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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 5 ก.พ. 2025
- A feature length documentary film about Southern Italian culture told through its indigenous folk music. The film focuses on how these traditions are dealing with the rapid changes in local economy and the homogenizing effect globalization has on local culture. Filmed by an Italian-American rediscovering his family's roots, the film takes the viewer on an odyssey through remote regions in Sicily, Calabria, Campania and Molise introducing the people who carry on these ancient traditions that most Italian Americans are completely unaware of. The Zampogna - the Italian bagpipe is the physical manifestation of this culture, its music representing the spirit and vitality of Southern Italy.
Filmed in Summer 2008 in Sicily, Calabria, Campania and Molise.
Produced and Filmed by David Marker
Edited by Scott Driskell and David Marker
Director's Commentary about making this film and Italian-American identity: www.i-italy.org...
Facebook page: / italyfilm
The DVD can be purchased online: www.createspac...
Film was shot on a Canon XH-A1 at 1080/24F. Camera calibrated with the help of Richard Welnowski. Stereo sound was recorded by a pair of Audio Technica 4051a condenser microphones connected directly to camera XLR inputs and captured to the HDV tape at 16bit/48khz. Monaural sound was shot with a camera mounted Audio Technica shotgun mic. Audio was mastered at Chapman Recording in Kansas City as well as additional audio mastering by the filmmaker. Edited in Final Cut 7 on a Mac Pro.
I didn’t want the documentary to end. My father played the Zampogne when he arrived from Calabria to Australia. I almost forgot how beautiful the sound was. There was a lot of tears shed and I can’t thank you enough for this soul stirring experience.
Thank you Mario! I hope you still have your fathers pipe.
Da Italiano del Sud Italia guardo questo documentario con tristezza perché mi accorgo che la parte più bella d'Italia lentamente sta morendo. E' triste assistere all'estinzione di ogni tradizione secolare. Purtroppo molti giovani non riescono a capire la bellezza di queste usanze. Nonostante la mia zona non sia territorio di zampognari, sono riuscito a procurarmi una ciaramella che suono quando vengono a farmi visita gli zampognari. Il mio sogno resta la zampogna, ma il prezzo molto alto e la poca conoscenza di artigiani è un grosso freno.
Ottimo documentario, hai esportato la faccia più bella d'Italia oltreoceano.
Grazie Gennaro. Speriamo bene per i tradizioni! Provo di fare il mio parte.
Di dove sei gennaro?
This is a very beautiful film!! I love listening to music from all over the world. Bagpipes are my favorite instrument and the Zampogna melts my heart even though I'm not Italian or Sicilian. To me music is the universal language! Thank you for posting this!! Emily from Missouri!!😍😍😍😍
Thank you Emily. Missouri has some great folk music too in its fiddling traditions.
I'm so proud to be italian! Italian culture is beautiful! 🇮🇹🇮🇹🇮🇹
Grazie!
La cultura ed il popolo italiano sono il prodotto delle invasioni che si sono succedute nei secoli sulla penisola italiana che si ergeva come un porto nel mezzo del mediterraneo
Essa è molto variegata e differente da regione a regione e persino da paese a paese anche se confinanti.
Pensa che anche le zampogne sono molto differenti da regione a regione
La zampogna del Lazio è molto differente rispetto a quella della Calabria o Sicilia
I genetisti affermano che il popolo italiano è il prodotto di oltre 52 etnie che nel corso dei millenni sono approdate in Italia, quindi gli usi la lingua ed i costumi il cibo sono molto diversi.
I am making music for a short film set in Calabria, and your documentary is this precious gem I am so happy to have stumbled on. I don't think I could've appreciated the importance of the zampogna and not even learn as much about the culture were it not for this beautiful documentary. Thank you so much.
Thank you Ariel. I'm glad my film has helped inspire you.
I love this. My grandfather made zampogne and my father played the zampogna. In their memory I am learning to play
L'organetto. The zampogna is very hard to play. Grazie
I have so enjoyed this. I was raised dancing the Tarentella in school, and alhough I am of more northern background, I so loved this view of my fellow Italians, that was done with such love and joy. Thanks much David
+Judith Lavezzi Thank you, I'm glad the film had a positive impact on you!
I absolutely fell in love with this myself. Glad you enjoyed it.
'Tarantella', dear Judith...
