Hard to believe that we carry computers in our pockets now that are over a million times more powerful than these old machines. Interesting video ! I really enjoyed this. :)
Now were talking about quantum computing, their thousands of times more powerful then todays super computers, Instead of several atoms making up 1 switch, a single atom can do up 2000 calculations. Quantum computing is the future of both computing and AI!!! Were even now using DNA to store information and nano technology is progressing quickly. The future will be a very different place from now.
My second video from the National Museum of Computing (on early PCs) will post in July. If this video and that one prove popular, there will be more! :)
I worked at DEC Digital Equipment Corp back in 1978 -1981 then from 1983-1985 I first started to work on hard drives similar to the one's on the ILC system but they were made by CDC Control Data Corp. they were 200-300 MB 20 heads (two for each platter one platters was a servo signal to keep all the data heads aligned.
It's still hard for me to believe average consumers will use a 1PB internal drive, but based on history, it's not improbable. Then again, I wonder if/when the compression technologies will stifle or at least slow the growing storage trend.
I went from 160 GiB to 7 TiB in only 10 years. Which is about a 30 times increase. Even if my demnnd for more memory slows down dramatically over time, I guess I would reach that 1000 TB Threshold withing the next 30 years
160GiB? The year I joined the university for studying Informatics (1982) , operators would have killed for that much memory space! That is, after they were brought back to life from faint. A 4MB IBM/360 managed all the computing needs of the whole university :-)
I remerber in 2004ish on my computer class when my teacher say that in few years we might see 1TB hard drives and it sounded far fetched to me because at the time stores usually sold PC's with a 40gb hard drive. Heck I remerber thinking that a PC does not need more than a 80gb hard drive.
Many thanks for showing us around TNMOC, CB@EC! The nice thing about the very early computers is that they are constructed from a few hundred conceptually simple units including logic gates, shift registers, adders, a clock, some sort of memory, and so on, which implement maybe a dozen instructions, making it possible, with a little effort, to understand exactly how they work. Thus, although they are quite simple things, these primitive computers appear to be almost miraculous thinking machines, simply because they can perform repetitive operations, tirelessly, at rates significantly greater than a human being is able to do.
These videos on location are really nice, I hope you will do more of them in the future, maybe have some guests or other computer TH-camrs from the UK.
This video was great. Very enjoyable and I'd like to see more like this. That being said, please resist the temptation to add guests and collaborators to a solo channel. I've watched this happen a hundred times and it never ends up anywhere near as good as you'd hope. In fact they're often some of the lowest rated/watched episodes in the entire catalog. Better that you visit a channel that is built around giving interviews instead. People who already know your channel can learn more about you and you can introduce yourself to a much larger audience who have never met you. Just my opinion though. :-)
Especially nice for people like me who would more than likely never be able to visit them in person. Travelling across the pond from the USA is just not a viable option of many of us.
luca ioan guesting someone as calm and composed as him would be good, but guesting the flashy mkbhd/Morrison etc would ruin the soothing and calm experience,
Man, words can't explain how much I really liked this. Thank you Chris for the education you share with the world and I really hope you never get burned out. Cheers
Very interesting, love seeing these ancestors to the modern computers. The fact that Bletchley Park is still being used as a museum is a surprise and what better place to display these great machines.
It is quite amusing though, how a computer only 60-70 years ago could easily fill an entire room, whereas today we have tiny little boards the size of a couple fingers such as the Pi Zero which cost about $10 and still has insanely more processing power, while only consuming as little as 5 watts, it may not be the scifi world people dream of but it's still pretty amazing sometimes.
I agree. Given where we came from, where we are now with computing IS amazing. And when you think how far we've come in a relatively short time, it is exciting to think what lies ahead . . .
Try to imagine a face of a 50s enginieer, who was just told, that in the 2000 the machine he operates will fit in a square milimeter, and cost less than $0,1
When I went to see the ICL they said they had put all the disks onto a micro SD so that they could run the thing without having to put the aircon unit on.
At the time Tarmac was using this I worked for another construction company who used an IBM RS6000 based machine the size of a fridge freezer. I was using Progress 4GL which had little trouble with 2 digit dates.
This takes me back a while, great to see the old machines, the ICL was a very popular machine in its day. Having worked for many many years with those hard disks and tape systems its a long way from the mini and modern computers today. Thanks for sharing
Very cool video Chris! Really fascinating to see how it all started and came to be... I found the ICL Mainframe to be most interesting and had to smile when i spotted the C64 (my personal "digital origin") and the Commodore PET in the shelves. If you keep going with this kind of subjects, i would love to see a video dedicated to the CRAY machines and its vector processor!
OOOOH Fancy!!! I went to a (german) Computer science Museum once, because i heard they had an XMP there... never seen one before, so i kept looking... couldn't find it... so i sat down on what looked like a fancy red bench and ate my sandwich... then one of the museums guards told me to please not have lunch on the Cray XMP xD I would love to learn more about the vector processing and how it works, possibly even about the cray history.... Those things are amazing! I even found a working Cray Emulator on the net ;-)
Chris, you give us such a diverse rage of material, and every bit is enthralling. I have been meaning to visit Bletchley Park for a long time, I didn't realise TNMOC was on the same site ... Like I needed more incentive :-) Got a week off next month so hope to make the trip then.
Simply wonderful. Good to see you getting out of that green screen and into the real world showing us the wonderful and fascinating history of computers.
When I watch your videos, I often get a feeling of nostalgia. Your shows remind me of the shows from the 80s and early 90s. I love it. :) Keep up the good work!
The ICL 2966 brought back fond memories of school. my friends and I spent many many happy hours mucking around on it before pcs were widely available. to get around the time limit quota assigned to each student, after spending a few hrs on a session, we used to login concurrently from another terminal, logout from the original terminal, then logout out from the newly logged in terminal. the newly logged out terminal overwrote the time usage of the earlier session. we were careful to make sure that our usage was about 80-90% of our weekly quota to avert suspicions.
That's an amazing video! I read in the past about few of those computers and it was really fascinating to see some of them "alive" in your video! Please do more of those videos of looking in the past, it is really interesting and your explanations are very good.
One of my uncles worked on an ENIAC computer in the day. He was excited when he got a commodore 64. He unfortunately passed away in the early 80's but he would have loved to see computers of today!
I bought at auction a box full of old valves, a few of these were MOD stamped and red. Just the types of valves colossus used, and I was able to donate them to the late Tony Sale to help his rebuild. I actually met him and a really nice guy.
