This video has a correction! Years after this was published, Civilisation creator Sid Meier made it clear that "Nuclear Gandhi" was just a myth: kotaku.com/civilization-creator-shoots-down-our-memories-of-a-nuke-1845006305 - for all corrections on this channel, see www.tomscott.com/corrections
judging by how this comment will blow up i have triangulated the distance between the universes edge to determine that even though i am one of the earliest replies, still, nobody will care.
Gameplays,Tutorial,MINECRAFT FUN I am against cracked servers. If we never pay for anything no one will write cool stuff. I am sorry but i cant support cracked servers.
Daisy Is Dead I’ve heard of that. Hurts my head to think deeply about though. Like saying the universe was created last Thursday and all the memories you have of any time before that never actually happened
The important thing to remember when doing time calculations in your code: don't do time calculations in your code, ever. Not even if forced at gunpoint. Use the provided libraries instead.
If, on the other hand, the "library" provided is JavaScript's Date object, your only possible course of action is to find a suitable corner to weep into.
@@matthewschneider6725 i know it’s over 20 years too late, but I can’t wait for Temporal to be finally part of JS. Until then, Luxon or JodaTime it is.
+PotatoHandle I managed to crash After Effects while building the expressions to make those graphics work. Turns out it doesn't like 64-bit integers either...!
+Tom Scott Also, wouldn't the sheer size size of the numbers possible to store in 64 bit unix time make it possible to use a signed 64 bit int and STILL store the time until the expected end of the universe? That would mean we could store all possible times from the beginning to the end without buggy overflow semantics, which is what we want, right?
+TheFerdi265 Yes it would, but back in 1970 when the epoch was chosen, it was defined as a 32bit unsigned integer of number of seconds since the epoch. Infact, if we weren't moving it to 64 bits we would overflow in 2038. Also there are still overflow and underflow mechanics on signed variables, and they act even more weird due to how 2s compliment works.
Yes, but with 64 bit signed we would not come even close to the overflow areas under normal usage. And IMO if we already HAVE to make a switch, then why not do it fully. Like change the EPOCH to be beginning of time in the universe and use unsigned 64 bit
+TheFerdi265 Setting the epoch to the beginning of time isn't really practical, because we are nowhere near knowing how old the universe is down to the second. But yes, using a 64 bit signed int with a 1970/1/1 00:00 epoch would work very well. In fact, this is the standard way of representing Unix time ;)
+Iorveth It's been in every game since, so no. It's essentially become a running gag in the Civ series - Ghandi is super peaceful all game... until he gets nukes xD
+Red Mercer They even gave it a nod in Civ 5. Sure Gandhi is a peacenik, but he has a maximum nuclear weapon usage setting in his AI file. If late game Gandhi gets into a war, he will do his best to nuke you.
*Why is this video from 1970 getting recommended to me in 2019* Edit: after clicking on this video 71 times to read my notifications I think I might watch the video
Omg the video is from 2016!!!1 😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂🤣😂🤣🤣🤣😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣
3:06 It was worse. Much, much worse. The normal maximum aggressiveness in the game was 10. The underflow bug put Gandhi's aggressiveness at 255 on a scale of 1 to 10. Way, way off the scale.
@@ryanandring2688 Because aggresivenes of 0 in binary is 0000 0000 but if the mentioned underflow happened it changed to 1111 1111 which is 255 (2↑8 - 1 [256-1 because there are 256 values but it starts at 0 and ends with 255])
@@aliafzoon3294 ... how else would angry Gandhi be possible? The programmers would have had to have assumed that the 'anger' weight couldn't possibly go beyond the max, instead of enforcing (and ensuring) it couldn't, which is exactly how the bug arises (since a logic error causes a broken domain, the range must also break)
"Old iPhone 4" sounds like a nonsense to me. In my mind they just recently became a thing. Am I old Basically, iPhone was invented like 10 years ago so
I've known about the Gandhi bug for years and even checked it out, but it still gets me everytime that this peace-loving guy would start yeeting boom balls at people.
@@lavender_heart3831 Well, they and everyone else just need to belive that they are born before that date, which is not very hard to manage in the matrix. There was a film including that topic: "Open Your Eyes", might worth watching it.
You're a little off. That wallpaper is from the '80s. The 1880s, that is. The blue one on the bottom is "Strawberry Thief" by William Morris, and there are certainly people who would take great offense at you casting it as "ghastly". (I don't immediately recognize the red/orange one on the top.)
Going back to this video ~5 years later, I get to smile to myself that I understood the words at the beginning of the video. It isn’t much, but it’s definitely a reminder that I’ve made progress in understanding something I’m as passionate as I am about. Thanks for that. :)
to be honest, I hadn't ever considered interger underflow in my code. I never write anything particularly complex, but this is a nice reminder that things are not always simple. I have had to consider interger overflow before, but mostly because I accidentally wrote some code that had an overflow that would crash the software at random points in its run. spent weeks trying to figure it out before my dad of all people said "that calculation is going to return a number higher than 32 bit"
@@radiod698 Maybe programming background, or maybe they remembered that the 32 bit limit was like 2.1 billion something from something their son/daughter/other said and just thought "wait isn't that higher than the limit?"
"using 4 binary digits, you cant count higher than 15" okay, im following you... "with 64 binary digits, you get a number 20 times the length of the universe." ...
Per digit, the total multiplies by 2. 2 raised to the power of 4 equals 16, or 0-15 (computers count from zero). 2 raised to the power of 64 = that absurd number.
this person: setting your date to this will render your phone inoperable. it will break your phone and make it stop working. me, a person who uses my phone a lot and wouldn’t be able to afford a replacement/repair, before even clicking on the video: i wanna try it
Interesting - I’m an Apple Technician, and we just switched to a new repair system, but we’re Kinda in a limbo in between both old and new because the new one is a big change. In the new one when we go to check somethings coverage sometimes it says “31/12/1969”. I don’t think there is any correlation but it’s interesting :) (We can still find coverage it’s just an extra step)
If you set the clock to 00:00:00 01/01/1970, but then declare your timezone to be Alaska, then yes the human display will state that it's 1969 'cos at midnight 01/01/1970 it was still 1969 in Alaska.
