What Supernova Distance Would Trigger Mass Extinction?
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 4 มิ.ย. 2024
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The deaths of massive stars results in one of the most beautiful and violent events in the universe: the supernova. They are so luminous we can see them here on Earth and historical records show that we can even see them into the day. But supernovas release deadly and violent radiation that could destroy our atmosphere. So how far away do these supernova have to be for humanity to be safe? And when will the next supernova occur
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congressman Tim Burchett said on fox 6 days ago that we are not alone, we will get answers at the hearings and we have been planning it for quite some time. Those are disclosure words. The clip is on his youtube channel. It's showtime in our local spacetime.
Is audio garbled on the upload? Seems a one off, all your other videos are perfect. :)
(Ah, might be TH-cam still processing?)
@@DanFrederiksen not the best sources you have there but I too believe there might be something to the ufos!
You can do it man! Have a good day!
That's jedi hand wave makes me think spica's name isn't spica.
"Supernova Kill Zone" is a great album name.
Wake up the dawn and ask her 'why a dreamer dreams, she never dies?' Wipe that tear away now from your eye.
.eman mubla taerg a si "enoz llik avonrepuS"
Alien Superstar is a Beyoncé song name lol
Or name for a band.
Albums don't exist anymore.
Neat how the Supernova in the intro animation seems to be stuck in a geostationary orbit in the middle of the sky while all the other stars keep scrolling in the background.
neat?
Not to mention the SIZE of it! 👍😆
It may be as bright as the moon but it's never gonna grow as large in the sky!! 🤣🤣
@@busimagen thought they were ded
I'm happy someone pointed this out.. I feel bad for how much that bugged me.
@@busimagen or drink water
Even though it’s incredibly unlikely, I can’t help but hope we get lucky and get to see Betelgeuse go supernova within our lifetimes. Would just be so cool
IIRC, we just have to say its name three times?
Would be HOT - just saying 😉
It would be Absolutely Mind-blowing! And would probably disturb a lot of small minded individuals, which would be icing on that proverbial cake!
It already did what it does, he said it. It expelled a layer from itself.
Any aliens living on a planet near BeatleJuice probably don't share your sentiment.
Matt is BY FAR my most favorite speaker. I could listen to this man for hours and I would never get tired, he's the coolest
I found Matt's mum's TH-cam account 😊
@@abursh go on give us a look
@@abursh Spill
Guess you haven’t heard Dr. David Kipping on Cool Worlds then.
The spokesman for cool worlds is phenomenal if you’re looking for somebody good. Both are great.
TLDW? Summary: If you say Betelgeuse 3 times a massive star will explode in about 50,000 years.
What do we think will happen if everyone in the Space Time audience says Betelgeuse 3 times? Think we can knock that number down to our lifetime?
@@pbsspacetime Love group projects! Let's try it. :)
Also, if you don't say 'Betelgeuse' three times, or at all, the same star will go boom at the same time it would have if you do say it three times.
@@michaelsommers2356proof that even stars are susceptible to reverse psychology
We come for your satellites, Chuck.
I always love seeing the creative ways Matt finishes off with "Space Time" every episode!
Me too!
He said the thing!
I really wish you said "finishes off every episode with "space time"" :)
It never ceases to boggle the mind that type 2 supernova are caused by the humble neutrino. A particle that interacts so weekly with regular matter.
What's more astonishing is that the collapse turned 15-20% of the rest mass energy into pure explosion!
Apparently 100% of the rest mass is converted at the moment the star collapses to the event horizon.
Type II are *not* caused by neutrinos. They are caused by the star running out of fusible elements in its core. The rebound from the core collapse is not powerful enough to unbind the star. It's the enormous number of outbound neutrinos that finish blowing the star apart.
Weakly.😊
Was always lead to believe it was chiefly the outer layers catching up with the core (on collapse) and rebounding of it that caused most of the drama. Neutrino activity is an added bonus.