I love these old computers. It shows the humble beginnings we've really come from. I love seeing what challenges were overcome with things like core memory being destructive read, and the use of more mechanical parts.
Another great video, thank you for the quick tour. I look forward to the video on the smaller machines. If you are looking for ideas for future videos, please consider doing more in-depth historical pieces on some of the machines you covered in this video, I find these histories fascinating. Thanks once again for all of the excellent content that you produce.
Great stuff Chris! Some of the hardware later in the video I had the opportunity to see as a child in operation where my dad worked... fond memories. xD My dad was an engineer for a contractor company of the Itaipu dam here in Brazil, but before myself coming into existence, he had already worked with valves, punch cards and whatnot. He used to teach classes later in his career so he had samples of the stuff... very unfortunately lost in between moving from one place to another. The oldest PC stuff I still have is probably some floppy disks. I remember that the job place he had into the computer department was an entire building where half of it was the refrigerated server room, and the rest of the building were offices with dumb terminals built litteraly inside desks (custom made desks with a monitor and keyboard built in). They still used floppy disks of the 8 inch size. The server room had a whole bunch of wardrobe sized units, some with spinning taperolls, some for other purposes. The room was refrigerated 24/7, floor had these thick cardboard-like perforated tiles with all the cables running under it. But the thing I remember the most is the printer. It was pretty huge for a child me. xD It opened up like a fridge, and had it's own vacuum cleaner to suck up the bits of paper that came off that perforated paper used for dot matrix printers. All very fascinating.
I love computing history. It really just brings it back into perspective that these little black boxes we keep in our pocket are truly an amazing accomplishment.
+ExplainingComputers / Christopher Congratulations on creating an interesting and historically accurate video. Looking forward to your reviews of old computers.
Great video! I visited Bletchley Park and the then joined National Computer Museum back in 2010, now I believe it's a separate entity. Great to see the place again and really like this style of video Chris, can't wait for part two. oh and more of the same please! :)
Thanks for your kind and positive feedback! I was not sure what the reaction to this video would be -- it is something different for the channel. The National Museum of Computing is indeed now run separately to the rest of Bletchley Park.
Excellent video! I've been in computers for 40 years but I learned quite a bit from this video. I was surprised at how early "computers" were in operation. I'm also impressed that the reconstructed machines are made with more or less original components -- I'm amazed that the components can be found.
I asked about this -- they apparently use "new old stock" -- 50 to 40 year old valves that have never been out of their packaging, held in storage by the origonal users of such machines.
I wish I had a single purpose computer that would press the like button every time for me. I love these vids and it reminds me of old 80's BBC school documentaries that were highly interesting back in the days gone by!
Great video Chris! I have worked on valve amplifier equipment in the past and seeing all those valves in their various flip-flop circuits boggles the mind!! Let's think about the heater current needed by these beasts! Valves of this type need a heater, which is an electrical element (the part that is seen glowing in most valves that is heated by an external current) to produce a stream of electrons inside them to make them work. The electron stream formed within the valve by the heater allows another output current to pass, the valve's design providing control of this output current, so making it capable of doing useful work like amplification or binary switching (in the case of these computers). Most valves take between 150mA (0.15A) to 1.5A to power their heaters alone and this wasteful demand represents one of the technology's biggest disadvantages for apart from allowing the valve to work, the heater current contributes nothing to the useful work a valve can do. So, a computer containing around 2,000 valves may end-up consuming between 300 to 3,000 Amps of heater current (unless specialised "high efficiency" valves were used?), with additional power being needed to run the logic/paper tape/indicator etc. circuits as well. This is a lot of power!! Also, all those heaters are going to produce, well, a lot of heat!! I suppose we should be thankful of the development of silicon technology :)
Great calculations. The ENIAC valve-based computer, built shortly after Colossus, had about 18,000 valves -- which according to folklore dimmed the lights of Philadelphia! :)
Guess I'm one of few left which had seen a working hard disk drive like the giant disk in your video. It was in a cabinet the size of a large refrigerator, with a massive 5MB capacity. But the disk was of much cruder construction than the one in the video. It had a large plexiglass door discolored and dingy with age. My PC servers actually ran the business side of the facility. They were the smallest devices in the data center and the 'refrigerator' stood behind me. A Xerox Sigma9, iirc. Yes, wikipedia showa a similar drive!
When I was an operator in 1981, I was working at a site for a couple of weeks on an ICL 1900 (I forget which model), one of the regular jobs was to clean the disk packs, (by hand).
I saw a similar large fixed hard disk at my first job in 1975. The disk was attached to a Burroughs B500 machine which I believe was installed in 1968 and had 32K core ram. Most of the storage was handled by 5 tape drives which wrote at either 556 or 800 bits per inch. The 5MB fixed disk was a grey cabinet about the size of a domestic upright fridge. I didn't work on this machine as I was training to be a COBOL programmer on an ICL 1901T machine.
I wrote code for and managed ICL1903a, 2966 and Series 39 machines. We used them for stock control, payroll and some more esoteric stuff such as radio frequency prediction. At the time I could program in COBOL, S3 which ICL programmed much of VME in. There was a Fortran compiler and an Algol 60 compiler for both the 1900 and 2900 series systems. I also implemented some systems on an ICL DRS 20 system, which was one of the first networked 8 bit microprocessor systems ( unusually I think ICL bought the design in and badge engineered it, the mainframes and associated operating systems were done in house) . I guess this was in about 1985. They were still running payroll and personnel for about 200,000 people back in the 1990s. It's quite interesting to consider how little computational power and storage mainframes had but how much work they could get through. And how efficiently one had to code to get a program to fit in say 4 megabytes of memory. It's quite ironic really because now I program microcontrollers for fun and pretty much all of them have more power and memory than I ever had on a mainframe. Just out of interest I need some blank punch paper tape. Does anyone know of a source?
I know a bit about American computer history and it was great to see the British side. I've heard of the Colossus but never saw a picture of one. I've had the privilege of programming several of the early semiconductor computers in the 1960's (IBM 1627, PDP-1). Part of me still doesn't believe that the Raspberry PI can do so much more than these room-sized machines that led the way to what we take for granted.
Yeah, GHz, Tbytes, Gflops were never mentioned in "our" era. I used PDP-11s at work and had a great time with Commodore Basic. The PDP-1 was an experimental machine at MIT. They were aways posting notes of new instructions they had added. It was an exciting era.
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Great information on history of computing. The parking lot resembles the scenes from the movie "Enigma".
