This Paradox Proves Einstein's Special Relativity
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 6 ก.พ. 2025
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TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE! If you were flying at 99% the speed of light and holding a hand mirror out in front of you, would you see your own reflection?
Still waiting for your reply on your Instagram post :""""")
yeah
well yes...I guess
since the mirror is stationary wrt you there must be no change in the reflection
you will be able to see what you see every day in the mirror
Yeah...considering that in minkowski spacetime...you with respect to yourself are at rest...you would see your reflection normally in the mirror...i.e completely stationary while your background moves away backward at light speed
Yes. I don't like it, but yes, since we're in an inertial frames of reference. Thanks hadn't thought of that since highschool.
Hello Jade. I rarely comment on a TH-cam video, but this is too important. Please don't let the pressure of uploading multiple videos in a week following a traditional TH-cam business model get to you. You are one of the best channels that TH-cam has to offer (in my opinion), precisely because your content is not rushed... something I cannot say of other content creators, even if they do reflect on similar themes/subjects as you do. I hope that you know that some of us value quality before quantity and that the gift that you have for explaining/structuring/editing has made us understand subjects that we always wanted to grasp (and this is coming from a fellow educator). Keep on doing what you do best and congratulations for another excelent video. Kind regards from Mexico.
Well said! Her Videos are great I think. Speed isn't everything :)
I completely agree
Completely agree.
Holy crap. Are you guys serious? This is just recycled and regurgitated derivative kids stuff. Every remedial science channel has the same video, in the same format. She could make 10 of these a week and not break a sweat. It's all surface level information with cursory, peripheral knowledge. Just copy _physics girl_ videos after she copies _sci show_ after they copy _vsauce_ after they copy _smarter every day_ after he begs for money.
Every video is treated like an introduction to every concept in that video, so the actual stated theme is given no more time than something like relativity. Relatively is just a piece of the puzzle that a fifth grader should already know, yet is explained like you and I have never seen the concept.
It's all filler to increase the watch time when the creator is parroting something else they don't understand. Because they don't understand, they never expand on the topic, they just fill time around a concept they saw _Matt Parker_ talk about.
Is there any creator that goes beyond the middle school, simplified version of any topic?
@@Mitchell_is_smart._You2bs_dumb watch out everyone, the YT police just rocked up spoiling the fun.
Your work is always brilliant. And I think the fact that you take your time to really understand the subject is one of the reasons why. Everyone needs time to really know anything but you have the honesty to recognize it and it's rare. Thank you for all your work. You make this world a better place to live in.
I think you're right. I honestly believe there are some physics channels that just explain the laws but haven't actually thought about their implications. I find this so refreshing. ✌️
Nerds, you have been fooled 👉 The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 💖
I just studied Special Relativity this past term and this video really resembles the way my professor taught it (without the math, of course). Amazingly done!
th-cam.com/channels/cSIkt24P3WzN1n07l2C97Q.html
Nerds, you have been fooled 👉 The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 💖
I have been studding the construction of the Pyramids. It blows my mind when you can see all the details of construction on the Petro cliffs. They used the "B" field of a magnet!!! what's so hard to understand?? If you take a large granite stone and vibrate the "B" field of a magnet into same, at the correct frequency, it will heat up and become soft as well. Easy to form and cut. What's the big deal it's written all over the stones IT'S ALL ABOUT THE "B" FIELD not the North and South poles. In the dark ages we got hooked on the least important part of magnetism North & South poles. We need to get our heads out of our A__. In 1958 I became a HAM operator Built and designed my own receivers and transmitters. We depend on the "B" field to transmit our AC current through the wire as well as any radio signals..FACT!!
@@vincecox8376 bro did graduation from Instagram University 💀🗿
@@ιενεα Just learn that the center of a magnet is the most powerful part.
Thanks! You are the best teacher. You make learning interesting and the topics understandable.
I remember when I tried to grasp these concepts: spacetime, reference frames, time dilation, etc. TH-cam already existed and I tried to find explanations that would stick in my brain. I gave up and just accepted it had to be true or GPS would’nt work. It made me feel quite inadequate at times. Of course, with time I got a better grip on the matter. But man, what a help a video like this would have been. Thank you, brilliant!
When you said it takes you a long time to digest physics, I cried inside... It felt so good to know that I'm not alone in having "limited brain capcacity" and being "slow" to learn. I'm super grateful that you go through so much effort to make everything as clear as possible. 😘
I DONT KNOW ANYMORE.
I just admittedly-desperately want more people to know
about No-Knock-Raids and other heavy Issues with OBVIOUS SOLUTIONS.
I just dont want people to keep dying and Homelessness to increase all while TH-camrs like Some More News literally came-up with simple, obvious Solutions. That Guy has 2 Videos on the topic of ‚Things Politicans should really know but just not enough do so they also dont know’.
@@loturzelrestaurant Hm can you elaborate on how you feel
what kind of obvious solutions are you thinking of for the no-knock-raids and homelessness?
are you saying you're mad that people don't use the solutions right in front of them?
@@Kevin-jz9bg "Are you saying you're mad that people don't use the solutions right in front of them?"