@@nuntana2 you are correct! The majority of the energy for the explosion is caused by exactly that! However when the first simulations of supernova were ran, the matter failed to escape the stars immense gravity after rebounding off from the central iron core. Meaning a complete supernova did not occur. it wasn't until the neutrino was discovered and subsequently added to the simulation, that a complete supernova occurred. Essentially, the effects from neutrinos attempting to escape the stars gravity, added just enough energy to the system to allow the whole thing to go boom!
Could you do a video on everything about light, like how it carries momentum despite being massless, and how it has polarization
Oooh. That's a pretty good idea! Thanks!
PBS did all of them ages ago- try looking instead of expecting things to just be given to you.
🙄
🍄
@@WemplesTemple
Because then they might actually *do* something, instead of just sitting there expecting to be spoon-fed.
You have to be pretty stupid to expect a physics channel that's been going *for almost ten years* to have *not* covered the topics they mentioned, and if that's the case, then a gentle reminder to *not* be an imbecile might- *might-* do some good.
🍄
@the_unrepentant_anarchist. I get your point but like even the creator said it was a good idea like some people don't have the time or know where to start plus he does a good job of putting in terms many people can understand so they probably trust the channel
@@the_unrepentant_anarchist. And they just commented themselves that it's a great idea. So they probably did not. Also, something went wrong during parenting. Having an attitude like that towards random people sharing idea's, one of the core things within science.
Can you explain how the Romulans were caught unaware by the supernova that destroyed Romulus?
That supernova was not a natural occurrence: the supernova and the unusual behavior of its shockwave (which travelled through subspace at superluminal speed) were caused by an Iconian-designed doomsday weapon. Don't ask me how I know this... 🤣 [Canonicity: This is from Star Trek Online.]
We were going to say "NO", but it looks like @juliasophical has successfully covered for our lack deep cut star trek knowledge!
@@Jackiee_ChannFair question from the beginning, it gets Aristotelic as you keep reading.
@Jackie Chan lol, it's just how the animated it. There was no hominid sitting under the tree for days on end watching a stationary supernova.
@@Jackiee_Chann No, it doesn't stop moving, but SNs happen quickly (on the order of seconds to maybe minutes), and stars don't move very far in such a short time. Besides, it makes the drawing clearer. Or you could just say that the pictures are mde from the star's reference frame.
Unless you are talking about that bit near the beginning of the video where the Australopiticene is watching the SN, which is probably just a mistake.
I love when astronomy and paleontology connect
I for one have no complaint's about living in a boring "Goldilocks zone" of the universe. Humanity has enough on it's plate to deal with already. Thanks for the video.
I for one have complaints about your spurious apostrophes
@Deipatrous be thankful that you have so few real problems as to worry about other's punctuation.
I just watched a video by Dr. Becky in which she mentioned that a new scientific paper calculated the time for Betelgeuse to go Super Nova to be decades / up to a 100 years. The paper has not been peer reviewed yet, but if it is true it might happen in our lifetime!
This. I was going to mention this if I didn't see it in the comments.
It's "New study claims Betelgeuse supernova IMMINENT | Night Sky News June 2023" 🌠💥
@@skierpage I bet that brought a few more clicks than usual
That would beyond awesome, I'd travel around the world to see that
@@zakzwijn8410 I think Orion would be visible many places
I loved the fact that Matt just knew everyone was thinking how far betelgeuse is and just answered it without a thought!
😊
Eta Carinae is also a good candidate for a naked-eye-visible supernova (though not as close as Betelgeuse.) It's a wacky weird star though (two, actually), so its behavior is more unpredictable.
Yeah they reckon that thing could go off anytime!
Would be so amazing to see.
That's 7500 ly away, I'm afraid what we would see from here would just be a new "regular" star in a formerly empty spot of the sky.
@@Arsenico971 But it's still close enough for our big telescopes to get a good view of what's happening, so there would be a lot of very interesting discoveries made, no doubt.
@@Arsenico971 Eta Carinae is already visible with the naked eye though (although at 4th magnitude currently, it's nothing spectacular to look at with the naked eye), so it wouldn't be coming from an empty spot in the sky. When it goes supernova, it will definitely well surpass the brightness of Venus.
