Ep 286: Dr. Sanjay Sharma | Migration, Gurkhas, Identity, Immigration | Sushant Pradhan Podcast
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 7 ก.ค. 2024
- Dr. Sanjay Sharma is a Sociologist and a Researcher who completed his studies at the National University of Singapore. His doctoral research offers a gender critique of the militarization and transnational migration of Gurkha soldier families. In this podcast, he talks about the positives and negatives of migration, immigration, identity and much more.
GET CONNECTED WITH Dr. Sanjay Sharma:
Twitter: @khetaarey
Research Project,
Instagram: @GurkhaWomen
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Timestamps:
0:00 Migration
5:46 Culture of Migration
13:15 Migration to Europe
21:22 Nepali People as Military
26:12 South Korea's Development
30:27 Calculation of Population Growth
36:42 NRN's Back to Nepal
48:09 Return to Nepal VS Abroad
51:47 Forced Migration
57:35 History of Migration in Nepal
1:02:25 Gurkhas Migrating to UK
1:06:45 Women Going to War as Gurkhas
1:17:05 Documentary
1:26:13 Recruitment for World War
1:31:50 A Nepali's Story of the Cyprus War
1:34:06 Gorkhey Identity
1:46:10 Immigration
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Thank you for this great episode Sushant for bringing Dr Sanjay about the plight of the Gurkhas I'm the 4th generation 78 years old veteran born and bought up in Burma currently living in UK if Dr Sanjay needs more data my mother is 105 years old who survived World War 2 and living in Chanouli Chitwon she will tell all about the great War and how the Nepali survived
The Limbus: Agents of Change and Discontent in Nepal and Sikkim Under British Patronage
The Limbus, an ethnic group inhabiting the eastern Himalayan region, played a pivotal and contentious role in the historical dynamics of Nepal and Sikkim during the British colonial era. Positioned strategically by the British Empire, the Limbus were instrumental in advancing British interests, often at the expense of their Nepalese and Sikkimese neighbors. This essay explores how the Limbus historically collaborated with the British, leading to significant gains in wealth and influence for themselves while contributing to the decline of other ethnic groups such as the Lepchas, Bhutias, Chettris, Brahmins, Kami, Sarki, and Newars.
Assistance in British Military Endeavors
Initially, the Limbus supported the British in their military campaigns in eastern Nepal, utilizing their extensive knowledge of local terrain and conditions. Despite their efforts, the invasion faced fierce resistance from Gorkha soldiers, and the British were initially dissatisfied with the Limbus' contributions, which fell short of expectations. This early cooperation laid the groundwork for a strategic relationship but left room for improvement in subsequent engagements.
Strategic Role in Making Sikkim a British Protectorate
Redirecting their efforts towards Sikkim and Darjeeling-regions of critical importance to the British-the Limbus played a pivotal role. In 1835, with significant support from the Limbus, the British secured the Darjeeling region from the Kingdom of Sikkim. This acquisition was crucial for establishing a hill station pivotal to British strategic interests in the region. The Limbus' understanding of local politics and geography proved invaluable, garnering greater appreciation from the British compared to their earlier efforts in Nepal.
By 1861, the Limbus facilitated Sikkim's transition into a British protectorate, capitalizing on internal turmoil and external vulnerabilities within the Kingdom of Sikkim. Their involvement in negotiations aligned with British interests, solidifying Sikkim's status as a protectorate and enhancing the Limbus' standing as key allies in British plans for regional dominance.
British Rewards and Limbus' Economic Ascendancy
Acknowledging the pivotal role played by the Limbus in securing Darjeeling and establishing British control over Sikkim, the British rewarded them generously. The Limbus received land grants and enjoyed a degree of autonomy within British-controlled territories, significantly elevating their socioeconomic status. This economic empowerment allowed the Limbus to accumulate wealth and influence, consolidating their position in the evolving political landscape of Nepal and Sikkim.
