Taste: Anatomy and Physiology, Animation

Sensations and perception: special senses. Taste buds, papillae, primary taste sensations, mechanism and projection pathways.
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Voice by : Marty Henne
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Taste, or gustation, is a special sense that helps us evaluate what we eat or drink. Basically, certain food molecules dissolved in the saliva activate taste receptor cells in the mouth; these chemical stimuli are then converted into electrical signals and sent via several nerves to the brain, where they are interpreted as tastes.
Taste receptor cells are organized in groups called taste buds, which are present most abundantly on the tongue, but also on other parts of the mouth.
On the tongue, taste buds are located on small visible bumps called papillae. There are different types of papillae on different parts of the tongue, but the taste buds that they contain are all similar in structure.
Each taste bud is composed of about 50 taste cells, with microvilli at the top projecting into a pit called the taste pore. This is where taste molecules bind to their receptors. Taste cells synapse with sensory nerve fibers at the base of taste buds.
There are 5 main types of taste receptors corresponding to 5 major taste sensations in humans:
- Salty receptors detect sodium in salt,
- Sweet receptors bind to a number of sugars and sugar substitutes,
- Sour receptors activated by acids,
- Umami, or “meaty” taste, elicited by amino acids, in particular glutamates,
- And bitter taste associated with spoiled foods, natural toxins, and substances such as quinine, caffeine..
Each taste cell has receptors for only one type of taste, but a taste bud is typically composed of a variety of cells detecting different tastes.
All primary tastes can be perceived throughout the tongue, but some regions are more sensitive to a certain taste than others.
Each of the primary tastes can be elicited by not one, but a number of chemicals. In addition, the thresholds for detection differ among chemicals that taste the same. Sweet and salty substances generally have high thresholds - they must be present in large amounts to be detected. Bitter compounds typically have very low thresholds - we can taste them at very low concentrations. Taste buds at the back of the tongue are especially sensitive to bitter substances, which often trigger rejection responses such as gagging and vomiting, an attempt to avoid ingestion of toxins.
Some people are "supertasters" - they have more taste buds on their tongue and are therefore able to detect certain “subtle” tastes at very low concentrations.
Depending on the type of taste sensation, binding of taste molecules to their specific receptors results in depolarization, or activation of G-protein and second-messenger signaling in taste cells. In either case, the activated taste cells release neurotransmitters which generate actions potentials in sensory nerve fibers. Depending on the location of the taste buds, nerve fibers carrying taste signals move along cranial nerves VII, IX, or X to the solitary nucleus of the brainstem. From there, second-order neurons project to 2 destinations:
- The thalamus, where they synapse with third-order neurons which continue to higher cortical taste centers.
- And the hypothalamus and amygdala, where they trigger autonomic reflexes such as salivation, gagging, vomiting and provide input for regulation of eating behaviors.

[@Alilamedicalmedia]

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[@heidideplazes4684]

i am so impressed by how you were able to fit so much information into a 4 minute video while still speaking calmly

[@BURGER44725]

Big black guys👦

[@smyrnasstory]

“I praise you because in an awe-inspiring way I am wonderfully made. Your works are wonderful, I know this very well”

[@ImaniRossi-qu6eu]

True

[@emmah1737]

Perfect timing!! I just learned this in class and I have a quiz on it in a couple days. I was quite confused but its nice to see a video that lays it all out and explains it clearly! This helped a great deal!!

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Subscribe this channel for Latest Medical Lectures.

[@ayoubberrid5253]

brief, concise, precise. Bravo!❤

[@carameliz]

Thankyou so much for this explanation. It helps my task a lot!

[@tabiiwatchfree]

Perfectly explained!!

[@luminous_faery]

Nice, short informative video! Thank you

[@joeblanka3664]

The tongue map, which suggests that different areas of the tongue are responsible for detecting different tastes (e.g. sweet, sour, salty, bitter) is a widely-held myth that has been debunked by scientific research.
In reality, taste buds are distributed evenly across the surface of the tongue, and all taste sensations can be detected throughout the tongue, Taste perception is also influenced by other factors, such as aroma, texture, and temperature, which can enhance or diminish the perception of different tastes.
While the tongue map may be a persistent misconception, it is important to rely on accurate scientific information when it comes to understanding the human body and its functions.