@@Arsenico971there's also a chance that Eta Catarine may go hypernova witch would make for a significant bigger boom
That first pre-pre-pre-pre-stargazer was clearly a member of the Astronomopithicus genus
Imagine how brave (or foolish) that organism had to be to leave cover at night, exposing itself to nocturnal predators.
Astronomopithicus? One who throws stones at the sky?
I have watched PBS Space Time for 6 years since now
Long time watcher also
This is swaggiest swag ive ever seen
Amen
so swag
Yeet
rt
Great shirt!
Matt is out of Gabes shadow. He's casting it on the other PBS presenters (maybe not that dinosaur bloke). Best compliment I can give. High praise indeed.
44 minutes after posting and there’s already a million comments? I feel like I’m insignificant among the stars.
Crazy to think ghostly neutrinos have enough interaction to explode a star o.o
Yeah how does that work? Which of the four forces are they using to push the matter outwards?
They don't explode the star, they're just the most numerous stuff that gets exploded out when the star explodes.
@@ArawnOfAnnwn Had to rewatch but that is what he said. “This releases an explosion of neutrinos that are so numerous and energetic that they blast the surrounding layers back out. That’s the supernova.” 4:19
I get what the original comment is saying. The neutrinos are blasting the layers out making the explosion. If they didn’t then there is no explosion.
@@TheRABIDdude Iirc it's the weak force. It's what they called a "neutral current" in the early days of neutrino observation.
A channel called "But Why?" has made an excellent video about the details of core collapse supernovae called "When Stars Outshine Galaxies." It's a really strange and complicated event.
Matt, Shock Front is officially the name of your new metal band.
Your video is much easier to follow for a non native english speaker like me than your old ones were, i hope i can watch the other ones to the full again in the future because they are super interesting
I was hoping for this video forever! Thanks for existing PBS SpaceTime❤
I simply want to thanks PBS for doing with it too everything they said was true and the way they present the information treats us like we're not stupid you don't know how or maybe you but it's incredibly valuable that we're not treated like we're stupid
I recently found Spacetime and binge watched all the episodes over the last few months. Thanks for such an amazing show Spacetime team! I look forward to watching new episodes as they come out.
Spacetime is the best youtube channel. Hopefully they can diversify their revenue streams enough so that they can keep making content and weather the youtube storms.
I've had the great privilege of living through several rare celestial events, like the 2000 conjunction and Hale-Bop, but if I get to see Betelgeuse go supernova, it'll be the crown jewel of a life well lived observing astronomy.
Hi Matt!
This channel is a supernova of knowledge.
Between 10 and 100,000 years. That's when the cable guy said when he would show up.
Matt and PBS!
Is Life in inter Galactic space possible?
The medium between galaxies is rarely discussed. Anywhere.
Oooh. That's also a pretty good topic. Thanks for the suggestions!
That would be the loneliest existence I can possibly imagine
@@FleshWizard69420why? If you're living on an Earth-like planet orbiting a Sun-like star, does it matter that there's no Milky Way in the sky?
Maybe there's some physics that precludes a Sun-like star in the middle of nowhere; all I know about the subject is from Lee Marvin singing "I was Born under a Wand'rin' Star" in Paint your Wagon.
coming from a neuroscience undergrad, I see supernovae as action potentials in the neural net of the cosmic web. they're catalysts for information aggregation and dispersal, on scales of time and space that we can never truly comprehend
Absolutely fantastic video, as always! Really great explanations and visuals here!
The religious say the universe was "designed for life". Really? Looks like life is a bug in our universe and NOT a feature.
Well the universe is compatible with life, just about
@@DrWhom Except for literally 99.9999999999999999% of it. Of which environments will KILL all life. Nice try religitard.
Makes more sense if you study Probability.
@@waynesmallwood6027 Here is some Probability (from a guy with a Masters degree in Engineering and a Lean Six Sigma Black Belt: over 99.9999999% of the solar system is in hospitable to life. ;)
You sure? Given how hostile it is and life still start? Id say it was made for life or life thrives in this hostile universe. Almost like its gonna startin every universeover and over cause its in the fabric,in the genes,in the math.It cant cant happen.It _must_ happen. Its harder to defeat than HIV.
Notice how Matt specifically said, "Your ancestors," and not "Our Ancestors..."
