None of our gas giants are anywhere near brown dwarf mass and that is probably why. If we had one it would have been studied intensity since centuries back. Brown dwarfs are not really large but they are massive. That would confuse astronomers when they effect orbits more then Jupiter do.
Unexpectedly, this gave me flashbacks to playing Elite Dangerous. I remember jumping from star to star and in some regions the only available 'stars' were brown dwarfs, that looked pretty much how you depict them, and with the correct subclassifications. Apart from that, this was very informative. I know there is a lot of confusion about classification of brown dwarfs, but I didn't realise just how much or why. Surprising that some have spectral characteristics of large planets. Thank you.
Yeah same here! They were ones I intentionally avoided when picking route options, along with black holes, white dwarves, and the other proto-stars. Aside from binary systems with close-proximity stars (there has to be a term for that), these were the most terrifying upon hyperspace exit. The primary reason being their occlusion zones were huge compared to the stellar body's diameter. So it was an immediate struggle to avoid damage and getting pulled from Supercruise. Unless I was explicitly exploring, I refused, lol.
Yeah the amount of science facts and burts of humor are in "perfect" balance, just like the balance between fusion and gravity that keeps a star alive and shining
Just an idea for your merch shop: Give your clones shirts like "nerd clone", "question clone" etc. and wear those when you act them. Afaik you only need to give spreadshirt the graphics and they print it after an item is sold, so you shouldn't have any risks in increasing the options in your merch shop. Might just take a little bit of time to do the graphics and maybe come up with a little crazy picture or something. You know ... it's okay to be a little crazy!
Because of this channel I keep thinking of everything as a gradient . Thanks ? I'm at a bus stop now....but only because the gradients at this location of space time have the value of " bus stop" smdh.... Gotta love science ! Thanks for distinguishing brown dwarf's better! As always I learn a ton in a short video !
Thank you for another great video! Always happy to wake up to an upload from your channel. Nothing like getting a brand new astronomy video from your favorite science youtuber on your birthday. :D
See this is why I love this channel. Obviously as planets get bigger their mass increases but then at a certain point which is obviously the size of Jupiter it starts to go the other way for a while and the planet stays roughly the same size but the density increases until you end up with so much mass in one spot it collapses in on itself and becomes a star. In my head I just thought of brown stars as being ginormous planets. I never really thought about the fact that at a specific size they would increase in volume logarithmically to their mass and that point is around the size of Jupiter. Cool stuff sure
It's actually probably closer to the mass of Saturn where this phenomenon starts. Notice that the difference between Saturn's and Jupiter's masses is rather larger than their difference in radius or volume. This implies that Jupiter is not supported purely by gas pressure, but also partly by electron degeneracy pressure. This is also part of the support of brown dwarfs, and is why they don't get larger as they increase in mass. In the case of white dwarfs, which are entirely supported by electron degeneracy pressure, as they get more massive they get smaller in radius, but brown dwarfs and large planets like Jupiter are also partly supported by gas pressure, and fusion in the case of actively-fusingnbrown dwarfs.
I play a lingering community-driven space fairing game online, where brown dwarfs graced my sight for the first time, and I was immediately enthralled. Happy to learn more about them here!
@@stevemageve850 Freelancer: Discovery It's a modded exprience (along with Freelancer: Crossfire), on top of being abandonware, so it's a bit of a headache to get running, but well worth it
Heading back to the Orion-Spur from the Perseus Arm I've come across a lot of Class-L brown dwarfs, most of them are the primary star in the system with 3 to 7 small planets that are little more than balls of Ice. The only Class-Y I remember is one that was in a system orbiting a main sequence star at just over 4000Ls. It had a beautiful and wide set of rings around it, that one I took a picture of as it stood out. Either way, the coloring is always amazing and they tend to give the ships interior a pink hue.
I love that Jupiter being a "failed star" was brought up. haha. While I've never heard it put that way, it blew my mind when I found out Jupiter is pretty much made of the same thing as a star but just isn't massive enough to initiate fusion. Can you touch on the details here (or correct me if I'm wrong)? This info leads me to at least understand where the "failed star" argument comes from.
I am still always surprised when I realize again that things like brown dwarves and dark energy really only entered mainstream astronomy when I had already been interested in this stuff as a young teen. When I first heard about them, they would have been very recent discoveries, and I had no idea if they had been known for 5 months or 50 years.