Well, yes? I mean, i think we can all agree that Earth would be a better place when Humanity 'Get a grip' and 'stops being dumb'?
@@Kevin-jz9bg And i legit think if enough attention is bought to said YT-Videos, this may cause the Butterfly-Effect or such to cause Change for the Better.
@@loturzelrestaurant That's true 👍 youtube probably has all the info we need to do anything at this point
But I don't totally agree that people can simply "get a grip" because often they don't have a choice...
I think most of the time, people don't do things not because they have no idea how to solve it but because they're scared or simply unable to do it yet. There's so many psychological and social and practical factors that play into whether something gets done.
We might see an "OBVIOUS SOLUTION" this guy isn't using, but first he has to convince himself that it's right and that the benefits outweigh the risks, and then he has to make sacrifices and get out there to implement the solution.
Let's say you're a mayor and your town had a lot of homelessness. Though you're a good leader, your district has a history of corruption. You WANT to build a homeless shelter and provide free food to people.
Obviously, this is a good thing. But it means higher taxes. Higher taxes that people don't want to pay because a) they might not trust you because of the leadership's past corruption and b) they don't see how the homeless shelter benefits THEM.
It also means you need to crack down on corruption, which means being assertive and maintaining respect among the others in your government.
All this takes time, which you might not have much of when, as a mayor, you're also overseeing the development of the solar farm, you're managing crime, you've got to approve educational reforms, etc. (not really sure what a mayor does but probs along those lines)
These are all factors that can unfortunately keep people homeless. I think what's better than relying on busy leadership to solve our problems (they almost always talk better than they act) WE should be vigilant about the homeless situation in our community: actively understand its causes and do things about it, like starting school clubs where you make food for the homeless.
These are just my thoughts, feel free to disagree
This is actually the best explanation of the muon paradox and special relativity I've seen. I'm probably going to remember it for a very long time.
Nerds, you have been fooled 👉 The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 💖
How many muon paradox and special relativity explanations have you seen anyway?
@@snowkracker This is probably my sixth. And it's true; this one's about the best.
The top 1st!!
When a muon travels at speeds close to the light speed, then how would this explanation work out for photons? They actually travel at the speed of light per definition, so, photons "experience" their travel through the universe instantly, without a sense of time passing by. Space contraction and time dilation is ultimate for them. A photon (like from the Sun, traveling towards Earth) "experiences" no time at all before it hits Earth, and it "sees" no distance at all between the Sun and Earth. For us on Earth, practically stationary, the photons are traveling a certain distance at a certain speed, ergo, they "experience" much time and much space.
This was a really good way at explaining all of the topics. I feel like there could've been more elaboration with length contraction but otherwise, this explains the situation very well.
You are observing explanation contraction.
If length had contracted wouldnt earth be closer to sun?
You did a great job with your explanation. I have a Ph.D in physics and couldn't have done any better. Keep up your good work.
John, do all us a favor. explain to all how the center field of a magnet can be used to separate the H2O atoms and make for a very cost effect fuel source. IE: you vibrate the center field of a magnet, you know the power source that separates the N & S poles into the H2O.. USE your brain!! Think about what goes on IF THE CENTER FIELD CAN HOLD BACK THE N &S POLES WHAT DO YOU THINK IT WOULD DO TO THE H2O atom????
@@vincecox8376Here is my is attempt to awnser. (Which may be the same exact awnser that ChatGPT would give you!) 😂 How far from the truth is it?
Magnets cannot separate H2O.
How the center field of a magnet can be used to separate the H20 atoms and make for a very cost effective fuel source?
ChatGPT
The center field of a magnet, by itself, cannot be used to separate water molecules (H2O) into its constituent atoms (hydrogen and oxygen). The separation of water into hydrogen and oxygen typically requires a process called electrolysis.
Electrolysis is a method that uses an electric current to break down water molecules into hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2). In this process, water is typically mixed with an electrolyte, such as an acid or a base, to enhance its conductivity. Two electrodes, usually made of a conductive material like platinum or graphite, are submerged in the water and connected to a power source.
When an electric current is passed through the electrodes, the water molecules near the positive electrode (anode) undergo oxidation, producing oxygen gas (O2). At the negative electrode (cathode), the water molecules undergo reduction, producing hydrogen gas (H2). These gases can then be collected separately.
The separation of water through electrolysis is an energy-intensive process. It requires a significant amount of electrical energy to break the chemical bonds in water molecules. The cost-effectiveness of this process depends on the cost of electricity used and the overall efficiency of the electrolysis system.
While magnets can have various applications in energy generation and storage, they do not directly contribute to the separation of water into hydrogen and oxygen. The process of electrolysis is still the most common and efficient method for producing hydrogen fuel from water, although other emerging technologies are being explored as well.
It's worth noting that the cost-effectiveness of using hydrogen as a fuel source also depends on other factors, such as the availability and cost of hydrogen production methods, transportation, storage, and utilization.