If I were a science show host I’d totally pretend to be an alien very good at hiding and occasionally make “mistakes” like this
Betelgeuse is currently playing a grand, cosmic variation of "Pop Goes the Weasel," only every note takes a thousand years.
I always wonder how many humans through time have realized that the stars where just like our sun, just farther away.
I wonder what fractions of humans living *today* realize that.
The Backbone of Night.🌌
Super Novae take place in a very short amount of time. How come the aftermath of the event can be seen over weeks? What is the reason for the slow decline of the brightness curve?
Distance
The light you see following a supernova is from the expanding gasses, still heated to such high temperatures that they're glowing white hot in visible light. It takes weeks or even a couple months for this cloud of gas to expand and cool to the point that it's no longer emitting visible light.
@@juliasophical thank you!
According to the latest Transformers movie, where smashing the MacGuffin Crystal would release the power of a super nova, you're good as long as the super nova is outside of any nearby city.
Strictly speaking, the literal translation of "yad al-jawza" is "hand of the one in the middle", or "hand of the central one", but in context that "central one" does indeed refer to "the giant", i.e. Orion.
Thanks for the insight.
My favorite part was the “we are fine -> we are dead” meter. 😂
Thank you, honestly you should be Australian of the year mate. I greatly appreciate and anticipate this video. Let's go! ❤
Mass extinction sounds serious!!!
Yes! Or PM
@@scottslotterbeck3796 it'll be okay man. Just live each day as best as you can.
@@jestermoon I wouldn't get education involved in Politics ahaha.
I HIGHLY recommend reading the Cixin Liu novel “The Supernova Era”, which details how humanity reacts to the devastating impact of a nearby supernova.
I like the "game over" shirt with the extinction video!
I love this channel - keep up the good work brother!
In the intro animation it should be noted that a supernovae doesn't appear as LARGE as the moon. It remains a point-source of light no matter the brightness; and as pointed out by someone else, it wouldn't appear stationary in the sky either. 👍😎🇦🇺
Can you do a series on chaos/complexity theory and how it relates to physics?
Forever a show to interact with, I’d honestly buy these year by year box set videos. Or even maybe topics. Keep it coming.
Excellent video. Very interesting, informative and worthwhile video.
On the upside, my brain would get a lovely tan... straight through my skull, even!
Keep in mind that a portion of the Earth will generally be completely shadowed from a supernova, depending on its location in the sky. In the extreme, a supernova in the direction of Polaris would not be visible in the southern hemisphere at all, despite Earth's rotation.
Good catch. And if anyone's wondering: earth axis of rotation is not at all aligned to the rotational axis of our Galaxy, and also our Galaxy easily messages a few kill zones in thickness. A half fried earth could actually happen :) not sure though, if the atmospheric ozon will stay bound to one hemisphere, when the other hemisphere is depleted for 100s to 1000s of years
Have you ever seen the movie The Knowing
That´s only correct for a short gamma - or X- ray burst, but any particle rain lasts longer than one day.
Btw, how possible is it to be hit rightway polar? Don´t hold your breath .....
I´d really like to watch Betelgeuse go supernova, but who knows when?
You know that the air and ocean boiling away on one side of the planet would be global extinction anyway, right?
Depleting all the ozone on one side of the planet is still getting into the danger zone, And since air circulates, the depletion will be ongoing if the effect of the supernova persists for longer than a few days.
I was just learning about different types of supernovae. Then this video answered the heaviest question. Thanks for the info!
Love all your videos!
It’s probably a good idea to build colonies deep in the sea or some way underground just in case.
I study caves here in Jamaica. Might filter the database with a few parameters (distance below surface, hydrology, accessibility) to find a good hidey-hole.
Great something tied to Life on Earth at last! And it further disproves Anti-Darwin Creationism that dominates US.
Also, a lot of salt mines. If someone notices a lot of neutrinos suddenly, look up your countries local salt mine. ;)
@@TechyBen And plenty opportunities for engennering new race of humans deep sea fish like
A deep sea colony would be extremely dangerous with the pressure and such.
