.
I'm reminded of Terry Pratchett's Discworld novel Small Gods
Someone has had a serious haircut. :)
Brilliant.
The standing stones remind me of the two tablets for the ten commandments which were described as being in the holy of holies in the Hebrew Bible. So I'm curious if the ideas are connected at all.
Please use the playlist feature!
Seapeoples is a multi-part series? How many? Also...how else can I watch all of your videos without the algorithm switching channels on me?
You were predestined to be different(Romans 8:29), he that has an ear to hear let him hear(Mark 4:29).
HALLELUYAH!(PRAISE YE YAH!)
Josiah is good strong name for good strong Man. Love the name, I love most biblical names because they are using J to replace YA and so all the J names in there are incredibly new when consider how long people have really existed and all english J names are from a book only around 300 years ago.
So J names for me are especially unique and cool too.
What does the name josiah mean?
As far as I know: in the Bible, other gods have always been recognized but, from some time on, must be considered abominations
My Uncle Leonard somehow knew they were using canabis his whole life.
Funny, my dad always talks about how they’ve been using it since back then
I love Wednesdays now!
One of my bible heroes. Look forward to meeting him in Heaven.
It is interesting to speculate the emergence of the Yahwist party, did it originate with the Elijah and Elisha movements in the Northern Kingdom which then migrated south after the Assyrian Conquest? When it migrated south, it merged with the royal ideology of Zion, and the resulting synthesis is what birthed the Hebrew Bible as we know of today.
There was a lot of straying away from worship of One G-d. But King David says that other gods have mouths but do not speak. They are mute because even if they have stone figurines, they are spiritless.
Interesting...even the apostle Paul said in the letter to Corinthians that there is a God who is blinding the eyes of people...referring to Satan...
"Welcome to the new Eastside high"
-Joe Clark
In my opinion the judaic monotheism has its origin in the greek philosopher Xenophanes. The babylonians were very educated and had much reverence for the Seleucides. After Xenophanes the monotheism became common opinion of all educated theologians in the region. In the captivity also the jews have learned hellenism and even after the captivity accepted hellenistic results of theological science. The educated greeks were monotheists. This is why they liked St. Paul speaking in the Areopag of the one God.
The theology of the Catholic Church is heavily influenced by Heraclitus, Plato, Aristotle. The Logos, Prime Mover, theory of forms etc. Most of the Greek philosophers more or less thought polytheism and attributing human behavior to gods was kinda silly. So yeah you’re probably right. I mean lots of early church fathers even thought some of the Greeks were “divinely inspired” before Jesus even came
@@RamManNo1 As a catholic I fully agree and see also the hellenistic philosophic development as part of the will of God to reveal the Holy Trinity.
WerIstWieJesus I just went on a Plato binge over Covid. And I gotta say his stuff just blows my mind. He had a way of putting thoughts and concepts to writing that are just on a whole other level. I recently started trying to learn more about my religion (also Catholic) and read pretty much any early church writings I can find. It’s good stuff
😩 IT IS WRITTEN.....
" I am The LORD, and there is no other;
there is no God but Me.
I will equip you for battle,
though you have not known Me,
so that all may know,
from where the sun rises to where it sets,
that there is none but Me;
I am The LORD, and there is no other.
I form the light and create the darkness;
I bring prosperity and create calamity.
I, The LORD, do all these things. " - Isaiah 45:5-7
May sound weird but I practice a form of shamanism that stemmed from Catholic beliefs... Ever since I took ecstasy at a party and collapsed and starting chanting the name of Yaweh. Even now I’m more of a Hindu but ever time I hear the name, think the name or especially chant the name I just feel it in my body man.
I like this dudes voice. That's all.
He has a large channel
Any chance that you would engage with the ideas of Russell Gmirkin? He argues, very convincingly, that the pentateuch was written in the Hellenistic Age, based on then-recent translations of ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian myths, the ideas of Plato, and countering various slanders against the Jews. He also concludes that Solomon is a re-telling of the history of Shalmaneser III.
This is the second time I've heard you refer to cannabis as a hallucinogen. I've never had a psychedelic experience from marijuana.
I know, I’ve heard the same and yet never remotely experienced anything like that. Apparently you have to have *loads* to hallucinate, and most people would just get ill before that I guess
@@georgem7502 A few years ago my partner, two other friends and myself did some cannabis concoction that was way more powerful than any of us wanted. I couldn't drive home. None of us had a psychedelic experience. I think it's propaganda. More likely they used it medicinally and recreationally but, I dispute that it's a true psychedelic.
If there are evidences of the reform before king Josiah, but the royal seals changed after his reign, maybe the reforms were ongoing, made by the priests of Yahweh and their followers in attrition with the worshipers of the other gods, until Josiah sided with them and made everything official, and for that he got the credit of the whole reform?
That's unlikely because the first texts on Hebrew Bible were written on that period and they focused on draw a picture of the enemies of Israelites in that era: namely Egyptians and Philistines.