Thank you're confusing PhD with high school diploma.
i just discovered your channel....i dont have words for what i'm feeling right now. The way you broke this down is insane to me, i've always struggled to understand what frame of reference and inertial frame of reference means, i learnt those in high school but only crammed them in order to regurgitate them in a test or exam, heck i always struggle to remember what dilation actually means, you've made me understand these and other concepts in this video so intutively that i dont think i'll ever forget them again. THANK YOU SO MUCH 😭😭😭😭
The editing on this is amazing. Props to the editor.
Nerds, you have been fooled 👉 The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 💖
@@WiseandVegan OK weirdo, time for your meds
terrific explanation Jade, there was a literal moment where my mind went "aah! that's why!" Thank you, you really are an excellent educator.
This is the first video I’ve seen from you and it will not be the last lol! I absolutely love how well you are able to convey complex topics like these and keep the viewer well grasped as well as making the info easy to retain.💜
I have been studding the construction of the Pyramids. It blows my mind when you can see all the details of construction on the Petro cliffs. They used the "B" field of a magnet!!! what's so hard to understand?? If you take a large granite stone and vibrate the "B" field of a magnet into same, at the correct frequency, it will heat up and become soft as well. Easy to form and cut. What's the big deal it's written all over the stones IT'S ALL ABOUT THE "B" FIELD not the North and South poles. In the dark ages we got hooked on the least important part of magnetism North & South poles. We need to get our heads out of our A__. In 1958 I became a HAM operator Built and designed my own receivers and transmitters. We depend on the "B" field to transmit our AC current through the wire as well as any radio signals..FACT!!
Yes, absolutely - Jade is tremendously pleasant to listen to; she seems so fun and personable, and delivers the ideas very nicely.
I love your channel Jade! I'm a huge science buff and advocate but I'm by no means a scholar. However, I have a huge thirst for knowledge and information and your videos satiate my brains needs so thanks for what you do... you're my new favorite teacher 😀
Amazing 🤩🤩
You've explained a lot of concepts in much easier way in just one video
Nerds, you have been fooled 👉 The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 💖
@@WiseandVegan troll off you weirdo
Jade you are a true gem! I've worked as an engineer for over 35 years, yet your down to earth explanations of so many complex topics have given me a much better understanding of these things. Keep up the great work! 👍
How is it possible to work as an engineer for 35 years and still not completely understand these topics
I've watched so much physics TH-cam that this is probably the third explanation of the muon paradox I've seen.
They _keep getting better_
Nerds, you have been fooled 👉 The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 💖
I cannot fully explain how beautiful you and your videos are. Especially this one. You know i have never truly found a video on physics (specifically relativity) in like 5 years of researching it; that actually dives into the abstractions of all these concepts and makes them understandable for someone who does not think like this. I usually find myself asking questions after someone explains something in a video, and feeling uneasy when they dont answer my question. However in your videos, everytime i ask a question in my head, you answer it simply and blatantly; no bullshit. It might sound crazy to say but it strikes me that einsteins quote “you dont truly understand something unless you can explain it to a 6 year old” - rings more true the more “advanced physicists” i see trying to explain something complex like this topic. Seems as if most people just repeat what the textbooks have told them, and think they understand as soon as they hear it. But seriously, it is about being able to not just visualize, but become the laws of what the concepts are exhibiting. Its about understanding the concept enough to literally be in the same wavelength as it. And what you say at the end of the video really hits my heart on a deeper level, because I too actually find all of these concepts extremely hard to wrap my head around, like my mind works in the opposite way of physics. However it continues to interest me because of this unfathomability. And it just really hits home when i hear you say the same thing i always think about myself; that you want to be able to describe this stuff to someone like yourself; in whos brain doesnt work in the way physicists brains do- but still has an unreasonable burning passion for it. Its not just incredibly humble of you to say this, but its also incredibly monumental on a wordly perspective. Because you are truly influencing and sparking the minds of the ones out there like you and me that love physics and want to learn, but cant find anyone or anything teaching it blatantly enough to help them wrap their heads around it. You are doing the 1% of teaching out here. The einstein- kind of teaching, that is; being able to explain it to a 6 year old. And you know, it is more than just physics lessons, this is groundbreaking, lifechanging, fucking other wordly, heroic stuff. Sorry this is so long i just really cannot fully explain to you how amazing and beautiful what you are doing is. I finally found a youtube channel that can truly help me understand what ive been trying so desperately to understand in years of learning. And i just would like you to know, i will be a great physicist one day. And you, Jade, may have just sparked the mind of the next einstein.
A complex subject, explained beautifully. Please don't feel rushed to produce these. Wonderful videos! Take your time, do it right[sic].
These effects are beautifully summed up in the Limerick:
"There was a young lady named bright
Whose speed was much faster than the light
she set out one day in a relative way
and returned on the previous night
To her friends said the Bright one in chatter
I have learnt something new about matter
My speed was so great
Much increased was my weight
Yet I failed to become any
fatter".
...She set out one day
In a relative way..."
Nerds, you have been fooled 👉 The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 💖
actually, travelling faster than light matter (called tachyonic matter) would have imaginary mass...
I would caution you in this limerick as is, it has a fairly sexist undertone.
@@aaattteeennn I would caution you the poem "baba black sheep" has a fairly racist undertone.
I think we can be agree that Carl Sagan wasn't being a sexist when he recite this poem.
