If I were 25 and Greek: Michael Ignatieff at TEDxAcademy

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 1 มิ.ย. 2024
  • An intellectual and academic, he had spent much of his adult life outside Canada before returning in 2005. Michael Ignatieff had studied, written and taught about human rights, democracy, security and international affairs.

ความคิดเห็น • 133

  • @renecyr7409
    @renecyr7409 9 ปีที่แล้ว +46

    He had many great points, but he lost me when he promoted Canada's"El Dorado Mining Company" and suggested Greece clear the obstacles so this company could do more mining here. The mines they have already done in Greece are an ecological mess, as are the mining projects they have done throughout the world. They have one of the worlds worst environmental records for mining. I have personally seen the disasters their gold mines have done in Panama and Columbia. I was left wondering if he simply didn't know this terribly important fact or if he is ignoring it at the behest of the company. It really saddened me to hear him promoting that Canadian company at the end of such an inspiring lecture.

    • @dietbroccoli127
      @dietbroccoli127 8 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Rene Cyr Interesting. Thanks for commending.

    • @nanadelamer6277
      @nanadelamer6277 8 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      +Rene Cyr Indeed,,same company closed in romania after an accident/also not a long term investment

    • @crespossss
      @crespossss 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      exactly my friend..he probably doesnt know..or he knows and he is promoting the company..thats disgusting either way..as do the corrupted politicians..the el dorado mining company took the mining rights 80% down from what they worth..the method they commited to use is not working and plus that they r not taking enviromental protections..they r destroying a beautiful place for huge profits..and they already announced new drills!!!
      its not an inspiring lecture if u say ''obey to those authorities that they r being fucking u for years and years and work as a slave for the corporates..

    • @nancymohass4891
      @nancymohass4891 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      Wish to see if he can answer this Q. About mining !!!

  • @MsKokkinoskoufitsa
    @MsKokkinoskoufitsa 10 ปีที่แล้ว +28

    I'm almost 35,Greek and am one of those who had to leave.this talk made cry,made me feel incredibly proud of my country and nationality yet I still feel a great feeling of hopelessness.

    • @fredgarvin2933
      @fredgarvin2933 10 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      "Greece and Poverty are twins."
      --Thales

    • @andregarcia3355
      @andregarcia3355 9 ปีที่แล้ว +5

      MsKokkinoskoufitsa And I´m almost 31. I didn´t left Portugal yet but seeing this made me realize also how pride i am of my country achievements. Despite all, we (Portugal and Greece) are probably two of the most wonderful countries to enjoy life.

    • @alicianieto2822
      @alicianieto2822 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      30 and Spanish, ahve been 8 years away from home. I always wanted to live abroad but doing so forcefully makes it bitter.

  • @stevedrolapas6846
    @stevedrolapas6846 8 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    I wish this presentation could be translated and lecture at the Greek VOULI and be broadcast regularly every other week on different days via Public and Private TVs.
    Perfect presentation...Thank you Mr. Ignatieff...

  • @SummerSund
    @SummerSund 5 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Great Speech...It really describes how our generation feels..I am 27 and the last two years I am leaving in Germany far away from my family and friends..I wish one day i can go back!

  • @Kael7777
    @Kael7777 9 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Bravo! Prof Ignatieff! As a Canadian and of greek background. I know Greeks who come to Canada are hard working! The europeans such as the Germans and the dutch are no way better than us. They have this mentality; however, that they are superior, a master race. They just like to say we are lazy.

    • @inchskater
      @inchskater 9 ปีที่แล้ว +5

      what you say is wrong on so many levels! our economy (germany) is stronger as a whole, but there are lazy and very hard working people everywhere and most germans know that aswell. Stop trying to start a fight between the different nations.

  • @ConnieBatsila
    @ConnieBatsila 9 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    "Αν ήμουν 25 και Έλληνας" από τον Michael Ignatieff : Αξίζει να το παρακολουθήσουμε και να προβληματιστούμε ...