A truly wonderfl film, David. You took such a modest role yourself, leaving us to really meet your family and friends, and so often you spoke of how welcoming and thoughtful they are. Well, you came over as a very warm person yourself, and I hope you're still getting as much pleasure as ever from music and its makers and players.
I have the good fortune to live in Brittany, surrounded by many fabulous players, makers and composers for the local traditional music, with its unique wind instruments (biniou coz, bombarde, veuze). Have you ever been here?
I'm a musician and enjoy playing a bit on the veuze (it's in G, from Thierry Bertrand) but I'm no virtuoso, it's not my principal instrument.
I so hope that your family and friends in Sicily and Italy (and yourself) are still safe and well despite the terrible events that they're living through.
Thanks for these so-enjoyable 80 minutes!!
Thank you John! I have never been to Brittany, but I am familiar with the pipes from that area. I hope to visit someday and hear some of that music live.
So many happy people! I was playing my highland bagpipes in calabria last year with no idea of this tradition. Amazing the similarities with the gaelic culture, including the poetry recital, even similarities in the steps of the dance if not the rythm. Really hope the revival continues!
Probably some long lost historical connection
The Normans ruled southern Italy around the turn of the last millennia. They were a mix of Scandinavian Gallic and other Northern European nationalities. Probably comes from there. My family lineage has red hair and we’re from Basilicata.
Nah, bagpipes aren't as old as that.
@@shawnregina9110
@@shawnregina9110 No the bagpipes are much older, the Romans actually introduced them to many areas and they themselves got them from the near East.
Such a great documentary. From one Immigrated Sicilian to another - thank you fratello mio.
+Max Maxx Grazie Max!
Thank you David, for a wonderful pre- Christmas gift. I am second generation, and I have been to Italy, and in 66 heard bagpipe played in San Benedetto , Marche, for the festa. So bagpipes are in other regions of Italy. This documentary touched me, because of the people you met and the simple and beautiful lives, they lead. I could not help shedding tears , some of joy and some of sadness. Only that I could have lived that life, for the days you did . God bless you. My paternal grandfather was from Calabria and my maternal grandmother was for Campobasso and my maternal grandfather was from Abruzzo. I love Italy, I love the people and on all 3 of my visits, I felt it is my home and didn't want to leave.
Thank you Lynette for sharing this! :)
David, Thank you for capturing so beautifully the wonderful people, landscapes, traditions and , above all, music of this (relatively) unknown area. your film moved me deeply. I moved to Basilicata from the UK a few years ago and your film reflects the love, strength and beauty of the area. I love tarantellas and pizzicas!
Sim Bee . The old charming zampognaro reminds me of one of Tolkiens characters.
Bravissimo, Sim...
Dear David, thank you for this moving and important piece of filmmaking. You are preserving and disseminating a beautiful and historic musical tradition, and in doing so I am sure you are generating interest in playing and preserving this instrument. i play a harp from Mexico, but I also play Scottish highland bagpipes, and this documentary really grabbed my interest. Now I am fascinated by the zampogna. When you see it being played with the ciaramella, it is like going back in time. It calls to mind engravings and woodcuts of the renaissance and beyond. Thanks again for this masterful work.
+GrupoChucumite Thank you! I appreciate the comment.
I live only 700 km far from my original village in campany so I come back home three or four times at year, usually I don't feel so much nostalgy but this documentary actually showed the heart of southern italy culture, and it made me pour a couple of tears. It's beautiful to see that kind of giant love that our relatives communicates just telling you a story about who planted a tree or just bringin a fruit juice to us after the dinner. Thanks for this work man, really apprecciated!
Grazie tanto Angelo! Saluti dall'America.
This is such a beautiful documentary, so sincere and genuine. The people you encounter and their spontaneous affection and generosity is so supremely beautiful. I have no idea why this doesn't have a million views, honestly. Thank you so much for sharing, from Italy my spiritual home!! Grazie mille Oh, and thank you for adding the extra footage :)
Thank you! Slowly ticking away towards that million view mark! :)
I always return to this documentary. It makes my heart alive.
Grazie Ricardo, I really appreciate that.
Documentario molto bello che mette in luce la ricchezza della tradizione musicale popolare del nostro bel Sud. Bravo David e tante grazie.