Great videos. As a software developer /coder, I find the history of computing incredibly interesting. I released the game called "Charlie the Chav" on the android play store, which I based on old 2d platform games of the 80's. I did it for fun. However, it was done in Java, using very simplistic techniques of OOP that you had no way of getting around, back then. In the old days, you had to code for so many problematic hardware restrictions, such as the type of display unit, the memory, and lack of colour. You had to be very clever, and almost use bodging techniques to accomplish your goal. Now, it's so easy to produce anything. Even a child can develop software. But, what I like to see is this kind of content. We are back to the roots and the guts of our modern cpu. Every bit of hardware we use today comes from this equipment in some way. It should be worshipped. Pure geniuses created this technology.
Just watched a TH-cam video on Colossus hosted by the national museum of computing by Chris Shore ( recommended) and stumbled on your video. Another goody, thanks.
Hello Again & Thank You So Much For Sending This Link. I Have Several Documentaries About Bletchley Park During The War But You Make It & Post War Advances Even More Interesting. This Made Me Reminisce About My "First", A Tandy RL-1000 With Two, Low-Density (720K) Floppy Drives, No Hard Drive & 512K RAM. A Hayes Compatible 2400 Baud Modem Was Used To Dial-Up Local BBS & To "Expose" My Nostalgia, I Still Have The Copy Of Telix I Used On The Flash Drive I Keep In My Pocket. I Shan't Bore You Any Longer & You Sir, Will Never Bore Me! Thanks Again!
Thanks for the video. I worked on the last type of computer in the mid 80's with the 300MB disk drives that were the size of washing machines. I also saw what happened when the new disk packs were not handled properly and a user took out approx 20 read/write heads at about £700 each, unfortunately I was one of the engineers training at the time and watched as the heads were refitted.
I programmed on Perkin Elmer mini computers in the mid-80's which used some of the same 300MB drives. I think that they were made by Control Data. To backup and verify one of these drives to 6250bpi tape drives, made by Storage Tek, took over 40 minutes and two tapes, 1200/2400' (?). Basic process was to load tape #1, the backup program would do a write pass then rewind and do a read pass to verify the tape. Manually unload Tape #1 and load tape #2 and tell the backup program to continue. Each read / write pass of a tape took about 10 minutes. When the 300MB disk pack became badly fragmented the action of the drive read/write heads moving in and out would cause the drive cabinet to shake violently and in extreme cases the drive cabinet would start to move across the floor. The quick engineering fix for this was rubber wedges between cabinet and floor. When time was available, usually at night we would have to 'defragment' the drive by backing up files contiguously to tape then reinitialising the drive, (similar to a quick format), and then restore the contiguous backup tape back to the disk drive. A very lengthy process for 300MB.
I saw on one of the programs about Bletchley that Tommy Flowers did a Personal Computer course in the 1990’s . That is the only thing in writing that acknowledges he has any knowledge of Computing. It is just amazing what the code breakers were doing at Bletchley Park.
Time catches up on all of us. I'm just editing the follow-up video today on early PCs, and I cannot believe old some of these "recent" pieces of technology now are!
Wonderful, can't wait to watch it! I must say, even though I feel a certain nostalgia seeing these old computers, I'm more than happy to embrace the latest technologies.
Wow, although obsolete as hell, the lights in those tubes moving around in there and so quickly looked very cool. I didn't know tubes could be this responsive.
My first job in computing was kernel dump cracking on P and S series ICL 2900 VME machines (basically what, in later terminology, would be the equivalent of working out what caused a Blue Screen of Death). The ICL 2966 (pronounced "29" "66") in this video was a mid-range S-Series machine. The "big" S-Series machine was the 2988 Superdual. One of the big problems we had with newbie operators was, when they removed the exchangeable discs, they sometimes failed to keep the disc platter perfectly horizontal and the bits would drop off 😉
I'm not sure about bits sliding off the platters.🤔 I do remember instances where newbie operators would remove a disk pack under it's protective perspex cover and forget to attach the bottom cover before placing the pack on the shelf. When the ops shift leader did a quick count of the covers lying around and found that he had more covers than disks which were actually mounted and in use he would go ballistic at the junior ops. Don't think we ever had a head crash due to this sloppy handling of the disk packs. I remember doing core dump analyses on IBM 370's using DOS/VE. Bad news when I was on-call at night. Go to the program library and get all of the source listings. Lots of hex arithmetic to determine which instruction in which subprogram caused the failure. Most commonly a decimal data exception - the 370 spat the dummy when a packed decimal field contained an invalid value. Talk about going down a rabbit hole. Never going back there.😬
Great video as usual ! I remember my first computers the wonderful ZX81, Timex-Sinclair Spectrum, Commodore 64. They were the actual population computer beginning. Thanks
The Z80 was indeed cool, and I had the Zaks guide to programming it in my hand yesterday afternoon! :) I fondly remember writing Z80 assembler. And some Z80 machines will appear in my "Early PCs" follow-up to this video.
I was coding Z80 yesterday. I wrote a version of Snake in ZX BASIC but it's too slow, so I'm doing the drawing and the routine to move the snake in Z80. I wrote the Bash script below to facilitate development... Assembly on Linux to a ZX tap file is done using Pasmo. Errors are caught and the cursor is placed at the offending line in the vi editor. I have a template file for fuse, which is a snapshot with just some BASIC to CLEAR 32000 (to tally with org 32000). The newly created tap file is then attached. The next line of BASIC says LOAD "" CODE and that instantly loads the code into RAM 32000 onwards. inaflap:~/Coding/Z80$ more mkzxtap2 myname=`echo $1|sed 's/\(.*\)\..*/\1/'` fn="${myname}.errors" myrun=1 linestart=1 while [ $myrun -eq 1 ] do vi +${linestart} ${myname}.asm echo "Assembling ${myname}.asm" pasmo --tap ${myname}.asm ~/Coding/Z80/${myname}.tap >${fn} 2>&1 grep -i 'ERROR' $fn errorfree=$? if [ $errorfree -ne 0 ]; then linestart=1 fuse -s ~/Coding/Z80/template1 -t ~/Coding/Z80/${myname}.tap >${fn} 2>&1 & else linestart=`head -n1 $fn | sed 's/^.*line \(.*\) of.*$/\1/'` fi echo echo -n "Re-edit and assemble (y/n)?" read -n1 ans if [[ $ans == "y" ]]; then pkill -9 fuse else pkill -9 fuse myrun=0 fi done echo
+David Griffin But a Fortran compiler wasn't available until near the end of the ZX Spectrum's life. 1987. Besides BASIC I can only remember Forth being available... and that's a very different beast. I think Prolog and LISP were available... but they aren't the right tool for writing Snake. Perhaps they can invert a matrix in six lines.