  • @JeremyMoar
    @JeremyMoar 10 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Ignatieff is a strong academic. Is he the greatest politician? Maybe not, I don't think that's where his heart lies though. He's always more passionate in in lectures.

  • @mireillepelletier2821
    @mireillepelletier2821 11 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I'm proud to see an academic from my country finally having critical thought about what is going on in Greece. It's important to understand how difficult the situation is for Greek youth. Stay strong friends, I hope better times are ahead!!

  • @magoulianitissa
    @magoulianitissa 10 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Very inspiring! Thank you Professor Michael Ignatieff!

  • @Ellasellinonchrist
    @Ellasellinonchrist 9 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you Dr. Ignatieff for trying to help our youth.

  • @markopoulo7
    @markopoulo7 11 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    I' am 25 and Greek!!! True story with no happy end... :(

  • @akiskaourismakis9847
    @akiskaourismakis9847 10 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Ειναι τυχαιο οτι ανεφερε την εταιρια Ελντοραδο;κι οτι πρεπει να βοηθηθει για το καλο της Χαλκιδικης;Is it a coincidence that he mentioned Eldorado company? And that should be helped for the good of Chalkidiki?

  • @aftastosk6016
    @aftastosk6016 9 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Απίστευτα εκνευριστικός με τον τρόπο που υποτιμά τη νοημοσύνη μας.

    • @YiannisThiakos
      @YiannisThiakos 9 ปีที่แล้ว +8

      Πως υποτιμα την νοημοσυνη σας;

    • @aftastosk6016
      @aftastosk6016 9 ปีที่แล้ว

      Βάναυσα.

    • @YiannisThiakos
      @YiannisThiakos 9 ปีที่แล้ว

      Kael7777 2 of my best friends live in NY for 5 years now. From what they tell me, you cant meet e person that is more ignorant that a US citizent. Not that this mkes them bad people, but makes them stupid, which is a bad thing for themselves and everybody else

    • @Kael7777
      @Kael7777 9 ปีที่แล้ว

      Ignatiff is Canadian. Watch the clip!

    • @Kael7777
      @Kael7777 9 ปีที่แล้ว

      kseris englizika?

  • @kwizrak
    @kwizrak 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    The only think that was of some importance was the "Magneto" problem. That means that we havr to
    1) Identify the problem in its totality BEFORE start fixing things. Otherwise the car won't start and we are almost wasting our time.
    2) When the "magneto" problem is identified, we try to fix it, and not saying "We don't have the money or the means or the power to fix it". We MUST find all the resources (from political will to money,labor, natural resources and expertise)
    Now, what is the problem?

  • @gudduboy
    @gudduboy 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    awesome.

  • @SofiaSilver333
    @SofiaSilver333 11 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Greece being the center of philosophical studies, thats a great idea but not a new one. Then Mr. Ignatieff You said, this to happen we need to liberate our Universities....What kind of liberation You mean? Private Universities ? Unis without political Youth-groups? ( for that i would agree), .
    The 4 saison tourism. 100% agree with You. But with what investors? Multinationals who will pay pinuts in taxes and have the tourists with all inclusive? Or with local individual investors? financing?

  • @user-ib8sy4qu8l
    @user-ib8sy4qu8l 9 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    The plug about "Eldorado Gold" was unfortunate. These guys are crooks!

  • @VlP3RIA
    @VlP3RIA 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    If only we have ppl in high stands that have ideas like these...

  • @tRipleRdharma
    @tRipleRdharma 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    The point is that we watched this. Not that this alone can stand as something important to the solution the country needs.. but hey it's a start

  • @naciimoabdiladiifmhmud2970
    @naciimoabdiladiifmhmud2970 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thnk ❣🙈

  • @SofiaSilver333
    @SofiaSilver333 11 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Επίσης καλό είναι να ψάχνουμε λίγο, ποιός είναι αυτός που μας τα λέει όλα αυτά, και τι θέσεις έχει πάρει στο παρελθόν για παγκόσμια θέματα, ψάξτε στο wikipedia απλά...

