The Evolution Of CPU Processing Power Part 3: The Origin Of Modern Operating Systems
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 25 เม.ย. 2019
- SERIES LINK - • Computing Technology
During the 1960s into the 1970s, the multitasking paradigm was gaining traction in the mainframe world. Initially, the concept was implemented in a cruder form known as multiprogramming. Multiprogramming was accomplished by processing programs in batches, jumping between them during regions of code that wait for hardware input. This would eventual evolving into time-sharing.
By the late 1960s, true multitasking started to emerge in operating systems such as DEC’s PDP-6, IBM’s OS/360 MFT, and MULTICS. MULTICS would heavily influence the development of UNIX.
In a traditional single process environment, the program being executing generally has full control of the CPU and its resources. This creates issues with efficient CPU utilization, stability, and security as software grows more complex.
In multitasking, CPU focus is shuffled between concurrently running processes.
Cooperative multitasking was used by many early multitasking operating systems. Whenever a process is given CPU focus by the operating system, it relies on the process itself to return control back.
Preemptive multitasking solved the stability problems of cooperative multitasking by reliably guaranteeing each process a regular period or “time-slice” of CPU focus.
We also need a way to prevent a process from using memory allocated to another process but also allow them to communicate with each other safely. The solution to this is a layer of hardware dedicated to the task in between the CPU and RAM called a memory management unit or MMU.
If a process attempts to access memory outside of protection rules a hardware fault is triggered.
One some MMU’s the concept of memory access privileging is incorporated into memory management. By assigning levels of privilege to regions of memory, it becomes impossible for a process to access code or data above its own privilege level. This creates a trust mechanism in which less trusted, lower privilege code cannot tamper with more trusted, critical code or memory.
Virtual memory is a memory management technique that provides an abstraction layer of the storage resources available on a system. While virtual memory comes in various implementations, they all fundamentally function by mapping memory access from logical locations to a physical one.
In January of 1983, Apple released the Lisa. It would soon be overshadowed by the release of the Apple MacIntosh one year later. The Macintosh product line would eventually grow dramatically over the years. The Macintosh ran on the Motorola 68K CPU.
What made the 68K so powerful was its early adoption of a 32-bit internal architecture. However, the 68k was not considered a true 32bit processor but more of a hybrid 32/16 processor. Despite these limitations, it proved to be a very capable processor.
Despite these limitations, the 68k did support a simple form of privileging that made hardware facilitated multitasking possible. The 68K always operates in one of two privilege states the user state or the supervisor state.
By the end of 1984, IBM took its next step forward with the release of its second generation of personal computer, the IBM PC AT.
Among some of the new software developed for the AT was a project by Microsoft called Windows. With initial development beginning in 1981, Windows 1.0 made its first public debut on November 10, 1983.
The 80286 was groundbreaking at that time in that it was the first mass-produced processor that directly supported multiuser systems with multitasking.
The first was the elimination of multiplexing on both data and address buses.
The second advancement was the moving of memory addressing control into a dedicated block of hardware.
The third major enhancement was an improved prefetch unit. Known as its instruction unit the 80286 would begin decoding up to 3 instructions from its 8-byte prefetch queue.
The 80286 was capable of addressing 24 bits of memory, or 16MB of RAM making the 8086 memory model insufficient.
To make use of the full 16MB as well as facilitate multitasking, the 80286 could also operate in a state known as protected mode.
Segment descriptors provide a security framework by allowing write protection for data segments and read protection for code segments. If segment rules are violated an exception occurs, forcing an interrupt trigger of operating system code.
The 80286’s MMU tracked all segments in two tables. The global descriptor table or GDT and the local descriptor table or LDT
which combined could potentially address up to 1GB of virtual memory.
The interrupt structure of protected mode is very different from real mode in that it has a table of its own, known as the interrupt descriptor table.