There’s a correlation. Can’t tell you the details without seeing their code, but I can virtually guarantee the time_t epoch is somewhere in the background of how that came to pass.
Whenever my phone gets out of range for phone signal, it gets really, really confused. Like saying the notifications are 42years old, the date is years ago, and stuff.
One slight correction; The Civ 1 bug. The AI was coded using several traits each on a scale of 1 to 10, in the case their aggression, as an 8bit integer. Ghandi starts the game with a value of 1, represented as simply 00000001 in 8bit. However later when the tech diplomacy becomes availible, this tech is interesting as it drops all the AI's aggresion by 2, resulting in Ghandi having an aggresion of 11111111, or 255 out of the maximum of 10. Ghandi doesn't go from the lowest to the max value. He goes from the lowest value to over 25 times the max value.
+Kerbal Rocketry what are you correcting? what you said and what he said make perfect sense. the highest possible is 11111111 base 2. the programmers put a check to cap it at 10 base 10 (or 00001010 base 2), but they didn't put a check to prevent it from underflowing for ghandi. what you said and what he said are true, looks like you're just adding on.
What I found weird is how I found no one who encountered my problem, I once bricked my iphone because I was date changing to get gold on a mobile app with a client side clock and I somehow unbricked it by updating the ios
Wait a second i remember that before the update with the huge UI overhaul in the Library section games i hadnt played had a last played date that was absurdly old, but i dont remember if it was exactly 1.1.1970., is this why?
+カラス Set a linux machine to 1/1/1970 and you get a similar problem, except linux is smart, when it gets the error it tries to kill all processes and find the right time/date. Try it yourself set the bios clock to 30/12/1969:0.50 (gives your box 10 mins to boot) will it crash... No it will tell you the time and date are wrong and give you a double beep :D (server admins will know what i mean about the double beep code)
Imagine going into a time machine excited to meet every famous person from history just to find out that it's computer unit has this exact same bug and you end up at the location of time during the heat death of the universe.
Very late but, for those wondering: Why 1970? Because the people who designed UNIX chose it. There's no special reason. Why "bricked"? Because if you set the clock to 1970-1-1 and restart the phone, it won't start up anymore, making it about as useful as a brick. (I'm sure it's been fixed by now though.) Why no negative numbers? Because in a computer you only have '0' and '1'. You don't have '-'. You can tell your program to interpret one of those digits as meaning positive or negative instead of being part of the actual number, but they didn't bother to do that here. Why does this prevent the phone from starting up? No idea. Some code doesn't handle this situation correctly and does something wrong.
Why 1970? Because Unix was developed around that date and why waste precious bits if you don't have all that many. They were simply trying to track file creation dates and stuff like that. Years before Unix became usable didn't need to be represented for said purpose.
Not because "they didn't bother." Making an integer (or a number in general) signed means you need to allocate a bit to storing the sign. One bit doesn't sound like much, but remember we're dealing with powers of two here. The maximum value that can be represented by a unsigned integer is twice as large as that of the signed integer. In such a scenario, you don't need negative numbers, and so half of the values would go completely wasted.
"No special reason" isn't entirely correct. What most people don't realize is that the Y2K bug was fixed 30 years before the year 2000. Why is that significant? Because most mortgages are 30 years. And banking software was having issues looking 30 years into to future when the 2 digit year format wrapped back around to 1900. So using 1/1/1970 at 0:00 as the start time both allowed 30 year mortgages to be calculated, and gave developers enough time to solve the eventual overflow error that will occur a couple decades from now as a result of using a signed 32-bit integer (on 32 bit systems).
@@pyrodynamic4144 very very VERY late, but it IS because they didn't bother. yes, they would lose half of the values that the 64-bit integer could assume, but half of 292 billion years is 146 billion years, which is already more than the expected lifespan of the universe.
+sethraptor No, it's a probabilistic observation wherein if you manage to think of a thing *and* it occurs to you to check if there's an XKCD for that thing, there will be an XKCD for it. But if you don't, then both the thing and the XKCD related to it will only exist as a wave function.
I feel like I accidentally walked into the extended mathematics degree class mid-lecture and somehow got mentally lost and now I cant remember what I was gonna do
+James Sutherland I actually managed to crash After Effects while writing the expressions to generate them. Turns out AE doesn't deal well with 64-bit overflows either...!
just checked: an iphone 7 running iOS version 10.0.1 won't even go as far back as 2003. Update: it actually skipped back to 2001 Jan, 1st. then my internet cut off a few minutes later. my google chrome browser claimed the certificate for the server was not authentic and was 5735 days in the future. after i switch the time back everything resumed to normal.
+ShoutsGaming How are you gonna call someone retarded when you used the wrong "you're" and didn't even know he was joking? We all obviously know we can't time travel (yet?).
They did set the limit. But some unknown code ends up chekcing furher back then expected. Glitches happened when two pieces of code try to interact, and cause unexpected results, usualy bad.
If you set the time to 00:00:00 on Jan 1 1970 in your timezone and your timezone is GMT+something, then the Unix time will be negative. For example, I'm in GMT+10 so for me that would be 14:00:00 December 31, 1969 GMT.
+theskeletonboi Well, that's my point. The internal clock has no timezone (effectively it's always GMT) while the interface where you set the time takes your timezone into account. So setting to 00:00 1 Jan 1970 is setting it in your timezone, which gets converted to GMT to set the internal clock.
The only confusing part of this video is all the people that don't get it. I mean, OP is talking about addition and subtraction. What's so hard about it?
+The horrible story of a man that was forced to connect his youtube account to google+ I know I'm late but I just wanted to say I love your username! xD
@@pabloescobar4178 imagine thinking that not only a sexuality is an insult, but also making fun of someone because they don't bother spending thousands of dollars on slightly better phones and go for the cheaper option
There was an underflow glitch in the original _Sonic the Hedgehog_ on the Mega Drive. In the Final Zone, the boss took eight hits to kill, but it was possible to hit him twice on the last cycle - doing so would underflow the counter to -1... aka 255. Good luck getting another 255 hits before the time ran out!
+Saint Val It's a reference to the Civilization series bro. Back in the original game, as explained, he was supposed to be a pacifist but as time went by he turned into a monster because of a coding bug. Homage is paid to the bug in the modern civ games by making Gandhi more likely to use nukes than any other civ.