My point is the people who made these sentences weren't necessarily sexiest or racist. In those days it was normal for people to talk in this way. They weren't being sexiest,they were being what was considered normal at that time. And I'm not saying everyone was good and nobody was racist, sexiest etc but I think we should not apply *our thinking* of these ideas to past people.
The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there
Wow! This couldn’t have been better timed, as my eldest has been trying to digest relativity, inertial frames and time dilation while reading Brief History of Time. Shared and followed! Thank you!
I've heard it explained as everything is always traveling at the speed of light, just the speed is split between travel through space and travel through time. So when you gain speed through space you lose speed through time, keeping your speed a constant.
These concepts are really complex and difficult to comprehend. You do a great job of making these abstract concepts visually understandable.
“Why am I not doing my homework. I have like three papers to write yet I’m just sitting here watching a video on how muons reach Earth”😂
Good explanation. It took me the longest time just to understand what was meant by "light travels at the same speed in every reference frame." Once I understood it, all the weirdness of special relativity started making sense.
You are a natural educator. This is one of the best videos about special relativity I have ever seen. Absolutely phantastic and easy to understand (I hope)
I always like your content! I think special relativity can be summed up with a very simple statement: since the speed of light can't change, time and distance must in order to accommodate the frame of reference observation. It's basically like a "reality equation" with three variables, except one isn't actually a variable. It's a constant.
Yeah exactly
I'm trying to understand how the speed of light is not relative. If light from the headlight of a 40mph car then would the light not be moving 40mph less than speed of light relative to the car?
If you drive 1/2 the distance at a single speed, it takes 1/2 time to complete the task. Same speed, different distance and times.
Like if you're going 60 mph, but in one hour you only travel 30 miles, your time slowed down by 50%.
@@pertybluestang Light moves at a speed that no other inertial frame can come close to, by definition of special relativity. This speed is an actual number we've measured to be something ~ 299 792 458 m / s. However, this is in a vacuum; in other mediums, its speed changes (ie, it'll move slightly slower if its not in a vacuum). Another way to look at this, is in mathematics, you'll find that if you add 1 to infinity, you still have infinity.
WHOA there. Please be careful when you make such claims as CANNOT or NEVER particularly when trying to educate people to be able to think about such complex phenomena. Thinking in terms of CANNOT might be VERY counter-productive to our ability to rationalize what the **** is going on, because, quite frankly, there's no reason the speed of light couldn't have been different an earlier point in our universe. Proving that, is another story, if it were true at all. I'm not saying it is, I'm just trying to point out you should exercise more caution because, as a math teacher I had once liked to remind his students, "Never is far, far, far, far away from here."
In any case, we don't have enough evidence of even understanding this stuff to begin with (Feyman's famous quote about QM is similar), and since we don't know enough--as the author of the video has stated herself--making such claims that it CANNOT change is biasing "our" ability to conceive, particularly in terms of the kind of out of the box thinking we might need to resolve how to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity.
I keep re-watching this video because it is both educational AND enjoyable to watch. You have a remarkable ability to break down complex issues in a way that non-physics people can understand. You are an excellent presenter and thoroughly engaging. Please keep going, but agree you should not stress to make one per week.
(I loved the car drive along Brighton.. 😁😁)
Everytime I learn something new it pushes some old stuff out like that time I took that winemaking course and forgot how to drive
Brilliant, Jade! Loved this video. You take all the time (or would it be distance...) you need- your content is always worth it!
👍
Nerds, you have been fooled 👉 The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 💖
I've never seen this well explained enough to understand previously. Thank you very much. It's fascinating to comprehend it this well now.
Nerds, you have been fooled 👉 The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 💖
@@WiseandVegan What?
These were one of the best 15 mins i spent.
You made visualizing very easy.
Banger video. Everything was so well explained. The demonstrations of frames of reference really helped my brain click with understanding.
Hey Jade, could you enable the option on your youtube channel to allow us to send translations? I really think this videos are so well made, and I would really like to send subtitles in Portuguese (Brazil) :)
TH-cam disabled that option some time ago
hmmm, I didn't know :/
but thank u
Nerds, you have been fooled 👉 The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 💖
@@WiseandVegan bot
Good Leonardo.
I love your videos, and I think you do succeed at making unintuitive complex concepts more digestible, so thank you, and please, take all the time you need : )
P.s. the 8-Bit music at the end kicks ass!
They say you don't truly understand a topic if you can't explain it to a 5 year old. I may be an adult, but science has never interested me until recently (probably all the bad teachers I had in school and the stress of not understanding them). For all intents and purposes, I'm a 5 year old when it comes to science - and you explained yourself perfectly clearly to me. It's content creators like you who make me realize I do have a passion for physics and science, I just never had a teacher that kindled the interest in me. Thank you so much for all your hard work, your videos are very important to me.