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Wow, that's 2 semesters of Com Sci crammed into 3 20 minute videos. Well done!
if you took your time, slowed down and gave more examples this series would be better than alot of classes i had at uni!!! you have the knowledge, great narrative and the vids have excellent production. Please consider expanding the series it would be of great value for lots of people. Besides its clear you like the subject 😉
Maybe we all learned through text books with static pre drawn block diagrams This is Multimedia with audio visual effects. Also the Narrator is doing excellent job of explaining the concepts as they evolved through History. I am first time able to understand concepts of Operating Systems through this Video
Computer engineering
I want to thank you guys so much for the supportive words, it means a lot to me. I know I'm just a tiny channel, but I really do try hard to make decent quality videos that leave you satisfied and hopefully excited about the topic. I absolutely value every minute of viewing attention you guys give me; thank you so much. I'm obviously still learning and making good videos is a trial by fire sort of thing, but hearing encouraging words like this gets me fired up to keep pushing harder.
I kind of suck at promoting, so feel free to share my content if you think you've got something out of it. I'm really looking forward to growing with such an amazing community of like-minded people.
And there will be a part 4,5,6... to this series. It's a fascinating topic, that's close to my heart and I'd love to do it justice by being somewhat thorough.
I would suggest to read less from a script and add more emotion/human element to it.
I love watching CPU flow videos. But I've never seen ones as well structured, coherent, and pleasant to watch. I now know more about x86 than I learned from months of pipelining videos.
Thank you for making such quality educational material!
well done, subscribed
this is my degree you are giving out for free
@New Mind Hello i just want to say that these videos about CPU evolution are not merely "decent quality" as you modestly put it, they are absolute TOP NOTCH! Already i'm looking forward to the next installment in the series which you hinted at in Ep.2.
Greetings from Denmark :)
It's amazing how much information is contained in these 20 minute presentations. They have filled in all the gaps from my undergrad engineering classes and gave me a new appreciation for the history behind it all. Thank you so much!
Ah yes, the problem with modern schooling, this is where we get bad programmers.
(premiere pro still crashes on my $3,000 custom workstation designed for video production)
Absolutely agree for all modern education. Its about ticking boxes not competency. And they call it competency based but theres no way to have your competency recognised except to attend the course. Sure theres RPL but guess who does that? Yep the same educational institution that provides the course for lots of money. Guess where their priorities lie
1st video: This is cool, I kinda understand computers now.
2nd video: I'm catching some of this, but it's getting complicated.
3rd video: completely lost.
Great videos though, I'm just not smart enough to handle all this the first time through.
No one is. This is years of information compiled.
When you know you should be able to comprehend stuff you deal with on a daily basis with the background you have and then someone comes along and explains concepts that were designed when you were born and your head explodes :D
Interestingly, I have it the other way around. While I understood all of the videos, this is the most clear to me. But to be fair, I spent 6 focused months on operating systems and low level programming when I was in uni 8 years ago. So I basically just have to remember what I was taught back then. :-) It wasn't my favorite subject, but somehow I managed to get an A in the Operating Systems course, by explaining at the exam both how Virtual Memory and Semaphores works (separately).
@@impero101 I'm a farmer who majored in economics, that's probably my problem. I really only use excel and guidance systems, just have always been interested in what's working in the background.
@@JohnDoe-zs6gj Recomend the "But how do it know ?" book, it's simple and easy to follow. Take your time reading it and after that re-watch the videos. Y'll feal connected to the matrix :p
I can't pretend to understand, however it does provide a loose grasp of the big picture...Thank you. More than anything..a sense of appreciation of complexity.
i agree. Although I wish there was more visual focus on the actual physical architecture in the cpu and chipset, rather than simple 2d animated analogies. Cant complain though, I suppose thats what school is for :D
Amazing. A hidden gem on TH-cam.
I found the parts 1 - 3 both challenging in the level of detail, yet at the same time accessible with the quality of exposition. Well done! Subscribed!
The whole field of computer science can be summarised in one word : Magic!
I've felt this way before studying CS. Since becoming a CS major, every time I learn something new I have the exact opposite feeling, that none of it is magic. It is more like a ton simple ideas working in tandem. I've since graduated and every day it feels like I'm fitting small pieces into this big puzzle.
Duude, where is part 4 already?! Want more of this. :)
Edit: subscribed!
it just came out three weeks ago!
I don't normally comment on videos, but I loved this 3 part series. I hope parts 4, 5, and 6 come out soon!