This was awesome, I learned a lot! One question: Aren't some astronomers adamant that brown dwarfs are NOT failed stars, but a distinct class of celestial body? I don't know anything about this first hand, but I found that framing interesting and was wondering about your thoughts.
Great video. Very interesting. Makes me wonder how much of dark matter might just be objects like cooled off brown dwarfs that are undetectable. Nice to see the timeline too!
That's how we learn new stuff, by being challenged with interesting, odd, unusual, unique, and exciting stuff we don't understand! If we knew everything, then the universe would be very, very boring. Great video. Here's a well-deserved like and comment for the care and feeding of the Almighty Algorithm. 🙏 ❤️❤️
That was very informative all the way through the video on a topic that wouldn't seem to have so much to learn about! 👍 And loving the funny parts like the screaming brown dwarf lol. Also love your definition way better than the astronomical society's, and yours is more consistent as it happens to cover rogue planets as well! (note: rogue planets cannot orbit any star, now, can they?)
The IAU says any free-floating spherical object below the 13 Jupiter masses is "a Sub Brown Dwarf (or whatever name feels appropriate)," which is a classification roller-coaster 😆
You know why they call them dwarfs right? b/c otherwise they would be called brown stars, and we already have 8 billion of them in orbit around the Sun at about 1 AU.
hey there mr lucid, your old videos on magnetic fields are really awesome and coming in handy right now, but I had one doubt... is there a way to visualize magnetic vector potential...i mean may be even the vector identity of : curl of curl of a vector field is equal to gradient of the fields divergence minus divergence of its gradient.... (we are having its applications in antenna theory and wireless communication...where its only a equation but i really wanted to understand this...) thank oyu for your awesome content through out the years...!!
I visualize the magnetic potential just like any other vector field (see this video: th-cam.com/video/LbJJFnf-NWM/w-d-xo.html ). The problem is that potentials require a "gauge" to chosen. They're not unique.
I have often pondered the related question of how to animate a 3D vector field in an intuitive way. The best way I've seen to animate a 2D vector field has been used to visualize wind patterns. Windspeed and direction are represented by flowing textures, the speed of the flow in the image is proportional to the windspeed. This is a start, they add other visual cues to make it work better. The textures contain stripes that are parallel to the wind direction. The wind speed modifies the colors used in the animation. I don't ever recall seeing a good visualization of a 3d vector field, so I am hoping someone answers your question.
@@hamjudo I've made a 3D vector field visualization before. They're just not very helpful. The amount of information conveyed is a bit too overwhelming. Taking a 2D cross-section retains the most important information in the visual. If you really want to keep the third dimension, your next best option is to use lines instead of arrows.
What I found interesting about the sun is that it wouldn't shine without quantum tunneling. It's too small to fuse hydrogen by gravity alone. I think it was Nick who made a video about that but I don't remember now.
@@ScienceAsylum Yep I thought that was you who did a video on that. Thanks for the link. To me that is the most interesting thing about the sun. Cheers!
Interesting stuff. When I think of stars, especially red dwarves, I think of flare ups. Since brown dwarves are not fusing, are they more stable? Do brown dwarves have "solar wind" at all? Could a brown dwarf orbit close to a binary partner and see heating like a hot jupiter? Would that heat be enough to push it into fusion?
A brown dwarf, assuming a mass of 13 or more Jupiters, does perform fusion, specifically fusing deuterium into helium, which takes less energy than doing fusion using ordinary hydrogen. This releases a fair amount of energy, but not enough to let much of any actual light shine through the clouds. At lower masses, even the heat is so mild that methane can be found in their atmospheres, and in such a case (a Y dwarf) a planet would have to be orbiting inside the dwarf's clouds to get any meaningful heat from it. Just like with stars, as brown dwarfs get more massive, the fusion reactions intensify, and by the time you get to T dwarfs you might start getting sufficient he as t outside of the dwarf itself to heat the surface of a tidally-locked planet around it, but its orbit would be ridiculously close to the dwarf, such that you might be looking at a year measured in hours. Cram enough mass onto your brown dwarf (approximately 60-70 Jupiter masses) and it reaches sufficient internal heat and pressure to trigger the fusion of Lithium, and at this point you might get a limited solar wind out of it, and this brown dwarf might be able to have a planet around it which is tidally locked but just far enough away to be somewhat habitable, although it would still emit almost no visible light. To the extent that it does emit light, it might look something like a giant charcoal ember glowing faintly in the sky. Whether deuterium burning or lithium burning, these objects don't have sufficient mass to enable sustained fusion. They may fuse deuterium for a few tens of millions years, or lithium for a few million, but they exhaust their fuel relatively quickly, primarily because the elements they fuse are rather uncommon. Very high mass brown dwarfs can briefly reach core temperatures capable of true hydrogen fusion, but they can't sustain that for more than a few scant hundreds of thousands of years, as they lack sufficient mass to sustain the necessary pressure in the core. Eventually, the fusion stops, and they cool off over billions of years.