[@kylieshillingburg-fortuna7721]

weird, because in my anatomy and physiology laboratory this was an exercise. Dabbing different foods on different areas and oddly I could taste certain foods in some places but not others. same with the whole lab classroom.

[@joeblanka3664]

@@kylieshillingburg-fortuna7721
The tongue map myth, suggesting distinct taste areas on the tongue, originated from a misinterpretation of David P Hänig’s 1901 research by Edwin G Boring in the 1940s. Virginia Collings’ 1974 experiments clarified that all tastes can be sensed across the tongue, albeit with varying sensitivity. Additionally, scientists hypothesize a sixth taste for fat, detected by specific receptors and contributing to mouthfeel. It also depends on what kind of taster you are, Supertaster, Midtaster, Nontaster, an average person has 10,000 taste buds a supertaster has 20,000.

[@alejandrobugarin9146]

Thank you, for this video.

[@seenaj223]

Damn so grateful that all this delicate machinery inside me works just fine

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best content n best video🙏

[@smruti011]

Thank you

[@damieevers8572]

So amazing

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thank you

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Quality content

[@user-qu2ed1bg2e]

Thanks

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I hope u get much support and viens as u deserve

[@dreamieangie6851]

You to😊

[@Memeworld404]

Thank you so much for being a human

[@Sohaila500]

شكرًا لك.

[@Mysterious-BOy-1.]

Great video 💌💌💌

[@rubenmahrla9800]

Good video. Now please explain in depth exactly how and why umami is more pronounced as opposed to sweet and salty when we are up in the air in flight on an airplane, when dry air and low cabin pressure impact our taste buds.

[@tajeldinadam4972]

Very nice video like it

[@Fuccu12]

A year later and I’m still tryna find out who asked

[@santalum5476]

Awesome 👍👍🆒😎

[@muharrempellumbi372]

Pse me vjen per te vjellur nga dhembet si keta qe po shikoj ne videon tuaj

[@nicoleojukwu4448]

Arigato ✨

[@deborahr9188]

Just to inform: Portuguese subtitles presented in ALILA channel videos are usually correct, but in this video there is a recurring error: whoever translated it called it "papilla" every time the "taste bud" were mentioned. It's worth fixing!

[@Alilamedicalmedia]

Thanks, the translation is automatic by Google so mistakes are unavoidable. Can you please help? We don't know Portuguese, we can fix it if you can point out more specifically which word to be replaced by which. Thank you.

[@deborahr9188]

@@Alilamedicalmedia , each time "taste buds" are mentioned, can be changed: the correct translation in Portuguese is "botões gustatórios". When "papillae" are mentioned, translation is correct: "papilas"

[@Alilamedicalmedia]

@@deborahr9188 Thank you so much, we'll fix it asap.

[@ToanNguyen-nb5iy]

Can you do Vietnamese subtitles please

[@Alilamedicalmedia]

Vietnamese subtitles added!

[@ToanNguyen-nb5iy]

@@Alilamedicalmedia thank you very much 🥰🥰🥰

[@canute18canute]

What about chili/spice/heat? How and where does the tongue detect that?

[@emileesim-enoh986]

Those are simply pain receptors. They're not technically a taste

[@WinnieGunzz]

3:14

[@mhaekal2939]

2:48

[@antonioali3963]

Ola

[@floridaman6982]

What about spicy?

[@pandebhaswara131]

Jejak

[@ryancabatana5458]

Hey bat moko na block as fb?

[@billbright1755]

It’s an acquired taste.👅

[@catiapb1]

Tongue map has been debunked for a while now...

[@Samera.m]

Ggod

[@silvebackmgmt.8929]

C'mon, it's 2022; please remove the distracting watermark...You have your banner in the corner & that shows ownership just fine. 🧐🥱🧐