The museum is still evolving. They moved the "bombe" round from Bletchley Park and with the Mk1 Collosus, they have them running manned by boffins wearing "tank top" jumpers that give an authentic feel to the age of the machines, while they explain how they work. 5* venue and a must visit sight for anyone with a computer interest " bucket" list.
My mind is blown!!!!! That someone actually made something like those early PC's....... Modern PC's aside... how could ppl come up with that... just WOW!!!!!
Impressive old technology. And the fact the machines run to this day is even more impressive. Germany has a similar museum in Cologne. Very interesting machines they have there. Definitly worth a visit. :) Greetings from Germany.
Well that was certainly interesting. History is so much more fun to learn about when you can actually see what is being talked about. Of course, being there when history happens can be cool, too. I remember seeing some of the equipment (you showed us) in action when it was cutting edge stuff. I also remember being blown away finding out the wild, wild, crazy storage capacity that those (now ancient) drives had. Little did we know back then... Thanks Chris, for this "field trip" back in time ! How does it feel holding a microphone, a-la field reporter? You do just fine at it.
One of the first computers ever made used no electricity at all, but was completely mechanical. Due to constant breakdowns, the inventor later replaced the mechanical parts with some relay switches. It's a fascinating topic.
Hi Christopher, I visited TNMOC in 2019. They have a partially working IBM 1130 which was the first computer I programmed. It was next to the ICL, but I don't think it was there in 2017. Regards.
Ha - I did my apprenticeship on the prototype ICL 2966 (codename S3) when I worked at West Gorton in Manchester between 1976 and 1980, I helped design one of the boards in the OCP. The very first one went into the Inland Revenue in Dalkeith I recall. Never could get the 64 bit (N64) version working though. Those were good days.
I find tubes (valves) endlessly fascinating. I build high end audio with them, and have built many scratch projects, a few using what are modern computer type tubes.
Very interesting Christopher. The overall look of Colossus (apart from the valves) is very much like an old Strowger electro-mechanical telephone exchange. I bet the Colossus engineers used standard iron framework, relay racks, etc. from Post Office telephone exchanges... no point in reinventing the wheel during wartime. For me, the 70's and especially the 80's are the golden era of British computing. Looking forward to those future videos.
I didn't realise that, Chris. I do remember that there was a British Telecom training centre at Bletchly Park when I started work as a telecoms apprentice back in the late 80's... it all makes sense now. EDIT: Actually, I'm sure somebody must have told me about the Colossus/GPO connection back then, but as a 17 year old with a BBC Micro in the 80's it was hard to be interested in valves and relays :-)
That was quite a lot of fun! Thanks, Chris, this dispells some earlier held understandings of how the computer industry got its start. Nice to hear the real story. Here in the US everyone thinks Steve Jobs created the computer 97%. This would be a great category for the game show called Jeopardy! Thanks again Rich
Bletchley Park was also the place where I and many other telecoms technicians received our early training from BT. So hello to any of you who are still kicking around
This channel feels like the 80's technology shows I watched back then. I absolutely love it.
So glad you gave Tommy Flowers the credit for building Colossus.
A most interesting look at the history of computers in the UK.
Hard to believe that we carry computers in our pockets now that are over a million times more powerful than these old machines. Interesting video ! I really enjoyed this. :)
The microcontroller in a modern coffeemaker is at least a million times more powerful than the EDSAC. Now that is impressive!
Now were talking about quantum computing, their thousands of times more powerful then todays super computers, Instead of several atoms making up 1 switch, a single atom can do up 2000 calculations. Quantum computing is the future of both computing and AI!!! Were even now using DNA to store information and nano technology is progressing quickly. The future will be a very different place from now.
Enjoyable video, thanks. Would love to see more historic computing episodes, covering the 70s, 80s and 90s!
My second video from the National Museum of Computing (on early PCs) will post in July. If this video and that one prove popular, there will be more! :)
I have a playlist of some of my "classic hardware 80s and 90s) here: th-cam.com/play/PL2m2YvnrOYxLaMqqr95ToBdPAeRTyAJ_m.html
Yes, your videos on these subjects are very well presented and informative. Thank you so much for taking the time.
Thanks Chris. Naturally, I've already watched that playlist :)
You never fail at giving viewers interesting angles on computers.
I worked at DEC Digital Equipment Corp back in 1978 -1981 then from 1983-1985 I first started to work on hard drives similar to the one's on the ILC system but they were made by CDC Control Data Corp. they were 200-300 MB 20 heads (two for each platter one platters was a servo signal to keep all the data heads aligned.
I Started in 1979 as technician , its amazing how i still remebver so much , the 7400 series was every where back then.
I started my career as a VMS sysadmin, DEC had a great OS and solid engineering. Sad to see their decline
7:46 "200MB of storage" Damn, who could possibly use that much storage? Nobody will ever need more than 50MB.
:)
It's still hard for me to believe average consumers will use a 1PB internal drive, but based on history, it's not improbable. Then again, I wonder if/when the compression technologies will stifle or at least slow the growing storage trend.
I went from 160 GiB to 7 TiB in only 10 years. Which is about a 30 times increase. Even if my demnnd for more memory slows down dramatically over time, I guess I would reach that 1000 TB Threshold withing the next 30 years
160GiB? The year I joined the university for studying Informatics (1982) , operators would have killed for that much memory space! That is, after they were brought back to life from faint. A 4MB IBM/360 managed all the computing needs of the whole university :-)
I remerber in 2004ish on my computer class when my teacher say that in few years we might see 1TB hard drives and it sounded far fetched to me because at the time stores usually sold PC's with a 40gb hard drive. Heck I remerber thinking that a PC does not need more than a 80gb hard drive.
Many thanks for showing us around TNMOC, CB@EC! The nice thing about the very early computers is that they are constructed from a few hundred conceptually simple units including logic gates, shift registers, adders, a clock, some sort of memory, and so on, which implement maybe a dozen instructions, making it possible, with a little effort, to understand exactly how they work. Thus, although they are quite simple things, these primitive computers appear to be almost miraculous thinking machines, simply because they can perform repetitive operations, tirelessly, at rates significantly greater than a human being is able to do.
