Paramagnetism of Oxygen
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 21 ก.ย. 2024
- Oxygen gas is condensed into liquid form and then poured between the poles of a strong magnet so we can observe its paramagnetic properties.
We send O2 gas through a copper coil, which is then immersed in about 2 liters of liquid nitrogen (77 Kelvin, or minus 196 degrees Celsius). As the O2 travels through the coil it loses enough heat to change from a gas to a liquid, and that liquid is collected in a small pre-cooled Dewar. Liquid nitrogen is poured between the poles of the permanent magnet, but since its diamagnetic properties lead to only a very weak interaction with the field, it just sloshes through as if it were water. The liquid oxygen, on the other hand, sticks between the poles of the magnet until it boils away.
Because the oxygen molecule has an electronic structure that favors the non-cancellation of two of the electron spins, its net magnetic moment is free to point in the direction of an external magnetic field (just as a compass needle does). When enough of these moments are aligned, the material as a whole behaves like a single magnet. At room temperature only a small fraction of the moments are able to line up perfectly with the external field, but when oxygen is cooled and condensed into a liquid the effect is more noticeable.
For more details on our setup see:
sciencedemonstr...
Like us on Facebook! / natscidemos
Who came here just after studying molecular orbital theory?
From vedantu ri8?
every body
@@lolloflashdelelbha4762with exception to you
Me
Nice magnet and nice video. The color of oxygen is just such a beautiful blue color...
I also liked seeing that liquid oxygen is blue.
Thank you for this cool demo... I was studying Molecular Orbital theory for my tomorrow's lecture and found this video... Gonna show this video to my students
thanks again
If you don't mind, would you explain a little of it to me, or point me in a good directions.
same here but i am student studying for myself
@@joeguy6351 i don't know how much you know about this stuff so i am just going to explain in layman terms. You know that electrons spin around atoms, right? Since electrons have charge, when they spin around the atom, they create "magnetic moment" whose direction is perpendicular to the plane in which the electron is revolving. For example, if you say that the electron is spinning on your bed, then the magnetic moment will be created in the direction perpendicular to it. Now you can think of this magnetic moment like a stick. Suppose you hold a stick to some angle to which a wind is blowing. The stick aligns itself with the direction of the wind, right? Now you can think of the magnetic field between the two magnets as a wind blowing from north to south pole. Now what you will study in quantum mechanics is that the electrons have a principal quantum number called "spin" which can be either +1/2 or -1/2(this spin actually has no physical meaning. It is just a mathematical model). If an electron ha s spin +1/2 and another electron has spin -1/2 then their magnetic moments cancel out or you can say their is no stick which you can hold in the wind. But if two electrons have same spin (+1/2 or -1/2, doesn't matter) then their magnetic moments or "sticks" add up. Now what happens in o2(according to molecular orbital theory) is that all except 2 of the electrons pair up i.e. since you have 16 electrons in o2 then 7 electrons have +1/2 spin and 7 others have -1/2 spin so their magnetic moments cancel out. But the other 2 electrons have spin of same sign (+1/2 or -1/2) so their magnetic moments add up. Now when you are pouring liquid oxygen onto the magnet the magnetic moment or stick is reacting to the magnetic field(or wind). However with nitrogen gas(n2), it has 14 electrons which when arranged in the molecular orbitals give a net spin of 0 so you don't see any reaction.
@@DeepakKumar-gd1wg Thanks a lot for the explanation!
@@DeepakKumar-gd1wg Great explanation, well done.
That magnet has seen some stuff.
Yes, we've been using it for many years.
No it has not!
great video... it is one of my favorite demos. Note, If you used a white background you could really show off the pretty blue color of liquid oxygen.
BRAVO !!!'
• Molecular oxygen in the ground state is a bi-radical, containing two unpaired electrons in the outer shell (also known as a triplet state).