Incredibly badass video answer to a question Ive had for years. THANKS
Amazing vid as always. One of my favourites channels on YT
Bro, you gotta be careful saying Betelgeuse repeatedly in a short period of time. Lori Lightfoot may show up suddenly.
Great shirt! And awesome production as always. I was looking at Spica other night, powerful star 1000x times more luminous than our sun if I remember correctly. Antares and Arcturus are awesome stars. Antares appeared deep orange, and Arcturus slightly brighter reddish orange was shining brilliantly just observing such powerful energetic suns at those distances keeps me awakened. Vega is a bright one much closer blue star and with totally different physical properties. 👍
Where do we get the shirt?
I doubt our ancestors of that time ever even noticed that was happening in the sky. They were too busy looking in front of themselves, trying to stay alive.
Interesting edition of PBS Space Time for sure.
Perfect timing, I just finished rewatching the GRB video for extra existential horror :')
I know it's unlikely but still pretty scary that we could be wiped out by a GRB from thousands of lightyears away at any point.
If it makes you feel any better, the building you’re in could completely collapse at any point due to a structural flaw, and the surrounding area would be sad for an afternoon before continuing business as usual the next morning.
Asteroid could take a building out pretty quick. Earthquake is a bit slower if you are not in a rush.
Really loved this video! Pls do more like these!
Betelgeuse may be closer than you suggest. The amount of carbon fusion seems to be ending, which could mean that we could be within decades of the star going SN
I recall that Kurzgesagt made a video about this exact topic this year, and then it got me thinking how cool a mash up episode would be ❤
They both have silly accents and are pretty similar. Matt just uses less r’s and is more condescending.
@@stalexannSpacetime is wayyy less preachy though
Good work! This is super interesting! So, neutrinos can actually interact with matter under certain conditions?
Not so much certain conditions, just an incredibly small chance
The supernova just produces _that_ many neutrinos
In the death throes of a dying star on its way to becoming a neutron star or black hole, they're produced in such insanely prodigious quantities that the rare probability of interaction with all the light elements in the outer shell becomes an inevitability. It's actually kind of wild. There are several waves of neutrino interaction in the forms of "swells" that create a physical pressure that expands the core's material before gravity pulls it back in again and restarts the cycle. It's actually so spectacularly balanced, I actually kind of think of it as one of these more overlooked "fine tuning" arrangements. These erstwhile almost useless, very confusing particles have one of the most important roles to play in not just stellar evolution, but cosmological evolution. Think about it. If neutrinos were perfectly neutral, there would not BE all the rich heavy elemental star stuff around to build US.
@@bengoodwin2141 Oh interesting!
@@sciencoking Oh nice!
That ancestor hominid really had some spare time, I would have got up at least to scratch my backside
When you start to think about all the destructive and dangerous things in the galaxy, you start to realize how lucky we are to be in such a quiet neighborhood.
I love these videos, but I have to say, there is something weird with sound/voice compression on youtube. I started noticing, a few weeks ago, some distortions in the voice, and weird stereo panning (checked it on audacity sound editor, and both android/windows devices). If you use headphones it gets worst. It is happening in lots of videos, not only here.
Yeah, I was noticing that too.
Perhaps you've been watching a lot of videos right after they were uploaded? They are lower quality initially and then get better over time.
@@djmips Sometimes that's the cause. But in this case it is something related to how they record the voice. When he talks about brilliant, (at the start and at the end of the video), the voice is nice without distortions.
Added to which this guy punctuates virtually every word with an exaggerated wave of his hands which makes watching him talk difficult !
Why’s the supernova stationary in the sky? 🤔
I am not native English speaker so I had to rewind first few seconds of video if what I was seeing and hearing was consistent. Major oversight.
Whys the ancient hominid stationary under the tree? 🤔
Noticed that too. ..
Maybe it's in similar position of the north star?
@@white-bunny that would make sense if the other stars rotated around it. But they’re all flying past it.
Videos like this are my favorites of the ones you make.
Perfect ! This timeline gives us a little leeway to focus on solving the very insignificant problems that our planet is currently experiencing. 😬
Great! We'll solve our problems just in time to be exterinated by a supernova. Or a Vogon Constructor fleet.