The main problem with trying to define brown dwarfs according to how they form, apart from having no means in many cases to confirm it empirically, is that you may end up with two objects, both of which are massive enough to fuse deuterium, yet one is a planet and one a brown dwarfs based upon the seemingly arbitrary method of it's formation.
We do have evidence of the fact that below the 10-13 Jupiter mass we see gas giants with rocky cores and accreted material around it, and brown dwarves do not have the same makeup and would've formed via gravitational collapse. Research appears to show, as you may know, objects 4-10 jupiter masses are formed around metal rich stars, whose leftovers form rocky planets and planets like gas giants, but brown dwarves appear to form around any type of star. Brown dwarves are found in stellar nurseries with protostars, and in binary with white dwarf stars. It seems to me like we have sufficient evidence to classify them separately from planets.
Are there any systems that have the potential to merge brown drawfs? Two smaller ones will still be brown drawfs but what about two massive ones that can become a true star? I am interested how that over time might evolve.
My guess is that the chance of that happening (after a star system has been formed) would be in the same range as a collision between any other two stars?
What is interesting is that brown dwarfs are unlikely to have any planets that developed life from photosynthesis....but they are stable enough to have a "habitable zone" that could harbor a terraformed planet where an ecosystem is brought there. They should not be ruled out as a possible destination for a future colony. A greater percentage of UV radiation would mean the planet would have to have an atmosphere at least as thick as earths....and the "year" would be much shorter with the "habitable zone" being much closer to the brown dwarf.
Curious, is it your opinion that brown dwarves will exist long enough to reach absolute zero (or whatever the minimum is as I assume quantum uncertainty means resting at absolute zero isn't a thing) aka Big Freeze or do you think the Big Rip hypothesis is right and eventually all these things will break apart too?
I feel like Brown Dwarfs are the "Pluto" of the stars. "Oh you are not big/round/hot/bright/fillinrandomdenominator enough so we don't find you worthy"
About classification, it always amazed me that nature does not obey to our strict classification of things rule, there is always a shade of grey (or red, in this case...). That's the beauty because we will always have something to learn or discover.
Oh wow this is interesting!!! There's a manga series called 2001: Nights. It's some weird science fiction stories that chart human progress into space. The first story talks about a dark planet out beyond Pluto, a tenth planet that they name Lucifer. It's science fiction so strange things occur throughout, but it's interesting to theorize that it could be a Brown Dwarf that was captured with very low reflectivity!
IMO the easiest definition system for the Super-Jovian / Brown Dwarf cutoff is pretty simple: any Jovian massive enough to compress itself sufficiently to have a period of deuterium fusion is a true substar; it's not capable of sustained hydrogen fusion BUT it is capable of generating energy through gravitic fusion for a time. TL;DR - anything heavy enough to have gravity-driven fusion while its deuterium supply lasts: brown dwarf. Anything insufficiently massive to have gravitic fusion? Planet, not a sub-star. Edit: aaaand I see you got into that right after I paused to comment :D I think the lack of specificity in the characteristics of brown dwarves is OK. Within main sequence stars, you have stars like cepheid variables that can inhabit the same spectral class (or in the case of cepheids, a couple spectral classes) as bog-standard main sequence stars and yet can sometimes exhibit WILDLY divergent properties. Within planets, you can have giant plants with similar masses that can be gas giants, ice giants, terrestrial, or water worlds, but they're all "giant planets" to a given frame of reference - the mass of good ol' Earth. So having two 20 solar mass brown dwarves that behave differently based on whether they have a rocky or gaseous core? This is just two types of object within one class of object.
ปีที่แล้ว +1
Let me tell you what. "Dark orange" resonates in my soul now.
Still a better ad spot than rAIDs. Nah, I'm kidding, that transition was forking smooth! If you're expecting an advertisement for a fork at this point, I can recommend to you Bad Puns' video titled 'if silverware was advertised like iphones'.
I don't care what people say, 1995 will always be 10 years ago.
I graduated in 95, 10 years ago.. right?!
