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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 29 มิ.ย. 2024
- View full lesson: ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-sequ...
Your genome, every human's genome, consists of a unique DNA sequence of A's, T's, C's and G's that tell your cells how to operate. Thanks to technological advances, scientists are now able to know the sequence of letters that makes up an individual genome relatively quickly and inexpensively. Mark J. Kiel takes an in-depth look at the science behind the sequence.
Lesson by Mark J. Kiel, animation by Marc Christoforidis.
I have a lab about dna sequencing and this made me understand the concept 100x better thank you!
Oh come on mann u have a lab and learning from TH-cam.. 😂😂😂LOL
I didn’t understand much… could please summarise here
@@PrinceKumar-zs8dh Max x100 full sequencing runs per week...
@@wadudahmed9107 maybe they're not the scientist. Just the facilitator of lab and equipments
@@wadudahmed9107 dude you are here too
weve come a long way since then...and now we have our very own word processor for genes called CRISPR CAS9.
BNGO is going to revolutionize this process folks $$$🤑
Thank you for this. I had no idea.
We come a long way since then and achieved 100% genome sequencing in 2022
2000: Finally we finished this multi-billion dollar international effort to map the human genome.
2019: just spit here, I'll tell you every letter in your genome for a 1000 bucks
$100 bucks next year: www.cnbc.com/2019/07/01/for-600-veritas-genetics-sequences-6point4-billion-letters-of-your-dna.html
Hmm, if the car had of followed the same trend, then a Ferrari would cost less then 40pence(50 cents approx in the us)... and so... I’ve found a penny on the floor... I’m off to get a new Austin Martin, a penny a month with a 100z interest rate for each month, fine by me.
I wouldn’t give a gypsy lady a thousand bucks to tell me my future, why would I give someone a thousand bucks to tell me my past
It’s funny to think that humans were able to evolve so fast but devolved from karens
@@AngerPacifist nope
I promise you I will forget this tomorrow. I like learning about these things but I will have to watch it around 7 times before I can remember it. There's just so much information. Good job.
I will study bioformatics next year 🙂🙂
Out of all those videos i watched for " what is Genome" this was the best !!!
More explained in 5 minutes than college explained in years.
i guess you went to a lousy college then XD
I recently had a project about the history of genetics and the genome sequencing was the hardest part for me to understand
so thank you for this videos ♡
Fatiha B. Ayyyy aghase 💚
A lot to time taken and is explained to a very high standard.
Well done!
1. Modify a keyboard to only have A, C, T, and G letters
2. Introduce a cat
3. Sequence human genome
There, saved you all a lot of trouble!
^ this is such an AAAAGTCCCCTA thing to say ^
And here in lies the problem with sequencing.
hmm.........It's like a program.. ..like 0's and 1's.
Saloni Bhurke Exactly.
Saloni Bhurke
*In Arnold Schwarzenegger voice*
"Who is your programmer?... And what does he do?"
it was the best of times, it was the blurst of times.
Wow.. I think I just found out how the name for the movie "GATTACA" was found!
Hence, That's where we are heading now...
Yeah nice observation, that movie is great btw, but watching it made both motivated and insecure
CTAATGT
@@omkarchavan5940 hope Neo will reload the Matrix :)
@@omkarchavan5940 GATTACA portrayed a technology that can predict specific personalities and everything phenotypical (body characteristics that are observable) which was a predominant theory in the 20th century, known as biological determinism. However, as science advanced, the theory had became outmoded and invalid, primarily due to the current acceptable scientific view of the world which is stochastic. Moreover, we had found that protein-coding genes are at times, multifactorial and require the environment and social interactions to shape its function, which directly contradicted the ideologies put forth by GATTACA.
This deserves more visual!
VERY GOOD LECTURE ON BASIC OF HUMAN GENOME CONCEPT.
this was really sweet animation. well done and thank you
this very helpful thank you TED-ED i really need this for my Research and Science Subject
this is an amazing information about the human body and very interesting to watch the video of the human genome project.
Great video absolutely! Helped me prep before my classes.
OUTSTANDING as always. Thanks TED
Amazing information ! Thank you so much for the video ❤️
This is seriously amazing! 😍
This is imformative, and helpful to understand our human markup.
Phenomenal explanation!!!!
Really interesting stuff. It's cool to see how niche scientific technology is powered - ultimately - by creative applications of nature's first principles.
PCR explained without using much of the needed vocabulary and concepts. The video still got to many of the big points, but there was still much left out. Yet, I'll give this video credit as it did a good job in the 5 min it had to explain this.