These videos on location are really nice, I hope you will do more of them in the future, maybe have some guests or other computer TH-camrs from the UK.
Thanks -- very useful feedback. :)
This video was great. Very enjoyable and I'd like to see more like this. That being said, please resist the temptation to add guests and collaborators to a solo channel. I've watched this happen a hundred times and it never ends up anywhere near as good as you'd hope. In fact they're often some of the lowest rated/watched episodes in the entire catalog. Better that you visit a channel that is built around giving interviews instead. People who already know your channel can learn more about you and you can introduce yourself to a much larger audience who have never met you. Just my opinion though. :-)
Especially nice for people like me who would more than likely never be able to visit them in person. Travelling across the pond from the USA is just not a viable option of many of us.
luca ioan guesting someone as calm and composed as him would be good, but guesting the flashy mkbhd/Morrison etc would ruin the soothing and calm experience,
Man, words can't explain how much I really liked this. Thank you Chris for the education you share with the world and I really hope you never get burned out. Cheers
Thanks.
Very interesting, love seeing these ancestors to the modern computers. The fact that Bletchley Park is still being used as a museum is a surprise and what better place to display these great machines.
It is quite amusing though, how a computer only 60-70 years ago could easily fill an entire room, whereas today we have tiny little boards the size of a couple fingers such as the Pi Zero which cost about $10 and still has insanely more processing power, while only consuming as little as 5 watts, it may not be the scifi world people dream of but it's still pretty amazing sometimes.
I agree. Given where we came from, where we are now with computing IS amazing. And when you think how far we've come in a relatively short time, it is exciting to think what lies ahead . . .
vgamesx1 😳
Try to imagine a face of a 50s enginieer, who was just told, that in the 2000 the machine he operates will fit in a square milimeter, and cost less than $0,1
When I went to see the ICL they said they had put all the disks onto a micro SD so that they could run the thing without having to put the aircon unit on.
At the time Tarmac was using this I worked for another construction company who used an IBM RS6000 based machine the size of a fridge freezer. I was using Progress 4GL which had little trouble with 2 digit dates.
I visited this museum on my recent trip to Europe, all the way from Australia. I have so many good memories of these computers. thanks for uploading.
This takes me back a while, great to see the old machines, the ICL was a very popular machine in its day. Having worked for many many years with those hard disks and tape systems its a long way from the mini and modern computers today. Thanks for sharing
Very cool video Chris!
Really fascinating to see how it all started and came to be... I found the ICL Mainframe to be most interesting and had to smile when i spotted the C64 (my personal "digital origin") and the Commodore PET in the shelves.
If you keep going with this kind of subjects, i would love to see a video dedicated to the CRAY machines and its vector processor!
Thanks for this. They have half a Cray at the Museum . ..
OOOOH Fancy!!! I went to a (german) Computer science Museum once, because i heard they had an XMP there... never seen one before, so i kept looking... couldn't find it... so i sat down on what looked like a fancy red bench and ate my sandwich... then one of the museums guards told me to please not have lunch on the Cray XMP xD
I would love to learn more about the vector processing and how it works, possibly even about the cray history.... Those things are amazing! I even found a working Cray Emulator on the net ;-)
I had the pleasure of visiting the National Museum of Computing and Bletchley Park last month. An incredible place!
Chris, you give us such a diverse rage of material, and every bit is enthralling.
I have been meaning to visit Bletchley Park for a long time, I didn't realise TNMOC was on the same site ... Like I needed more incentive :-)
Got a week off next month so hope to make the trip then.
Great to see you out and about "on location" Chris!
Top-notch content as always!
Thanks.
Been there a couple years ago. It was an extraordinary experience. Lots of things to see and activities for kids as well. A whole day well spent.
Simply wonderful. Good to see you getting out of that green screen and into the real world showing us the wonderful and fascinating history of computers.
When I watch your videos, I often get a feeling of nostalgia. Your shows remind me of the shows from the 80s and early 90s. I love it. :) Keep up the good work!
One of the most interesting video on TH-cam at the time. computer history is fascinating.
The ICL 2966 brought back fond memories of school. my friends and I spent many many happy hours mucking around on it before pcs were widely available. to get around the time limit quota assigned to each student, after spending a few hrs on a session, we used to login concurrently from another terminal, logout from the original terminal, then logout out from the newly logged in terminal. the newly logged out terminal overwrote the time usage of the earlier session. we were careful to make sure that our usage was about 80-90% of our weekly quota to avert suspicions.
Happy Christmas, I'm just having a nostalgic day, and searching for old computers. Look what popped up. Thanks, very well presented.
Happy Christmas! :)
That's an amazing video! I read in the past about few of those computers and it was really fascinating to see some of them "alive" in your video!
Please do more of those videos of looking in the past, it is really interesting and your explanations are very good.
One of my uncles worked on an ENIAC computer in the day. He was excited when he got a commodore 64. He unfortunately passed away in the early 80's but he would have loved to see computers of today!
I bet he would be amazed at how far the "descendants" of ENIAC have advanced.
Very interesting. Computing history is fascinating - I'll watch and like any such video you post.
Thanks! :)
You make a better documentary than History Channel. I'd listen to you teaching computer history for hours if I could. It's so interesting.
Thanks.
I bought at auction a box full of old valves, a few of these were MOD stamped and red. Just the types of valves colossus used, and I was able to donate them to the late Tony Sale to help his rebuild. I actually met him and a really nice guy.
Cool.
What a fantastic video Chris!
Thoroughly enjoyed watching it - I think I'll have to visit and see them all!
Thank You!
Thanks for this. I will have to visit Bletchley again soon. The last time I visited was about 10 years ago, and I can see a lot has changed.
There is so much cool stuff at the museum (which now runs independently of Bletchley Park).
I love these old computers. It shows the humble beginnings we've really come from. I love seeing what challenges were overcome with things like core memory being destructive read, and the use of more mechanical parts.
Another great video, thank you for the quick tour. I look forward to the video on the smaller machines. If you are looking for ideas for future videos, please consider doing more in-depth historical pieces on some of the machines you covered in this video, I find these histories fascinating. Thanks once again for all of the excellent content that you produce.
Great stuff Chris! Some of the hardware later in the video I had the opportunity to see as a child in operation where my dad worked... fond memories. xD
My dad was an engineer for a contractor company of the Itaipu dam here in Brazil, but before myself coming into existence, he had already worked with valves, punch cards and whatnot. He used to teach classes later in his career so he had samples of the stuff... very unfortunately lost in between moving from one place to another. The oldest PC stuff I still have is probably some floppy disks.