An Average TH-cam comment , who thinks watching just one simple video about physics has aroused his inner love for science and physics is easy and interesting if u have a propar teacher lol she explained everything in simple words not in physics words ! Physics is not only about a storyline , bro u haven't seen what's really physics is lol 😂😂
Average bitter worthless TH-cam comment. Glad you feel so confident in your intellectual superiority
I've been a cosmology nerd for about 20 years (and a space nerd for almost 30), wrapped my brain around some really wild concepts... and this is the first time I've really understood/remembered why "moving clocks run slow" actually WORKS - because of how space shrinks at higher velocities. I'm another viewer who deeply appreciates your dedication to understanding the topic at hand, and leading us on how to understand it along with you!
oh and also the Unstable Muon is adorable, thank you for that drawing, haha
I wouldn't call u nerd u don't deserve that that's for smart people lol
you're lowkey my favorite youtuber, this video was absolutely amazing. Your explanations are like the only science-youtuber's I can follow to the end every time. You really have a talent as a teacher, I'm so glad I found your channel!
Very good. Can I also recommend George Gamov's Mr Tompkins books which explain relativistic effects by reducing the speed of light to everyday speeds.
yeah i was interested in what he was saying about terrell rotation! But then ultimately decided not to do a video about it :(
@@upandatom But you sont even need length contraction to explain this right..rhe fsct that the muon experiences earth traveling to it at near the speed of light means earth will reach the muon in enough time before the muon decays from.the muons perspective.. Hope you can respond when you can.
@@leif1075 In your reference frame the muon can only go 660m before decaying. So you have to consider time dilation.
Similarly, in the muon's reference frame, the Earth can only move 660m towards it before the muon decays. So you have to consider length contraction. That means instead of having to go 15 km, it only has to move 660m. It will "feel" like the Earth's atmosphere is only 660m instead of 15 km
Back when I taught college physics, I always recommended the book "Relativity Visualized" by Lewis Carroll Epstein to my students, and it teaches the concepts underlying special relativity in a very accessible manner. Your video reminded me of that book - I'd highly recommend it, if you haven't seen it.
Ship1 at rest on top:
T--------------------N
N--------------------T
Here we have 2 ships passing each other and each diagram shows one of the ships at rest and the other one moving and length contracted. There is 1 moment when T of ship1 is lined up with N of ship2. This moment must be the same moment for both ship1 and ship2. At this moment N of ship1 is located on opposite sides of T of ship2 simultaneously which is clearly impossible. In order for someone at N of ship1 to look at T of ship2 they would have to look in 2 different directions simultaneously.
Ship1 at rest on top, from A's point of view:
A--------------------B
X----------Y
Ship2 at rest at bottom, from X's point of view:
A----------B
X--------------------Y
Ship1 at rest on top, from B's point of view:
A--------------------B
X----------Y
Ship2 at rest at bottom, from Y's point of view:
A----------B
X--------------------Y
Thank you!! This is the first time I have understood length contraction.
Oh my godddddddd, never expected special relativity to be that amazing, btw i have just graduated highschool and can't wait to learn this stuff more thoroughly!!!! Thanks Jade!!!!!!!!!!!! ❤️
This channel is so good, I'd love to make it required viewing. A few others you might like
Science Asylum
Sean Carroll's channel
PBSspacetime
Lot of great content. This one though is just so accessible :)
This kind of stuff inspires me to major in physics
good luck!
Nerds, you have been fooled 👉 The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 💖
I have had a long time question about all this, that I hope someone can answer:
We have all heard the scenario where there is a set of twins... one twin travels from earth at near the speed of light for one year. When he returns, he is one year older, but his twin is now an old man.
My Question: If all movement is only a perception from the frame of reference of any given observer... what determines which of the twins is the old one? I mean from the traveling twin's frame of reference, he is standing still and the earth (and everyone on it) is moving at the speed of light. So even though his clock appears to run slow for us, would our clock not also appear to run slow for him? Seems a paradox, I have never been able to wrap my head around.
There is a video from minutephysics that answers this exact question!
th-cam.com/video/0iJZ_QGMLD0/w-d-xo.html
You are correct that the clocks would appear to be slower to observers outside that reference frame... but only in the first half of the experiment where they are separating.
After they turn around and start to approach each other then the external clock would appear to run 𝒇𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓 until they line up again when they meet.
Imagine red shifting as they part and blue shifting when converging
The paradox arises from ignoring the frames of reference.
In actuality the twins wouldn't have different ages
th-cam.com/video/UInlBJ4UnoQ/w-d-xo.html
The person who "turns around and come back" experiences two (actually many) frames of reference. One going away, a separate one coming back, and most importantly many as they are accelerating to "turn around and come back".
@@johnmckown1267 since there is no absolute frame of reference, from the frame of reference of second twin (the twin on rocket), the one on earth can be considered moving in multiple frames of references. So second twin should also observe the time dilating for the first one in the same way first twin observes for the second. But we know that’s not true. Physicists conclude the 1st twin would be older when they meet again. I am still not able to comprehend physicists’ conclusion.
@@creamwobbly Felipe up at the top had a good one from minute physics
The production value on this is great!
I like the way you present these videos. It ranks up there with SEA videos on physics and astronomy.