+dragonore2009 Then they disconnect that display device, take it to the back, open it up, unplug the battery, plug it back in, and the device is fixed. Hardly an inconvenience for them.
Nick Diaz Well, considering the location you will be at when you decide to "brick" this device. The Apple employees will simply take it to the back and do that.
I feel this can have to do with the UI allowing 1.1.1970 00:00:00 *in any timezone*. On most unix systems negative epocs are OK. You can represent 1.1.1960 00:00:00 with a negative number perfectly. That you cannot set the current date earlier than epoch 0 is OK. They shouldn't be able to set it earlier than the OS release date IMO.
And here I am now, 7 years later and about to finish my Computer Science Major, with Tom Scott being the one who originally taught me what an Integer underflow is when I was still in school.
My 1st generation IPad was bricked after 2 years. It wasn't compatible with the recent IOS and I couldn't download any apps without updating it. Basically now I can't do crap on it. This is why I hate Apple.
Thrill Till It's not because the guys at apple are dicks, It's because that's how technology WORKS. You wouldn't expect a 1990s PC to run windows 10, would you? It's just simply that the original ipad simply lacks the hardware to run newer versions of the OS. Keep with the times, or get left behind.
yet a windows XP PC can run windows 10? and yes I've seen 1990s PCs actually running windows 10 (yeah I had a 1990s PC and Yes I upgraded it to windows 10, and no I am not bullshitting you)
TheKHfan358over3d Huh. You might actually be right. I've done some research into engineered obsoleteness, and yeah, it's looking more and more like apple are just dicks.
This video has a correction! Years after this was published, Civilisation creator Sid Meier made it clear that "Nuclear Gandhi" was just a myth: kotaku.com/civilization-creator-shoots-down-our-memories-of-a-nuke-1845006305 - for all corrections on this channel, see www.tomscott.com/corrections
I am watching this 4 years after puplication and the creator has commented an hour ago. What are the ods.
thats good to know
judging by how this comment will blow up i have triangulated the distance between the universes edge to determine that even though i am one of the earliest replies, still, nobody will care.
:O
yay
Don't you just hate when Gandhi gets a negative underflow and starts declaring war on everyone
Ghandi: becomes less angry
Also Ghandi: *visible anger*
You try living on spicy food and never getting a negative underflow 💩
It is a cool twist and some may call it a feature.
Happen to me E-VE-RI-TIME
World: exists
Gandhi: *_I'm abouta end this man's whole career_*
Don’t you just hate it when you are in December 1969 and your iPhone is in 21 trillion
Happens too often
Top 1 ways to cheat in an iPhone 69420! iPhone hates him!
“Goddamn, not again!”
Now i know why Gandhi was such a war monger lol Fascinating bug, great video!
hey xiissumaaa big fan bud.. im also in ure free build server
+CK Wunch make it cracked pls.. I joined xisum's server using a friends prem
Gameplays,Tutorial,MINECRAFT FUN I am against cracked servers. If we never pay for anything no one will write cool stuff. I am sorry but i cant support cracked servers.
+xisumavoid xisuma whens the next hermitcraft episode
+xisumavoid wow you're everywhere
When Gandhi gets a negative underflow: “Peace was never an option”
300th liker
Ghandi underflow be like: Hesitation is defeat!
jee when i get a negative underflow, i just get 128 of the item in the 6th slot of my bag
Don't strike - riot!
But playing Untitled Goose Game is an option
“War is good”
-Gandhi
Probably
-Gandhi
Hi Joseph stalin
“Stay strapped or get clapped.” -George Washington
I met my clone!
“War is good”
-Ghandi
Probably
-JosePh D
me: hey phone its currently 1970
phone: ok
me: when did i call john again?
phone: about 17 trillion years after the heat death of the universe
me:
oh
It is actually presumably a cold death. :D
@@martinrother What you're thinking is what heat death means
Oh no
anyways
I actually set the date back on those farming games like taps to riches so I can get lots of progress. Time travel if you will.
@@martinrother if heat dies it's coldz
Plot twist: the universe was created in 1/1/1970
Which means the moon landing was faked
The Beatles really was Jesus then.
@@Saucy-ws6jc The button was on the moon.
no fun fact: 4 of the 6 manned moon landings occured after 1970-01-01
Daisy Is Dead I’ve heard of that. Hurts my head to think deeply about though. Like saying the universe was created last Thursday and all the memories you have of any time before that never actually happened
The important thing to remember when doing time calculations in your code: don't do time calculations in your code, ever. Not even if forced at gunpoint. Use the provided libraries instead.
If, on the other hand, the "library" provided is JavaScript's Date object, your only possible course of action is to find a suitable corner to weep into.
@@matthewschneider6725 i know it’s over 20 years too late, but I can’t wait for Temporal to be finally part of JS. Until then, Luxon or JodaTime it is.
And then suffer by said gun
@@toucan6109 I mean if it's pointed at your head I don't think there'll be that much suffering
That 64-bit time visualization at the end really shows how catastrophic this kind of stuff actually is. Awesome stuff.
+PotatoHandle I managed to crash After Effects while building the expressions to make those graphics work. Turns out it doesn't like 64-bit integers either...!
+Tom Scott Also, wouldn't the sheer size size of the numbers possible to store in 64 bit unix time make it possible to use a signed 64 bit int and STILL store the time until the expected end of the universe? That would mean we could store all possible times from the beginning to the end without buggy overflow semantics, which is what we want, right?
+TheFerdi265 Yes it would, but back in 1970 when the epoch was chosen, it was defined as a 32bit unsigned integer of number of seconds since the epoch. Infact, if we weren't moving it to 64 bits we would overflow in 2038. Also there are still overflow and underflow mechanics on signed variables, and they act even more weird due to how 2s compliment works.
Yes, but with 64 bit signed we would not come even close to the overflow areas under normal usage. And IMO if we already HAVE to make a switch, then why not do it fully. Like change the EPOCH to be beginning of time in the universe and use unsigned 64 bit
+TheFerdi265 Setting the epoch to the beginning of time isn't really practical, because we are nowhere near knowing how old the universe is down to the second. But yes, using a 64 bit signed int with a 1970/1/1 00:00 epoch would work very well. In fact, this is the standard way of representing Unix time ;)
They caught the Nuclear Gandhi bug in playtesting but it was so funny they left it in. It literally changed the course of Civilization.
