I think there is a mistake in the video. T cell differentiation happens during positive and negative selection in the thymus and then differentiated T helper and cytotoxic T cells move into the lymph nodes. In your video, you had differentiation happening when the naive T cells entered the lymph node. That is incorrect.
I think There is no mistake, in the thymus, T naive cell acquire CD4 or CD8 receptors, but it will not differentiate into T Helper and cytotoxic T cell until they will recognize the Antigen presented by the dendritic cell , in the paracortex zone in lymph node. It's sort of activation , wich won't happen until the Antigen invades the body ( sorry for my bad english, our studies are in french ) .
sara allaoui According to the textbooks Grace Sassan is right. Thy will differentiate to T helper with CD4 and T cytotoxic in the thymus more specific in the Madula of the thymus (No need for APC) and then go the lymph node. (This has been confirmed by my professor in London university).
+sara allaoui In the thymus you can have both Double-Positive T-cells (so CD4+ CD8+) and Single-Positive T-cells (CD4+ OR CD8+). When T-cells leave the thymus and migrate to lymph nodes they are strictly Single-Positive naive T-cells. Double-positive T-cells will not leave the thymus as such. I think the terminology problem (and what confused Armando as well) is in the word differentiation. In the thymus we refer to the 'differentiation' process as 'selection' so we're not confused like this. Outside of the thymus, Naive Th cells can bind to antigen presenting cells and become ACTIVATED Th cells. These activated cells can undergo further DIFFERENTIATION into Th1, Th2 or Th17 cells based on cytokines secreted in their environment, but all of these three subgroups are coming from cells that were already CD4+, CD8- T cells. This process is not part of T cell development or maturation, and is traditionally called polarization to avoid this sort of confusion.
+Andres De Avila true this occurs after the double positive phase where T-cells binds stronger to either CD4+ (helpers cells) or CD8+ (killer cells) and then go down the path to become either one of them
Technically T helper and T cytotoxic cells are exposed to antigens from APCs during maturation stages. This happens in the thymus and the lynphonodes. Details about this is still been studied in labs.
at 3:06 you mention differentiation of Naive T cells into cytotoxic T cells or helper cells, the switch from double positive cells (CD4+CD8+) to single positive cells (CD4+CD8- or CD4-CD8+) occurs in the thymus, not the lymph nodes
Actually it is not wrong as SP cells are not yet differentiated in Tc or Th cells. So, yes, maturation from DP to SP occurs in the thymus, but just being SP(CD4+ CD8- or CD4- CD8+) does not mean that they are Tc or Th cells.
Your videos are very helpful. I did notice that you have drawn a single (light or heavy) chain binding to a antigen and not both. The variable region of a light chain and a heavy chain together recognize an antigen. Not just one or the other.
could you download you works as a pdf files (by using cam scanner ) on the your facebook page so I can print please and thank you soooo much :), if you do not mind .
Every B cell has its unique antigen-receptor (antibody), as there are billions of different antigens, do our body constantly having all billions of different B cells? If not, how can we ensure when an antigen enters, we have the right antigen-receptor B cell match the antigen and undergo antibody production?
Hi I'm a teacher of Clinic Diagnostic Analysis in Mallorca, Spain. I have to teach Immunology and I am using your videos, the linearity of the argumentation helps a lot in dealing with the inmune mess. Thanks a lot for your work! Any chance of having the image of this one uploaded?
Hey, do you have any video for mechanism of somatic hypermutation and class switching at "genetic level". i'm a bit confused about that one....will be a great help.
@Mohmmed Al-Dosary CD3 receptor is part of the T-cell receptor complex (T-Cell + CD3^2 + ζ-chain), These proteins help the TCR to bind to the plasma membrane and communicate with the interior of the cell. CD3 and ζ-chain are to the T-cell what alpha and beta Ib are to B-cell receptor.