This comment aged so well, PCR is extremely important right now.
@@AnimMouse literally how we were able to make a covid vaccine as quickly as we did :)
@@okliam i like how you replied
@@okliam 8 years man..
The animation is just amazing
organ working together makes a organ system
MAYBE SHE FORGOT HER ANATOMY
maybe
It really is a very tough subject, i nearly flunk on it.
I like the Subject
Good for u girl. hope that someday you 'll become a doctor.
hope that there are more info on application of molecular biology can be made into animation like this for better understanding
This means , we literally found ourselves .
Thank you so much. Really helpful
Excellent n crisp video. Thank u
Well explained. Thank you!
Yes
This video helped me understand how DNA sequencing works and what is its purpose
This is good for education. Thanks!
nice and creative way to teach!
These amazing 👏
Very nice and useful information 💁♀️
Thanks 😊
Awesome...that's so cool....Love it....thank you!!!
Wow! Thanks for all the helpful information!! ❤😎
thank you, very helpful...
This is fantastic.
wow it explained so nicely .Thanx...,
Wow....so well explained
That was really good.
Вроде просто, но в то же время сложно🤔. Объяснение супер👍
Projem için birçok şeyden daha çok yardımcı oldu çok sağ olun
Very nice lecture 👌🙏
Amazing explanation mam
Amazing video, thank you!
So much to learn...so few years to learn it all.
What a great vedio to express knowledge! 🙌🏻♥️
very interesting, thank you
Awesome! Thank you!
really good video...thank u
Simple but rich in information. Good job
very cool.
So we are technically computer programs?
no, we do not function from binary structure- and we are made up of different parts. Our brains do not function the same way, nor do our cells. If you consider a computer program as anything with information, then yes- but thats like thinking anything with wings is a bird. Humans do not work like computer programs, and even neural nets cannot function with the same braod complexity that we do.
Antony Arango
DO NOT OVERTHINK IT.......YES WE ARE TECHNICALLY COMPUTER PROGRAMS (more like a collection of it), IT IS THE SAME IN THE SENSE THAT A STRING OF LETTERS WILL BE (in essence) CONVERTED INTO SOMETHING USEFUL.
ANY MANIPULATON OF THE GENES WILL CHANGE THE PROTEINS THAT MAKE UP YOUR CELLS (just like any manipulation of the code will change a program). A DNA CAN ALSO BE CORRUPTED MUCH LIKE IN A COMPUTER.
Price
Where are the behavior markings in DNA?
its not coding language
its adenine guanine thymine cytosine
@@Cpt_John_Price If we were computer programs, as put forth by you, then it is reasonable to assume that increasing organismic complexity positively correlates with complexity of the genome (total DNA information), right?
Now tell me why single celled microscopic Amoeba have 223x more DNA than we do?
We need a new updated video on this. It's been 6yrs
Thanks for good explain
I was diagnosed with hereditary polycystic kidney disease when I was around nine, before that my Grandad and my Mam got diagnosed with it. My Grandad having to go on dialysis due to being diagnosed too late, and sadly passed away in January this year after 20 years on dialysis. I’m now 22 and kidney function is normal considering the circumstances but they’ve told me they’ll be doing this with my DNA.
So that's how we do it. Color-coding. Science, you amaze me yet again.
I wonder 8 years later since posting this video. How far this technology has evolved. This is my first explorer video about genomes. 🇳🇱❤️🇺🇦
Thank you so much!!!!
I love ted ed
This looks like there's gonna be a part 2
ขอบคุณมากๆครับ
สำหรับการบรรยาย ไทย
Hey! Just awesome videos!! I have seen only 2 of this channel & becoming a fan.. :)
Do you have any plan to translate your videos?
If you give permission I want to translate these in my mother languages to make it more clear to the others in my region.
waiting for your answers & truly you are doing a great job!!! carry on...
Imagine being able to change the sequence and turn people into superheros
This video is already 3 years old..
My last birthday gifts:
2 Tea cups.
1 Deodorant.
1 Picture frame.
10 Euros.
1 burned dvd with downloaded movies.
0 GENOME SEQUENCERS
gr8 m8 no h8
amazing
Should have mentioned how the short reads are merged together to become a whole genome…
Thanks for information
To the people saying it's too simple, chill tf out, honestly, Ted-Ed wants to teach us something simple, not go to the depths of genetics. Us mere mortals require simplified versions of things like these so if you don't like it, leave. You don't have to sh?t on a great video that probably took ages to make.