• Since the two single electrons have the same spin, oxygen can only react with one electron at a time and therefore it is not very reactive with the two electrons in a chemical bond
All organic compounds, including those that compose our body tissues, should react rapidly with air to form H2O, CO2, and N2 in an exothermic reaction.
Fortunately for us, however, this reaction is very, very slow.
• The reason for the unexpected stability of organic compounds in an oxygen atmosphere is that virtually all organic compounds, as well as H2O, CO2, and N2, have only paired electrons,
• whereas oxygen has two unpaired electrons.
Thus the reaction of O2 with organic compounds to give H2O, CO2, and N2 would require that at least one of the electrons on O2 change its spin during the reaction. This would require a large input of energy, an obstacle that chemists call a spin barrier.
Without the quantum rules that govern the predominantly two-electron chemistry of carbon, versus the one-electron behavior of oxygen, the world that we know and love could NOT exist.
I love these videos, but it frustrates me that they don't include any explanations at all for us who don't know anything about what's going on...
Why does having unpaired electrons make something attracted to magnetic fields?
lol just enjoy the video,it wont be worth it to explain MO theory if you dont do chemistry anyway
Ameerhun1996 is it because it’s unbalanced?
th-cam.com/video/pB-qAwkgfFQ/w-d-xo.html
@FTSinclair yes the induced magnetic moment is inversely proportional to the temperature.
Watching with earphones, so satisfying
I love how Echoes Live at Pompei is in the related videos. I highly suggest anyone who hasn't seen it to watch it now.
I love this experiment. I'm so glad I found this channel. I watched all the uploaded videos for 1 afternoon. I studied in low budget university and we had only few experiments. Thank you so much for making these videos. This Universe never stops to amaze me.
And btw why the oxygen is blue in its liquid form?
maybe cause of the copper?
The transition responsible for the pale blue color of liquid oxygen compare to clear gaseous form is the simultaneous excitation of two molecules from triplet sigma to singlet delta. The double excitation avoids the spin forbiddeness. The energy for the transition corresponds to a wavlenght of 650 nm. Absorbing in the red means the liquid oxygen looks blue. This is only possible in the high density of the liquid so air doesn/t have this absorption with any intensity :)
Anastasia Greem Thank you for your detailed reply! You are beautiful and smart.
Ристу Георгиев Spasibo za compliment :)
This is also done because Molecular orbital leaves two unpaired electrons in each of π• orbitals Hence, electronic configuration of molecular orbital accounts admirably for paramagnetic properties
@TehCthulhu combustion requires fuel, oxygen, and ignition, so by itself the liquid oxygen isn't flammable. on the other hand, because the oxygen is highly concentrated in liquid form, it will make any combustion happen more quickly (and violently).
Well done. Thanks for uploading.
Beautiful & powerful magnet.
@howard999999999 the LN2 is 77 Kelvin. the "--" in the description is meant as an em-dash not a minus symbol.
The last scene really helped me see the 2D physics, thrown against a 3D space, vs a 4D model of time that I tbh believe relies on a 5+D model of perceptual/interactable time to make any sense. Each magnetic pole even in 2D creates the field that then interacts which each dimension above. Though forever I find myself asking... what would the 1D/monopole model look like? And could we ever surmise an experiment like this that so clearly presents it? Or at least a way to visualize it in a way that then helps underwrite broader physics?
Unanswered questions aside, thanks for this vid. Its great :)
Who is here from A2 sir?(Arvind Arora)
Me
Me
Saw a picture in my textbook and had to look it up. Really cool 🤙
I read a thing about magnetitism of Carbon Nano Tubes having a current capacity of 5,000 times of regular electro magnets. I wonder if 5,000 times current and torsion capacity can move air for a flying car of some sort.
Wow. It's amazing 😍😘😍
I had been listening to some radio station and they played dubstep while I was watching this video. It sounds awesome!