Ive think antygens bind with antibodies between both the heavy and the light chain, "touching" all 6 CDR regiones, 3 in each chain. In 8:30 you make it seem as each antibody can bind with four antygens a once (it can only bind with two)
Armando, would it be ok if I took some screen shots of your video and uploaded them to my medical schools facebook page (where we share resources). I have found your videos incredibly helpful and often print out your drawings and then add notes. I will put a link to your videos in the posting.
hey, just a question for you guys...i understand that SMH is aimed at the V-regions of both heavy and light chain and is aimed at increasing antibody affinity for antigens. junctional diversity seems to be very much alike SMH except that it occurs in between the intergene sequences of the various regions. so how does junctional diversity affects the Ig? and does it affect the entire gene sequence (ie all regions: V,D,J,C, since it occurs randomly and affects the reading frame of the entire seq)
for my immunology exam, the review sheet it asks for the 4 mechanism that result in BCR diversity. I put VDJ recom, junctional diversity, and somatic hypermutation. I cant figure out a 4th one, would you say my answers are correct and ehat would be the fourth?
8:20 Immunoglobulin/Antigen binding is not based on triangle/square shapes are they? That's simply an analogy, I assume. The binding is of amino acids? Am i correct? Atomic?
According to what we learned in my doctoral program when B cells leave the bone they are mature. Not a major thing, but just wanted to let people know who may have very detail oriented professors.
I'm really confused concerning the B cell maturation. The B cell which leaves the bone is immature but it goes to the spleen and it becomes mature there, that's what we learned :/ any confirmation please?
The B cells which leaves the bone marrow are mature and called naive B cells. when they go to secondary lymphoid organs and become in contact with an antigen, now they are activated B cells.
you say the b-cell gets activated if it binds to a pathogen or a t helper cell. I thought it needed both to "confirm" its activation so it isnt always differentiating in an un needed response, not either or. someone give me a detailed response.
Simply, B-cells are activated by antigen to secrete antibodies. Antigens can be either protein or non-proteins (polysaccharides, membrane glycolipids, and nucleic acids). B-cell response to protein antigens require the "help" of CD4+ helper T cells that are specific for the protein antigen. Sorry, no reference. I didn't think it was needed. It would be clearly stated in Abbas, Janeway, or Parham. For more detail: Abbas (8th ed) p259-260 discusses T-independent antigen activation of B-cells.
I believe there is a mistake or at least some confusion in this video. When looked at on a histology slide, the germinal center appears lighter than the surrounding nodule? not?
On H&E staining, the marginal zone around the germinal center is a darker violet (Hematoxylin). The light and dark zone refer to within the germinal center where one side is slightly lighter than the other side (Eosin).
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I think there is a mistake in the video. T cell differentiation happens during positive and negative selection in the thymus and then differentiated T helper and cytotoxic T cells move into the lymph nodes. In your video, you had differentiation happening when the naive T cells entered the lymph node. That is incorrect.
Sooo trueee!
I think There is no mistake, in the thymus, T naive cell acquire CD4 or CD8 receptors, but it will not differentiate into T Helper and cytotoxic T cell until they will recognize the Antigen presented by the dendritic cell , in the paracortex zone in lymph node. It's sort of activation , wich won't happen until the Antigen invades the body ( sorry for my bad english, our studies are in french ) .
I understand what you mean. I think it's just a terminology complication, and we both have the same idea.
sara allaoui
According to the textbooks Grace Sassan is right. Thy will differentiate to T helper with CD4 and T cytotoxic in the thymus more specific in the Madula of the thymus (No need for APC) and then go the lymph node. (This has been confirmed by my professor in London university).
+sara allaoui In the thymus you can have both Double-Positive T-cells (so CD4+ CD8+) and Single-Positive T-cells (CD4+ OR CD8+). When T-cells leave the thymus and migrate to lymph nodes they are strictly Single-Positive naive T-cells. Double-positive T-cells will not leave the thymus as such.
I think the terminology problem (and what confused Armando as well) is in the word differentiation. In the thymus we refer to the 'differentiation' process as 'selection' so we're not confused like this. Outside of the thymus, Naive Th cells can bind to antigen presenting cells and become ACTIVATED Th cells. These activated cells can undergo further DIFFERENTIATION into Th1, Th2 or Th17 cells based on cytokines secreted in their environment, but all of these three subgroups are coming from cells that were already CD4+, CD8- T cells. This process is not part of T cell development or maturation, and is traditionally called polarization to avoid this sort of confusion.
T cells differentiate into T helper or T cytotoxic cells in the thymus during the maturation stages NOT when they are presented antigen by APCs.