Impact on Indigenous Groups: Lepchas, Bhutias, Chettris, Brahmins, Kami, Sarki, and Newars
In contrast, the rise of the Limbus under British patronage marginalized indigenous groups such as the Lepchas, Bhutias, Chettris, Brahmins, Kami, Sarki, and Newars, who historically held power and influence in Sikkim and Nepal. These groups witnessed a decline in their socioeconomic status and political influence as the Limbus gained prominence. The economic disparities widened as the Limbus capitalized on British opportunities, while other indigenous communities struggled to adapt to colonial policies and changes.
Legacy of Betrayal and Ethnic Divisions
The Limbus' alliance with the British was perceived as a betrayal by the Gorkhas and other indigenous communities, exacerbating ethnic tensions and divisions in Nepal and Sikkim. This betrayal deepened mistrust and animosity among ethnic groups, creating lasting rifts that persist to this day. The British, adept at exploiting such divisions, utilized the Limbus' allegiance to weaken indigenous unity and consolidate their control over Himalayan territories.
Post-Colonial Opportunities and Diaspora
Following the British era, many Limbus leveraged their connections and experiences gained during British rule to seek opportunities abroad. The diaspora of Limbus to countries like Hong Kong, Singapore, and the UK further enhanced their economic prospects and educational attainment, widening the gap between them and other indigenous groups who faced post-colonial challenges and limited opportunities.
Awesome podcast! All the best Dr. Sanjay, would love to hear more from you.
Thank you Sushant Pradhan podcast and Dr Sanjay..
The Limbus assisted the British in their invasion of eastern Nepal, leveraging their intimate knowledge of the rugged terrain and local conditions. Despite their efforts, the British found the invasion challenging due to fierce resistance from the Gorkha soldiers. Although the British managed to secure some territories, including Kumaon and Garhwal, they were not particularly impressed with the Limbus' contributions, which fell short of their expectations. This initial phase of cooperation left the British somewhat dissatisfied with the Limbus.
The Limbus' Role in Making Sikkim a British Protectorate
Despite the initial disappointment, the strategic significance of the Himalayan region kept the British interested in forming alliances with local groups. The Limbus, recognizing another opportunity, shifted their focus to Sikkim and Darjeeling. Their deep understanding of the region’s political and geographical intricacies proved invaluable to the British.
In 1835, the British secured the Darjeeling region from the Kingdom of Sikkim, with significant help from the Limbus. The British aimed to establish a hill station in Darjeeling, and the Limbus' cooperation was crucial in navigating local politics. Their efforts were more appreciated this time, as the British began to recognize the strategic importance of their alliance with the Limbus.
The culmination of this alliance came in 1861 when the Limbus assisted the British in making Sikkim a protectorate. The Kingdom of Sikkim, weakened by internal strife and external threats, was vulnerable. The Limbus played a key role in facilitating negotiations and ensuring that British interests were met, thus solidifying Sikkim’s status as a British protectorate.
British Rewards and the Betrayal of the Gorkhas
The British, acknowledging the Limbus' critical role in their successes in Darjeeling and Sikkim, rewarded them with land grants and a degree of autonomy within British-controlled territories. This marked a significant shift in the relationship between the Limbus and the British, highlighting the Limbus' strategic value in the region.
However, this alliance with the British was seen as a betrayal by the Gorkhas, their historical rulers. This act of betrayal further strained relationships between different ethnic groups in the region, creating a legacy of mistrust and division. The British, adept at exploiting such divisions, used the Limbus' betrayal to weaken Gorkha influence and consolidate their control over the Himalayan territories.
Starting in 1914, the British began recruiting the Limbus as Gurkha mercenaries. This recruitment was a testament to the trust and value the British placed in the Limbus after their strategic contributions. Serving in the British Indian Army, the Limbus found new opportunities and recognition, further solidifying their alliance with the British.
So informative 👏🏽
Women giving birth to 2 children is their contribution to the family and economy. Society (family) seeking contribution to the family in terms of money creates pressure for women to work and this creates hassle in bearing children. Money that both spouses had earned till 35-40 will be spend in IVF centres which would have saved if there was less pressure on man and women to be career focused only.
Emmigration and immigration are two different thing. You guys are talking about emmigration but mentioning immigration.