The liquid nitrogen cooled the oxygen gas below its boiling point creating the liquid oxygen, so cool. That liquid nitrogen has a termperature of -320.4 degrees F. The liquid oxygen has a boiling point of -297.3 degrees F so it is liquid at -297.4 and degrees and lower. This is how the oxygen gas became a liquid. Very cool! Thank you.
Alignment of the angular magnetic moment of oxygen. Many people think that only the magnet has magnetic properties.xD Very Nice. :D
Brazilians Greetings
How amazing explanation. Very instructive. Helpfull for my job. Thanks you Very much.
@treegraph thanks for pointing that out. better to just say that the LN2 is diamagnetic...
That pale blue color of Oxygen ❤️
It is very good demonstration
Such an interesting video, at so many levels.
Great experiment Harvard
Thank you
why don't you light a match on the oxigen?
I love the key chain throw at the end.
Very cool experiment. I wish I could show it to my students, but I can only show them experiments in which the experimenter is using reasonable precautions, such as eye protection.
Daaamn Daniel
Could a strong enough magnet condense the oxygen to a visible gas without cooling. Or at least bring the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere higher than normal?
Such a amazing video, thanks a lot!
@bleachzeldakid To simplify, there are 3 states of matter; solid, liquid, and gas. Oxygen at room temperature is obviously a gas as you breath it to live however it can be cooled to become a liquid, cooled further it would become solid. Try thinking of water if you're really struggling with the basic principles. Water can be frozen (solid) or boiled into steam (gas). Water is hydrogen and oxygen bonded (H20).
I have no idea what I just learned. But whatever it was... I learned it.
so satisfying 😯
paramagnetism attraction in magnetic field is takesplace here
What are some examples of how to functionally utilize this?
@Canadiankiid93 No, your hand will be fine for a split second of exposure. This is because LN2's boiling point is extremely low and from it's stand point your hand is extremely hot. That means that for the split second your hand was in the LN2 it is actually boiling on top of your skin and evaporating. A good example of this is to pour water on a hot cooking stove, the water will almost like "dance" on the stoves' surface, then evaporate. But any longer than that and ... well, you know.
Just curious. At what temperature does oxygen become a solid? Follow up question. How magnetic is the solid form of oxygen?
this reminds me a bit of T1000 freezing in (Terminator 2)
hahaha
Thank you so much! This is the only way to learn.
Cool
Important science at a time of ever increasing electro MAGNETIC forces
I will show this to my students because they don't believe or understand how or why liquid oxygen exists.
This is crazy
This makes me think of a water bridge phenomenon which forms in the presence of high voltage.
Next we pass an I-phone through the magnet- aww drat.
APPLE, YOUR PHONE BROKE, I DON'T KNOW HOW. SCIENCE DID IT.
So cool i have seen the magnetic field!
It is also blue. If you're asking about the shape, it takes the shape of whatever it was solidified in.
Source: watch?v=KACP8eH_GTU
Man I love your vids
amazing
I’ve thought of an experiment, bubble oxygen through some water and try to attract the bubble with a magnet 🧲🤔🤷♂️
Thank You for this video
You're welcome!
Studying for MCAT led me to this
That was amazing ❤
Magic
That's pretty cool.
Amazing!
@thedualmobius Obviously this is dependent on several factors, but oxygen will become solid at normal atmospheric pressure (1 atm) at temperatures below 54.36 K. To have room-temperature solid oxygen, the pressure required would be something ridiculously high. I'm not sure on the magnetic properties of solid oxygen, but I'd assume it's higher than liquid or gaseous oxygen, as there are more molecules in less space. Check out the Wiki page for more info! Hope that answers your questions!
this is a really cool experiment! were you ever a hippy?
That's so cool! I'll have to read the description to actually understand what happened, but the effect looks so magical.
such good quality video thanks :)
think about this experiment in cold surroundings as in liquid nitrogen. the oxygen would'nt be warming like this and maybe show something...
this is nuts i love it
That's a big ass magnet!
interesant test plsease wortex coil on liguid nitrogen what electrons moved and magnetic oation pole making ! Thanks for the answer
Cool magnet!