@@ardellolnes5663 yes
I hear you.
Lmfao "do the math, Nick. Do the math"
Thank you
"True reality has no boundaries, no lines, it just is" Ain't that the truth.
No compartments, no division between “natural” and “supernatural”. The boundaries exist only in our minds.
@lawrencedoliveiro9104 that's beautiful.
1:01 "Oh god. That was 28 years ago." *insert "I'm getting old!!!" existential crisis* x)
Brown dwarfs are not much talked about so I found this very informative and interesting. Thanks!
Glad you enjoyed it!
Question is what do you call a brown dwarf system? They're not a star so stellar/star system doesn't apply.
None of our gas giants are anywhere near brown dwarf mass and that is probably why. If we had one it would have been studied intensity since centuries back. Brown dwarfs are not really large but they are massive. That would confuse astronomers when they effect orbits more then Jupiter do.
@@ScienceAsylum It has been claimed that when Saturn was the original sun
it was a 'brown dwarf'.
Unexpectedly, this gave me flashbacks to playing Elite Dangerous. I remember jumping from star to star and in some regions the only available 'stars' were brown dwarfs, that looked pretty much how you depict them, and with the correct subclassifications. Apart from that, this was very informative. I know there is a lot of confusion about classification of brown dwarfs, but I didn't realise just how much or why. Surprising that some have spectral characteristics of large planets. Thank you.
how about sciencetist experiment young male mice and older mice female.
o7, cmdr.
*taking heat damage* "Why am I not fuel scooping???"
"...Oh"
@@darkseraph2009 o7, cmdr.
Yeah same here! They were ones I intentionally avoided when picking route options, along with black holes, white dwarves, and the other proto-stars. Aside from binary systems with close-proximity stars (there has to be a term for that), these were the most terrifying upon hyperspace exit.
The primary reason being their occlusion zones were huge compared to the stellar body's diameter. So it was an immediate struggle to avoid damage and getting pulled from Supercruise. Unless I was explicitly exploring, I refused, lol.
13:00 that's why every classification system must contain the class "other". It's my favourite!
As a side note, Technology Connections has a fascinating video on the color brown.
Seriously, this was fascinating!
Just looked it up and continue to be amazed about how they can talk for over 20 minutes about a little tiny thing.
@@ScienceAsylum I love both your channel and his for the same reason: you have enthusiasm for the subject!
@@SkywalkerAni Never been so excited about dark orange
I changed the way I run my dishwasher because of Alec at Technology Connections. 😀 Indeed, a great channel!
🤎
You're one of the few TH-cam scientists that nails it every single time.
Thanks. I’m sure that’s not true because I know I miss the mark occasionally, but I appreciate the encouragement 🙂
Hello. This was a very good video Nick. Well explained and structured. Thumbs up.
Thanks! 🤓
better informative than videos from big corps ( bbc space comes to my mind)
@@ScienceAsylum I hear everything you're saying, but isn't Jupiter a brown dwarf since it's a failed star? 😉😉
Orange and Brown are in fact, the same color. I am glad you mentioned it, more people should know this.
Love the mix of science and humor on this channel
Yeah the amount of science facts and burts of humor are in "perfect" balance, just like the balance between fusion and gravity that keeps a star alive and shining
"Humans are really good at solving problems... ...when they want to" that phrase is so profound... and so depressing.
7:39 love how the persona of Nick still remembers he has a time machine in his space station
Just an idea for your merch shop:
Give your clones shirts like "nerd clone", "question clone" etc. and wear those when you act them. Afaik you only need to give spreadshirt the graphics and they print it after an item is sold, so you shouldn't have any risks in increasing the options in your merch shop. Might just take a little bit of time to do the graphics and maybe come up with a little crazy picture or something. You know ... it's okay to be a little crazy!
Great advise!
I'd want Nerd Clone's to just say "well axshuly..."
What do you mean act them? The clones are real!
@@CT-pi2gl he means when YOU (the one buying the merch) act like them
@@ShlokParab oh, well ok then ...
I didn't know "dwarf" had two syllables. Learn something new every day.
I've never heard anyone else say it that way. I found it kind of distracting.
@@EnjoyPA I hope you don't use your cell phone driving or you'll end up in a ditch every time.
Yeah, interesting take on the "dw" phoneme. :)
But if I had to list all the word I don't pronounce like everyone else...
"True reality has no lines, no boundaries."
It is a gradient :)
On a day where everything else is falling apart, I really needed this.