  • @iro354
    @iro354 9 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    @lava01020
    Αν και συγκινητικος ο λογος του (απευθυνεται στο συναισθημα μας), θα συμφωνησω απολυτως μαζι σου!! Φοβαμαι πως και αυτος ειναι "απεσταλμενος & εντεταλμενος" για να τελειωσει μια "δουλεια"....

  • @oldspammer
    @oldspammer 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    If software development, design, etc, were the holy grail of employment, consider that India & China have lots of university graduates already in these fields. When there is too much supply, the pay & work available will be very low.
    Software R & D requires keeping skills current & future proof by lots of expensive training courses that employers often refuse to provide to more junior employees. Every economic cycle, R & D jobs are the first to go (lay off of developers).

  • @SilentServiceCode
    @SilentServiceCode 10 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    the only thing worse than michael ignatieff is michael ignatieff with feedback

  • @petrag85
    @petrag85 10 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Mister,Eldorado gold wants to destroy Aristotle's birth place!

  • @SuperKaniball
    @SuperKaniball 11 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Mr Michael Ignatieff, did you ask people from chalkidikh about gold mining? Did you read any environmental studies about gold mining in chalkidikh? Are you aware of the police brutality against people of chalkidikh? Because just mentioning and simplifing this issue like the way you did, is more than suspicious for me...

  • @SofiaSilver333
    @SofiaSilver333 11 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    How easy it is for somebody who has NO personal experience of living here, paying taxes here, working here for 600 euros, to tell us what WE need . while living in another continent. come live here.WE the PEOPLE want justice. thats what we need first, and that is our problem, how to fix it.And a greater portion seems to care a lot recu 13, because they dont have a job and we the greeks are paying for the mess, not Mr.Ignatieff who for sure comes here only for holidays....

  • @MrDiavelis
    @MrDiavelis 11 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    one thing I didn't like about his talk was listen to him support the prospect of Eldorado and other gold mining companies in Greece when it's a known fact they destroy the environment rendering it useless for the locals to line in anymore while they give the locals pennies and they get to keep all the gold! also let the employers in our universities and after that we will get some pretty objective univ. studies about e.g. cause-effect relationship between cancer and cell phone antennas, right???

  • @sofiabozikis2622
    @sofiabozikis2622 9 ปีที่แล้ว

    absolutely agree!!!!!!!!

    • @vasiliskachtsidis2267
      @vasiliskachtsidis2267 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      sofia bozikis first of all the correct use of agree-if you want to use it in verb intransitive- you have to put the pronoun first. Otherwise, if the meaning is schemed trough the past participle meaning, then an -ed suffix is mandatory. So, please correct this misuse phrase non-proper sentence!

    • @alexmatt57
      @alexmatt57 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      agree to what,?

  • @oldspammer
    @oldspammer 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    The necessities in life do not include high technology stuff.
    Think food, shelter, heat, healthcare (drugs, doctors), electricity, etc--basic things.
    When an economic cycle happens these basic things never lose demand (non-cyclical), but non-necessities like dining out, partying, the latest technology SW or HW gadgets (cyclical stuff) go way down on the list of economic priorities when job losses start happening & people fearing job losses hunker down & stop spending on luxury stuff.

  • @kfiliotis
    @kfiliotis 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    DID SOMEONE ASK FOR COPY OF THIS VIDEO WITH SUBTITLES?? WE NEED THIS VIDEO WITH GR SUBTITLES! upvote so they see this!
    @Rotentomatoez:
    He didn't say it would be easy.
    I haven't read your 100s of comments but did you ask for subtitles for this video?... That would help.
    If you haven't: Stop complaining and be more constructive. VOTE. SOMETHING.
    If you have(or do constructive things): Thanks, please continue.