King Josiah would benefit a lot of reuniting the remnants of the Kingdom of Israel to his Judahite Kingdom against the threats of the region. This is why he is most likely the spark of religious reform. He wanted to form a greater kingdom, so he changed religion, reshaped religious institutions and brought the texts who would make his basis for his reforms.
I don't think it's necessary to dismiss the traditional Biblical account. The books of Judges and Kings are abundantly clear that the people repeatedly lapsed into idolatry. The idol worship sites that were found can be attributed to those lapses and can reflect how the people behaved rather than reflecting on the intrinsic nature of Isralite religion. Also, the fact that the Bible acknowledges other gods is not shocking. Other peoples worshipped other gods because they benefited from doing so - Israel was nevertheless commanded to disregard those benefits and to regard those gods as irrelevant relative to YHVH. As far as worshipping El, rabbinic Judaism takes for granted that YHVH and El are synonymous, each name representing a different attribute of Divinity. The fact that a Caananite God by the same name existed can point to the fact that the Isralite God and the Caananite god El were not mutually exclusive and there could have been some overlap in their understandings of the Divine.
Similar to Romans superimposing Jupiter to Zeus or Neptune to Poseidon. They also tried classifying Celtic gods to their Roman equivalents. I think this was pretty common in ancient paganism. Some Hellenes just considered the Hebrew God as Zeus
Monolatry is real cool phenomenon you see with a lot of religions up until a certain point when they decided "no only mine is real". Is there any evidence as to when that shift occured and why?
Ive heard that strict monotheism as opposed to monolatry was the explanation for why israel had failures, such as in war, when the greatest God was on their side. I think it makes sense that if your God is so great, then his cosmic agenda must mean that he isnt so petty as to make sure you always win.
Deuteronomy and chill
Also, it should be noted, that an English translation of the original ancient writings can not be trusted. The languages don’t even operate the same. The only way to really know what was actually said, is to return to the original language in it’s original form (Paleo Hebrew). Otherwise you just have a very watered down version that just barely scratches the surface, or a mistranslation.
Particularly the King James Bible, which is unquestionably one of the great literary works of all time, but as a translation it’s a wee bit shoddy even by the standards of the time.
I wonder when people left monotheism and began polytheism?
יאשיהו מלך יהודה
What is the difference between monolatrous and henotheism?
Henotheism is the belief in multiple gods but the sect in question worships a patron god among the whole pantheon.
Monolotry is the belief in other gods, but worship is given exclusively to the creator god.
@@thepalegalilean I look upon the people of Judah being more henotheistic than monolatrous. They worshipped Yahweh/El but also would worship other god's depending upon the need. Somewhat like the saints of the Catholic church. Even at the time of Jesus, where I would call them monotheist, they believed in demons/ spirits, both good and bad, that existed around them.
@@paulmuhle5840
It's funny you say that, because I am Catholic.
But no, I would disagree. I see more monolatry than henotheism. Because in henotheism you have a patron God you worship. But it doesn't disqualify the worship of other gods. In monolatry however, While it does admit other gods exist, It's specifically tells us that the creator God is the only one worthy of worship.
Also I have a gainst the evidence shown here. While much of it was accurate it's presented in a very one sided manner.
Because what is being described here is a language barrier. The word we have for 'god' in English has no equivalent in Hebrew. The word used is El.
And while El can be used to signify a God, it doesn't have to. For instance, when Saul uses a necromancy to resurrect Samuel, the text describes this event as 'the god rose up from the Earth.' But no serious scholar is going to say that Samuel was ever worshipped.
And in Job, Satan is described as also being a god. Because the term used is Elohim (literally god and the council).
So it seems that El could be referring to divinity, but many times times it refers to any member of the divine realm.
So basically the scholarship is one sided and a bit biased.
i've been wondering what the differemce is, too.
so from what you guys explain, henotheism is more the stuff that went on a lot in the roman world, where you'd have a pantheon, but some people were specifically devoted to one god (or maybe a small group of gods?) while monolatery is more the belief that the other gods, while existing, play on a different team?
Principle of theological entropy:
No matter which mighty god is behind, any and every religious group will diversify with time...
Unless the sword comes to establish a forced unity.
And then the cycle repeats.
🙏🏾🙏🏾🙏🏾🌹💜
My mom said she named be after josiah from the bible
There was monotheism at the time of King David
I don't remember the name of the site but there is a site where the inscription credits the order to Hezekiah while the bible credits the order to Josiah but it is clear that the king of Judah took the shrine and alter to a foreign god and converted it to a toilet.
Learning the Deuteronomist was more of an elitist group rather than inspired infallible prophet Moses, quite shocking. Liberating though.
Yes, I knew there were other gods in the Bible. I appreciate the heads up. I was here for the story of Josiah. You kinda failed on that.
your*
Love the new haircut, real improvement. Your ears deserve a break from your hair, let them breathe. Video was great, 2.