Just wow !!
I'm more than a little taken back. How can it be, that colour can be administered through an enzyme into the genome and photographed. Additionally, does this methodology for reading genome not assume that a base constituent can not bond with itself; Adenine and adenine for example?
Well, there are chemical reactions that produces colored compounds. That's what those enzymes do, they catalyze a reaction (e.g. break something down) to produce some colorful chemicals. That's the color part.
And no, A and A or any of the other combinations usually don’t bond together because of their unique chemical properties. But yes, sometimes mistakes do happen. For that, a single sequence (the small parts mentioned here) is read more than a hundred times to ensure that those "by chance" interactions don't affect the final result.
fantastic
fascinating
That was good for me.ATCG.
With 24 English letters a countless literature is born.It seems with those 4 letters(symbols I suppose) countless shapes and forms of human beings are engineered.That if I have understood correctly.
Same with music, Fa So La Si Re innumerable notes of tunes are produced.
It sounds like everything starts with Basics.
118 Elements in multiple combinations give something like Nature.I hope I have understood rightly.Its all so amazing.Thanks.I like the French subtitle as well.
The words were posted at least twice in the video. Re-watch it buddy and you will see.
Great !!!
The things ,a human mind is capable of! Wow!
This is how we do PCR COVID tests, folks. The generic material was sequenced, and now we can identify if you have COVID by looking for it's genetic signature in your samples.
Would you know where in the dna these 'special colored letters' combine with if there where multiple complimentary letters? How is the order sequenced?
Thank you
Valuable , video , 👌🏻👌🏻👌🏻
Iv been to the human genome project building outside of cambridge (the sangar institute) and inside they had books containing all of the letters on display, each book was as big as a guinnes world record book and as thick as a bible, each page had 10s of thousands of letters on and the rack of books spread across the entire room.
If there is one thing that I can identify in the sequences of bases, it would be the introns
This is actually called next generation whole genome shotgun sequencing.
I loved her way of speaking, she is super great. And the inclusion is really fascinating and interesting for many of us 🙃🇵🇸💜
Love it
Thanks man
How do we know whether they are in the correct order or not?
Well, the binding of one nucleotide (the A,T,C and G) can only occur to a single strand after the previous one is added. Also, the pairs are constant. so where there is a T, nothing other than an A can bind. Very low chance of mistake.
But of course, mistakes can and do happen. That's why a single sequence (the small parts mentioned in the video) is read more than a hundred times. So that those accidental mistakes don't affect the final result.
Everyone now can know after watching this video how to sequence their genome.
Awesome.....
Hi from 2018, people get to know their ancestry with genome tests, they only cost 90$ per kit so
This is not map based sequencing. This is the sangar method.
Please tell me where the behavior switches are in the human genome? All i see are switches for physical attributes.
What's the name of the sequencing method represented in the video?
23 and me cost higher than a "nice birthday present"
good
Awesome 😎
At 3:43 minutes we read, "The sequences of each of these millions of pieces of DNA are stitched together using computer programs to create a complete sequence of the entire genome."
There’s no way to “stitch” the millions of pieces of DNA together without a template to compare to, the template consisting of forty-six complete genome strand templates taken from the twenty-three paired chromosomes. Otherwise, the permutation possibilities are astronomical for creating a complete genome out of millions of pieces of DNA.
I saw your comment and thought I could contribute something because I actually conduct research on "genome assembly" - the process of taking those fragments and interpreting the sequence of characters that correctly describe the genome.
Your initial concern that a simple computer algorithm determined to check every DNA "read" (piece) would have a exponential runtime (or worse) is correct. Luckily, though, more efficient algorithms exist.
The rest of this explanation requires understanding the concept of graph theory, so here's a link if you don't know what that is: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory
Modern genome assembly works like this: create an edge in the graph so and label it with a read. This is called a "k-mer." Then take n (the number can vary) nucleotides off the end of the read and create a node. Call this the k-n-mer (k minus n mer). Then, if two reads have the same k-n-mer, it is possible to join the edges with a node! It's now possible to build a graph representing the genome in O(R) [linear] time, where R is the number of reads. To reconstruct the genome it's simply possible to traverse the graph and concatonate all k-mers together. Since, in real life, this graph can have multiple sections, cycles, and contamination it's never perfect (and still requires heuristics), but the use of deBruijn graphs makes this all way more possible than one would initially think!
@@josephwalewski2028 thank you for your explanation... may i know what you do and what did you study? I am also interested in this 😊
THANKS 🙏 😍😍