Thanks
Hey,
I don't know you or know what happened but I sincerely hope things get better for you.
@@CanariasCanariass Thanks my friend. I appreciate you taking the time to comment :)
I'm glad I could help. I hope tomorrow is better.
@@ScienceAsylumthanks for replying! Best regards!
Your humour alongside the science you talk about, makes it entertaining, easy to understand. It's good to be a little crazy.
Because of this channel I keep thinking of everything as a gradient . Thanks ? I'm at a bus stop now....but only because the gradients at this location of space time have the value of " bus stop" smdh....
Gotta love science !
Thanks for distinguishing brown dwarf's better! As always I learn a ton in a short video !
OMG. I was doing some research on Brown dwarfs earlier today. It's a cool coincidence that you happened to release a video on the subject
Thank you for another great video! Always happy to wake up to an upload from your channel. Nothing like getting a brand new astronomy video from your favorite science youtuber on your birthday. :D
Happy to deliver 👍. And happy birthday!
Happy Birth Day young Nokian.
Brown dwarfs are some of my favorite objects in the universe. They are _so_ extreme. And JWST is perfect for checking them out.
I think brown "doo-arfs" are really cool too. Hehe another great and interesting video :)
Diana you'll get better!
And we'll all be happy physicsing together soon!
Two red dwarfs colliding would be dope
the part where you realized time makes fools of us all and existential crisis sets in, i really felt that
“Brown is dark orange” mind literally blown 🤯
Thank you for putting captions on all your videos by the way!
I don't _need_ them but they're a nice step up from the automated ones :)
You're welcome. It's very important.
See this is why I love this channel. Obviously as planets get bigger their mass increases but then at a certain point which is obviously the size of Jupiter it starts to go the other way for a while and the planet stays roughly the same size but the density increases until you end up with so much mass in one spot it collapses in on itself and becomes a star. In my head I just thought of brown stars as being ginormous planets. I never really thought about the fact that at a specific size they would increase in volume logarithmically to their mass and that point is around the size of Jupiter. Cool stuff sure
It's actually probably closer to the mass of Saturn where this phenomenon starts. Notice that the difference between Saturn's and Jupiter's masses is rather larger than their difference in radius or volume. This implies that Jupiter is not supported purely by gas pressure, but also partly by electron degeneracy pressure. This is also part of the support of brown dwarfs, and is why they don't get larger as they increase in mass. In the case of white dwarfs, which are entirely supported by electron degeneracy pressure, as they get more massive they get smaller in radius, but brown dwarfs and large planets like Jupiter are also partly supported by gas pressure, and fusion in the case of actively-fusingnbrown dwarfs.
@@joshuacherry9113 Metallic hydrogen, not electron degeneracy pressure. IF I'm not mistaken.
@@joshuacherry9113 imagine a gas so dense that you could build solid structures on top of it
Hi Nick... super clear, complete and lighting, as usual... thank you!
Thanks!
I really liked the speech on classification at the end!
Me too. So cool! 😎
Awesome info and love the super funny humour!! Keep uo the great work yalllz.
This episode had a Wilhelm Scream, the Eyebrow Boing, AND Merch Clone? Another banger Nick! :) :)
This channel is among my top 5 best fav science -astrophysics channel .
Thanks!
Thanks, I loved this video. I'd be interested in The Great Attractor as a subject.
Woah that philosophical ending with true reality has no lines or boundaries it just is instead, of its ok to be a little crazy was dope .
This was a really good quality video, I enjoyed every second of it, big like to the Science Asylum.
Thanks!
Brown dwarf’s in very simple terms very well explained..thank you!👍
"1995 was only ten years ago" I feel that too well.
New video from Nick Lucid, this is the highlight of the week ..... hey crazies, I mean highlight of the month 🤩
Keep up the nice, nice work Nick 🤠
I play a lingering community-driven space fairing game online, where brown dwarfs graced my sight for the first time, and I was immediately enthralled. Happy to learn more about them here!
What game?
@@stevemageve850 Freelancer: Discovery
It's a modded exprience (along with Freelancer: Crossfire), on top of being abandonware, so it's a bit of a headache to get running, but well worth it
Heading back to the Orion-Spur from the Perseus Arm I've come across a lot of Class-L brown dwarfs, most of them are the primary star in the system with 3 to 7 small planets that are little more than balls of Ice. The only Class-Y I remember is one that was in a system orbiting a main sequence star at just over 4000Ls. It had a beautiful and wide set of rings around it, that one I took a picture of as it stood out. Either way, the coloring is always amazing and they tend to give the ships interior a pink hue.