Osm 🤩🤩🤩
like the last demonstration. dry humor lol
The liquid nitrogen was poured on the magnet to cool it down so that the oxygen wouldn't evaporate on contact preventing us from seeing the effect
thanks
Didnt you add liquid nitrogen on before liquid oxygen? Wouldnt that have a chemical mixture meaning liquid oxygen may behave differently without first having added nitrogen
The reaction between oxygen and nitrogen only happens at high temperatures, like in a spark, lightning, or an internal combustion engine. At the temperatures of liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen, there's practically no reaction.
The liquid nitrogen boils off when it hits the pole pieces, and it cools them down. It's gone by the time we add the liquid oxygen. Often when we do this demo for a class, we repeat the sequence of adding liquid nitrogen to further cool the magnet so we don't have to make as much liquid oxygen.
Thanks for the question!
This is so cool.
The vaporization rate of the liquid nitrogen increases at 0:57. Is this because condensation of atmospheric oxygen begins to occur at this point?
need some slow motion, but its amazing
Great experiment sir ❤️❤️❤️
Not as a liquid.
If you warm it to breathe the gas, then an insulated tank of liquid oxygen contains a lot more O2 than the same volume of compressed oxygen in a tank at room temperature.
Still have to get rid of CO2 if you're breathing in an enclosed space.
Simply amazing..
I'm not sure what its name is but we call it "the crusher"
Thanks for the demonstration My teacher recommended this video
Wowow 😀
+Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations So would the behaviour of the LN2 when poured on the magnets demonstrate its diamagnetism?
Cool experiment by the way!
you would just freeze your self as TheHeew pointed out
but it is possible to breathe through oxygen-rich liquid such as a perfluorocarbon. It is not 'easy' though so you can't just jump in a pool of the stuf and start breathing.
Can you test if gasoline is magnetic / paramagnetic or diamagnetic?
So would moving super cooled, magnetic liquids create a stronger magnetic field.
Ohhhhh my god this is the coolest shit but I wish there was more explanation of what exactly is happening between those poles and why. I presume it's because oxygen tends to be a polar element? But I'm not very good at chemistry so I'm not really sure.
hey there!
This can be explained by using the molecular orbital theory, in which overlapping of the different atomic orbitals (both s and p) give birth to the oxygen molecule. On the following link you can see how there are two unpaired electrons (arrows going up). Hence, when submitted to a magnetic field, these will pair up with it. Consequently, oxygen will stay "floating" within the magnetic field.
I really hope this helped! Best regards!
www.meritnation.com/img/userimages/mn_images/image/5(41).png
I could see the oxygen following the magnetic field and even staying there. Of course room temperature oxygen won't do that. This reminds me of the way metals become superconductors when cooled to such low temperatures. Magnetism is very interesting when experiments with it are done at such low temperatures.
+John Doe Oxygen as a gas is also paramagnetic, but you can't see the effect when it's a gas because of how low the density is. They cool it so there are more molecules close together, and it becomes a liquid in doing this, so that you may observe the effect.
Most smoke machines work by heating glycerine, which releases smoke, much as heating oil releases smoke.
Could you breathe in pure oxygen? Why don't people use oxygen to freeze things instead of liquid nitrogen?
What would happen if the magnet were to be supercooled as well prior to pouring the liquid nitrogen and the liquid oxygen?
First, holy crap. Second, is that rotating between the magnets?
+TheBammer78 it shouldnt - but if its rotating i guess its because of minimal different temperatures, causing one side (towards camera) to boil the O2 a bit more than the other....
oh cool, thanks.
In the begining he totally looked like a mad scientist
Try the conductivity of 4 state of water plz
Damn Daniel
Cool, but where can this be of use?
What would be a way to increase the rate of liquid oxygen production?
What can this be applied to.I think this is pretty cool!