Holy cow. This has been scary to me since we dodged a bullet this year.
What bullet?
*Amazing❤️🙌Being able to provide all my needs without the help of the Government is really a dream come through and I’m getting $43,050 returns from my $7k investment, glory to the everlasting God almighty.*
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+1947
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We had better be right about Betelgeuse’s distance and it’s power at SN. James Web has been reminding us we don’t know that much…After all, how many SN’s have we observed lately…that are remotely close to us.
I’ve watched every single upload on this channel for the last 3-4 years multiple times
im surprised they made that weird choice of having the supernova stationary. i guess maybe they didnt create this animation and decided the inacuracy was worth it.
It’s pronounced: “Betelgeuse”.
Betelgeuse? Betelgeuse?
AAAAHHHHHH!
If you can honestly attest that the first half of this video does not send your "Death by Supernova Anxiety Meter" through the roof, then that makes you my new hero... Good golly, I was seriously debating going to locate a lead umbrella for myself...
Thank you to the wonderful narrator for bringing us back down to normal before you finished explaining the concept therein.
Fantastic episode as always
Just started the video. This is a major plot point in a novel I released in 2018. I really hope the answer is the same one in my book lol 😅
42
Well, was it?
@@debrachambers1304 Matt said 150 Ly for reg super and several thousand for hypernova. So yes i got it right 😅🙌🏾
Why isn't the supernova rotating with the night sky? :/
IDIOCY
sloppy animation.
I tend to "illustration purposes", to show, how it would look like during night and during day.
Because, both scenarios are possible.
Very informative, thank you for the video!
It is abit- al- jawza. The armpit of giant. ابط الجوزا. Although both names (hand=yad/abit=armpit)used frequently always, but "beatlguse" word is kind of derived from "abit-al-aljawza".
Yeah I was wondering about that because it sits at what I would call the shoulder which is of course also pretty much the location of the armpit
Perhaps a better question is " Were supernovas responsible for some of the trigger points in evolution" ?
I mean, that's a completely different question. It's not "better."
Trigger points?
I would hazard that without supernovae close enough to impact Earth, we wouldn't be around today. It wouldn't have taken much of a change in events for evolution to have turned right instead of left (so to speak) and end up going in a completely different direction. A supernova at the right time could have been enough.
Great vid as always. Cheers! :-)
Thanks so much for the reliable and sensible information. We are lucky to have a stable planet, let's respect it.
You Anton Petrov, and Sabine Hoffenfelder are the best! Watched your interview on Startalk, awesome man!
"Do not look up. For your own safety, do not look up"
I've seen it, it's very well made.
Another great episode... thanks!
Absolutely wonderful, thanks!
Orion teasing us with that shoulder again.
Just watched this. The concept of us being in a relatively quiet area, and if we were in the spiral arms we'd be in more danger, suggests a potential factor in the Fermi Paradox.
I remember explaining to a fellow student at university who was suggesting it would be an amazing spectacle to witness that the destruction would arrive at the same time as the pretty flashy lights.
well it would arrive before it tho
12:07 After the highlighted part, the Chinese text connected contemporary famines and natural disasters to the supernova and admonished the emperor 😂.
I absolutely love the Missile Command-style visualization for cosmic rays.
I like the refresher text..very helpful
Thank you for this work!
"thank you for uploading these videos. Even if I'm having a hard night, I just put a relaxing astronomy video on and listen. It always makes my nights go much easier.
Thank you!!!"
I love getting the Discord notification (maybe now that I've finished my PhD there'll be room in my brain to memorize the day on which videos come out). Anyway, awesome video. My suggestions have been fulfilled (I used to ask for QCD, so I got 3 videos!). What about something on particle generations, now?
By the way, Matt, @11:13, did you say "presumadly"? 😂 That was hilarious. I'm gonna let the "we also see them freque...n̶t̶̶l̶̶y̶...cy" slide, though.
Great vid, as always. I'd really like to see a supernova (from a safe distance!). One comment on the bit of CGI right at the start -- it's showing what I assume is supposed to be the supernova, but the bright light is static in the sky and not moving with the background stars.