This is such a beautiful movie -- although I can't watch the part after the poetry recital, I confess. It's too painful. :-( But I've lately become fascinated by my "roots music" heritage as well (three of my grandparents were Abruzzese and one Lucano who played harp). I've begun studying harp with an eye toward learning more about that, which has also been tragically forgotten by most Italian-Americans. I'm sick of having garbage like mafia movies and "Jersey Shore" symbolizing us to the world and to ourselves while this kind of grace and beauty is forgotten. Harps, fiddles, bagpipes, and drums are folk instruments in all the hinterlands of Europe, it seems! :-)
Anyway thank you so much for this. It must have been a great deal of work to create. I only wish someone had the wherewithal to do the same with the annual folk harp festival in the Val d'Agri. I hope to go there myself for it someday; I'll have to buy a little pro-sumer camera and take as much video as possible.
Thank you Janis for your kind comment. That's really great that you're getting into the Harp. I know there is a CD of field recordings of the harping from Basilicata. You probably already have it. I'd love to hear more about your Harping. Feel free to send me a message. I live in NYC btw.
David M I have it indeed! It will be a while before I can manage any of it, though. If you're curious, there is a video on TH-cam of a long lecture with some music demonstrated by Daniela Ippolito, who is one of the teachers at the Scuola dell'arpa viggianese in Viggiano. I've linked it below. I've transcribed a good chunk of the pieces she plays (not the sung ones) with an eye toward playing them someday. My Italian is barely worth anything, but you can doubtless glean far more from it than I. There are also tons of videos from the Rassegna dell'Arpa Viggianese on TH-cam as well, and other excellent videos about luthiers if you search on "arpa popolare."
Will message you!
th-cam.com/video/Bkgq8WdeK0o/w-d-xo.html
David M
Well for whatever reason, the send message seems busted. I'll zap you a message on FB.
I wish I would have seen this 5 years ago when you wrote it. My parents are from Italy and I grew up in a Cosenza-Calabria household in the US. I was raised on Calabrian Folk music and anytime I hear it I feel warmth and happiness. I'm very proud of my parents and heritage but unfortunately as you explained the mob movies and stupid reality shows are just an embarrassment to the culture. In jersey shore everyone was a "guido"; trash that had no ties to Italian culture.
@@testticklehead I'm glad you enjoyed the film!
Beautiful documentary, I finally got to see it after 12 years. At the time I was the boyfriend of the daughter of one of the bagpipers (from Catanzaro) that you see in your documentary and who unfortunately passed away 3 years ago. I remember that I helped you with some filming and asked you a thousand questions about your Apple iPod. I send you a hug and if you come back around here give me a whistle.
Ciao Antonio. Mi manchera' sempre Principe. Sono contento che hai visto il film. Un abbraccio.
so beautiful, the south of Italy it's the most real and still close to handmade works......
My grandpa, William Landolfi, was born in Buccino, near San Gregorio. He came to the US as an infant, and the naturalization officer at Ellis Island named him "William" because his real name "Giullemo" was "too hard to pronounce".
David, I'm so grateful that you have made this wonderful film. The sound of the zampogna seems to ring deep into my soul and triggers strange memories of a place I have never even visited. I am now determined to go to San Gregorio and Buccino and try to contact my kin there.
'Guglielmo' too hard to be pronounced? There is the 'gl(i)' only a bit difficult...
Good work. I really enjoyed that one. I was born and raised in Calabria, i am 20 yrs old. You made a detailed film which shows our traditional forgotten music. That is impressive especially for the fact you are Italian-American, not even a native.
Grazie Nicola.
As someone whose family immigrated from Calabria this was a really, really cool view into the traditional culture and countryside that I hope to be able to visit someday. Thank for for this!
Thanks, Emily!
This is amazing. Thanks for sharing this wonderful documentary. I hope the Zampogna stays alive and along with our beautiful Sicilian language.
Awesome documentary ! My great grandfather Lorrenzo Delli Santi was from San Gregorio Magno he came to America in 1922 or 23 and settled in Newark NJ I always wanted to go and visit San Gregorio thank you for sharing this video of the culture of southern 🇮🇹
Thank you Roger. I hope you have the chance to visit San Gregorio some day.
The dancing at the end was beautiful.