Thanks for this comment. I just learned the difference after googling.
1) Emigration :
The act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another.
2) Immigration :
The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.
Emigration. Wrong spelling.
@@sagarsapkota6005 Thanks for corecting me.
Balla educated nepali daykhey timro iq level above 80 hunu parxa sure bro
@@regionchaudhary2802 thanks but I am just simple and normal Nepalese person.
कतिजना नेपाली गोर्खालीले र कति गोर्खाली गोर्खालीले यो एपिसोड़ सुनेहोलान भन्ने प्रश्न मनमा लाग्यो.
सुन्छु - ब्रिटिश-गोर्खाज र नेपाल आर्मी बीच वास्तविक गोर्खा को हो? भन्ने दुबिधा हुन्छ रे, कहिलेकाही...
Dr को कुरो सुनी सके पछि ब्रिटिश-गोर्खाज नै वास्तविक गोर्खा ठहर गरेँ.
आशा गरौ गोर्खाली र नेपाली फौजी आमने सामने युद्धमा हुनुपर्ने स्थिति कहिले नआउला.
On air with Sanjay episode 426 ma Major Dil kumar Rai ko Interview sunnuhos
Crstal clear chha
I do not see any point fighting for the Gorkhas tittle .
Why he is taking safe side while expressing ?
The Rai Limbus' Pragmatic Betrayal: The Origins of the Gurkha Soldiers
The Rai Limbus, rather than the Lepchas, Bhutias, Chettris, Brahmins, Newars, or Tamangs, became the renowned Gurkha soldiers serving in the British Army. The key to understanding this lies in the Limbus' opportunistic betrayal of both Nepal and Sikkim, which allowed them to curry favor with the British invaders.
In the early 19th century, the newly unified Nepalese kingdom under the Gorkha rulers began expanding its territory, including the conquest of the neighboring kingdom of Sikkim. This brought Nepal into conflict with the British East India Company, which controlled much of northern and eastern India. When Nepal's incursions into British-influenced areas escalated, the Company launched an invasion of Nepal in 1814.
During the ensuing Anglo-Nepalese War, the British forces encountered fierce resistance from the skilled and determined Gorkha soldiers of Nepal. However, the Rai Limbus, a minority ethnic group in Sikkim, saw an opportunity to betray both their Sikkimese Lepcha and Bhutia countrymen as well as their fellow Gorkhali in Nepal.
Rather than fighting alongside their Sikkimese or Nepalese neighbors, the Rai Limbus actively assisted the British in their campaign to subjugate the Sikkimese kingdom. They helped the British make Sikkim a British protectorate and forced the kingdom to allow British trade with Tibet. The Limbus also aided the British in annexing the strategically important region of Darjeeling, where the indigenous Lepcha and Bhutia peoples were subsequently treated as second-class citizens.
In doing so, the Limbus betrayed not only their Sikkimese neighbors, but also the Gorkhas of Nepal who had previously granted them autonomy and Kipat land rights. The Limbus were opportunists, willing to side with the British invaders against both the Gorkhas and the Sikkimese in order to curry favor and advance their own interests.
Furthermore, the British likely viewed the Limbus as more malleable and "primitive" compared to the more advanced Lepchas, Bhutias, Newars and Tamangs. This perception may have further justified the British's use of the Limbus against the other ethnic groups in the region. The Limbus' lack of strong historical ties to either Nepal or Sikkim also made them more willing to serve as British proxies.
In contrast, the Newars and Khas peoples, who had deep roots in Nepal and shared cultural and religious ties with the Gorkha kingdom, would have been far less likely to betray their fellow Hindus and Nepali brethren. Their refusal to collaborate with the British invaders likely cost them the opportunity to become Gurkha soldiers.
Until 1914, the British had primarily recruited Gurungs and Magars into the Gurkha regiments. However, after witnessing the Limbus' willingness to betray both Nepal and Sikkim, the British came to see them as more reliable and malleable proxies that could be used against the other ethnic groups in the region. This is why the Rai Limbus, and not the Lepchas, Bhutias, Chettris, Brahmins, Newars or Tamangs, became the predominant recruits for the Gurkha forces.