10:45 Israel being destroyed. I love when you guys use actual images of that period instead of modern representations. 😍
Metel da3ish. Still believed other gods but yhwh aktar
Second
No kidding as scripture says they committed spiritual adultery.
Showing my parents 8:15 just because cannabis.
I don't mean to offend, but you take quite the subjective leap at 6:37 with your backing of the 'monolatrous' theory. Merely because the worship of other gods is mentioned doesn't mean they believed these other gods existed, it only indicates their recognition that others *believed* they did.
To go from here, to a conception that ancient Israelites must have recognized the existence of multiple gods, seems... incredible.
It's a theory to be entertained and debated, but certainly not a factual or definitive truth - and I wish it weren't stated as such, here.
Why.did the white jew and
Black.jew.together.not
Promised land.by god
Same religion what is the
Difference.
Please stick to one thing! Talk about Josiah please!
Elohim is plural with Yahweh holding the position of LORD of the earth as the God of judgement. Therefore making him their personal national God they would be truly blessed and protected in the end because of that position. And it's true.
People aren't going to understand this but Yahweh is the only begotten son of Allah the virgin mother
I like Margaret Barker's take on the reforms, namely that Asherah was Yahweh's wife and she was worshipped at the temple (her form was a tree, with a menorah being a stylised representation of that tree) and the things removed from the temple were her items of worship.
Solomon brought idolatry into the temple from marrying foreign wives… Josiah tried to bring back the worship of Yehovah the one true God.
6:45 and particularly at 7:00 Your interpretation of Micah 4:5 is very misleading. The prophet is not saying other gods exist. He is acknowledging that people worship other gods whether they are demons (1 Corinthians 10:20), graven images that come to life only in the imaginations of the worshippers, or anything else that people worship in the place of the true Living God.
Anyone who has ever studied the Old Testament knows Israel was the only nation known to worship the God of Heaven. All other gods were deemed false gods and there was no choice given to the Israelites to accept these false gods as acceptable alternative forms of worship, except when the nation apostatized in turning away from worshipping the God of Heaven and were always punished when the God of Heaven rejected them as a result.
What he's saying is that, as both the Bible records and archaeological evidence points to, before the Exile, the Israelites worshipped Canaanite gods as well as the God of the Bible. The prophets of Yahweh like Micah called the people to worship the latter alone. That the other gods were fictitious is not an explicit point in parts of the Bible written earlier, and indeed I do recall coming across mentions of other gods over which Yahweh is supreme, not statements that the other gods were fictitious. Since we also find statements of the latter, the best explanation is that monolatry eventually developed into monotheism.
The Jewish faith as we find it in the New Testament where there was strict monotheism did not develop until the exile when they had to come to terms with how and why God could have let his chosen people been removed from the promised land. Similarly themes like the expectation of a messiah and belief by some in a resurrection did not develop after the return from exile.
It's easy for us today to look at the complete Bible and presume that all we know now was what people always knew, but that is not the case. God's revelation was very gruadual and the shaping of religious thought took centuries. There was a time before the book of Isaiah with its ridicule of idolatry even existed, before any of the prophets' writings existed. What would make you think that people believed in monotheism then?
@@MusicalRaichu You don't understand what I stated.
@@user-hf1ys4rr5h yes it's a bit difficult without talking face to face.
@@MusicalRaichu Understood. I'll say the same thing but not in italics.
You mean Jehovah?
We believe in many different things. Everyone's not a jehovah's witnesses
The Bible: Thing!
Archeology: Not really.
Very interesting and well researched videos. But religious persons would never be convinced by scholary research to question their beliefs. Imagine what repercutions this would have - god's son, who is also the god himself mentions events as if they have happened but archaeology disproofs them. So, the literal manifestation of the divine doesn't know that and doesn't mention its being a tale? For a firm biliever such a thought is unthinkable.
Bible does not have an accurate version of history but it has some memories from history which we cannot underestimate.
In Exodus, it is written the hebrews built the city of Ramses. The city was legend until they discovered it at 19th century.
@@misakitakazaki8951 Noone denies that there are genuine accurate things.
@@someinteresting Not everyone is an evangelical Christian or biblical literalist. Most Christians probably aren't. It's widely accepted that the events described in the Bible haven't necessarily happened in that way. Offical Catholic doctrine, since the Second Vaticanum, has been that the Bible's purpose is God's plan for salvation, not to teach science or history, and that the Biblical text reflects the intention of the author, their cultural environment, and the literary genre - with the acknowledgment that different literary genres have different approaches to truth. As such, the modern reader has to keep these things in mind - that the Bible was written by people of their time, with the knowledge of their time, and the world view of their time. That includes the New Testament - Jesus spoke as a man of 1st century Judaea to 1st century Judaeans, and that was written down by 1st century Judaeans (more or less). Many Protestant denominations hold similar views.
Now there's a classic statement of concrete thinking rather than critical thinking lol...
So Yahweh is one God of many that they served. Hmmm...that's proof that just like all Gods he is made up as well.
It may be he might exist and that no one has really known the creator.