My husband and I watched this documentary on a cold February Sunday, and you lifeted our spirits. His family is from Sicignano degli Alburni, near where your Great Grand parents were from, and the music is awesome! We have visited there and have captured the essence of the area.
Thank you for the comment! I have a good friend in San Gregorio whose last name is Saggese. Stay warm!
@@dmarker21 Also, Maestro Matteo Saggese the great composer is from Sicignano and is currently living and teaching in London.
I am currently learning how to play the small pipes and my mother is from Calabria, and I still have a lot of family there I'm deeply connected to while I live in the States. This documentary brought tears to my eyes and warmth to my heart! I would love to meet these people and learn the Zampogna! A wonderful story you told - thank you!
Beautiful film. Very inspiring.
Absolutely gorgeous. Thank you so much for creating this, paesan'
Grazie!
This has made me cry
me too. so much like living with my father.
Great video. Imo. The zampogna is the ideal instrument for that beautiful old Christmas Carol' Tu scendi dalle stelle'. You descend from the Stars' by Alphonsus Liguori. Very haunting instrument.
Wonderful, almost all countries in Europe(and many others contintents!!!) have their own bagpipes, and i love learning about all of them!
Warm greetings from the Netherlands🇳🇱.
Thank you very much for this documentary, I'm currently writing a thesis about South Italy, and you helped me a lot having an insight in Italian people, thanks!
Coralie Gourdange. vist small villages during their Sagra's. You can capture the essence of The Sud.
What is the focus of your thesis?
A wonderful and heart-warming documentary that really captures the beauty of the music, people, and countryside of Southern Italy. My grandmother came from Catanzaro. She danced the tarantella even in her 80s! Grazie mille!
Interesting, insightful, moving. A beautiful look into a unique style of music and the people of the land. Thank you!
Thank you Harold.
That Tarantella jam was SIIICK!
What an absolutely wonderful documentary. My relatives are from Provincia di Catanzaro and I too have experienced the extraordinary hospitality from my relatives Yes, family is the GLUE! I really enjoyed this film.
Thank you Mark.
Caro David, ho appena visto il tuo documentario con mio marito, ci hai veramente emozionato, tanti complimenti e cari saluti.
Grazie tanto!
The Calabria trip to me was the highlight of this video. Calabria continues to blow me away with its uniqueness and variety of everything
My great uncle from my mothers side was a ciarameddaru from Monreale Sicily. Haven't been there for quite some time now, the homesickness is burning! And I really need to get a hold of a ciaramedda.
Thank you for this precious documentary David!
Thank you. The Monreale zampogna tradition is very special. If you search my channel you can find some videos I posted of it.
Thanks for posting the whole film, David. I'm going to be sharing this with many people now.
Thank you Arle. I figured it was time to release it into the wild!
This is the most delightful, moving and informative doc I've seen in a long time. Thank you for this beautiful work, David. All the way through, I thought of my son's great-grandparents - she from Nicastro, he from Castiglione Marittimo, Calabria. They both had this same love of life, humor, spontaneity and skill of raising luscious fruit and vegetables! I met them in 1966 in California, USA, and they've been gone for many years. I had never known Italians at all, certainly not so intimately, and I simply loved them. Well, I may have divorced their grandson (my husband), but never his family! I still miss them.
Thank you Diane!
Ohhh I love this doc! Well done. LOVE the poetry!
I'm italian, I'm 13 years old and I play the zampogna from three years. It's a special experience and I hope that this tradition isn't going to die in the future
Thank you so much for making this documentary! This is an area of Italian culture that has fascinated me for decades, but it's so difficult to find any information about it. Criminy, that old fellow making zampogni in Sicily without a lathe, all carving it by hand?! What astounding workmanship! Anyway, I'm an organist, and there's a genre of Italian organ music (also found in other countries), the Pastorale, and it clearly derives from the zampogna tradition -- so your film provides invaluable background for understanding this music. Grazie!
I'm glad the film helped inform your organ playing. If you search youtube or my channel you should find other examples of pastorales played on the zampogna.
Yes, I've seen a number of those videos. But your documentary puts the whole tradition in fuller context.
that was beautifull....
OMG, David! I've now got a very valid reason to go to southern Italy!!! Mille grazie!