+Red Mercer Did they, or did you make that up?
+Red Mercer Nuclear Gandhi. I like that.
***** What kind of music would they play?
+Iorveth It's been in every game since, so no.
It's essentially become a running gag in the Civ series - Ghandi is super peaceful all game... until he gets nukes xD
+Red Mercer They even gave it a nod in Civ 5. Sure Gandhi is a peacenik, but he has a maximum nuclear weapon usage setting in his AI file. If late game Gandhi gets into a war, he will do his best to nuke you.
*Why is this video from 1970 getting recommended to me in 2019*
Edit: after clicking on this video 71 times to read my notifications I think I might watch the video
yow pip
U dumb
*fr*
VenomAliive oh no 🤦♂️. I was joking so you get wooooshed now
Omg the video is from 2016!!!1 😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂🤣😂🤣🤣🤣😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣
3:06 It was worse. Much, much worse. The normal maximum aggressiveness in the game was 10. The underflow bug put Gandhi's aggressiveness at 255 on a scale of 1 to 10. Way, way off the scale.
How is that possible?
@@ryanandring2688 Because aggresivenes of 0 in binary is 0000 0000 but if the mentioned underflow happened it changed to 1111 1111 which is 255 (2↑8 - 1 [256-1 because there are 256 values but it starts at 0 and ends with 255])
Literally 25 and a half times his maximum angry. Literally a fireball the size of an elephant burning everything around it. Pure anger
True. But probably no function was designed for the aggression over 10(or any maximum value).
@@aliafzoon3294 ... how else would angry Gandhi be possible?
The programmers would have had to have assumed that the 'anger' weight couldn't possibly go beyond the max, instead of enforcing (and ensuring) it couldn't, which is exactly how the bug arises (since a logic error causes a broken domain, the range must also break)
If I were a writer for Doctor Who, I could write an episode around this
Write it anyways and present it to the creators hey maybe it might be projected into an episode you never know
Crazier things have happened
i don’t know who you are but you are so smart
That would be amazing if u did that i love when theres a whovian in a regular video
Don't give the moffer any more ideas...
You’re right!
Nobody:
Ghandi: "Peace is the question and the atomic bomb is the answer"
Gandhi*
People can't be violent if they're already dead
Ironically that's kind of true. Mutually assured destruction is the reason why the United States and Soviet Union never went to war with each other.
And radiation is not the concern
@@Adrian-gu7qo
media: vIdeO gAmEs cAuSe vIoLeNcE
We're gonna party like it's 1969.
Gary Hudson 👢
Lana
- weird al
Nicee
Back in the summer of 69
my moms old iphone 4 swears it is january 1968 every time you turn it off
So it says "Its f**king january 1968 you f**king pig" when you turn it on how the 60s where
Chloe Jude 😂
Chloe Jude 😂
Chloe Jude hahahah
"Old iPhone 4" sounds like a nonsense to me. In my mind they just recently became a thing. Am I old
Basically, iPhone was invented like 10 years ago so
Clickbait, nothing about bricks
There you go 🧱
r/woooosh
@@turboslayer7417 You're the one being woooshed
@@kerimca98 Talking to Etho Baryonyx, not you
Although it would have also worked on you
*Who was also here just to learn how to birck everyones iPhone but instead learned about how to get Ghandi to delcare war on everyone*
Hah civilization joke i love it.
birck
Me.
Gandhi****
Stop
I've known about the Gandhi bug for years and even checked it out, but it still gets me everytime that this peace-loving guy would start yeeting boom balls at people.
LMAOOOOO
Pfffffft. Is this still an issue? Like in civ 5? For example.
@@Guardian_023 No but, they made it part of the game as an actual feature, it works differently.
Yup, they keep it in on purpose now.
I still don’t understand the awkward and uncomfortable camera scene change
To recatch your attention :p
Alex Lane it feels as if i am a stalker who is crouched behind a corner peering up and staring at him while trying not to be noticed
4:18
I read this as it happened
Sammyv12345 I think that’s exactly what Tom was going for.
I did this and my phone turned into a brick, now i'm building iPhone houses.
same
same
same
same
those are some expensive bricks
"well this would be called an 'integer underflow'"
Me: he's gonna talk about the Ghandi thing
Ya what is that Ghandi thing?everyone is commenting about it and I'm here like a videogame npc
Zaki Aw
NPC energy
Zaki Aw Watch from 2:51 for the Gandhi bit
Ummm little respect it’s Gandhi
@@yeeeeeezyyyy what
Fun fact: Discord references this on mobile when you join on ongoing call. The length of the call says 1/1/1970
And if there are new messages but Discord hasn't loaded them yet, it says 2015
Mine does 12/31/1969
Mine does 1/26/1969
Remember seeing 1969 something in 'new messages since' bar before.
@@cii4980 mine too
I did it and someone threw a brick at my phone.
No 20/10
Kewl
Oh my
SpoonOfPower 69/69
SpoonOfPower
Man, this is like a horror story.
ikr
+Haywire Gaming trud😂
I really want to click that link, but I don't trust you ;((((((((((((((((((((((((((
bruv it dose I agree
What does a bricked phone and a normal iPhone have in common? They are both useless and a waste of money
Plot Twist: We're in the matrix and it was created in 1/1/1970
People born in 12/31/1969:
I guess my dad never existed who woulda knew
@@lavender_heart3831 Well, they and everyone else just need to belive that they are born before that date, which is not very hard to manage in the matrix.
There was a film including that topic: "Open Your Eyes", might worth watching it.
@Vikarn RAJORA [11M2] how could they know if their pre-1970 memories were really accumulated over the years rather than just a ready-made preset?
It was created a day after, so it cant register before
Everybody going to ignore the attention to detail in this clip? He's sat telling us this in front of some ghastly 70's inspired wallpaper.
You're a little off. That wallpaper is from the '80s. The 1880s, that is.