Just here to say I love you videos and you're easy to understand explanations in them
I love that Jupiter being a "failed star" was brought up. haha. While I've never heard it put that way, it blew my mind when I found out Jupiter is pretty much made of the same thing as a star but just isn't massive enough to initiate fusion. Can you touch on the details here (or correct me if I'm wrong)? This info leads me to at least understand where the "failed star" argument comes from.
I enjoyed watching your video. I found it fascinating and learned a lot about Brown Dwarfs. The images are distinctive and well done. Thanks
I am still always surprised when I realize again that things like brown dwarves and dark energy really only entered mainstream astronomy when I had already been interested in this stuff as a young teen. When I first heard about them, they would have been very recent discoveries, and I had no idea if they had been known for 5 months or 50 years.
That's why I love to cover timelines! 🤓
Feels like years since I have seen any video from you. No idea why. Regardless, so happy to have a new one!
I'm still consistent posting every month. Maybe I just haven't been covering topics the algorithm thinks you'd be interested in.🤷♂️
This was awesome, I learned a lot! One question: Aren't some astronomers adamant that brown dwarfs are NOT failed stars, but a distinct class of celestial body? I don't know anything about this first hand, but I found that framing interesting and was wondering about your thoughts.
There's still definitely some arguing happening about how to classify them. It's not settled.
youre an amazing presenter! i cant believe it took till like a few days ago for me to find you!
Thank you! 😃
Great video. Very interesting. Makes me wonder how much of dark matter might just be objects like cooled off brown dwarfs that are undetectable. Nice to see the timeline too!
The Milky Way may 10s of billions of them, but it's still an insignificant blip for dark matter... and it's already been accounted for.
Well, 0% of non-brayonic dark matter, that's for sure.
@@unvergebeneid non-brayonic dark matter could be a good album name. 🤘
@@playgroundchooser non-baryonic of course
Yeah there must be huge numbers of them. After all, planets are leftover debris from star formation.
That's how we learn new stuff, by being challenged with interesting, odd, unusual, unique, and exciting stuff we don't understand! If we knew everything, then the universe would be very, very boring.
Great video. Here's a well-deserved like and comment for the care and feeding of the Almighty Algorithm. 🙏
❤️❤️
That was very informative all the way through the video on a topic that wouldn't seem to have so much to learn about! 👍 And loving the funny parts like the screaming brown dwarf lol.
Also love your definition way better than the astronomical society's, and yours is more consistent as it happens to cover rogue planets as well! (note: rogue planets cannot orbit any star, now, can they?)
The IAU says any free-floating spherical object below the 13 Jupiter masses is "a Sub Brown Dwarf (or whatever name feels appropriate)," which is a classification roller-coaster 😆
I like your delivery. You'd be a great school lecturer.
Thanks!
What a beautiful duwarf.
😂 I was wondering how long it was going to take someone to comment on this. Apparently, only 3 minutes.
@@ScienceAsylum You and your wife should have had an over-under on this and made YT angst fun.
Best explanation I've seen so far about brown dwarfs. Thanks!
You know why they call them dwarfs right?
b/c otherwise they would be called brown stars, and we already have 8 billion of them in orbit around the Sun at about 1 AU.
The pronunciation of dwarf sounds like a Klingon name. D'warf, son of D'mogh.
😂
hey there mr lucid, your old videos on magnetic fields are really awesome and coming in handy right now, but I had one doubt...
is there a way to visualize magnetic vector potential...i mean may be even the vector identity of : curl of curl of a vector field is equal to gradient of the fields divergence minus divergence of its gradient....
(we are having its applications in antenna theory and wireless communication...where its only a equation but i really wanted to understand this...)
thank oyu for your awesome content through out the years...!!
I visualize the magnetic potential just like any other vector field (see this video: th-cam.com/video/LbJJFnf-NWM/w-d-xo.html ). The problem is that potentials require a "gauge" to chosen. They're not unique.
I have often pondered the related question of how to animate a 3D vector field in an intuitive way.
The best way I've seen to animate a 2D vector field has been used to visualize wind patterns. Windspeed and direction are represented by flowing textures, the speed of the flow in the image is proportional to the windspeed. This is a start, they add other visual cues to make it work better. The textures contain stripes that are parallel to the wind direction. The wind speed modifies the colors used in the animation.