  • @GeorgiosD90
    @GeorgiosD90 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Meanwhile, greek kids are playing with their smartphones and put them down, when they get a match in League of Legends. They do not need to learn for school, except right before they finish school and one graduation mark will define their future and they cannot even take the chance to try and chase their dream.

  • @oldspammer
    @oldspammer 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    "Where Keynes said that [gov't] spending and not saving is the path to prosperity, the author [Lewis 2009] shows that this is in fact the path to poverty."
    Government spending increases deficit spending that increases its borrowing from a privately owned central bank who then charge usury interest on that debt, spiralling the debt & interest owed quickly to a point where the nation becomes a slave to the largely foreign private bankers who own the central bank. Rothschild, Rockefeller, Morgan.

  • @ouisoadt24
    @ouisoadt24 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    8 years later.......

  • @tRipleRdharma
    @tRipleRdharma 11 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    όσο και αν σε καταλαβαίνω και ενδεχομένως να συμφωνώ με αυτά που γράφεις , σημειώνω ότι ανέφερε κάτι πολύ σημαντικό . Συγκριτικά με την Γερμανία ( τυχαία και μη η σύγκριση με αυτήν την χωρα - δεν παιζει ρόλο ) ή οποία περί τα 1800 ( εποχές Freud ) όσο ήταν καλά οικονομικά και εφόσον ήταν δυνατοί δώσαν λεφτά για την έρευνα και την εκπαίδευση . Η ελλάδα τι έκανε.. ε να μην σχολιάσουμε. ξέρουμε. Σημαντικό .

  • @nikisiropoulou7629
    @nikisiropoulou7629 11 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    It is translated in Greek. Press captions and you will get it!

  • @doxanthropos
    @doxanthropos 9 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    I am no expert on most of the topics in this talk, but he is wrong about the german education system. Germany has NOT spent much money into it. Germany has not made sure that young people have a good chance. We have a long tradition of good education, but the last ten to twenty years, there have been financial cuts at every level of it. Since 2003 we simply force people to take ANY job they can get, so we have many youth with university degrees working shitty jobs for the minimum wage (or through tricks even below it). Young people with good degrees are leaving germany too. There is nothing to learn from us.

    • @MarcJardine
      @MarcJardine 9 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      doxanthropos Germany IS investing in education: university tuition fees have been ABOLISHED. www.mylesmoney.com/a-life-of-debt-slavery/

    • @doxanthropos
      @doxanthropos 8 ปีที่แล้ว

      Yes they have, but that didn't lead to comparable higher investement in them. The money spent on education in % of the GDP is signficantly lower than in most industrialized countries: www.jjahnke.net/index_files/13004.gif
      Because of that there is a brain drain of academics with degrees either leaving Germany entirely or at least leaving the academic field to work in the private sector.

    • @nanadelamer6277
      @nanadelamer6277 8 ปีที่แล้ว

      +Marc Jardine university tuition fees have been ABOLISHED......umm when? in Greece where no tuition fees aslong as i remember

    • @nanadelamer6277
      @nanadelamer6277 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      +doxanthropos germans=less educated,more job oriented-skills schooled

    • @alicianieto2822
      @alicianieto2822 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Heis wrong about so many things...

  • @SofiaSilver333
    @SofiaSilver333 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    Δυστυχώς δεν είπε μόνο αυτό...και απορώ με μας, που μόλις ακούσουμε κάποιον να εξυμνεί τον Αριστοτέλη ή Πλάτωνα , κατευθείαν τον πιστεύουμε και στα υπόλοιπα....σχετικά με τους φόρους δεν είπε κάτι αντίθετο απο αυτό που λέει ο Schaeuble ο Γερμανός Υπ.Οικ., αλλά αυτόν τον χειροκροτήσαμε....