The blue one on the bottom is "Strawberry Thief" by William Morris, and there are certainly people who would take great offense at you casting it as "ghastly".
(I don't immediately recognize the red/orange one on the top.)
Why does it matter? The video is a short one, mainly about unix time anyway there’s no need for anything too dramatic and flashy.
"Ghandi was a dick"
- Tom Scott
"Good thing it was only in a video game"
- Tom Scott
+ReppeNThA707 'It's unlikely they'll ever confirm exactly what happened' - Tom Scott, 2k16.
+Newton'sFlamingLaserSword
''The expected lifespan of the universe''
-Tom Scott, 04/12/292277026596 15:30:02
+DragonOnSteroids Why did that score count down anyways?
+DragonOnSteroids And he was a dick from then on.
Am I only one who "doesn't need this video" yet still watches?
+Stasenko58 No.
+Stasenko58 Guilty!
+Stasenko58 Absolutely not. Shut up.
+Stasenko58 Same here...
Larry Bolan Oh, sorry, I am not fluent in english and often don't get what people say
to the apple store to brick the display model!
i think you would get in to trouble
No i think they would probably be perfectly fine with it
Destruction of property.
Their bug, their problem.
Have you seen the guys that work in the apple stores? They couldn't catch a cold, seen more intelligence in my socks after a long day at work..
Going back to this video ~5 years later, I get to smile to myself that I understood the words at the beginning of the video. It isn’t much, but it’s definitely a reminder that I’ve made progress in understanding something I’m as passionate as I am about. Thanks for that. :)
"If you understand those terms, then you don't need this video."
My ability to speak doesn't make me intelligent.
And another video I encounter you in
It seems weve met in the same battle field again
bruh. how are u here too
Just Some Guy without a mind
How the hell are you on litteraly every video i watch
Stop apearing in my recomended. I watched one video and now i keep getting your videos in my recomended. Im getting smarter. This is bad
More brain cells = bad
Logic
@@googles1000 less brain cells = good
well then stop clicking on his vids and mark it as not interested
@@doplakoa8830 I don't think you got the joke
Is it just me who is really tempted to set the date to 1/1/1970 now
Armin Arlert I really want to do it too😐
it will brick your iphone until. u unplug the battery inside
ImmortalGamer you are a horrible person
Has anyone ever told you that?!
wtf?
Me but I don't wanna risk it I just got my iPhone 7 , 3 weeks ago and I don't have apple care
to be honest, I hadn't ever considered interger underflow in my code. I never write anything particularly complex, but this is a nice reminder that things are not always simple. I have had to consider interger overflow before, but mostly because I accidentally wrote some code that had an overflow that would crash the software at random points in its run. spent weeks trying to figure it out before my dad of all people said "that calculation is going to return a number higher than 32 bit"
Very late but how did you're dad know that?
I´m also curious
@@radiod698 Maybe programming background, or maybe they remembered that the 32 bit limit was like 2.1 billion something from something their son/daughter/other said and just thought "wait isn't that higher than the limit?"
The Doctor: Sets the Tardis to January 1, 1970
Tardis, running on Linux: End of the universe? You got it, boss
Not Linux, Unix
@@abyssstrider2547 Unix, Linux, macOS, and others all use the same, "Epoch" based time calculations and clock setup.
All of the 60s episodes and the 7th doctor episodes that take place in 1963: *Gone, reduced to atoms*
@@me-dc8pj well considering the doctors been to 1969 like 20 times that should cause some problems
Doctor who?
I wonder how many people here who knew the terms listed in the reason _actually_ left instead of watching the video.
I think it was interesting to watch. It's always cool to hear people explain certain things.
Probably fewer than 00000111. (Just a guess.)
@@corryunedited8154 7 people, I mean that's very precise
@@corryunedited8154 1 2 4
"using 4 binary digits, you cant count higher than 15"
okay, im following you...
"with 64 binary digits, you get a number 20 times the length of the universe."
...
Per digit, the total multiplies by 2. 2 raised to the power of 4 equals 16, or 0-15 (computers count from zero). 2 raised to the power of 64 = that absurd number.
do not underestimate the power of "to the power of".
Ok what
@@SetyaPriatna 2 to the power of 2 is 2^2 or 2²
So 64 bit can display a number 64²
@@fresch4395 2^64, not 64²
Apple really doesn’t want us to have our phones on 19 funny number
Thank you Michael Scott!
19? or did you mean 69lmao
@@ananttiwari1337 1969
Instructions unclear.. Now my iPhone is backed with nuclear weapons..
i like when u just need switch U and N from unclear to nuclear
*Kim Jong Un wants to know your location*
"our words are backed by nuclear weapons"
-Ghandi 1945
@@yung4real77 1969*
iPhone packed with bricks
When forced to give my date of birth on websites I always use 01-01-1970 :)
Marcus F I use 1890
@@antipancakes4747 impossible
The amd tech bear a lot of websites go that far back
I use a completely random date every single time.
unemployed same but it always fucks me over when I try to reset my password
this person: setting your date to this will render your phone inoperable. it will break your phone and make it stop working.
me, a person who uses my phone a lot and wouldn’t be able to afford a replacement/repair, before even clicking on the video: i wanna try it
Me
btw it doesn't work anymore.
Go to an Apple store and try it on one of their display units..
Network126 you’re the saviour we need but dont deserve.
Network126 didn’t you mean to say “try it on all of their display units?” FTFY
Interesting - I’m an Apple Technician, and we just switched to a new repair system, but we’re Kinda in a limbo in between both old and new because the new one is a big change. In the new one when we go to check somethings coverage sometimes it says “31/12/1969”. I don’t think there is any correlation but it’s interesting :) (We can still find coverage it’s just an extra step)
If you set the clock to 00:00:00 01/01/1970, but then declare your timezone to be Alaska, then yes the human display will state that it's 1969 'cos at midnight 01/01/1970 it was still 1969 in Alaska.
There’s a correlation. Can’t tell you the details without seeing their code, but I can virtually guarantee the time_t epoch is somewhere in the background of how that came to pass.
Haha nice
Google tells me that one of my devices has been registered on 31. dec 1969...
Does it mean I got a phone from the past or the future?
waffeltek
r/wooosh
@waffeltek r/wooosh
HappyBeezerStudios - by Lord_Mogul
You probably brought your phone from a time traveller.