I remember that the job place he had into the computer department was an entire building where half of it was the refrigerated server room, and the rest of the building were offices with dumb terminals built litteraly inside desks (custom made desks with a monitor and keyboard built in). They still used floppy disks of the 8 inch size.
The server room had a whole bunch of wardrobe sized units, some with spinning taperolls, some for other purposes. The room was refrigerated 24/7, floor had these thick cardboard-like perforated tiles with all the cables running under it.
But the thing I remember the most is the printer. It was pretty huge for a child me. xD
It opened up like a fridge, and had it's own vacuum cleaner to suck up the bits of paper that came off that perforated paper used for dot matrix printers. All very fascinating.
These sound like wonderful memories of early and large computing! Thanks for sharing.
Awesome video. It is a bit awe inspiring how far we have come in 70 years.
Love the video quality on these old machines nice work
I love computing history. It really just brings it back into perspective that these little black boxes we keep in our pocket are truly an amazing accomplishment.
+ExplainingComputers / Christopher
Congratulations on creating an interesting and historically accurate video.
Looking forward to your reviews of old computers.
Thanks Mark.
Love the channel. Your style is deff unique on youtube. Good job.
Thanks.
Hi Chris. Thanks for this "traveling to the past" episode. Very nice.
Wow, this is such a fascinating video. The punched paper tape is so intelligent, love it!
Great video!
I visited Bletchley Park and the then joined National Computer Museum back in 2010, now I believe it's a separate entity. Great to see the place again and really like this style of video Chris, can't wait for part two. oh and more of the same please! :)
Thanks for your kind and positive feedback! I was not sure what the reaction to this video would be -- it is something different for the channel. The National Museum of Computing is indeed now run separately to the rest of Bletchley Park.
Excellent video! I've been in computers for 40 years but I learned quite a bit from this video. I was surprised at how early "computers" were in operation. I'm also impressed that the reconstructed machines are made with more or less original components -- I'm amazed that the components can be found.
I asked about this -- they apparently use "new old stock" -- 50 to 40 year old valves that have never been out of their packaging, held in storage by the origonal users of such machines.
I wish I had a single purpose computer that would press the like button every time for me.
I love these vids and it reminds me of old 80's BBC school documentaries that were highly interesting back in the days gone by!
Good one. Thanks. More history please.
Great video Chris! I have worked on valve amplifier equipment in the past and seeing all those valves in their various flip-flop circuits boggles the mind!! Let's think about the heater current needed by these beasts! Valves of this type need a heater, which is an electrical element (the part that is seen glowing in most valves that is heated by an external current) to produce a stream of electrons inside them to make them work. The electron stream formed within the valve by the heater allows another output current to pass, the valve's design providing control of this output current, so making it capable of doing useful work like amplification or binary switching (in the case of these computers). Most valves take between 150mA (0.15A) to 1.5A to power their heaters alone and this wasteful demand represents one of the technology's biggest disadvantages for apart from allowing the valve to work, the heater current contributes nothing to the useful work a valve can do. So, a computer containing around 2,000 valves may end-up consuming between 300 to 3,000 Amps of heater current (unless specialised "high efficiency" valves were used?), with additional power being needed to run the logic/paper tape/indicator etc. circuits as well. This is a lot of power!! Also, all those heaters are going to produce, well, a lot of heat!! I suppose we should be thankful of the development of silicon technology :)
Great calculations. The ENIAC valve-based computer, built shortly after Colossus, had about 18,000 valves -- which according to folklore dimmed the lights of Philadelphia! :)
Guess I'm one of few left which had seen a working hard disk drive like the giant disk in your video. It was in a cabinet the size of a large refrigerator, with a massive 5MB capacity. But the disk was of much cruder construction than the one in the video. It had a large plexiglass door discolored and dingy with age. My PC servers actually ran the business side of the facility. They were the smallest devices in the data center and the 'refrigerator' stood behind me. A Xerox Sigma9, iirc. Yes, wikipedia showa a similar drive!
Great recollections, thanks! :)
Then there was the magnetic drum memory - loaded via mag tape for each "job".
When I was an operator in 1981, I was working at a site for a couple of weeks on an ICL 1900 (I forget which model), one of the regular jobs was to clean the disk packs, (by hand).
I saw a similar large fixed hard disk at my first job in 1975. The disk was attached to a Burroughs B500 machine which I believe was installed in 1968 and had 32K core ram. Most of the storage was handled by 5 tape drives which wrote at either 556 or 800 bits per inch. The 5MB fixed disk was a grey cabinet about the size of a domestic upright fridge. I didn't work on this machine as I was training to be a COBOL programmer on an ICL 1901T machine.
Thank you for your time to make and upload this video; really well done! :)
Wow professor, this was a great video today. Loved it and can't wait for next ones.
Thanks. I was not sure what reaction this would get -- my first ExplainingComputers location report!
I wrote code for and managed ICL1903a, 2966 and Series 39 machines. We used them for stock control, payroll and some more esoteric stuff such as radio frequency prediction. At the time I could program in COBOL, S3 which ICL programmed much of VME in. There was a Fortran compiler and an Algol 60 compiler for both the 1900 and 2900 series systems. I also implemented some systems on an ICL DRS 20 system, which was one of the first networked 8 bit microprocessor systems ( unusually I think ICL bought the design in and badge engineered it, the mainframes and associated operating systems were done in house) . I guess this was in about 1985. They were still running payroll and personnel for about 200,000 people back in the 1990s.
It's quite interesting to consider how little computational power and storage mainframes had but how much work they could get through. And how efficiently one had to code to get a program to fit in say 4 megabytes of memory. It's quite ironic really because now I program microcontrollers for fun and pretty much all of them have more power and memory than I ever had on a mainframe.
Just out of interest I need some blank punch paper tape. Does anyone know of a source?
Great bit of history...thanks for sharing it with us!
I know a bit about American computer history and it was great to see the British side. I've heard of the Colossus but never saw a picture of one. I've had the privilege of programming several of the early semiconductor computers in the 1960's (IBM 1627, PDP-1). Part of me still doesn't believe that the Raspberry PI can do so much more than these room-sized machines that led the way to what we take for granted.
:)
Yeah, GHz, Tbytes, Gflops were never mentioned in "our" era. I used PDP-11s at work and had a great time with Commodore Basic. The PDP-1 was an experimental machine at MIT. They were aways posting notes of new instructions they had added. It was an exciting era.