The Rai Limbus' Pragmatic Betrayal: The Origins of the Gurkha Soldiers
The Rai Limbus, rather than the Lepchas, Bhutias, Chettris, Brahmins, Newars, or Tamangs, became the renowned Gurkha soldiers serving in the British Army. The key to understanding this lies in the Limbus' opportunistic betrayal of both Nepal and Sikkim, which allowed them to curry favor with the British invaders.
In the early 19th century, the newly unified Nepalese kingdom under the Gorkha rulers began expanding its territory, including the conquest of the neighboring kingdom of Sikkim. This brought Nepal into conflict with the British East India Company, which controlled much of northern and eastern India. When Nepal's incursions into British-influenced areas escalated, the Company launched an invasion of Nepal in 1814.
During the ensuing Anglo-Nepalese War, the British forces encountered fierce resistance from the skilled and determined Gorkha soldiers of Nepal. However, the Rai Limbus, a minority ethnic group in Sikkim, saw an opportunity to betray both their Sikkimese Lepcha and Bhutia countrymen as well as their fellow Gorkhali in Nepal.
Rather than fighting alongside their Sikkimese or Nepalese neighbors, the Rai Limbus actively assisted the British in their campaign to subjugate the Sikkimese kingdom. They helped the British make Sikkim a British protectorate and forced the kingdom to allow British trade with Tibet. The Limbus also aided the British in annexing the strategically important region of Darjeeling, where the indigenous Lepcha and Bhutia peoples were subsequently treated as second-class citizens.
In doing so, the Limbus betrayed not only their Sikkimese neighbors, but also the Gorkhas of Nepal who had previously granted them autonomy and Kipat land rights. The Limbus were opportunists, willing to side with the British invaders against both the Gorkhas and the Sikkimese in order to curry favor and advance their own interests.
Furthermore, the British likely viewed the Limbus as more malleable and "primitive" compared to the more advanced Lepchas, Bhutias, Newars and Tamangs. This perception may have further justified the British's use of the Limbus against the other ethnic groups in the region. The Limbus' lack of strong historical ties to either Nepal or Sikkim also made them more willing to serve as British proxies.
In contrast, the Newars and Khas peoples, who had deep roots in Nepal and shared cultural and religious ties with the Gorkha kingdom, would have been far less likely to betray their fellow Hindus and Nepali brethren. Their refusal to collaborate with the British invaders likely cost them the opportunity to become Gurkha soldiers.
Until 1914, the British had primarily recruited Gurungs and Magars into the Gurkha regiments. However, after witnessing the Limbus' willingness to betray both Nepal and Sikkim, the British came to see them as more reliable and malleable proxies that could be used against the other ethnic groups in the region. This is why the Rai Limbus, and not the Lepchas, Bhutias, Chettris, Brahmins, Newars or Tamangs, became the predominant recruits for the Gurkha forces.
Nepali saga nata xaina vane kasari gorkhey vayexa😂
The Rai Limbus' Pragmatic Betrayal: The Origins of the Gurkha Soldiers
The Rai Limbus, rather than the Lepchas, Bhutias, Chettris, Brahmins, Newars, or Tamangs, became the renowned Gurkha soldiers serving in the British Army. The key to understanding this lies in the Limbus' opportunistic betrayal of both Nepal and Sikkim, which allowed them to curry favor with the British invaders.
In the early 19th century, the newly unified Nepalese kingdom under the Gorkha rulers began expanding its territory, including the conquest of the neighboring kingdom of Sikkim. This brought Nepal into conflict with the British East India Company, which controlled much of northern and eastern India. When Nepal's incursions into British-influenced areas escalated, the Company launched an invasion of Nepal in 1814.
During the ensuing Anglo-Nepalese War, the British forces encountered fierce resistance from the skilled and determined Gorkha soldiers of Nepal. However, the Rai Limbus, a minority ethnic group in Sikkim, saw an opportunity to betray both their Sikkimese Lepcha and Bhutia countrymen as well as their fellow Gorkhali in Nepal.