There are a number of things I would love to see you get into more. For one, despite our normal experience of distance and time being absolute, and speed being some sort of emergent property, it seems less obvious as your scale changes. So how do we measure speed and distance? On the surface of the earth its easy ... based on some "fixed" point on the surface. But if you blast a space ship up, pretty soon it seems to be less relevant to measure speed from a fixed point on the earth. And as you get further and further away, its just ludicrous since the earths rotation around the sun may be heading towards you or away from you (so you speed seems to change relative to a fixed point on earth even if you never accelerate). So maybe at some point, the distance and speed makes sense to measure relative to the sun. For a while. But as you get further and further away from the sun (thinking interstellar or even intergalactic distances) that too seems ludicrous (because of the sun's movement in the galaxy and the galaxy's movement in the universe). So when we say our star ship has travelled x light years what do we mean? Distance seems to need to be measured relative to some thing. In a similar note, when we say something is x light years away, what do we mean? And "when" do we mean? Do we mean x light years away from where something was x years ago? Or "now". If the concept of "now" even makes sense. I'm afraid my brain is just not equipped to grok this.
In astronomy, there are several reference frames that are used, much as you imagine. There's the rest frame of the Earth; the frame of the solar system's barycenter (center of mass, which is pretty close to the Sun but not quite there mostly thanks to Jupiter); the "local standard of rest" which is sort of the average motion of stars in the solar system's neighborhood; the reference frame of our galaxy. On the very largest scales, things get trickier because for cosmology you need to take the curved, expanding space-time of general relativity into account, and instead of a single inertial frame you might use a "comoving coordinate system". There, recession velocities due to the expansion of the universe are usually stated in terms of the redshift they cause to an object's emitted light--but over very long distances, the relation between redshift and recession velocity itself becomes tricky because the light isn't passing through flat space-time, so it can be something of an arbitrary convention.
As Matt is right, I will give a much easier to understand answer:
As you said, you choose your frame of reference based on what you want to measure, normally this is really obvious, you choose earth, the sun, the center of our galaxy... and you take time and space as if there were no time dilatation and space contraction and ignore the movement of stars around our sun.
This all gives fairly accurate results for distances and velocities, as long as you don't choose extreme events with near light speeds, distances more than our galaxy in diameter or results need to be exact until the Xth digit.
"Captain, Captain! We are on Warp 0.9 now!"
" Thanks Chekov. Could you be more specific please?"
When I grow up I want 2 B like Jade. 🤣😁
aww thanks Effy!
What about 2 muons that both travel at the speed of light in opposite directions? What will one muon say about the lifetime of the other?
Muons can’t travel at the speed of light because they have mass (only massless particles can travel - and in fact must travel - at the speed of light). But assuming that we define a frame of reference in which both muons start at the origin (i.e in front of you) and start moving in opposite directions at 0.99c, we can show that velocities in Special Relativity don’t add like in Newtonian mechanics. The muon traveling to the right won’t measure a speed of 1.98c for the muon traveling to the left, and neither will the muon on the left measure that speed for the muon traveling to the right. Rather, each muon will measure the other muon to be traveling at about 0.99995c. Both muons observe the other’s time to be dilated by a factor of around 300 million with respect to their own.
@@SystemsPlanet See any text on relativity.
this is usually very badly explained. what you should start with is that muon is an unstable particle created on descent of cosmic rays into the atmosphere and that muons decay in 2.2 microseconds, what means that at 99% speed of light it can travel distance 2.2x10^-6 s x 300 km.s^-1 x 0.99 = 600 m, but it seems to reach further, and then your story.
Omg..my mind is blown...I gotta say the explanation was great..I understood the concept very very well... relativity simplified like never before (from my frame of reference obviously)...btw loved your content and your passion towards explaining physics to us...thanks❤
Just excellent. Mike Merrifield approves of this interpretation we're sure.
Nerds, you have been fooled 👉 The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 💖
please stop pointing those big arrows at me.
The most clear understandable, relatable,desperately needed display of communication,you are exquisite!
Excellent video👏👏👏 Became your fan just after watching 2 videos. . .you explain difficult concepts in a very simple way. . .love the way you communicate and the innovative experiments shown👍👍👍
Thanks!
This is the first time I'm watching any of your videos and trust me, I've only reached till 1 minute and 4 seconds and I've already subscribed to your channel!!
Really in love with your presentation :)
I came across this randomly as you do on TH-cam and WOW..I was really impressed by the clarity, animations, explanations and pace along with an energetic, friendly, natural presentation..I'm hooked and subscribed, great job, you remind me of Amy from Vintage Space.
Just subscribed, what an amazing science communicator you are and with one of the best channel names on TH-cam. Need to learn this sort of stuff to keep up with my brood , daughter, engineering, son material sciences
"It may sound innocent but it is not!" Had to pause the video and laugh.
I must say, I have seen many videos about special relativity but this is the video which cleard my concept. Many thanks for your video. Keep up the good work.