Great information on history of computing. The parking lot resembles the scenes from the movie "Enigma".
Awesome video! I remember seeing some early photos of the EDSAC build while back. Looks to of come along nicely.
One of the Best early Computing docos ive seen. ThankYou Awesome
Very interesting, never knew that computers were so different back then!
Can't wait for the PC videos! Great video!
Great videos. As a software developer /coder, I find the history of computing incredibly interesting. I released the game called "Charlie the Chav" on the android play store, which I based on old 2d platform games of the 80's. I did it for fun. However, it was done in Java, using very simplistic techniques of OOP that you had no way of getting around, back then. In the old days, you had to code for so many problematic hardware restrictions, such as the type of display unit, the memory, and lack of colour. You had to be very clever, and almost use bodging techniques to accomplish your goal. Now, it's so easy to produce anything. Even a child can develop software.
But, what I like to see is this kind of content. We are back to the roots and the guts of our modern cpu. Every bit of hardware we use today comes from this equipment in some way. It should be worshipped. Pure geniuses created this technology.
Great post -- I could not agree more about getting back to the "roots and guts of the modern CPU". A great line! :)
Awesome. I was at the museum on the 4th June. Fantastic display
You were there three days after me! :) The second video, shot in the PC Gallery, uploads this Sunday. :)
Great show looking forward to seeing more
Just watched a TH-cam video on Colossus hosted by the national museum of computing by Chris Shore ( recommended) and stumbled on your video. Another goody, thanks.
Fantastic video thoroughly enjoyed watching every minute, will defo make a visit to that museum. Keeps those TH-cam videos coming.
Thanks! :)
Hello Again & Thank You So Much For Sending This Link. I Have Several Documentaries About Bletchley Park During The War But You Make It & Post War Advances Even More Interesting. This Made Me Reminisce About My "First", A Tandy RL-1000 With Two, Low-Density (720K) Floppy Drives, No Hard Drive & 512K RAM. A Hayes Compatible 2400 Baud Modem Was Used To Dial-Up Local BBS & To "Expose" My Nostalgia, I Still Have The Copy Of Telix I Used On The Flash Drive I Keep In My Pocket. I Shan't Bore You Any Longer & You Sir, Will Never Bore Me! Thanks Again!
Thanks for watching, and I'm glad you liked the video.
Thanks for the video. I worked on the last type of computer in the mid 80's with the 300MB disk drives that were the size of washing machines. I also saw what happened when the new disk packs were not handled properly and a user took out approx 20 read/write heads at about £700 each, unfortunately I was one of the engineers training at the time and watched as the heads were refitted.
I programmed on Perkin Elmer mini computers in the mid-80's which used some of the same 300MB drives. I think that they were made by Control Data. To backup and verify one of these drives to 6250bpi tape drives, made by Storage Tek, took over 40 minutes and two tapes, 1200/2400' (?). Basic process was to load tape #1, the backup program would do a write pass then rewind and do a read pass to verify the tape. Manually unload Tape #1 and load tape #2 and tell the backup program to continue. Each read / write pass of a tape took about 10 minutes.
When the 300MB disk pack became badly fragmented the action of the drive read/write heads moving in and out would cause the drive cabinet to shake violently and in extreme cases the drive cabinet would start to move across the floor. The quick engineering fix for this was rubber wedges between cabinet and floor. When time was available, usually at night we would have to 'defragment' the drive by backing up files contiguously to tape then reinitialising the drive, (similar to a quick format), and then restore the contiguous backup tape back to the disk drive. A very lengthy process for 300MB.
This was like what PBS used to be, love this stuff!
I saw on one of the programs about Bletchley that Tommy Flowers did a Personal Computer course in the 1990’s . That is the only thing in writing that acknowledges he has any knowledge of Computing. It is just amazing what the code breakers were doing at Bletchley Park.
Holy shit, now I feel old! I used to work on the 2966 when I was a young engineer at ICL back in the eighties :) Now it's in a museum, hehe.
Time catches up on all of us. I'm just editing the follow-up video today on early PCs, and I cannot believe old some of these "recent" pieces of technology now are!
Wonderful, can't wait to watch it! I must say, even though I feel a certain nostalgia seeing these old computers, I'm more than happy to embrace the latest technologies.
Great stuff Chris...can't wait for the next one!...
Thank you for doing these videos - Amazing work. God speed
Wow, although obsolete as hell, the lights in those tubes moving around in there and so quickly looked very cool. I didn't know tubes could be this responsive.
My first job in computing was kernel dump cracking on P and S series ICL 2900 VME machines (basically what, in later terminology, would be the equivalent of working out what caused a Blue Screen of Death).
The ICL 2966 (pronounced "29" "66") in this video was a mid-range S-Series machine. The "big" S-Series machine was the 2988 Superdual.
One of the big problems we had with newbie operators was, when they removed the exchangeable discs, they sometimes failed to keep the disc platter perfectly horizontal and the bits would drop off 😉
Thanks for this! :)
I'm not sure about bits sliding off the platters.🤔 I do remember instances where newbie operators would remove a disk pack under it's protective perspex cover and forget to attach the bottom cover before placing the pack on the shelf. When the ops shift leader did a quick count of the covers lying around and found that he had more covers than disks which were actually mounted and in use he would go ballistic at the junior ops. Don't think we ever had a head crash due to this sloppy handling of the disk packs.
I remember doing core dump analyses on IBM 370's using DOS/VE. Bad news when I was on-call at night. Go to the program library and get all of the source listings. Lots of hex arithmetic to determine which instruction in which subprogram caused the failure. Most commonly a decimal data exception - the 370 spat the dummy when a packed decimal field contained an invalid value. Talk about going down a rabbit hole. Never going back there.😬
Excellent video, you are very good at explaining things. Keep up the good work!
I really enjoyed watching this - thanks for your excellent and interesting video!
Thanks! :)
Awesome video! I love old computers!
Great video as usual !
I remember my first computers the wonderful ZX81, Timex-Sinclair Spectrum, Commodore 64. They were the actual population computer beginning.
Thanks
All of these machines -- and more -- will appear in the follow-up video sometime in July. :)
Wow! My dad was a lecturer at Wolverhampton Polytechnic in the 70's and I remember seeing the WITCH. So glad its been saved.
This is great to hear. A fantastic connection.
Interesting stuff.
The Zilog Z80 was cool... but as we can see here, proper computers have a wall of flashing lights and spinning reels.