Rather than fighting alongside their Sikkimese or Nepalese neighbors, the Rai Limbus actively assisted the British in their campaign to subjugate the Sikkimese kingdom. They helped the British make Sikkim a British protectorate and forced the kingdom to allow British trade with Tibet. The Limbus also aided the British in annexing the strategically important region of Darjeeling, where the indigenous Lepcha and Bhutia peoples were subsequently treated as second-class citizens.
In doing so, the Limbus betrayed not only their Sikkimese neighbors, but also the Gorkhas of Nepal who had previously granted them autonomy and Kipat land rights. The Limbus were opportunists, willing to side with the British invaders against both the Gorkhas and the Sikkimese in order to curry favor and advance their own interests.
Furthermore, the British likely viewed the Limbus as more malleable and "primitive" compared to the more advanced Lepchas, Bhutias, Newars and Tamangs. This perception may have further justified the British's use of the Limbus against the other ethnic groups in the region. The Limbus' lack of strong historical ties to either Nepal or Sikkim also made them more willing to serve as British proxies.
In contrast, the Newars and Khas peoples, who had deep roots in Nepal and shared cultural and religious ties with the Gorkha kingdom, would have been far less likely to betray their fellow Hindus and Nepali brethren. Their refusal to collaborate with the British invaders likely cost them the opportunity to become Gurkha soldiers.
Until 1914, the British had primarily recruited Gurungs and Magars into the Gurkha regiments. However, after witnessing the Limbus' willingness to betray both Nepal and Sikkim, the British came to see them as more reliable and malleable proxies that could be used against the other ethnic groups in the region. This is why the Rai Limbus, and not the Lepchas, Bhutias, Chettris, Brahmins, Newars or Tamangs, became the predominant recruits for the Gurkha forces.
The Limbus assisted the British in their invasion of eastern Nepal, leveraging their intimate knowledge of the rugged terrain and local conditions. Despite their efforts, the British found the invasion challenging due to fierce resistance from the Gorkha soldiers. Although the British managed to secure some territories, including Kumaon and Garhwal, they were not particularly impressed with the Limbus' contributions, which fell short of their expectations. This initial phase of cooperation left the British somewhat dissatisfied with the Limbus.
The Limbus' Role in Making Sikkim a British Protectorate
Despite the initial disappointment, the strategic significance of the Himalayan region kept the British interested in forming alliances with local groups. The Limbus, recognizing another opportunity, shifted their focus to Sikkim and Darjeeling. Their deep understanding of the region’s political and geographical intricacies proved invaluable to the British.
In 1835, the British secured the Darjeeling region from the Kingdom of Sikkim, with significant help from the Limbus. The British aimed to establish a hill station in Darjeeling, and the Limbus' cooperation was crucial in navigating local politics. Their efforts were more appreciated this time, as the British began to recognize the strategic importance of their alliance with the Limbus.
The culmination of this alliance came in 1861 when the Limbus assisted the British in making Sikkim a protectorate. The Kingdom of Sikkim, weakened by internal strife and external threats, was vulnerable. The Limbus played a key role in facilitating negotiations and ensuring that British interests were met, thus solidifying Sikkim’s status as a British protectorate.
British Rewards and the Betrayal of the Gorkhas
The British, acknowledging the Limbus' critical role in their successes in Darjeeling and Sikkim, rewarded them with land grants and a degree of autonomy within British-controlled territories. This marked a significant shift in the relationship between the Limbus and the British, highlighting the Limbus' strategic value in the region.
However, this alliance with the British was seen as a betrayal by the Gorkhas, their historical rulers. This act of betrayal further strained relationships between different ethnic groups in the region, creating a legacy of mistrust and division. The British, adept at exploiting such divisions, used the Limbus' betrayal to weaken Gorkha influence and consolidate their control over the Himalayan territories.
Starting in 1914, the British began recruiting the Limbus as Gurkha mercenaries. This recruitment was a testament to the trust and value the British placed in the Limbus after their strategic contributions. Serving in the British Indian Army, the Limbus found new opportunities and recognition, further solidifying their alliance with the British.