+Andres De Avila true this occurs after the double positive phase where T-cells binds stronger to either CD4+ (helpers cells) or CD8+ (killer cells) and then go down the path to become either one of them
Technically T helper and T cytotoxic cells are exposed to antigens from APCs during maturation stages. This happens in the thymus and the lynphonodes. Details about this is still been studied in labs.
Bro check out my channel
at 3:06 you mention differentiation of Naive T cells into cytotoxic T cells or helper cells, the switch from double positive cells (CD4+CD8+) to single positive cells (CD4+CD8- or CD4-CD8+) occurs in the thymus, not the lymph nodes
perhaps he has already made a video on that in which he specifies the same
Actually it is not wrong as SP cells are not yet differentiated in Tc or Th cells. So, yes, maturation from DP to SP occurs in the thymus, but just being SP(CD4+ CD8- or CD4- CD8+) does not mean that they are Tc or Th cells.
Your videos are very helpful. I did notice that you have drawn a single (light or heavy) chain binding to a antigen and not both. The variable region of a light chain and a heavy chain together recognize an antigen. Not just one or the other.
hello bro .can you please take a hd quality picture of your whole page so that i can paste it on my wall.and to learn it daily
that would be great
Man you are great! I was totally bored with immunology before i found your lectures
So am I
I will on friday! sorry i keep forgetting to upload it.
Thank you for making the videos, are very helpful nd clear
I sent you a answer an answer on fb:)
could you download you works as a pdf files (by using cam scanner ) on the your facebook page so I can print please and thank you soooo much :), if you do not mind .
A great channel to share about antibody engineering! Thank for keeping it updated.
do you have anything on somatic recombination and hypermutation? I'm having troubles kind grasping those concepts :/
You should add combinatorial diversity and junctional diversity as part of diversification of BCRs an TCRs, apart from that video was pretty good :)
YOU MAKE ME ENJOY IMMUNOLOGY! THANK YOU FOR YOUR VERY SIMPLIFIED VIDEOS. I APPRECIATE ALL OF THEM FOR HELPING ME UNDERSTAND!
you are truly a life saver!! Thank you so so much for these extremely helpful videos.
Every B cell has its unique antigen-receptor (antibody), as there are billions of different antigens, do our body constantly having all billions of different B cells? If not, how can we ensure when an antigen enters, we have the right antigen-receptor B cell match the antigen and undergo antibody production?
No. Study somatic hypermutation, for one.
I WILL STUDY IN TH-cam
Hello sir where can I find your videos on hypersensitivity?
What's the difference between cd3 receptor and B cell receptor ... ?!
Can you please make a poster of this, so i can buy it on your website ? :)
Hi
I'm a teacher of Clinic Diagnostic Analysis in Mallorca, Spain. I have to teach Immunology and I am using your videos, the linearity of the argumentation helps a lot in dealing with the inmune mess. Thanks a lot for your work!
Any chance of having the image of this one uploaded?
Waiting for TCR rearrangement vedio!!!
Hey, do you have any video for mechanism of somatic hypermutation and class switching at "genetic level".
i'm a bit confused about that one....will be a great help.
@Mohmmed Al-Dosary CD3 receptor is part of the T-cell receptor complex (T-Cell + CD3^2 + ζ-chain), These proteins help the TCR to bind to the plasma membrane and communicate with the interior of the cell. CD3 and ζ-chain are to the T-cell what alpha and beta Ib are to B-cell receptor.
Do you have this picture anywhere so that i can download it? Thank YOu! :)
Excellet work!
Guess u forget to Mention paratope in each of your videos while talking about epitope..
Ive think antygens bind with antibodies between both the heavy and the light chain, "touching" all 6 CDR regiones, 3 in each chain. In 8:30 you make it seem as each antibody can bind with four antygens a once (it can only bind with two)
Armando, would it be ok if I took some screen shots of your video and uploaded them to my medical schools facebook page (where we share resources). I have found your videos incredibly helpful and often print out your drawings and then add notes. I will put a link to your videos in the posting.