Nice work David. I thoroughly enjoyed the journey you took us on with this documentary. Your passion for the music, family, and education is clear. Such beautiful music, people, and culture. My great grampa and great grandma came over to the states from Anzi. I've been able to reconnect with relatives via Facebook. I hope the Zampogna gets more popular (without losing its roots). Like a couple other folks in the comment section I play the Great Highland Bagpipe (I'm 1/2 Italian and 1/2 English with a bit of Scot thrown in. Although we are all one people) and would hope to one day get the opportunity to play (maybe purchase) a Zampogna. Thank you again for a well-done documentary.
Thank you David!
Excelente! Muchas Gracias! El mensaje es hermoso! ojala nunca se pierdan mas instrumentos ni musicas de ningun pueblo!
Thank you for making this film. My great grandfather was from Basilicata and immigrated. I have cousins living there still. Its nice when you can relate to what is being discussed in a documentary.
Thanks Shannon!
This was fabulous. Thank you for sharing this excellent documentary. t is heartbreaking that so many traditions are fading away.
Bravo ! Nice job David.
Bravo @ 28.06 .. yes the good old days, actually were wonderful in their own ways .. the whole thing brought a tear to my eye
Thank you David for spreading and understanding the value of sicilian bucolic culture, which I fear, as you truly pointed out, could silently disappear...as a Sicilian I appreciate and support your effort to keep it alive!
P.S. Through your video on yt I was able to contact mr. leonardo carpita to buy one!
Hi Dario. Thank you. That's great you're getting a pipe from Carpita. He is great.
Dario Bottino Leone . I've always felt that Southern Italy will be the preserver of tradition in Italy. Don't let modernism chew all these lovely traditions out of existence.
David. My family is from Calabria, and thanks for showing me a beautiful land I have never seen, but hope to someday. Your heart was in this video the way the musician's hearts were in their Zamponga playing. That was evident. Bravissimo! Two questions. What is your Italian surname? And why on earth didn't you marry one of those two beautful dancers in the end of the video? That was a fitting climax to a wonderful documentary.
Thanks Tom, I hope you get a chance to visit Calabria someday. And yes, I could have married one of the girls at the end but I just couldn't decide which one I like better! :)
This docuementary is really good. Well done David! I'm curious about the state of the Southern Italian bagpipe 9 years since.
Thank you TC. I was in Italy in December playing devotional music on the zampogna in Naples and Sicily. The tradition is still carried out in some areas in the south.
@@dmarker21 Yeah, i live in Galicia, and it's and interesting contrast, specifically in your part about Sicily. In Galicia their language to a large extent and the bagpipe (to not quite as big extent) seem to be a big part of their identity. Though, Galicians have told me the use of the language varies a great deal from city to city - Where I live, Lugo, people speak much more Galician than Spanish.
Also, a friend of mine spent time in the south of Italy, And she said she only saw the bagpipe there in religious processions.
Thanks for sharing this. I showed it to my nonni and they really enjoyed it.
Great!
Really enjoyed watching this, very atmospheric. Thanks.
Thanks Alison!
Beautiful and enchanting. Makes me proud of been part of such a culture.
I first heard the music of the zampogna last summer in Liguria at the Torta dei Fieschi. Since then I have been fascinated by it. Thank you for a documentary that illustrates the nuanced complexities of Italian culture. Bravo e grazie!
I saw this video a long time ago and i finally found it, i cant wait to show my Nonno he loves the organetto and anything Southern Italian folk
That's great Massimo.
Absolutely great movie! My grandfather used to annoy the neighbours with a Zampogna!
Thank you. Where did your grandfather live?
Da musicisti posso dire che ci sono alcune inesattezze (dall' accompagnamento del tamburello al ballo) .. Ma tutto sommato hai la nostra più grande stima, un ottimo lavoro : non solo per le suonate registrate, ma anche per pubblicizzare le nostre tradizioni musicali e non (quelle vere) all'estero.
Grazie Fabio.
This is wonderful. Thank you!
my relatives come from very nearby San Gregorio in Molise.. I went back in 1980 and saw a few playing the Zampogna...I think I took a pic of my Father with one...thanks for the video especially including Molise -- the often forgotten Province
Thanks, I'm glad you enjoyed the film!
This is amazing. Thank you for this ❤
Mille Grazie! I really enjoyed this video. You captured the emotion and way of life so much that I felt like I was on the tour with you.
0h what an endearing and beautiful film, bella bella,it warms the heart .