Congratulations Jade, very simple and well explained. Here is a hint to understand time dilation and length contraction. As you explain, their values are relative to their inertial frame of reference, these values are JUST changes of SCALE. Muons travel 15 km which is equal to 2.11 km (Lorentz gamma factor around 7 since muon speed is 99% C); same with time 15.6 µs is equal to 2.2 µs (comparing one frame with the other). BUT both ways are just values from each reference frame, the physical meaning is the same; that is BOTH travel and gets to the same place at the same time. This means that the space 15 km is the same as 2.11 km, it just depends on the scale of their reference frame. Same to time, the passage through time is the same 15.6 µs is the same as 2.2 µs. In the twin paradox, the brother can later meet at the same time even if their clock indicates different values! Idem to the train paradox, the train and tunnel space length occupied the same, their values are just changed depending on their reference frame. A good example is the engineer scale ruler, it occupied the same space meanwhile each face has a different scale so its length has 6 different values for the same space. You can read this and more about a not weird quantum interpretation in a short Amazon book "Space, main actor of quantum and relativistic theories" Hope you will enjoy it, regards
Albert Einstein said: “Recapitulating, we may say that according to the general theory of relativity space is endowed with physical qualities; in this sense, therefore, there exists an ether. According to the general theory of relativity space without ether is unthinkable; for in such space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also no possibility of existence for standards of space and time …”
(Albert Einstein gave an address on 5 May 1920 at the University of Leiden)
I very much enjoyed this presentation, and I hate to nitpick, but when you said that the *average* lifespan was 2.2 µsec but that some managed to travel longer, my initial reaction was that there were enough created that the outliers could last long enough to do so. Clearly, that is not the case, or there would be no paradox, but how do we know that? What is the standard deviation of lifetimes and how quickly are the muons being created?
The speed is all relative!!! we live in a magnetic universe. It's instantaneous , Any speed you go you will see you reflection...
You've made me feel a lot better by mentioning issues letting new information in; I learn for fun and am 33 and have noticed this. It's frustrating. My memory used to be pretty insane. On the another hand, thank you for such a simple video.
You have a really special knack of making a topic extremely simple but not oversimplified. Amazing! Happy holidays everyone, or to those who celebrate, and here’s to many more exciting physics lessons in 2022! 💜✌️
Awesome structuring and presentation. Welldone & Keepup your good work.
Mind. Blown. Will need to watch this a couple more times to (maybe) understand it fully. Thanks, Jade!
Your explanation are more comprehensible than the others. Please keep up your wonderful episodes.
Thx Jade, this is one of the most clear and understandable explanations of relativity i have seen.
I drifted while watching the video and when i heard her again she was like i couldn't still wrap my head around this idea
I played it back and the moment when i heard her saying light speed is the same in all inertial frames of ref ... and i was like i know............. but wait what!🤨?
I immediately felt I still can't explain the physics I love to the degree someone would understand easily ....and she does it so well !
Great work Jade! Love from India.. more power to you !
I'm referring to the beginning of the video. I have this theory where I suggest that things we learn aren't stored inside of our skull while short term and medium term memories are.
My theory suggests that while the crown chakra is open, you actually access memories of others that are stored in the ether. And accessing memories that are stored in the ether allow one to gain an idea that is identical to its originator, or speed up a learning curve, etc.
The word savant comes to mind.
yes there is , an experiment you can perform to find out who is moving , you place a mid point object and examine the Parallax effect. if the object is then moved closer to you and the person moves more , you must be moving . the sentence is there is no experiment , is miss leading because a fixed reference point can be used to identify motion
I could swear to god, your channel is the only one I feel comfortable watching for a simple reason, you point it out when necessary, when something is counter-intuitive, that way we know that we have understood relativity well enough, without having to feel like we missed a step in the video and as a result feel frustrated. most other videos just throw these information at us casually like it is supposed to be common sense.
which brings me to the idea, maybe Einstein himself could not imagine relativity through empirical intuition, but rather through maths only.
Hello,
a) It is a must-know that the speed of light is not constant ( E≠mc²) and is increasing as this note finishes writing.
b) Let us assume a human, Chris, could travel with the speed of light. If an object's distance is 3.0e5 kilometers (considering the speed of light is constant) from Chris, it takes 1.0e0sec for Chris to see the entity (light reflection from the object). Nevertheless, if Chris travels towards the object at the speed of light, it takes half a second, 1 ÷ 2 = 5.0e-1sec, (3.0e5km ÷ 2.0e0= 1.50e5km) for Chris to see the object.
c) If Chris holds a mirror 2.0e1 inch, 5.080e1cm from his face, he shall see nothing, where there is no light shining (glow) on Chris's face. However, suppose there is a light source in front of Chris. In that case, he shall see his reflection in the mirror in: 5.080e1cm ÷ 1.0e5= 5.080e-4km→5.080e-4km is the distance that light must travel for Chris to see his face (*the light source is still glowing on Chri's face at the speed of light while is traveling at the speed of light)⇒ 5.080e-4km ÷ 3.0e5km 1.69333333333e-9, 1.69333333333e-9 of a sec is the time for Chris to see his face.
d) This time (1.69333333333e-9 of a sec) is so short that Chris's brain may not register it if the source glows only 1.0e0 second.
e) NASA, which cannot be trusted, believes "Space itself is pulling apart at the seams, expanding at a rate of 74.3 ± 2.1 kilometers (46.2 ± 1.3 miles) per second per megaparsec. A megaparsec is roughly 3 million light-years)."