  • @THUNDERSTRUCKgk
    @THUNDERSTRUCKgk 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    ...THE SIMPLE TRUTH BY...THE ONES THAT INSPIRED THEIR FUTURE BY ....US THE GREEKS

  • @stavrianosbakratsis2362
    @stavrianosbakratsis2362 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Ιam 15 and Greek, correct the points

  • @jijiao101
    @jijiao101 10 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Maybe if Canada voted for michael ignatieff youth unployment in Canada wouldn' be at 20%.

  • @oldspammer
    @oldspammer 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    Trade barriers or equal trade prevents net money drains (trade deficits). Inflation is excess money in circulation. Inflation is easily & quickly eliminated via taxation. To prevent fractional reserve lending from flooding the economy with inflationary forces, loans & lending could be taxed to eliminate such forces.
    The influence of banksters must be reversed because usury charged forces countries to inflate currency by borrowing to pay ever increasing interest & debts--a system designed to fail

  • @YannisKolovos
    @YannisKolovos 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    I was wondering if any of our politician watched this video

  • @oldspammer
    @oldspammer 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    Software or technology are cyclical. Cyclical is bad. If you want a stable economy & stable employment, then go with non-cyclical industries. Go into industries that China & India & Singapore & Indonesia do not do. China & etc have software engineers, etc--You will compete with them for low wages in software & technology. Corrupt systems of the world include central banking, international law, UCC law, medicine, pharma, agra-business, transportation+shipping, energy-these are mostly non-cyclical

  • @Janouki
    @Janouki 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    The Magnetto Rules? It sounds easy to quote them, but how about trying to see these reasons in depth? Try questioning yourself who pays taxes and who doesn't for example. Everything isn't as simple as it seems

  • @saitfaik5456
    @saitfaik5456 9 ปีที่แล้ว

    How many grands there are between the grand grand ... child Ignatieff and Count Ignatieff I cannot count, but the latter was a major actor who brought devastation to the Balkans and paved the way to the WW1.

    • @gigahat1
      @gigahat1 8 ปีที่แล้ว

      Great grandfather was involved in the Balkans. He died in the mid 1800s. His grandfather on the other hand was the only ignatieff of influence at the time of the 1st world war. And he was only the minister of education.

  • @2UNKL388
    @2UNKL388 10 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    4:32 you forgot to tell about the media! :) i am 25 and i am greek!

  • @DennisCambly
    @DennisCambly 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Michael was Canada's last chance to have a true Liberal in office.

  • @zorbaTHEentrepreneur
    @zorbaTHEentrepreneur 9 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great speech! This is our mission, to promote The New Greece to the world! Welcome to our community: facebook.com/groups/zorba.the.entrepreneur/?fref=ts

  • @nicolephocas6080
    @nicolephocas6080 9 ปีที่แล้ว

    is there a version in Greek?

    • @alexmatt57
      @alexmatt57 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Don't worry,! You didn't miss anything,

  • @oldspammer
    @oldspammer 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    Terminater 2 Judgement Day--John Connor: [the Terminator rips open the steering column of a car to hotwire it, John interrupts, jingling a set of keys before him] Are we learning yet?
    Money should be an obligation to pay the debt principle, but not usury interest on that debt because fiat money costs zero to create out of thin air & represents zero risk to the lender to make out of thin air--this because thin air is abundant.
    Imagine where we would be if oxygen in air were borrowed at interest?

  • @jimilegolas
    @jimilegolas 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    Average Greek needs to get a lot smarter to achieve these goals!

  • @zBijs
    @zBijs 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    just count all those comments asking for Greek subtitles, in EVERY english speaking video that relates to Greek matters. You'll be dissapointed.

  • @clairyanastasiadou8171
    @clairyanastasiadou8171 9 ปีที่แล้ว

    πολυ ωραια τα λες ,δεν καταλαβα γιατι δεν εισαι εναντιος με την δηθεν επενδυση....