Thank you Edmund.
Thank you, David. I am sharing this with my whole family via facebook as a holiday greeting. So generous of you and beautiful work.
Grazie Rachel.
What a beautiful film! Thank you for sharing.
Very enjoyable David, I got here via your post on the Bob Dunsire GHB forums.
What a really lovely film fantastic well done
Thank you, Alan!
Excellent video David, thank you for sharing.
This affectionately created documentary is equally informative and endearing. Thank you David!
Just beautiful. Well done, sir, and thank you.
Congratulations. a remarkably beautiful and sensitive documentary
thanks to share your work!
Grazie mille! Fantastico!!!! ❤️❤️❤️❤️
Grazie a te!
David, this is absolutely awesome. What you've done to tell the story of the Zampogna and Southern Italy is simply amazing. As a transplant to the United States, every time I hear the Zampogna it is a reminder of home, especially around Christmas. You really touched on the most important thing of all, the incredibly warm and loving people of Southern Italy. There were several times where your film left me in tears out of joy and longing for Italia. Thanks again.
- Alex
www.traveltoitalia.com
Thanks Alex
Beautiful! I was always intrigued by the instrument, thanks for sharing this, I really enjoyed it!
+Frenk78rpm Thank you!
TRANSLATION: This film. This is a beautiful thing.
Hai catturato la naturalezza degli anziani dell'Italia rurale, sembra di stare li con loro... Stupendo
Grazie, Marino
Un bel documento sulla sonorità della zampogna nel meridione d'Italia.. Complimenti
Grazie tanto, Francesco.
One of the best things on TH-cam.
Thank you, Robert!
Fantastic film, fantastic music!
Thank you for making this fantastic documentary! Have watched it about three times and shared it with several people. Some uilleann piping friends were also fascinated by the zampogna.
Thank you for the comment. I love the uilleann pipes and have a some friends that play it.
Beautiful, just beautiful.
Beautiful piece, touching finish. So much could be done with the Zampogna and ciaramella, needs young blood for refreshment, like the way the modern folk-pop does.
You have done an excellent job in expressing the Sicilian culture. I wish there were more positive films on the black culture like this one.
Great job!
You are following Alan Lomax example, collecting thousand of recording from Italian folk music from south to north. Your documentary is authentic and nice to follow. Thank you so much. Ciao dalla Toscana.
Grazie Lorenzo. Infatti sono stato molto ispirato di Lomax e la sua figlia Anna e un'amica e mentore mia.
Cultural timepiece. THANKYOU. I WISH TO STUDY IT.
Really enjoyed it--thanks so much!
Complimenti David!
Grazie, salutami a Giorgio!
Well done, David. You found what you were looking for. For many years I have tried to find out about the cultural roots of my mother's family (from the west of France) but only ended up discovering other people's roots instead.
Thank you!
Very educational and informative.
lol omg that old man is dancing literally CIRCLES around her at the end lolol
David! Thanks so much for the time, effort, and the obvious love you have for Southern Italian culture! This documentary should be an essential part of any cultural film festival! I stumbled across this while doing some research for an upcoming trip to Naples and Lecce. The Tarantella Calabrese played by the family is such a treasure! Since I will be going also to Rome, do you know of any organizations or institutes of traditional Italian music in any of these cities that I can contact in order to experience this music live? I have been searching the Internet and have not been able to find any real leads. In any respect what you have done is add so much to one of the noblest endeavors of human expression, and preserve it for future generations who see your documentary! Ti ringrazio tanto, tanto per questo magnifico lavoro!
Thank you! I have never been to Naples or Lecce. Big cities generally are more difficult to find this type of music as it's rural and often not associated with organizations etc, but done on a local and familial level as you see in my film. In Rome there is the CIP, that sometimes does events. You might check that out. www.cipeventi.it Otherwise start asking around when you are there. Word of mouth is sometimes the best way to find things that are hidden culturally in Italy.
David, thanks for the link. I will check it out and if I find something in the course of my research and/or travel, I will let you know. Keep up the excellent work!
Good luck!
Splendido. Bravo!
Good doc. I hope you've technically improved over the years since this docu. as a graduating audiovisual producer I note many technical things I'd have done differently. Nonetheless you managed to bring about a golden product with a great sense of 'taking part' in the scene.