I don't ever recall seeing a good visualization of a 3d vector field, so I am hoping someone answers your question.
@@hamjudo I've made a 3D vector field visualization before. They're just not very helpful. The amount of information conveyed is a bit too overwhelming. Taking a 2D cross-section retains the most important information in the visual. If you really want to keep the third dimension, your next best option is to use lines instead of arrows.
1:13 for a brief moment your eyes shine with magical lightning, I knew you are a wizard!
I will never stop smiling at how Nick pronounces "dwarves".
smiling isnt the word id use to describe my reaction lol
Braun DuWarf
Amazing video Nick
DooWarves doowarves doowarfes.... now I can't say it right either.
1:53 lol, that's so cool, literally, they are cooler than the iron fork I put on my microwave the other day and it got red hot
What I found interesting about the sun is that it wouldn't shine without quantum tunneling. It's too small to fuse hydrogen by gravity alone. I think it was Nick who made a video about that but I don't remember now.
This is the video: th-cam.com/video/lQapfUcf4Do/w-d-xo.html 🤓 and yes, it's mine. Other creators have made videos about it too though.
@@ScienceAsylum Yep I thought that was you who did a video on that. Thanks for the link. To me that is the most interesting thing about the sun. Cheers!
@@ScienceAsylum This particular video is some of your best work.
Remember: It's okay to be a brown dwarf. You don't always have to be the star of the show.
This video (and most of your videos honestly) should be in ever middle school (high school?) in the country. Somebody call Dr. Miguel Cardona!
Interesting stuff. When I think of stars, especially red dwarves, I think of flare ups.
Since brown dwarves are not fusing, are they more stable? Do brown dwarves have "solar wind" at all?
Could a brown dwarf orbit close to a binary partner and see heating like a hot jupiter?
Would that heat be enough to push it into fusion?
A brown dwarf, assuming a mass of 13 or more Jupiters, does perform fusion, specifically fusing deuterium into helium, which takes less energy than doing fusion using ordinary hydrogen. This releases a fair amount of energy, but not enough to let much of any actual light shine through the clouds. At lower masses, even the heat is so mild that methane can be found in their atmospheres, and in such a case (a Y dwarf) a planet would have to be orbiting inside the dwarf's clouds to get any meaningful heat from it. Just like with stars, as brown dwarfs get more massive, the fusion reactions intensify, and by the time you get to T dwarfs you might start getting sufficient he as t outside of the dwarf itself to heat the surface of a tidally-locked planet around it, but its orbit would be ridiculously close to the dwarf, such that you might be looking at a year measured in hours. Cram enough mass onto your brown dwarf (approximately 60-70 Jupiter masses) and it reaches sufficient internal heat and pressure to trigger the fusion of Lithium, and at this point you might get a limited solar wind out of it, and this brown dwarf might be able to have a planet around it which is tidally locked but just far enough away to be somewhat habitable, although it would still emit almost no visible light. To the extent that it does emit light, it might look something like a giant charcoal ember glowing faintly in the sky.
Whether deuterium burning or lithium burning, these objects don't have sufficient mass to enable sustained fusion. They may fuse deuterium for a few tens of millions years, or lithium for a few million, but they exhaust their fuel relatively quickly, primarily because the elements they fuse are rather uncommon. Very high mass brown dwarfs can briefly reach core temperatures capable of true hydrogen fusion, but they can't sustain that for more than a few scant hundreds of thousands of years, as they lack sufficient mass to sustain the necessary pressure in the core. Eventually, the fusion stops, and they cool off over billions of years.
The main problem with trying to define brown dwarfs according to how they form, apart from having no means in many cases to confirm it empirically, is that you may end up with two objects, both of which are massive enough to fuse deuterium, yet one is a planet and one a brown dwarfs based upon the seemingly arbitrary method of it's formation.
We do have evidence of the fact that below the 10-13 Jupiter mass we see gas giants with rocky cores and accreted material around it, and brown dwarves do not have the same makeup and would've formed via gravitational collapse. Research appears to show, as you may know, objects 4-10 jupiter masses are formed around metal rich stars, whose leftovers form rocky planets and planets like gas giants, but brown dwarves appear to form around any type of star.
Brown dwarves are found in stellar nurseries with protostars, and in binary with white dwarf stars.
It seems to me like we have sufficient evidence to classify them separately from planets.
Are there any systems that have the potential to merge brown drawfs? Two smaller ones will still be brown drawfs but what about two massive ones that can become a true star? I am interested how that over time might evolve.