You will never ever have to say sorry for that! I think you have saved so many peoples butt by uploading this video's :)
hey, just a question for you guys...i understand that SMH is aimed at the V-regions of both heavy and light chain and is aimed at increasing antibody affinity for antigens. junctional diversity seems to be very much alike SMH except that it occurs in between the intergene sequences of the various regions.
so how does junctional diversity affects the Ig? and does it affect the entire gene sequence (ie all regions: V,D,J,C, since it occurs randomly and affects the reading frame of the entire seq)
for my immunology exam, the review sheet it asks for the 4 mechanism that result in BCR diversity. I put VDJ recom, junctional diversity, and somatic hypermutation. I cant figure out a 4th one, would you say my answers are correct and ehat would be the fourth?
8:20
Immunoglobulin/Antigen binding is not based on triangle/square shapes are they? That's simply an analogy, I assume. The binding is of amino acids? Am i correct? Atomic?
maturation into monopositive lymphocytes occurs in the thymus
According to what we learned in my doctoral program when B cells leave the bone they are mature. Not a major thing, but just wanted to let people know who may have very detail oriented professors.
I'm really confused concerning the B cell maturation.
The B cell which leaves the bone is immature but it goes to the spleen and it becomes mature there, that's what we learned :/ any confirmation please?
The B cells which leaves the bone marrow are mature and called naive B cells. when they go to secondary lymphoid organs and become in contact with an antigen, now they are activated B cells.
You are doing a great job👍👍 God bless you❤❤
You have no idea how many med student u saved! Thank you so much for your effort
Can you show different types of CLL specifically mutations on heavy chains and BCR signaling pathways ? thank you !! .
Thank you so much for your wonderful videos! I understand this so much better because of you.
ARMANDO. Gracias hermano. Now i understand :)
very helpful, especially because you can talk at a regular pace but don't have to wait for your hand to draw the diagrams.
thank you so much ^-^
Great video. Seen once, shall be seen again.
ملك الطب انت 🌸🌸
incredible, thank you man
you say the b-cell gets activated if it binds to a pathogen or a t helper cell. I thought it needed both to "confirm" its activation so it isnt always differentiating in an un needed response, not either or.
someone give me a detailed response.
Simply, B-cells are activated by antigen to secrete antibodies. Antigens can be either protein or non-proteins (polysaccharides, membrane glycolipids, and nucleic acids). B-cell response to protein antigens require the "help" of CD4+ helper T cells that are specific for the protein antigen.
Sorry, no reference. I didn't think it was needed. It would be clearly stated in Abbas, Janeway, or Parham.
For more detail: Abbas (8th ed) p259-260 discusses T-independent antigen activation of B-cells.
Doesn't the lymphoid progenitor also differentiate in NK cells?
Yes, it does!
I believe there is a mistake or at least some confusion in this video. When looked at on a histology slide, the germinal center appears lighter than the surrounding nodule? not?
On H&E staining, the marginal zone around the germinal center is a darker violet (Hematoxylin). The light and dark zone refer to within the germinal center where one side is slightly lighter than the other side (Eosin).
greate work, thank you very much.
hahaha ngakak banget bro!!!+ gua ketawa
The best video i saw uptil now, the presentation was the best👍
nice bracelet
Binding site is also called the paratope?
could you, or do you already have, a video on allogeneic T cell response? Thank you!
thank you for the vidoe, it was very helpfull.
How is there 94,000 views and no comments? oO
+Julie Lam There's a total of 77 comments including yours...
excellent...very helpful. Can you teach about the CD markers
?
Incredible videos, thanks for the help!
hi can you sent all immunology pics to my mail ?
toooooooo much helpful to understand immunology
your lectures are very informative.thank you
❤❤👩🔬
Is there a diagram for this that I just cannot see?
you are amazing , thank you so much
Man you are great thanks alooooooot
hi sir do you have a link to this map overview?
U are a genius. Thanks
Do you have the link for the map overview?
Can you share with the rest of us? Your videos are awesome!
Wow! Best video ever 👌👌
thank you keep up the good work
Thank you for sharing ur talent and knowledge!This is really helpful.
You rock! Keep up the good work!
Armando is a boss!!
nice recap ! Thanks !
Hi, do you have any video on allergy reactions?
thank you so much
excellent
Super helpful! Thanks!
Excellent
Thank you so much.
Awesome 😊💐
Thank you
Thank you
thank you so so helpful!!
geniussss!!
Thank you
Thanks alot
wonderful !!
Thank you!!
thank you:)
Very nice, it is clear and interesting, and can I use it in my teaching?