You got a Jesus phone. It was made on 1969 and that’s godly
Whenever my phone gets out of range for phone signal, it gets really, really confused. Like saying the notifications are 42years old, the date is years ago, and stuff.
if apple ever confirmed the bug they would explain it in vague hipster terms and call it something catchy like iFuckedup
Ha
It's for you; It's ICE!
:D That’s hilarious
Or maybe a OoopSi?
Oof
That number check is probably the indicator "Last time backed up xxx hours/days ago" under iCloud.
That actually seems like a pretty good theory.
But that would imply it could crash if the date was set close to the zero time, not exactly at it no?
good point
I believe Tom did mention that in the video, that if it's close to zero and not exactly, the check can still wrap.
"Gandhi started declaring war on everyone" -Tom Scott 2016.
Why would someone change their date to 1970? They think they're going to time travel or what?
changing the phone date back is a way to cheat in time based games
Maybe 2-3 days not 46 years
+zedrick jaramillo or to download rom games
+Emiratess cheated a little bit too much maybe :P
Luis Antonio Domínguez Ávila why not
One slight correction; The Civ 1 bug.
The AI was coded using several traits each on a scale of 1 to 10, in the case their aggression, as an 8bit integer. Ghandi starts the game with a value of 1, represented as simply 00000001 in 8bit. However later when the tech diplomacy becomes availible, this tech is interesting as it drops all the AI's aggresion by 2, resulting in Ghandi having an aggresion of 11111111, or 255 out of the maximum of 10.
Ghandi doesn't go from the lowest to the max value. He goes from the lowest value to over 25 times the max value.
+Kerbal Rocketry what are you correcting? what you said and what he said make perfect sense. the highest possible is 11111111 base 2. the programmers put a check to cap it at 10 base 10 (or 00001010 base 2), but they didn't put a check to prevent it from underflowing for ghandi. what you said and what he said are true, looks like you're just adding on.
+Kerbal Rocketry Er, yes, but Tom is talking about the maximum value of an [8-bit] integer.
+Kerbal Rocketry I think the tech was democracy, not diplomacy.
+Kerbal Rocketry You corrected nothing.
+Ryan Denziloe "You corrected nothing, Jon Snow!"
Comments under this video:
1% Stuff that actually makes sense.
9% Stuff loosely relating somehow to 01/01/1970
90% Ghandi declaring war
What I found weird is how I found no one who encountered my problem, I once bricked my iphone because I was date changing to get gold on a mobile app with a client side clock and I somehow unbricked it by updating the ios
Gandhi*
The comments below and above this were specifically about Gandhi declaring war
ikr
And also stuff about bricks
Instructions Unclear, thew a brick at my Iphone
So you threw a Nokia 3310 at your iPhone?
@@saadmanmahfuz I sure did!
@@user-cr5vj3jn2r What
Nice gd pfp
I did understand those words, but watched the video anyway.
+Huntracony give up now. this wasn't even this difficult to understand, even as someone like me, who doesn't know jack about programming
+Justin Koenig He very obviously already watched the video.
MrTellitToYa "give up now", as in, don't watch anymore if you already don't understand
+Huntracony You rebel...
Justin Koenig But, I do understand. Did you read my comment wrong?
You could make a video on why doors open and I'd still watch it
they fixed it cause you can only go back to december 31st, 2000 now
Yeah, they changed it a while boi
+kyle te L
I wonder what happens on Macs (UNIX-based 64bit machines) or on 32-bit iPhones
IIRC, 32-bit devices default to 1970 when the battery dies, so nothing. At least my 2nd gen iPod Touch did.
so thats what was happening to my mums ipod. I remember finding it on that quite often.
No one:
TH-cam for some reason: I think you are going to enjoy this after 5 ****ing years since this video is published
lmfao I didn’t even realise it was made 5 years ago
Did u just censor yourself?
To be fair i did enjoy it
why wouldnt you tho?
Steam: (some game) last played 01.01.1970
me: oh ok
Wait a second i remember that before the update with the huge UI overhaul in the Library section games i hadnt played had a last played date that was absurdly old, but i dont remember if it was exactly 1.1.1970., is this why?
Yes, the date probably wasn't assigned properly for some reason and the value defaulted to 0, which would show 1/1/1970.
*_played 569259274917417401758202749175927508205149259275027525927961497580275916 years ago_*
So now we're in the year 46 U.E. (Unix Era)?
カラス
Correct! :D
+カラス Actually we're in the fourteen hundreds, 1455 to be particular. It's been 1455 megaseconds since the epoch. Years are really messy.
iabervon
I usually don't go by seconds for real life timekeeping.... but for software purposes I will not argue about it's superiority.
+iabervon I don't know which one I like better dammit.
+カラス Set a linux machine to 1/1/1970 and you get a similar problem, except linux is smart, when it gets the error it tries to kill all processes and find the right time/date. Try it yourself set the bios clock to 30/12/1969:0.50 (gives your box 10 mins to boot)
will it crash... No it will tell you the time and date are wrong and give you a double beep :D (server admins will know what i mean about the double beep code)
Why do they even let us set the date back?
for if we timetravel
Your not supposed to, but people do it to abuse time-based games like Adventure Capitalist using an airplane mode glitch method to gain resources.
This doesn't work on adventure capitalist... It's a cloud based game so time is based of the cloud. Not your phone.
tizoro3 I used to do it, so I know it worked at one point. My phone didn't brick, but I just deleted the game cause it was just stupid.
In case you want to manually set a date if for some reason your device never connects to the Internet ever or you're just weird.
Imagine going into a time machine excited to meet every famous person from history just to find out that it's computer unit has this exact same bug and you end up at the location of time during the heat death of the universe.
Very late but, for those wondering:
Why 1970? Because the people who designed UNIX chose it. There's no special reason.
Why "bricked"? Because if you set the clock to 1970-1-1 and restart the phone, it won't start up anymore, making it about as useful as a brick. (I'm sure it's been fixed by now though.)
Why no negative numbers? Because in a computer you only have '0' and '1'. You don't have '-'. You can tell your program to interpret one of those digits as meaning positive or negative instead of being part of the actual number, but they didn't bother to do that here.