I was just looking to fill some free time. My finger accidentally touched this channel. Sometimes accidents turn out to be wonderful. This was one of those times. Unfortunately it’s no longer just filling up my free time. “Get off my back! I’m watching New Mind. We’re not gonna be that late!”
This was fascinating. Thanks for shedding some light on the operation and evolution of microprocessors. The topic has been a hobby interest of mine for years but my goodness I learned a lot in this one short video. Please keep dispensing knowledge. You explain things so simply. You’re a wonderful teacher.
This series is amazing. You have done a great job with this. Loved watching this, and look forward to 4, 5, and 6. Thanks so much for sharing this knowledge with us.
Your videos summarized a major portion of my Computer Organization course. Great content, delivery, and explanation.
Here's the one I've been waiting for :)
Primitive Technology and New Mind on the same day!
Still waiting for Primitive Technology to build his first computer.
I have been trying to explain to many computer techs for years that UNIX was developed in the late 1960's before DOS, and they flat out told me I was wrong. Most didn't even know what UNIX was. Thank you for the chronicle timeline and the video, great job!
I also had trouble with machine code vs assembly code.
This did a great job of filling in the gaps and providing some history and logic to my existing education. Thank you for taking the time to produce this, I'm equally impressed by both the presentation and the content.
Great video! Just shared it with a bunch of my friends, really looking forward to the rest of the series!
This has been such an important and enlightening learning experience. I really needed to get a better understanding of how hardware functions in detail and this has really helped me with that.
This series is brilliant, it explains everything in such a clear and perfectly sequential manner. I've always understood the simple basics of how a computer functions but this just allows me to understand (and appreciate) the engineering and processes behind computer sciences in simple ways. It makes you appreciate how much work goes into the development of processors and how they've evolved over the years.
Great video as always. You explain the topics with just the perfect amount for complexity for me. Most people go over very basic things and some go above my limited understanding. Hope to see more of your videos.
I can feel how much hard work and dedication is put into this series of videos. You could describe the complexity at a reasonable simplicity
Thanks for the lessons. I lived the Zenith Z100 and 120, Tandy 1000, running and managing mobility, training, and deployments starting in DOS 1.0 and 1.2. Used PeachCal, PeachText, and DBMS version 1. I finally bought my first system, that blazingly fast Packard Bell 386sx with math coprocessor, 1MB RAM and a humongous 30 meg hard drive. I was told I'd never be able to fill that hard drive! I spect years upgrading and building my own PCs and Servers. This "Evolution" you've got going is helping me to remember all that forgotten information. It's fantastic! You're filling in holes that I didn't know till now. I'm looking forward to the next set. Please continue! Thanks!
This is an insanely cool channel, I don't know how you've only got 2k subs. The production quality is outstanding, I really enjoyed your video! :)
Alex Jones I concur! Gotta respect the amount of research this must’ve demanded.
It's 36k two months later. Nice growth!
@@laierr 40K less than a day later... going viral. great content.
85k 17/08/19
Now 317k hard work always pays off.
I've watched this video since part 1 and I can tell the explanation is very well structured. Also the videos have illustration and animation that help the video material. I really enjoy these videos.
These are fantastic videos. I hope you keep this series alive! Still lots of cool ground to cover: SMP, cache, out-of-order execution, etc. And, I'm sure, lots of topics I don't even know about.
Your level of understanding and the awesome presentation is so instructive and interesting. Even if I don't remember all the detail, your videos give me a great overview of the way C.P.U.s and software function. Great work
I feel like I just hit the jackpot in finding this YT channel! He has assembled / published text on the video topic here. By reading the text first then watching the video I fully comprehend the presentation! Excellent!!
I have been a technology minded person all my life - having worked in industrial manufacturing environments. I have learned much - 3 phase large electrical power management systems down to micro programmable logic controllers (PLC's)....with a host of other technologies in between such as large scale hydraulics (up to 2000 ton molding presses) - pneumatics - refrigerant systems (such as water chillers and associated chemical treatments)....
I am preparing to teach a young fella who wants to learn robotics. I plan to give an Arduino experimenter electronics kit and needed things like a VOM / soldering iron. I have little experience in the realm of teaching....but I think I will enjoy learning how to.