Regards,
I love that picture of the Euler identity behind you. I have the formula written on a sticky note on the wall of my cubicle, I think I'm going to add that drawing. Very elegant description/pseudo proof of such a mystifying equation. You should sell copies of all the posters behind you 😉
I enjoyed the clearest explanation regarding inertial frame of reference, and the key two postulates that guide the theory of special relativity.
Wow! this is the first explanation that actually clarified for me why “spacetime” is a thing. I knew about time dilation and length contraction, but never understood that they were different sides of the same coin!
That really helped me understand more than all the other videos. Thank you!
Yet like you I still can’t wrap my brain around it lol. Great video
Great explanation of Special Relativity. Love your humility about needing time to understand physics. That fuller understanding reflects in how good this video is.
This video is amazing! The way you explained speed of light has invigorated me!
One of the best consumable spacetime videos I've ever seen. Well done!
Any chance you would be willing to do a video on the Bose-Einstein condensate? I love the way you explain / teach these topics. I espically love your enthusiasm.
The hero in Einstein's SRT is quantum of light/electron.
Because: 1) one of SRT postulates speaks about constant speed of light
2) The source of SRT is Maxwell EM theory + Lorentz electron force
3) Constant speed of light + Lorentz electron force related by the law of Lorentz transformations
Thanks for the great illustration and great explanation. Hopefully, you can help to explain the following Special Relativity through experiment.
From the reference point, “Center” simultaneously shoots one photon to the left (L-photon) and one to the right (R-photon). After one year we stop the clock and perform (static!) measurements of the distances.
An observer from the Center is 1 light-year away from the L-photon and 1 light-year away from the R-photon and hence concludes that the distance between L-photon and R-photon is 2 light-years.
But observer from the L-photon saw the R-photon fly away with the speed of light (the maximum speed), and hence conclude that the same distance between L-photon and R-photon is only 1 light year.
Where is the flaw and how to explain it (if possible with mathematics)?
This is the 1st time I ever understood special relativity with respect to the Muon's frame of reference. Amazing teaching skills. Thanks a lot
You solved my years old question of the time dilation paradox, by introducing relative distance. THANK YOU!
I am an amateur who has been trying to understand time dilation and related concepts but has not been able to succeed. But by your explanation video, I understood it easily. A big thank you. Keep growing👍👍🙌
First video I've watched from this channel. I love it! Subscribed!
As a beginning programmer in university, I partnered with a physicist to find neutrinos. The idea is that Fermilab was generating them by the truck load, and all we needed is couple of incredibly accurate pointed through the Earth at Fermilab. The theory is that neutrinos would randomly interact with an atom in the hill behind us and create a Muon that would trigger the photo detectors in sequence so we could measure it. I was never a physicist, but it was one of the coolest experiments I've been associated with.
Hey Jade.
I was trying to get my head around something including the above and the Aristotle's Wheel problem.
We can also do this without the numbers, just the idea:
If I made an unbendable stick, a radius if you will, that I wave 90° in 1 second in the air.
Then I made it long enough, so that its end travels 90° in one second with slightly below c.
90° shall be 3*10^8 m
d = U/4 = 1/4*π*r^2 = 3*10^8 m
r = √(4* 3*10^8m / π)
So r is roughly 1,96*10^4 m.
That would be about 20 Mount Everests stuck on top of each other. (Are you still with me? 😀👍)
Now I double this length of the stick/radius 😱 and put a camera up there for fun and because I can. 😊 It is my silly mind, so I can do this! 😅
So if the new radius is 2*old radius, the distance the new end with the camera travels is 4* the distance of the first radius for the same 90°.
Firstly then this point must have gone 4 times of lightspeed. But it can't go beyond c, can it?!
Secondly, what would this hypothetical 360°-super-hyper-C-amera record?
What do we see of the camera, if we saw it travel with 4*c ?
As I said the numbers are just to get the idea, you can scale this up or down as you like.
Am I missing something easy here, apart from realism, sure...😅
Nice job on this one! There was a really nice flow. This one held my attention more than other ones. And I like the length of the videos altogether. Kind of short and sweet. Thank you for the education :-)
I've never heard "Frame of reference" = "Point of view" before. That is so clear. Thank you.
"Frame of reference" implies some deeper understanding is required for us lay people.
This is my favorite explanation on special relativity. Great job! I’m so glad I found this channel
Great video, nice presentation. I'm not optimistic about travelling at near lightspeed anything soon because the same relativistic laws implies that it would take an infinite amount of energy to accelerate us to near light speed. That's the reason why anything that goes fast is by definition also extremely light (or have no standing mass at all like the photon).
I looooove your videos, they are simply great, entretaining and easy to undetstand. I would love a video on what is magnetism
Extremely well done! When I was young I had to figure all this out from playing with equations and drawing pictures for months until it finally made sense. I can't believe what an advantage aspiring physicists will have today if they have access to a nice clean explanation like this. Also, as an avid lover of trampolines I'm definitely going to have to Google for that video... so cool!
In general you are correct that there is no 'test or experiment' we can perform to determine who/what is in motion, unless if you could measure space-time curvature itself, directly.
consider the limit cases like near infinite and 1 over infinite.