My guess is that the chance of that happening (after a star system has been formed) would be in the same range as a collision between any other two stars?
What is interesting is that brown dwarfs are unlikely to have any planets that developed life from photosynthesis....but they are stable enough to have a "habitable zone" that could harbor a terraformed planet where an ecosystem is brought there. They should not be ruled out as a possible destination for a future colony. A greater percentage of UV radiation would mean the planet would have to have an atmosphere at least as thick as earths....and the "year" would be much shorter with the "habitable zone" being much closer to the brown dwarf.
Curious, is it your opinion that brown dwarves will exist long enough to reach absolute zero (or whatever the minimum is as I assume quantum uncertainty means resting at absolute zero isn't a thing) aka Big Freeze or do you think the Big Rip hypothesis is right and eventually all these things will break apart too?
The data supports the big freeze hypothesis.
@@ScienceAsylum thanks for the reply!
I’m a middle child too Brown Dwarf.
I feel you.
I feel like Brown Dwarfs are the "Pluto" of the stars. "Oh you are not big/round/hot/bright/fillinrandomdenominator enough so we don't find you worthy"
The segue to merch was awesome
12:59 dat was a true Ang moment,
the SpaceBender
About classification, it always amazed me that nature does not obey to our strict classification of things rule, there is always a shade of grey (or red, in this case...).
That's the beauty because we will always have something to learn or discover.
Great video, thanks!!
Oh wow this is interesting!!! There's a manga series called 2001: Nights. It's some weird science fiction stories that chart human progress into space. The first story talks about a dark planet out beyond Pluto, a tenth planet that they name Lucifer. It's science fiction so strange things occur throughout, but it's interesting to theorize that it could be a Brown Dwarf that was captured with very low reflectivity!
Brown daawwarves :) = love the pronunciation Nick :) Excellent video champ!
Very good video, as always nick, thank you!!
Has been confused about the brown dwarf class for a while already. Thank you for making this so much clearer for me!
Glad I could help! 🤓
Nice use of the Wilhelm Scream. ;)
5:00 I'll take that personally!
Loved the last comment "it just is" ... I often this our pigeon hole concept just hinders us.
As always, the best.
Crimson dwarves as a name sound so badass... Just imagine!
1:14 don't know if it was intended or not, but those "infra-red eyes" looked so cool man 😎
Was _not_ intentional, but thanks.
I always feel that anything after 1985 was yesterday! and PLUTO is a PLANET!
Great Video!
Absolutely love your videos! Thank you!
My very first thoughts were: "like Jupiter?" Thank you for so passionately debunking this myth. :)
Crimson dwarfs
Sounds like a sick metal album title.
We want more Astronomy videos!
Science Asylum needs a cartoon a la Magic Schoolbus, with Nick and all his clones.
IMO the easiest definition system for the Super-Jovian / Brown Dwarf cutoff is pretty simple: any Jovian massive enough to compress itself sufficiently to have a period of deuterium fusion is a true substar; it's not capable of sustained hydrogen fusion BUT it is capable of generating energy through gravitic fusion for a time.
TL;DR - anything heavy enough to have gravity-driven fusion while its deuterium supply lasts: brown dwarf. Anything insufficiently massive to have gravitic fusion? Planet, not a sub-star.
Edit: aaaand I see you got into that right after I paused to comment :D
I think the lack of specificity in the characteristics of brown dwarves is OK. Within main sequence stars, you have stars like cepheid variables that can inhabit the same spectral class (or in the case of cepheids, a couple spectral classes) as bog-standard main sequence stars and yet can sometimes exhibit WILDLY divergent properties. Within planets, you can have giant plants with similar masses that can be gas giants, ice giants, terrestrial, or water worlds, but they're all "giant planets" to a given frame of reference - the mass of good ol' Earth.
So having two 20 solar mass brown dwarves that behave differently based on whether they have a rocky or gaseous core? This is just two types of object within one class of object.
Let me tell you what. "Dark orange" resonates in my soul now.
Your animations are really useful
Thanks! I'm glad because I spend a lot of time on those animations.
Brilliant video, thanks
7:35 "If it forms like a planet, it's a planet."
Looks like you wound up getting into the Pluto thing after all.
Still a better ad spot than rAIDs.
Nah, I'm kidding, that transition was forking smooth!
If you're expecting an advertisement for a fork at this point, I can recommend to you Bad Puns' video titled 'if silverware was advertised like iphones'.
Very nicely explained !