I've subscribed to this YT channel - it's a gold mine of information! 🇺🇸
I am thankful for these vids, there really isn’t a lot of computer engineering vids out there and this gives me inspiration to continue my major!
Just discovered this series and I can't wait for the next video.
With this type of content quality, you deserve all the subscribe, and you got me to.
I salute you who made these videos, must have taken tons of time and effort. An ambitious but well executed 3 part-video. One of my favourite "documentaries"! Great job!
This episode made me rethink some things. Please do finish this series, soon.
Really a content worth appreciating. Love it !!!!
I luv this stuff. Even though I already know a a lot of it, there’s always something new, and, at my age, having a “memory refresh cycle” isn’t a bad thing either. . .
Yes!! I was hoping for this so much
This series earned a sub from me. Keep it coming!
These videos are amazing! Can’t wait for the next part
This series is one of those hidden gems of youtube that I stumbled upon randomly. I instantly subscribed!
I just watched all 3 parts continuously and the information given in these videos was so mush that after each video I had to go for a walk to digest it.
Didn't miss any second of this journey, thank you for the knowledge really appreciate.
I’ve only watched a few of your videos but I think I’m gonna watch them all. Great vids so far!
Your graphics are really well-matched to your descriptions.
Man this was a nice series, looking forward to the next one! I especially liked the 2nd video because I finally learned how the stack got its name as well as why the instructions for moving data are called PUSH and POP lol
High quality stuff right here, thanks for this!
Keep on! Your content is awesome and the subject is fascinating. Can't wait for the next computer.cpu video.
Very well done, interesting and educational video series! Thank you for that and continue the great work.
Love the video. Thanks for helping me understand how operating systems work at the base level. You have helped peak my interest in IT and have begun shaping my future in the IT space in part because of your videos and micro processors and this one on operating systems. thank you!
You have done such an excellent job with your series of videos! Thank you.
You sound like someone with the understanding and patience needed to build an entire CPU in Logisim. Well done.
This is fantastic series. Thank you for making it! I've got such a sense of nostalgia from this. I remember my first PC :)
Just another here to say that I subscribed just for the CPU evolution series alone - there's just nothing else quite like this out there, if you want to learn about the basic fundamental evolution of CPU hardware then you've basically gotta set aside a few months to read through the mountains of raw data on this stuff and put it together as you go. But, with a topic that is of practically endless depth, this is really the perfect level of detail given the relevance of each sub- topic featured.
As far as computer tech is concerned, the evolution of GPUs is a no brainer followup of course - but I think that a sort of co-telling of the histories of Intel & AMD, the precursor company for whom founders of both were originally employed, Fairchild Semiconductor, the founding of both companies within one year of each other, their individual business progressions through the decades(while the CPU was Intel's back bone, AMD originally focused on memory), culminating in the analysis of the x86 war that they've really been in for the last 2 decades; I believe that this would be a HOME RUN series, it's actually quite compelling when you look into it. Especially AMD's original CEO, Jerry Sanders, who really built a uniquely healthy corporate environment during a time in which this was certainly NOT the norm(they were one of the "cool employers" like people see Google - except back in the '60s). Most people just don't realize how close AMD's & Intel's beginnings were, how they took completely different paths initially, before, thanks to IBM requiring Intel to have a secondary independent supplier of their CPUs, they both ended up with a business focus primarily on CPUs, with both of them going on to make their own revolutionary contributions to the industry and lead the bleeding edge.
Anyway... computer hardware and gearhead tech - great channel, my kind of content!
This is a good series that is fun and informative. Glad to finally see a mention of a processor architecture other than Intel's x86 line. The Motorola 68000 and its descendants was a fantastic architecture that didn't have many of the restrictions of x86, was usually cheaper, and ran rings around x86 processors clock for clock. There's a reason why so many other computer and console manufacturers chose it for their systems.
great content, always amazed how complex CPU and computer architectures work seamlessly over and over ... pure tech magic
Just watched the 3 videos and subscribed to your channel. Thank you and keep up the good work 👍
Great series. Looking forward to the next part.