Why does this prevent the phone from starting up? No idea. Some code doesn't handle this situation correctly and does something wrong.
Why 1970? Because Unix was developed around that date and why waste precious bits if you don't have all that many. They were simply trying to track file creation dates and stuff like that. Years before Unix became usable didn't need to be represented for said purpose.
Not because "they didn't bother." Making an integer (or a number in general) signed means you need to allocate a bit to storing the sign. One bit doesn't sound like much, but remember we're dealing with powers of two here. The maximum value that can be represented by a unsigned integer is twice as large as that of the signed integer. In such a scenario, you don't need negative numbers, and so half of the values would go completely wasted.
@@pyrodynamic4144 well why not just block people from setting the date that far back
"No special reason" isn't entirely correct. What most people don't realize is that the Y2K bug was fixed 30 years before the year 2000. Why is that significant? Because most mortgages are 30 years. And banking software was having issues looking 30 years into to future when the 2 digit year format wrapped back around to 1900. So using 1/1/1970 at 0:00 as the start time both allowed 30 year mortgages to be calculated, and gave developers enough time to solve the eventual overflow error that will occur a couple decades from now as a result of using a signed 32-bit integer (on 32 bit systems).
@@pyrodynamic4144 very very VERY late, but it IS because they didn't bother. yes, they would lose half of the values that the 64-bit integer could assume, but half of 292 billion years is 146 billion years, which is already more than the expected lifespan of the universe.
That's an epoch fail!
Win of the day
+piranha031091 You just won the internet.
+Paulo Bardes There's an XKCD for everything....
+InOtherNews1 If there is an XKCD for everything, and more XKCDs are continuing to be created, are more things being caused to exist because of XKCD?
+sethraptor No, it's a probabilistic observation wherein if you manage to think of a thing *and* it occurs to you to check if there's an XKCD for that thing, there will be an XKCD for it. But if you don't, then both the thing and the XKCD related to it will only exist as a wave function.
I feel like I accidentally walked into the extended mathematics degree class mid-lecture and somehow got mentally lost and now I cant remember what I was gonna do
Hahahaaahah. Ikr😂
me to
...but ironcally you CAN remember December 31, 1969. Magic.
Applefags, everybody.
I feel like I walked to the 90s
"And if you understand those terms, you don't need this video"
Well Imma still buckle up
I did this once completely by accident on my ipad. Absolutely panicked and ran around screeching to the nearest poor saps that were my friends.
Great titles on this video (the numbers on screen, binary, epoc and int). Those must have been a pain to make but totally worth it. Nice job!
+James Sutherland I actually managed to crash After Effects while writing the expressions to generate them. Turns out AE doesn't deal well with 64-bit overflows either...!
+Tom Scott Did you report the bug?
+Tom Scott 64 likes on this comment......
+MrDelador I'm the 46th. . .
+Ruffiey Boo I'm 47th...
This is great as a college student that basically tackles things like this. Very informational video! Thank you.
f
g
f
G
f
I would definitely have you as my teacher you explain everything so clearly
"20 times longer than the expected lifespan of the universe" oof
Queen Elizabeth: "Pathetic"
@@thatkindcoder7510 xD
Its actually not. Life eypecrancy is 10^33 but the yeaf in the vid is 2^39
@@saschahahn8994 melody sheep enters the chat
@@thatkindcoder7510aged like milk
just checked: an iphone 7 running iOS version 10.0.1 won't even go as far back as 2003.
Update: it actually skipped back to 2001 Jan, 1st. then my internet cut off a few minutes later. my google chrome browser claimed the certificate for the server was not authentic and was 5735 days in the future. after i switch the time back everything resumed to normal.
I’m trying to stop myself from setting my phone’s date to 1/1/1970 to see what happens
You should try it
@@bayarea4153 I can't even get past Nov 2007 what?
Fuzzy 1234 same here, i guess they blocked peoople to set the time before that
Why they not allowing people to set time in 01/01/0000
Easy way to get a new work phone
I know what an 'integer underflow caused by the Unix epoch' means but I love watching Tom talk about tech
1.1.1970 appears in discord calls when i lose connection sometimes
50+ messages since July 25th, 1956.
same
One time in my photos it said 1945
that wallpaper combo.
why the heck do they even let you set the date to 1970 , is it in case you travel back in time or something?
He was obviously kidding...
Hey don't worry about it man you'll figure out what a joke is soon
+ShoutsGaming How are you gonna call someone retarded when you used the wrong "you're" and didn't even know he was joking? We all obviously know we can't time travel (yet?).
You're fun at parties aren't you?
"7 dimensions" I like how you said that as if it were a fact that there are only 7 dimension.
"Timezones and irritating human things like that"
Timezones are truly irritating
-from a person in a long distance relationship
even more so in Denmark, because apparantly we don't legally use utc.
Or anyone with online friends in another timezone
Oh yes, I hate this 😭
Even now, it's night for me but for him it's the middle of the day :(
@@aromanticfranziskavonkarma ikr?
Why do you remind me of Professor Xavier?
I THOUGHT I WAS THE ONLY ONE
OML
Forehe
So true!
His voice
Why doesn't apple just set the limit when the phone comes out
They do but it's just a mistake in the code that allows it to go that far.
+AlexTheGamer97 -.-
Graham Davis Did you even watch the video
They did set the limit. But some unknown code ends up chekcing furher back then expected. Glitches happened when two pieces of code try to interact, and cause unexpected results, usualy bad.
If you set the time to 00:00:00 on Jan 1 1970 in your timezone and your timezone is GMT+something, then the Unix time will be negative. For example, I'm in GMT+10 so for me that would be 14:00:00 December 31, 1969 GMT.
+noswonky Timezones aren't relevant in the internal clock... he said that in the video.
+theskeletonboi Well, that's my point. The internal clock has no timezone (effectively it's always GMT) while the interface where you set the time takes your timezone into account. So setting to 00:00 1 Jan 1970 is setting it in your timezone, which gets converted to GMT to set the internal clock.
noswonky Ah, I see the relevance now in your theory. Good one!
so for gmt +0 and gmt -X this bug shouldn't occur
I was wondering the same. Can someone test?