The Z80 was indeed cool, and I had the Zaks guide to programming it in my hand yesterday afternoon! :) I fondly remember writing Z80 assembler. And some Z80 machines will appear in my "Early PCs" follow-up to this video.
I was coding Z80 yesterday. I wrote a version of Snake in ZX BASIC but it's too slow, so I'm doing the drawing and the routine to move the snake in Z80. I wrote the Bash script below to facilitate development...
Assembly on Linux to a ZX tap file is done using Pasmo. Errors are caught and the cursor is placed at the offending line in the vi editor. I have a template file for fuse, which is a snapshot with just some BASIC to CLEAR 32000 (to tally with org 32000). The newly created tap file is then attached. The next line of BASIC says LOAD "" CODE and that instantly loads the code into RAM 32000 onwards.
inaflap:~/Coding/Z80$ more mkzxtap2
myname=`echo $1|sed 's/\(.*\)\..*/\1/'`
fn="${myname}.errors"
myrun=1
linestart=1
while [ $myrun -eq 1 ]
do
vi +${linestart} ${myname}.asm
echo "Assembling ${myname}.asm"
pasmo --tap ${myname}.asm ~/Coding/Z80/${myname}.tap >${fn} 2>&1
grep -i 'ERROR' $fn
errorfree=$?
if [ $errorfree -ne 0 ]; then
linestart=1
fuse -s ~/Coding/Z80/template1 -t ~/Coding/Z80/${myname}.tap >${fn} 2>&1 &
else
linestart=`head -n1 $fn | sed 's/^.*line \(.*\) of.*$/\1/'`
fi
echo
echo -n "Re-edit and assemble (y/n)?"
read -n1 ans
if [[ $ans == "y" ]]; then
pkill -9 fuse
else
pkill -9 fuse
myrun=0
fi
done
echo
Wow! Hats off to you Sir! :) It is so long since I have done this kind of thing.
+David Griffin But a Fortran compiler wasn't available until near the end of the ZX Spectrum's life. 1987. Besides BASIC I can only remember Forth being available... and that's a very different beast.
I think Prolog and LISP were available... but they aren't the right tool for writing Snake. Perhaps they can invert a matrix in six lines.
Didn't everyone own a Zaks guide? He must have sold millions of them. I've still got mine :-)
The museum is still evolving. They moved the "bombe" round from Bletchley Park and with the Mk1 Collosus, they have them running manned by boffins wearing "tank top" jumpers that give an authentic feel to the age of the machines, while they explain how they work. 5* venue and a must visit sight for anyone with a computer interest " bucket" list.
Looking forward to the second part.
Nice video, reminds us where our wonderful little devices all began.
My mind is blown!!!!! That someone actually made something like those early PC's....... Modern PC's aside... how could ppl come up with that... just WOW!!!!!
Thanks for this. I too am amazed at what the early computing pioneers achieved, and how our hardware today evolved from their amazing work.
Looking forward to when you cover more on this topic.
Impressive old technology. And the fact the machines run to this day is even more impressive.
Germany has a similar museum in Cologne.
Very interesting machines they have there. Definitly worth a visit. :)
Greetings from Germany.
Well that was certainly interesting. History is so much more fun to learn about when you can actually see what is being talked about. Of course, being there when history happens can be cool, too. I remember seeing some of the equipment (you showed us) in action when it was cutting edge stuff. I also remember being blown away finding out the wild, wild, crazy storage capacity that those (now ancient) drives had. Little did we know back then... Thanks Chris, for this "field trip" back in time ! How does it feel holding a microphone, a-la field reporter? You do just fine at it.
Thanks for this. I suspect that you will like Part II on early PCs! :)
Thanks for the video Chris, very nice.
I can still remember the first computers.
The developments have not stopped.
OUTSTANDING video! VERY interesting!!! I look forward to your next one on older PCs. ~Cindy! :)
Thanks. :)
One of the first computers ever made used no electricity at all, but was completely mechanical. Due to constant breakdowns, the inventor later replaced the mechanical parts with some relay switches. It's a fascinating topic.
Computing has definitely come a long way. I first started out working with IBM 3032 and ICL 1900s writing code on coding sheets.
Hi Christopher, I visited TNMOC in 2019. They have a partially working IBM 1130 which was the first computer I programmed. It was next to the ICL, but I don't think it was there in 2017. Regards.
Hyped for the next video!
That was pretty awesome! Thank you so much for sharing!
Great place. Been there 3 times now. The ICL is very similar to the Honeywell DPS6 that i used to operate in the late 80's.
This reminded me how old is may laptop... now i want a new one. Thank you. Let the online shopping begin :)
Ha - I did my apprenticeship on the prototype ICL 2966 (codename S3) when I worked at West Gorton in Manchester between 1976 and 1980, I helped design one of the boards in the OCP. The very first one went into the Inland Revenue in Dalkeith I recall. Never could get the 64 bit (N64) version working though. Those were good days.
I find tubes (valves) endlessly fascinating. I build high end audio with them, and have built many scratch projects, a few using what are modern computer type tubes.
Very interesting Christopher. The overall look of Colossus (apart from the valves) is very much like an old Strowger electro-mechanical telephone exchange. I bet the Colossus engineers used standard iron framework, relay racks, etc. from Post Office telephone exchanges... no point in reinventing the wheel during wartime.
For me, the 70's and especially the 80's are the golden era of British computing. Looking forward to those future videos.
Thanks for this. Tommy Flowers was a GPO engineer who built Colossus at the Post Office Research Labs. :)
I didn't realise that, Chris. I do remember that there was a British Telecom training centre at Bletchly Park when I started work as a telecoms apprentice back in the late 80's... it all makes sense now.
EDIT: Actually, I'm sure somebody must have told me about the Colossus/GPO connection back then, but as a 17 year old with a BBC Micro in the 80's it was hard to be interested in valves and relays :-)
That was quite a lot of fun! Thanks,
Chris, this dispells some earlier held understandings of how the computer industry got its start. Nice to hear the real story. Here in the US everyone thinks Steve Jobs created the computer 97%. This would be a great category for the game show called Jeopardy!
Thanks again
Rich
Hi Rich, always good to hear from you. :)
I been learning alot from your videos keep up the good work
Thanks. :)
Just two words: Thank you
Bletchley Park was also the place where I and many other telecoms technicians received our early training from BT. So hello to any of you who are still kicking around
Excellent! :) And I think there are indeed several more of you commenting here.