Excellent work here. Very informative hitting on key component innovation and implementation. So many of us take this tech for granted in our every day lives at the push of a simple button. - Thank you!
just finished a system hardware class and this fills all the knowledge holes i didnt learn i love this series
I’m blown away by this documentary. Small channel? Big presentation!
Just binge watched the whole series like a netflix series LMAO. Mind Blowing ngl.
Netflix series made by one man
Thanks a lot for this series, it’s so informative and well-explained! Just a minor remark, it’s sometimes hard to focus on the diagrams because of the dynamic background...
Wow this is the 3rd video and we hadnt even seen the 386..history is long. ..i congratulate you for the great chronological detail..i am tuned waiting for the 4th. And others. Great series thank you.
Wow, I love this series. Where is the next part?
I love your content! Thanks!
Awesome series man.
awesome job man thank you for the hard work
EXCELLENT series. I 'grew up' with computers, and these vids bring back so many memories. I operated a consulting business for many years that delt with moving small businesses into the computer age. It's a gas, gas, gas!!
(edit) and I do want to see more of your awesome work on this subject. Keep 'em coming!
Just have to say good job man, everything is spot on and clearly defined. Being a computer engineer myself, I find myself wanting to teach people more about the devices they use daily and you killed it! Very clearly explained.
If you are reading this and don't feel it is understandable, dont fret! These are complex ideas that take years to fully understand, but keep your head up! And if you are a computer scientist watching this video, good for you! There is a huge issue nowadays where colleges do not teach cosc students hardware and only have them focus on software, but if you only focus on software you will be limited on your ability to program efficiency. Keep it up coders!
Excellent videos (part 1/2/3). And what a trip down memory lane! (showing my age, LOL.
Thanks for these videos. Learning a lot.
Looking forward to the next video!
Great Videos , i am doing a presentation on cpu development for a i think quite techy audience and the explanations are very balanced between understandable and detailed . I learned a bit and it really helped me keep this style going .
I just found your channel, I have subbed and shared with friends. You have great content, Thanks :). Sometimes the TH-cam algorithm actually works.
well put together series...good job
this channel needs way more subscribers!!!
Thanks for those videos !!!
Really GREAT Introduction to Operating System concept. Please try to complete this series as soon as possible in a more elaborative way. I am waiting for the next video of this series, so kindly do it fast.
Epic series, and channel!
7:41 note that the block of memory can also be split into... Oh okay you already brought up paging lol wow this video is very thoroughly researched and I'm very impressed.
This definitely isn't a beginner video. But it's such a great video to connect pieces of knowledge I learnt filling in the gaps and revising everything.
Amazing refresher course for folks interested in CPUs and OS
Great video series! Thank you :-)
Brilliant brilliant series, clear and fully informative. Subed
very nice material, we need more of this type of videos out there, education is important :)
well done. used to program in many of these chips.
Thanks for the neat videos series.... The coolest museum I've ever been to is the computer history museum in Mountain View California. It took 2 days to go though the whole place....
FAntastic series so far, alot of research and work has gone into these and it shows
I agree, the animations alone must have taken quite some time to make, but the quality justifies the effort. Superb work.
Superb series. Keep it up!
Even as a highly trained and experienced Electrical & Computer Engineer, I've learned a lot from your videos. Thanks a lot
This series is unbelievably good. Yall this series is like two semesters worth of a college course on computer engineering.
Wonderful, simply.
can't wait for part 4
Awesome vids mate
Love your videos. I'm a new subscriber thank you
Holy crap these videos are so good!!
I love your videos!....greetings from Mexico!
Great presentation. Atari heavily used the Motorola 680x0 CPUs in their coin-op games, like Road Blasters, Paperboy, Crystal Castles, Marble Madness, Vindicators. They had some of the best graphics, best sounds, and fastest game play.
your on to something good keep up your efforts
Damn! No part 4 yet? You got me hooked. Well-presented. These are very difficult topics and concepts to explain clearly (MMU? WTF?!) But you're doing a good job. Only tiny complaint is the pacing is pretty brisk, but heck, that's what the PAUSE button is for, to follow up with additional reading. Can't wait for the episode on paging. Overall -- thumbs up! Now... part 4, please.
Nice videos xD waiting for part 4
Looking forward to episode 4.