1/1/1980 is also another common start date; When on Windows 3.1 in the year 2000, it went back to 1980 creating havoc with when I last saved my files!
"Our words are backed by nuclear weapons." - M. Ghandi
The Doctor: /travels past the end of the universe
The Doctor’s companion: WHAT THE CRAP DID YOU DO TO MY PHONE
Civilization reference. love it. Its fun to see how a tiny little thing nobody thought of can cause so much problems in software.
happened to me in discord when I'm glitched in a call
it says
1/1/1970
12/31/1969 when it breaks for me
Yes
@@thenickstrikebetter after a few hours ...U get 1/1/1970
Happened to me to,a few times now. And it's always January 1970...
@@onaona. for me its always been 12/31/1969 except once where it was 1/1/1970
The only confusing part of this video is all the people that don't get it. I mean, OP is talking about addition and subtraction. What's so hard about it?
It is m8
+The horrible story of a man that was forced to connect his youtube account to google+ I know I'm late but I just wanted to say I love your username! xD
SOI is the w
They think computers have a mind of its own, like some matrix type sorcery bs that you would literally ONLY see in the movies.
Because it hurts my brain
Eh, I know all those terms. Still gonna sit through it though :P
+tsobf242 I know all those terms as well... just individually though, no idea what they mean when combined.
+tsobf242 Could you please stop waving your e-peen around, you're knocking furniture around.
+Lazhward Kirmist Unix epoch time = 0, 0 - N < 0, negative numbers are bad. In simple terms, that is.
wow you're so smart!!!!!!!!!!! That's cool!
+tsobf242 I like that you pause it, and give us an update that you're about to watch it... like this is of pressing need for us to know.
Me: **Laughs in android**
NightTime Ninja android is gay af
@@pabloescobar4178 "Why 1/1/1970 Bricks Your iPhone" not android
r/wooooosh
Nikkeri you do realise some android phones are 4x as powerful as iPhones.... I’m an iPhone user 😂 but want to switch
Me when I drop my android and the battery doesn’t fall out.
@@pabloescobar4178 imagine thinking that not only a sexuality is an insult, but also making fun of someone because they don't bother spending thousands of dollars on slightly better phones and go for the cheaper option
There was an underflow glitch in the original _Sonic the Hedgehog_ on the Mega Drive.
In the Final Zone, the boss took eight hits to kill, but it was possible to hit him twice on the last cycle - doing so would underflow the counter to -1... aka 255.
Good luck getting another 255 hits before the time ran out!
I used an iPhone app to travel back in time to 1969 and now I can't return. If this message is found, please post it somewhere to warn others.
You liar! That ap wasn't due till 2017. Fraud!
"1 year ago"
"Gandhi was a dick"
- British person
"Gandhi was worse than a dick"
- Anybody who knows history
"I'm too drunk to taste this chicken"- Colonel Sanders
+Saint Val It's a reference to the Civilization series bro. Back in the original game, as explained, he was supposed to be a pacifist but as time went by he turned into a monster because of a coding bug. Homage is paid to the bug in the modern civ games by making Gandhi more likely to use nukes than any other civ.
"Nah" - Rosa Parks
"Shhh" -Ann Frank
Somebody on a different video left a funny comment and said "I'm going to do this to the display phone in the store" or somethng like that.
+dragonore2009 Then they disconnect that display device, take it to the back, open it up, unplug the battery, plug it back in, and the device is fixed.
Hardly an inconvenience for them.
+Jeremiah Pierce Yes... unplugging the battery... on an iphone... of course!
Nick Diaz Well, considering the location you will be at when you decide to "brick" this device. The Apple employees will simply take it to the back and do that.
+Nick Diaz are you saying that it's not possible?
+Nick Diaz are you saying that it's not possible?
The thing that always gets me about coding is how the most minute detail perpetuates towards something catastrophic. Fascinating video. Thank you!
"integer underflow caused by the Unix epoch"... Wow I actually understood technobabble for once.
xavier i understood it until 'epoch'
If it's understood it's not babble :)
@@シロダサンダー technobabble is a term for stuff mostly tech savy people will understand
I feel this can have to do with the UI allowing 1.1.1970 00:00:00 *in any timezone*. On most unix systems negative epocs are OK. You can represent 1.1.1960 00:00:00 with a negative number perfectly. That you cannot set the current date earlier than epoch 0 is OK. They shouldn't be able to set it earlier than the OS release date IMO.
where's the xkcd "epoch fail" comic when you need it... ;-)
+Wordsnwood (Art Mulder)
xkcd.com/607/
+Wordsnwood (Art Mulder) xkcd.com/376/
+Robert Price that's the one! ;-)
I love reading old xkcd comics and finding out that a comic that used to go over my head is funny now that I've learned a bit more.
nigga wtf you talking bout
And here I am now, 7 years later and about to finish my Computer Science Major, with Tom Scott being the one who originally taught me what an Integer underflow is when I was still in school.
My 1st generation IPad was bricked after 2 years. It wasn't compatible with the recent IOS and I couldn't download any apps without updating it.
Basically now I can't do crap on it.
This is why I hate Apple.
It's not about the money I think, more about that the iPad would still work fine, if the guys at apple weren't dicks.
Thrill Till It's not because the guys at apple are dicks, It's because that's how technology WORKS. You wouldn't expect a 1990s PC to run windows 10, would you? It's just simply that the original ipad simply lacks the hardware to run newer versions of the OS. Keep with the times, or get left behind.
yet a windows XP PC can run windows 10? and yes I've seen 1990s PCs actually running windows 10
(yeah I had a 1990s PC and Yes I upgraded it to windows 10, and no I am not bullshitting you)
TheKHfan358over3d Huh. You might actually be right. I've done some research into engineered obsoleteness, and yeah, it's looking more and more like apple are just dicks.
Sorry for being rude, guys.
Seriously tho, who the actual f**k thought that those two wallpaper patterns go together.
On the same wall.
I mean......
I have no words.
it's so inconsistent it looks like an environment in a half-life mod
And I thought it was just me
I just had a eureka moment understanding all this. Thanks so much. The on-screen graphics really helped.
The fact youtube didn't set the date this video was uploaded to 1/1/1970 makes me sad