  • @tRipleRdharma
    @tRipleRdharma 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    ''λένε για μεεενα..του ρου ρου ρου ρου.. λένε για μεεενααα'' :P

  • @shizuo69420
    @shizuo69420 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    you know, its really funny to see guys like him talking about greece and what its problems are. he just doesnt get it.

  • @TheKstms
    @TheKstms 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    Τhe english subtitles are a joke...check them...too many mistakes and i've just watched 1 min!

  • @alexandrosaiakides4539
    @alexandrosaiakides4539 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    l were in UOT back in 2013 and unfortunately did not have the luck of you to be my professor in humanities. The "we" does not exist in Greece because there is a great mistrust of the political system. The "i" is the armor to protect yourself from the conniving and double faced. And this is permissible for survival. In order to exploit the hellenic civilization, philosophy, theatre, athletics, you must have the same hereditary customs like Sokrates, and you know professor the Hellenophones don't have it. They must feel grateful for you had to undergo this cross Atlantic trip to speak out of sheer pity , and for 15 minutes, on behalf of their misfortunes.

  • @Ale3andr0sD
    @Ale3andr0sD 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    the subtitles are a joke guys....cmon...

  • @chroniclesoflifetv
    @chroniclesoflifetv 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    τι εννεοεις γλυφει; λεει κατι που δεν ειναι αληθεια;

  • @SofiaSilver333
    @SofiaSilver333 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    Τeacher in greek is = Δάσκαλος =Daskalos , not ..askalos...

  • @Valentinaum
    @Valentinaum 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    ναι βασικα αυτο σκεφτηκα και εγω,δεν τον διορθωσε κανενας..

  • @ingion1
    @ingion1 8 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    seems to me he is promoting the el dorado company as a canadian in favor of his country.worst speech i ve ever seen in ted and probably worst person too

  • @shizuo69420
    @shizuo69420 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    corruption. if you catch the big fish the small fish will stop stealing (assuming they can survive)

  • @37Dionysos
    @37Dionysos 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Leaves out the enormous bailouts Germany got 2 or 3 times since the wars---not to mention the HALF TRILLION dollar bailout from the US Fed for Deutsche Bank in 2010. You know, the Germans who are such a great role model for everybody.

  • @GIALAKIASY
    @GIALAKIASY 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Καλά όλα αυτά, αλλά ένας από έξω ήρθε να μας πει αυτός τι είμαστε, για να αυξήσει για άλλη μια φορά το αίσθημα κατωτεροτητας μας, το αντίθετο απ ότι φαίνεται να προσπαθεί. Για να μας πει Ουσιαστικά να φύγουμε κι όχι να μείνουμε, εγώ διέκρινα και αυτό. Σου αραδιάζει ένα σορό προβλήματα σου στη μούρη και μετά θέλει και να ξαναχτειζεις....... Τι να πω;;;;

  • @jijiao101
    @jijiao101 10 ปีที่แล้ว

    the only thing worse than michael ignatieff is steven harper

  • @ChasingRainbows2
    @ChasingRainbows2 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    paidia mhpws k emeis prepei n ta prow8oume omws? px as paroume san paradeigma to 8eatro k tis 8ewrhtikes spoudes panw stn filosofia kai arxaiologia pu isws einai k to pio eykolo gt ontws to brand to exoume hdh etoimo! mhpws prepei n dhmiourghsoume k meis draseis pu 8a bgainun stn dhmosiothta bas k epitelous ta kanoune? n stelnoume emails sta ypourgeia?

  • @tomjames2122
    @tomjames2122 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    codswallop from start to finish-appealing to the worst in the 'proud Greeks"-with condescension for the low in self-esteem simpletons and spruiking for mining money grubbers...very disappointing - a bit of gnothi s'auton wouldn't go astray.

  • @aaaaaaaaaaaxaxa
    @aaaaaaaaaaaxaxa 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    Γιατί "γλύφει" τόσο;

  • @helensotiriadis
    @helensotiriadis 11 ปีที่แล้ว

    clueless.